Effects of Llama-Derived Hyperimmune Serum on Motility and Viability of Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces

ABSTRACT Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus , remains a significant public health and veterinary problem in endemic regions. Although chemotherapy and control programs exist, the development of complementary immunotherapeutic tools is increasingly needed. This study evaluated the generation and functional activity of hyperimmune serum (HIS) produced in three adult male castrated llamas ( Lama glama ) immunized with antigenic material derived from protoscoleces (PSCs) of the parasite. Sera collected after each of the first six immunizations were assessed by ELISA to quantify antigen-specific IgG responses, and their biological effects were tested in vitro using viable PSCs. Motility was measured using video-assisted paired-image scoring across serial serum dilutions (1:2–1:2048), and the methylene blue exclusion assay was used to assess viability. Hyperimmune serum produced a clear, reproducible, dose-dependent inhibition of PSC motility and viability. Higher titers of early inoculations reduced motility by 70–85%, while sera from the fifth and sixth inoculations achieved complete suppression. Naïve serum and PBS controls showed no inhibitory effect. ELISA titers strongly correlated with biological activity, indicating that higher humoral responses predicted functional inhibition. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of generating potent anti- Echinococcus granulosus polyclonal antibodies in camelids and support their potential application in passive immunization strategies. The study establishes a foundation for future development of llama-derived immunobiological reagents, including nanobody-based tools, for the control of cystic echinococcosis.