Silicon as limiting factor for phosphorus availability in paddy soils

Rice cultivation requires high amounts of phosphorus (P). However, significant amounts of P fertilizer additions may be retained by Fe oxides and are thus unavailable for plants. At the same time, rice cultivation has a high demand for Si, reducing Si availability after short duration of rice cultivation. By studying a paddy chronosequence with rice cultivation up to 2000 years, we show that silicic acid (Si) limitation, observed as early as a few decades of rice cultivation, is limiting P availability along the paddy soils chronosequence. Using Near edge X-ray absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) in a scanning transmission (soft) X-ray microscope (STXM) we show respective release of available P was linked to a Si-induced change in speciation of Fe-phases in soil particles and competition of Si with P for binding sites. Hence, low Si availability is limiting P availability in paddy soils. We propose that proper management of Si availability is a promising tool to reduce the requirements of paddy soils for P fertilization, making rice production more sustainable in future.