Analysing the Segreggation Ratio of Grain Amaranth Cross (Suvarna X Ga2)

Analysing the Segreggation Ratio of Grain Amaranth Cross (Suvarna X Ga2) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysing the Segreggation Ratio of Grain Amaranth Cross (Suvarna X Ga2) Madhuchhada Mishra, Suchismita Chatterjee, Preeti Sagar, Jitendra Kumar Tiwari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143009/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Grain Amaranthus is a potential pseudocereal cereal which has the capability to ensure balanced nutrient availability and can cope up with the degrading environment. The present study was conducted to identify the pattern of inheritance of 9 important morphological traits in the F 2 segregating population of 2 well known, cultivated varieties of grain amaranth i.e., Suvarna X GA2. The F 1 plants were found to be green colour (green leaf and stem) having red leaf margin, red colour, erect, flat inflorescence but with spreading growth habit with late flowering, indicating these characters to be dominant over the other contracting character(s). In F 2 we found out that Leaf colour and Flowering time followed Supplementary gene action; Panicle Colour and Inflorescence shape following Polymorphic gene action; Plant growth habit and inflorescence spiney were found to follow Inhibitory genre action and Presence of red leaf margin, Stem colour and inflorescence compactness were found to follow normal Mendelian segregation. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 INTRODUCTION Amaranth ( Amaranthus sp .) is a Rabi season, self-pollinated, diploid (2n = 32 and 34) herbaceous, C4 plant or shrub belonging to the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae and Sub Family Amaranthoideae . It is a nutrient packed, underutilized, Potential crop, whose origin can be traced back to South and Central America (Sauer, 1967 ). Grain Amaranth was a significant staple meal of Central and South Americans and Indians in the fifteenth century, but its production gradually declined when the invading Spanish forbade the cultivation of the grain for religious reasons. Very recently with the increasing nutrition demand with low input, Grain Amaranth has proved to be the “food of Future”. Commercial amaranth production for human consumption started in Mexico and South American countries (Berghofer and Sochoenlechner, 2002). Amaranth crops perform well both under normal circumstances and under stress and have a wide range of adaptability. Pertaining to heavy consumer demand, grain amaranths could grow to be very productive cereal crops with high yield potential (Pandey, 2009 ). According to Walton ( 1968 ), perianth colour is a homogenic feature. The difference between the non-glutinous and glutinous endosperm was caused by a single gene, with the non-glutinous allele being dominant over the glutinous allele, according to Okuno & Sakaguchi's (1982) study on the inheritance of starch properties in the perisperm of A. hypochondriacus . According to Coons ( 1982 ), a single gene governs the transmission of black and white seed coat colour, with black being dominant over white. In genetic analysis of six colour characteristics in grain amaranths Kulakow et al. ( 1985 ) found that seed coat colour was controlled by two loci in A. hypochondriacus and A. caudatus . They obtained segregation ratios of 12 :3 :1 for black-yellow- pale and black-brown-pale colour classes respectively. More information regarding the segregation ratio of Grain Amaranth is required to characterise cultivars for the preservation of germ plasm and find the genetic markers required for agricultural improvement, so the experiment was conducted in order to see the way the major alleles are segregating. It may also help in identifying the linkage groups and genome organization of the crop. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted using 2 popular varieties Suvarna belonging to A. cruentus and GA2 belonging to A. hypochondriacus having 7 contrasting characters, having gametic chromosome numbers, n = 17 and 16 respectively. The details of parents involved in the experiment are given in Table 1 . The parents, F 1 and F 2 population images can be seen in Fig. 1 . Table 1 Parents involved in the study for analysis of segregation ratio. variety species Chromosome no. Released from remarks Suvarna A. cruentus 2n = 34 Banglore,1992 Green, Plum, drooping and semi spreading panicle having green leaves and stem. GA2 A. hypocondriacus 2n = 32 S.K. Nagar, Gujrat, 2002 Red, erect, compact panicle having redish leaves and stem. Intraspecific crosses were performed between the varieties with contrasting traits. Emasculation in females were done during evening hours and the emasculated flowers were pollinated the next morning and bagged with butter paper bag in order to prevent fertilization by undesirable pollens. Then hybridity test was done for the F 1 generation using SSR marker. The plants obtained in F 1 generation were Heterozygous and Homogenous in nature. The characters obtained in the F 1 generation were identified as dominant characters. F 1 hybrids were then proceeded to F 2 generation. Under field circumstances, several segregating F 2 populations were scored for various attributes. The leaf marks were scored 4 to 8 weeks after emergence since this is when they are most expressed, and beyond this time the colour start to fade. The seedling coloration was evaluated immediately after germination. The flowering time was scored at panicle initiation stage. At maturity, the colour of panicle, plant growth habit, inflorescence shape and inflorescence spinney were scored. The F 1 and F 2 populations were counted and analysed independently for each trait to determine the mode of inheritance. The χ 2 (Chi-square) test as suggested by Fisher (1936) was used to confirm the obtained ratio with the expected ratios. χ 2 analysis was done using the free online software, “Graphpad” by Dotmatics in which all we have to do is write down the characters, observed and expected data of the characters and it will give the detailed χ 2 analysis report. The mathematical formula of χ 2 analysis is given as follows: The calculated value of χ 2 (Chi-square) was compared with tabulated values for (n-1) degrees of freedom. If the calculated value of χ 2 was less than the table value of χ 2 for (n-1) df at 5% level of significance, then the difference between observed and expected values were treated to be non-significant. The non-significant χ 2 value indicated agreement between proportion of plants with parental traits and assumed ratio in F 2 population, thereby leading to acceptance of hypothesis. In the present study the χ 2 calculated values were compared with χ 2 table values on various degrees of freedom for F 2 s as mentioned in Table 2 Table 2 The χ 2 analysis result of different characters Character F 1 reaction F 2 reaction No. of plants Ratio χ 2 value P value df. Total Leaf Colour Green Leaf 55(Red leaf) 84(Dark leaf) 142 (Green Leaf) 281 3: 4: 9 4.421 0.1096 2 Panicle Colour Red panicle 169 (Red panicle) 97 (Green panicle) 15 (Intermediate panicle) 281 9: 6: 1 1.797 0.4072 2 Flowering Late 147 (Late) 85 (Intermediate) 39 (Early) 281 9: 3: 4 0.596 0.7424 2 Plant Growth Habit Spreading 234 (Spreading) 47 (Erect) 281 13: 3 0.759 0.3837 1 Red Leaf Margin Having Red Leaf Margin 201 (with Red Leaf Margin) 80 (Without Red Leaf margin) 281 3: 1 1.903 0.1678 1 Inflorescence Shape Erect 184 (Erect) 81 (Curved) 13 (Bushy) 281 9:6:1 5.187 0.0747 2 Inflorescence Spiney Flat 227 (Flat) 54 (Spiney) 281 13: 3 0.023 0.8788 1 Stem Colour Green 221(Green) 60 (Green) 281 3: 1 1.994 0.1579 1 Inflorescence Compactness Compact 202(Compact) 79(Spreading) 281 3: 1 1.453 0.2280 1 RESULTS Mode of inheritance of some special morphological traits In present study the gene symbols used for the morphological traits were not proposed earlier by anyone so have been presented below. Leaf Colour: On studying the inheritance of leaf colour trait, All the F 1 plants were observed to have green leaf colour indicating the allele for green leaf colour to be dominant one. In the F 2 the ratio of Green, Red and Dark leaves were found to be in ratio 9:3:4 , indicating that leaf colour is governed by 2 supplementary genes (designated as lc-g and lc-r ). This result was further confirmed in F 3 generation and is presented below. The variation in leaf colour can be seen in Fig. 2 . Panicle colour: On studying the inheritance of panicle colour trait, all the F 1 plants were found to have red colour panicle . Further in F 2 the red, green and intermediate (light pinkish) panicles in the ratio 9:6:1 , indicating that panicle colour is governed by duplicate genes with cumulative effect (governed by 2 dominant genes designated as P R and P G respectively), showing polymeric gene action. The variation in inflorescence colour can be seen in Fig. 3. Flowering: On studying the inheritance of flowering pattern all the F 1 plants were observed to have late flowering. Further in F2 early, late and intermediate flowering pattern was observed in the ratio 9:3:4 , indicating that Flower colour is governed by 2 supplementary gene action (governed by 2 recessive epistatic genes designated as Fl-e and Fl-l respectively). The image of F 2 plants showing difference in flowering habit can be seen in Fig. 4 . The picture was clicked at 60DAS. Plant Growth Habit: On studying of Plant growth habit trait, all the F 1 plants were found to be spreading type. Further in F 2 , spreading to erect plants were found to be present in the ratio 13:3 , indicating that Plant Growth habit may be governed by Inhibitory gene action (involving 2 Dominant and Recessive epistatic genes designated as PG E and PG S respectively). The variation in plant growth habit is represented in Fig. 5 . Red Leaf margin: On studying of red leaf margin trait, all the F 1 plants were found to have red leaf margin , and on further analysis, the F2 population had plants with red leaf margin to plants without red leaf margin in the ratio 1:3 indicating that red leaf margin may be governed by a single dominant gene (designated as LM R and LM g ), thus agreeing with the normal mendelian segregation ratio. The presence and absence of leaf margin can be seen in Fig. 6 . Inflorescence shape: On studying the inheritance of Inflorescence shape trait all the F 1 plants were observed to have erect inflorescence. In F 2 population erect, curved and bushy inflorescence were found in the ratio 9:6:1 , indicating that Inflorescence shape may be governed by Duplicate genes with cumulative effect (governed by 2 dominant genes designated as I E and I C respectively). Figure 7 clearly shows the diversity inflorescence shape. Inflorescence spiney: On studying of inflorescence spiney trait all the F 1 plants were observed to have flat inflorescence and on further analysis in F 2 population, flat and spiney type of inflorescence were observed in the ratio 13:3, indicating that the Inflorescence spiney may be governed by Inhibitory gene action (involving 2 Dominant and Recessive epistatic genes designated as IS F and IS S respectively). Figure 8 clearly shows the spines in spiney kind of inflorescence. Stem colour: On studying of Stem colour all the F 1 plants were found to be green stemmed and further analysis of F 2 population, plants having green stem to plants having red Stem were observed in the ratio 3:1 , indicating that red stem may be governed by a single dominant gene (designated as SC f ), agreeing with the normal F 2 segregation ratio. Variation in stem colour can be seen in Fig. 9 Inflorescence Compactness: On studying of Stem colour all the F 1 plants were found to have spreading inflorescence and on further analysis of F 2 population, plants having compact inflorescence to plants having spreading inflorescence were observed in the ratio 3:1 , indicating that red stem may be governed by a single dominant gene (designated as SC f ), agreeing with the normal F 2 segregation ratio. Diversity in Panicle compactness can be seen in Fig. 10 . The χ 2 analysis data for each character has been represented in Table 2 DISCUSSION In the cross Suvarna X GA2, F 1 plants were found to be green colour ( green leaf and stem ) having red leaf margin , red colour, erect, flat inflorescence but with spreading growth habit with late flowering , indicating these characters to be dominant over the other contracting character(s). on analysing the segregation behaviour in the F 2 population, leaf colour and Flowering time were observed to follow Supplementary gene action, segregating in the ratio 9:3:4; panicle colour and inflorescence shape were found to follow polymeric gene action segregating in the ratio 9:6:1; however inflorescence colour in the cross A. hypochondriacus and A. caudatus was reported to follow normal Mendelian segregation ratio by Gupta and Gudu(1989) as they considered two contrasting characters into consideration. The characters plant growth habit and inflorescence spiney were found to follow Inhibitory genre action and segregated in the ratio 13:3; and the rest of the 3 characters i.e., Presence of red leaf margin, Stem colour and inflorescence compactness were found to follow normal Mendelian segregation ratio, segregating in 3:1 ratio. The gene symbols for all the above characters have been designated since no work was found on the inheritance analysis of above characters for the specific cross i.e., Suvarna X GA2 and is represented in the following table (Table 3 ) Table 3 various characters and designated genes responsible for the characters CHARACTER Gene designated as 1. Leaf Colour lc-g and lc-r 2. Panicle colour P R and P G 3. Flowering time Fl-e and Fl-l 4. Plant growth habit PG E and PG S 5. Inflorescence shape I E and I C 6. Inflorescence spiney IS F and IS S 7. Stem Colour SC g 8. Inflorescence compactness IC References Coons, M. P., 1982. Relationships of Amaranthus caudatus : Econ. Bot. 36: 119–146. Gu, X. F., Zhang, S. P., Guo, Y. M., & Xu, C. Q. (2007). Inheritance of bitterness in cucumber. Acta Horticulturae. Gupta, V. K., & Guddu, S. (1990). Inheritance of some morphological traits in grain Amaranthus. Euphytica, 46 , 79–84. Kulakow, P. A. (1987). Genetics of grain amaranths: II. The inheritance of determinance, panicle orientation, dwarfism, and embryo color in Amaranthus caudatus. J. of Heredity, 78 (5), 293–297. Kulakow, P. A., & Jain, S. K. (1985). The inheritance of flowering time in Amaranthus species. J. of Genetics, 64 , 85–100. Kulakow, P.A., H. Hauptli & S. K. Jain,1985. Genetics of grain amaranths. I. mendelian analysis of six colour characteristics. J. Hered. 76: 27–30. Maurya, N. K., & Arya, P. (2018). Amaranthus grain nutritional benefits: A review. J. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(2), 2258–2262. Pandey, R. M., & Singh, R. E. K. H. A. (2009). Genetic improvement of grain amaranths: A review. Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences, 1 (2), 61–64. Sauer, J. D. (1967). The grain amaranths and their relatives: a revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 54 (2), 103–137. Valenzuela Zamudio, F., & Segura Campos, M. R. (2022, October). Amaranth and Chia: Two Strategic Ancestral Grains for Mexico’s Sustainability. In Biology and Life Sciences Forum (Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 2). MDPI. Walton, P. D., 1968. The use of Amaranthus caudatus in simulating the breeding behaviour of commercial Gossypium species. J. Hered. 59: 17–18. Whelan, E. D., Williams, P. H., & Abul-Hayja, Z. (1975). The Inheritance of Two Induced Cotyledon Mutants of Cucumber1. HortScience , 10 (3), 267–269. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3143009","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":216180990,"identity":"422fc45c-2556-4474-80ad-e7977cbdefe8","order_by":0,"name":"Madhuchhada Mishra","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"RMD College of Agriculture and Research Station, IGKV, Ambikapur (C.G.)","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Madhuchhada","middleName":"","lastName":"Mishra","suffix":""},{"id":216180991,"identity":"250155a2-d3d0-4578-a5d5-daa2771766ef","order_by":1,"name":"Suchismita Chatterjee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RMD College of Agriculture and Research Station, IGKV, Ambikapur (C.G.)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suchismita","middleName":"","lastName":"Chatterjee","suffix":""},{"id":216180992,"identity":"fb57e42c-9ba4-4321-8231-8d2b934cff81","order_by":2,"name":"Preeti Sagar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RMD College of Agriculture and Research Station, IGKV, Ambikapur (C.G.)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Preeti","middleName":"","lastName":"Sagar","suffix":""},{"id":216180993,"identity":"f68b5309-7c07-44ac-8393-c42769e0343d","order_by":3,"name":"Jitendra Kumar Tiwari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RMD College of Agriculture and Research Station, IGKV, Ambikapur (C.G.)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jitendra","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Tiwari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-07-05 15:29:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143009/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143009/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":39914676,"identity":"7b687a7a-6d81-4ec5-a84f-0e0efc1af54c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:51:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":721280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Parents; (b) The F\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egeneration and (c) The F\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e generation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/9fa2e4590a0e20cac5a21de7.png"},{"id":39914677,"identity":"96fa8a2f-e65a-439f-a15a-a2d41a13d2d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:51:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1020018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlants with (a) dark green, (b) green and (c) red leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/5d5f84e750bc5f67bef81f60.png"},{"id":39914678,"identity":"8bee2ca7-f86d-4cdb-9cdc-3ab02a040f02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:51:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":637439,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlants with (a) green, (b) red and (c) intermediate (light pinkish) panicles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/c40f1fa1d95b415ba0a2cd14.png"},{"id":39914682,"identity":"aa78d777-52bc-47fd-8179-62538c24aca4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:51:18","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":586236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLate and Early type plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/55f8fe8f2534e0c4ccf892df.png"},{"id":39914926,"identity":"755b4f3c-0878-4fdb-989a-c207c03e4b92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:59:18","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":525325,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpreading and erect type plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/6b47243fc3332a0b7bbdf33c.png"},{"id":39914924,"identity":"8513c656-2f8e-4bd5-80f9-808e80494d46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:59:18","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":764146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) having red leaf margin; 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(b) Red stem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/d00a2b49e705f676e9b4d99a.png"},{"id":39914685,"identity":"bcc7f556-22ce-4908-bff3-a06a77ac1932","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-12 13:51:18","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":606835,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlants having (a) Compact inflorescence; (b) Spreading inflorescence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/bf66d93885f8ee7d88ef3fce.png"},{"id":40556298,"identity":"b1005e4a-2cfb-4490-bc34-591e2a6475ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-25 16:52:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8441903,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3143009/v1/9d6ad689-2454-4bfa-9620-65a93cc0ad3a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysing the Segreggation Ratio of Grain Amaranth Cross (Suvarna X Ga2)\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmaranth (\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus sp\u003c/em\u003e.) is a Rabi season, self-pollinated, diploid (2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32 and 34) herbaceous, C4 plant or shrub belonging to the order Caryophyllales, family \u003cem\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/em\u003e and Sub Family \u003cem\u003eAmaranthoideae\u003c/em\u003e. It is a nutrient packed, underutilized, Potential crop, whose origin can be traced back to South and Central America (Sauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e). Grain Amaranth was a significant staple meal of Central and South Americans and Indians in the fifteenth century, but its production gradually declined when the invading Spanish forbade the cultivation of the grain for religious reasons. Very recently with the increasing nutrition demand with low input, Grain Amaranth has proved to be the \u0026ldquo;food of Future\u0026rdquo;. Commercial amaranth production for human consumption started in Mexico and South American countries (Berghofer and Sochoenlechner, 2002). Amaranth crops perform well both under normal circumstances and under stress and have a wide range of adaptability. Pertaining to heavy consumer demand, grain amaranths could grow to be very productive cereal crops with high yield potential (Pandey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). According to Walton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e), perianth colour is a homogenic feature. The difference between the non-glutinous and glutinous endosperm was caused by a single gene, with the non-glutinous allele being dominant over the glutinous allele, according to Okuno \u0026amp; Sakaguchi's (1982) study on the inheritance of starch properties in the perisperm of \u003cem\u003eA. hypochondriacus\u003c/em\u003e. According to Coons (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e), a single gene governs the transmission of black and white seed coat colour, with black being dominant over white. In genetic analysis of six colour characteristics in grain amaranths Kulakow et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e) found that seed coat colour was controlled by two loci in \u003cem\u003eA. hypochondriacus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. caudatus\u003c/em\u003e. They obtained segregation ratios of 12 :3 :1 for black-yellow- pale and black-brown-pale colour classes respectively. More information regarding the segregation ratio of Grain Amaranth is required to characterise cultivars for the preservation of germ plasm and find the genetic markers required for agricultural improvement, so the experiment was conducted in order to see the way the major alleles are segregating. It may also help in identifying the linkage groups and genome organization of the crop.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted using 2 popular varieties Suvarna belonging to A. \u003cem\u003ecruentus\u003c/em\u003e and GA2 belonging to \u003cem\u003eA. hypochondriacus\u003c/em\u003e having 7 contrasting characters, having gametic chromosome numbers, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17 and 16 respectively. The details of parents involved in the experiment are given in Table\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The parents, F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population images can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParents involved in the study for analysis of segregation ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003evariety\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChromosome no.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReleased from\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eremarks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuvarna\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. cruentus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBanglore,1992\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen, Plum, drooping and semi spreading panicle having green leaves and stem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGA2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA. \u003cem\u003ehypocondriacus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.K. Nagar, Gujrat, 2002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRed, erect, compact panicle having redish leaves and stem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntraspecific crosses were performed between the varieties with contrasting traits. Emasculation in females were done during evening hours and the emasculated flowers were pollinated the next morning and bagged with butter paper bag in order to prevent fertilization by undesirable pollens. Then hybridity test was done for the F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e generation using SSR marker. The plants obtained in F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e generation were Heterozygous and Homogenous in nature. The characters obtained in the F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e generation were identified as dominant characters. F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrids were then proceeded to F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder field circumstances, several segregating F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e populations were scored for various attributes. The leaf marks were scored 4 to 8 weeks after emergence since this is when they are most expressed, and beyond this time the colour start to fade. The seedling coloration was evaluated immediately after germination. The flowering time was scored at panicle initiation stage. At maturity, the colour of panicle, plant growth habit, inflorescence shape and inflorescence spinney were scored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e populations were counted and analysed independently for each trait to determine the mode of inheritance. The \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Chi-square) test as suggested by Fisher (1936) was used to confirm the obtained ratio with the expected ratios. \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis was done using the free online software, \u0026ldquo;Graphpad\u0026rdquo; by Dotmatics in which all we have to do is write down the characters, observed and expected data of the characters and it will give the detailed \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis report.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mathematical formula of \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis is given as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" alt=\"\" /\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe calculated value of \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Chi-square) was compared with tabulated values for (n-1) degrees of freedom. If the calculated value of \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was less than the table value of \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for (n-1) df at 5% level of significance, then the difference between observed and expected values were treated to be non-significant. The non-significant \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value indicated agreement between proportion of plants with parental traits and assumed ratio in F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population, thereby leading to acceptance of hypothesis. In the present study the \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e calculated values were compared with \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e table values on various degrees of freedom for F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003es as mentioned in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis result of different characters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e reaction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e reaction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. of plants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRatio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003evalue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf Colour\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen Leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55(Red leaf)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84(Dark leaf)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Green Leaf)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3: 4: 9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.421\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1096\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePanicle Colour\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRed panicle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e169 (Red panicle)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97 (Green panicle)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (Intermediate panicle)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9: 6: 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.797\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4072\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowering\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e147 (Late)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Intermediate)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Early)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9: 3: 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7424\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Growth Habit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpreading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e234 (Spreading)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47 (Erect)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13: 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3837\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRed Leaf Margin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaving Red Leaf Margin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e201 (with Red Leaf Margin)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80 (Without Red Leaf margin)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3: 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.903\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1678\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflorescence Shape\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eErect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e184 (Erect)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81 (Curved)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (Bushy)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9:6:1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.187\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0747\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflorescence Spiney\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e227 (Flat)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54 (Spiney)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13: 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8788\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStem Colour\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e221(Green)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60 (Green)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3: 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.994\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1579\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflorescence Compactness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompact\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e202(Compact)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79(Spreading)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3: 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.453\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMode of inheritance of some special morphological traits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn present study the gene symbols used for the morphological traits were not proposed earlier by anyone so have been presented below.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLeaf Colour:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying the inheritance of leaf colour trait, All the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were observed to have \u003cb\u003egreen leaf colour\u003c/b\u003e indicating the allele for green leaf colour to be dominant one. In the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e the ratio of Green, Red and Dark leaves were found to be in ratio \u003cb\u003e9:3:4\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that leaf colour is governed by 2 supplementary genes (designated as \u003cem\u003elc-g and lc-r\u003c/em\u003e). This result was further confirmed in F\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e generation and is presented below. The variation in leaf colour can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePanicle colour:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying the inheritance of panicle colour trait, all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to have \u003cb\u003ered colour panicle\u003c/b\u003e. Further in \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e the red, green and intermediate (light pinkish) panicles in the ratio \u003cb\u003e9:6:1\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that panicle colour is governed by duplicate genes with cumulative effect (governed by 2 dominant genes designated as \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e respectively), showing polymeric gene action. The variation in inflorescence colour can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFlowering:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying the inheritance of flowering pattern all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were observed to have \u003cb\u003elate flowering.\u003c/b\u003e Further in F2 early, late and intermediate flowering pattern was observed in the ratio \u003cb\u003e9:3:4\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that Flower colour is governed by 2 supplementary gene action (governed by 2 recessive epistatic genes designated as \u003cem\u003eFl-e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFl-l\u003c/em\u003e respectively). The image of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e plants showing difference in flowering habit can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The picture was clicked at 60DAS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant Growth Habit:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying of Plant growth habit trait, all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to be \u003cb\u003espreading type. Further in\u003c/b\u003e F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, spreading to erect plants were found to be present in the ratio \u003cb\u003e13:3\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that Plant Growth habit may be governed by Inhibitory gene action (involving 2 Dominant and Recessive epistatic genes designated as \u003cem\u003ePG\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePG\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e respectively). The variation in plant growth habit is represented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRed Leaf margin:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying of red leaf margin trait, all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to have \u003cb\u003ered leaf margin\u003c/b\u003e, and on further analysis, the F2 population had plants with red leaf margin to plants without red leaf margin in the ratio 1:3 indicating that red leaf margin may be governed by a single dominant gene (designated as \u003cem\u003eLM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), thus agreeing with the normal mendelian segregation ratio. The presence and absence of leaf margin can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInflorescence shape:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying the inheritance of Inflorescence shape trait all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were observed to have \u003cb\u003eerect inflorescence.\u003c/b\u003e In F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population erect, curved and bushy inflorescence were found in the ratio \u003cb\u003e9:6:1\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that Inflorescence shape may be governed by Duplicate genes with cumulative effect (governed by 2 dominant genes designated as I\u003csub\u003eE\u003c/sub\u003e and I\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e respectively). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e clearly shows the diversity inflorescence shape.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInflorescence spiney:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying of inflorescence spiney trait all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were observed to have \u003cb\u003eflat inflorescence\u003c/b\u003e and on further analysis in F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population, flat and spiney type of inflorescence were observed in the ratio 13:3, indicating that the Inflorescence spiney may be governed by Inhibitory gene action (involving 2 Dominant and Recessive epistatic genes designated as \u003cem\u003eIS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eIS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e respectively). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e clearly shows the spines in spiney kind of inflorescence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStem colour:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying of Stem colour all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to be \u003cb\u003egreen stemmed\u003c/b\u003e and further analysis of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population, plants having green stem to plants having red Stem were observed in the ratio \u003cb\u003e3:1\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that red stem may be governed by a single dominant gene (designated as \u003cem\u003eSC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), agreeing with the normal F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregation ratio. Variation in stem colour can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInflorescence Compactness:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn studying of Stem colour all the \u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to have \u003cb\u003espreading inflorescence\u003c/b\u003e and on further analysis of F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population, plants having compact inflorescence to plants having spreading inflorescence were observed in the ratio \u003cb\u003e3:1\u003c/b\u003e, indicating that red stem may be governed by a single dominant gene (designated as \u003cem\u003eSC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), agreeing with the normal F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregation ratio. Diversity in Panicle compactness can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e analysis data for each character has been represented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the cross Suvarna X GA2, F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to be green colour (\u003cb\u003egreen leaf and stem\u003c/b\u003e) having \u003cb\u003ered leaf margin\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ered colour, erect, flat inflorescence\u003c/b\u003e but with \u003cb\u003espreading growth habit\u003c/b\u003e with \u003cb\u003elate flowering\u003c/b\u003e, indicating these characters to be dominant over the other contracting character(s). on analysing the segregation behaviour in the F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e population, leaf colour and Flowering time were observed to follow Supplementary gene action, segregating in the ratio 9:3:4; panicle colour and inflorescence shape were found to follow polymeric gene action segregating in the ratio 9:6:1; however inflorescence colour in the cross \u003cem\u003eA. hypochondriacus\u003c/em\u003e and A. caudatus was reported to follow normal Mendelian segregation ratio by Gupta and Gudu(1989) as they considered two contrasting characters into consideration. The characters plant growth habit and inflorescence spiney were found to follow Inhibitory genre action and segregated in the ratio 13:3; and the rest of the 3 characters i.e., Presence of red leaf margin, Stem colour and inflorescence compactness were found to follow normal Mendelian segregation ratio, segregating in 3:1 ratio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene symbols for all the above characters have been designated since no work was found on the inheritance analysis of above characters for the specific cross i.e., Suvarna X GA2 and is represented in the following table (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evarious characters and designated genes responsible for the characters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHARACTER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene designated as\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Leaf Colour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elc-g\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003elc-r\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Panicle colour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Flowering time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFl-e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFl-l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Plant growth habit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePG\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePG\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Inflorescence shape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Inflorescence spiney\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eIS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Stem Colour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Inflorescence compactness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCoons, M. P., 1982. Relationships of \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus caudatus\u003c/em\u003e: Econ. Bot. 36: 119\u0026ndash;146.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGu, X. F., Zhang, S. P., Guo, Y. M., \u0026amp; Xu, C. Q. (2007). Inheritance of bitterness in cucumber. Acta Horticulturae.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta, V. K., \u0026amp; Guddu, S. (1990). Inheritance of some morphological traits in grain Amaranthus. Euphytica, \u003cem\u003e46\u003c/em\u003e, 79\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKulakow, P. A. (1987). Genetics of grain amaranths: II. The inheritance of determinance, panicle orientation, dwarfism, and embryo color in Amaranthus caudatus. J. of Heredity, \u003cem\u003e78\u003c/em\u003e(5), 293\u0026ndash;297.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKulakow, P. A., \u0026amp; Jain, S. K. (1985). The inheritance of flowering time in Amaranthus species. J. of Genetics, \u003cem\u003e64\u003c/em\u003e, 85\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKulakow, P.A., H. Hauptli \u0026amp; S. K. Jain,1985. Genetics of grain amaranths. I. mendelian analysis of six colour characteristics. J. Hered. 76: 27\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaurya, N. K., \u0026amp; Arya, P. (2018). Amaranthus grain nutritional benefits: A review. J. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(2), 2258\u0026ndash;2262.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePandey, R. M., \u0026amp; Singh, R. E. K. H. A. (2009). Genetic improvement of grain amaranths: A review. Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(2), 61\u0026ndash;64.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSauer, J. D. (1967). The grain amaranths and their relatives: a revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, \u003cem\u003e54\u003c/em\u003e(2), 103\u0026ndash;137.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eValenzuela Zamudio, F., \u0026amp; Segura Campos, M. R. (2022, October). Amaranth and Chia: Two Strategic Ancestral Grains for Mexico\u0026rsquo;s Sustainability. In \u003cem\u003eBiology and Life Sciences Forum\u003c/em\u003e (Vol.\u0026nbsp;17, No. 1, p.\u0026nbsp;2). MDPI.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalton, P. D., 1968. The use of Amaranthus caudatus in simulating the breeding behaviour of commercial Gossypium species. J. Hered. 59: 17\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhelan, E. D., Williams, P. H., \u0026amp; Abul-Hayja, Z. (1975). The Inheritance of Two Induced Cotyledon Mutants of Cucumber1. \u003cem\u003eHortScience\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(3), 267\u0026ndash;269.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143009/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143009/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGrain Amaranthus is a potential pseudocereal cereal which has the capability to ensure balanced nutrient availability and can cope up with the degrading environment. The present study was conducted to identify the pattern of inheritance of 9 important morphological traits in the F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e segregating population of 2 well known, cultivated varieties of grain amaranth i.e., Suvarna X GA2. The F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e plants were found to be green colour (green leaf and stem) having red leaf margin, red colour, erect, flat inflorescence but with spreading growth habit with late flowering, indicating these characters to be dominant over the other contracting character(s). In F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e we found out that Leaf colour and Flowering time followed Supplementary gene action; Panicle Colour and Inflorescence shape following Polymorphic gene action; Plant growth habit and inflorescence spiney were found to follow Inhibitory genre action and Presence of red leaf margin, Stem colour and inflorescence compactness were found to follow normal Mendelian segregation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysing the Segreggation Ratio of Grain Amaranth Cross (Suvarna X Ga2)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-07-12 13:51:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143009/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b62c9f05-0d16-4665-b3bf-f014a247acb9","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 12th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-07-25T16:44:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-07-12 13:51:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3143009","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3143009","identity":"rs-3143009","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}