Psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30)

Psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30) Gilda Thiefanee, Kustimah Kustimah, Nurul Wardhani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564217/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Currently, there is scarcely any social anxiety diagnostic tool in Indonesia that is inclusive for middle-aged to late-aged adults, adequately representative to the diagnostic criteria, and thoroughly analyzed for validity and reliability. SAQ-A30 had proven to be an effectively administrable, reliable, and valid assessment to aid diagnoses of social anxiety disorder among the adult population in 22 countries. This study aims to adapt and validate SAQ-A30 to provide a reliable and valid diagnostic tool to accurately identify adult Indonesian citizens suffering from social anxiety disorder and assign them suitable interventions. Methods The English version of the SAQ-A30 was adapted into Indonesian through forward-backward translation and peer review. The questionnaire was administered to adult Indonesian citizens aged 20–64 years-old, along with Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Self-Report (LSAS-SR) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). Validity was assessed using content analysis in expert judgment and readability test, as well as confirmatory factor analysis. Meanwhile, the correlation of SAQ-A30 to LSAS-SR and GAD-7 was assessed to analyze convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Furthermore, reliability was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to examine internal consistency and a retest was conducted to examine test-retest reliability. Results 522 adults aged 20–64 years-old participated in the initial testing and 117 of them participated in the retest. Confirmatory Factor Analysis in JASP 0.19.3.0 confirmed an adequate fit of the five-factor model, consistent with the original questionnaire (GFI = 0.981, RMSEA = 0.070, SRMR = 0.060, CFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.914, NFI = 0.895, IFI = 0.923, PNFI = 0.873). Further analysis found high convergent validity with LSAS-SR ( r = 0.611, p < 0.001), acceptable discriminant validity with GAD-7 ( r = -0.181, p < 0.001), excellent test-retest reliability over a 6-week period (ICC 0.994), and excellent internal reliability (α = 0.916; ω = 0.917). Conclusions This adaptation of SAQ-A30 was proven to be a satisfactorily reliable and valid assessment to measure social anxiety in Indonesian adults. Therefore, it serves as one of the first diagnostic anxiety assessments specifically designed for adults in Indonesia, aiding in future clinical diagnoses and social anxiety related research. Studies for clinical participants and further psychometric evaluation should be the focus of future research. Biological sciences/Psychology/Human behaviour Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviour questionnaire adaptation social anxiety Psychometric Indonesia Figures Figure 1 Background Social anxiety disorder, a persistent and intense fear one might feel towards social situations ( 1 , 2 ), is commonly noticeable by adolescence to middle adulthood with an onset as early as age 10 ( 3 ). Its low remission rate in comparison to other anxiety subtypes results in high risks of lifetime prevalence ( 4 , 5 ), while individuals with a later age of onset most often suffer greater lifetime rates of psychiatric disorders and diminished quality of life ( 6 ). However, only 50% of individuals with social anxiety disorder have ever sought treatment, with most doing so after suffering the symptoms for 15–20 years ( 7 , 8 ). Among several causes to this finding, lack of detection and misdiagnoses are among the chief factors ( 9 ). This is even more apparent in Indonesia, where research on the prevalence of social anxiety is mostly focused on adolescents to young adults while the latest national survey resulted in an estimated 22.9% of the population suffering from social anxiety ( 10 ). Further studies identified fear of negative evaluation and social comparison as prominent factors influencing its emergence in Indonesia, which align with the country’s collectivist culture of prioritizing saving face to not risk dishonoring the family name and religious reputation ( 11 – 14 ). Therefore, the role of diagnostic tools in aiding the detection and intervention of social anxiety is not to be ignored, particularly for adults. In Indonesia, several questionnaires to measure social anxiety have been developed or adapted in previous research, each with varying limitations. Social Anxiety Scale ( 15 ) was developed in Indonesia, yet it is only intended for college students, and therefore inaccessible for older cohorts and individuals without higher education. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Self-Report (LSAS-SR) ( 16 ) only involved adolescents to middle adults and the majority of them were female, while its test-retest reliability was untested. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents (LSAS-CA) ( 17 ) and Social Anxiety Scale-Adolescent (SAS-A) ( 18 ) are only intended for children and adolescents, respectively. Lastly, Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) ( 19 ) also only involved college students in its study. The aforementioned questionnaires have not been revised in accordance to amendments in DSM-V-TR ( 5 ) which separates social anxiety diagnostic criteria in general with performance-only anxiety. Furthermore, most of these questionnaires measures social anxiety from the sum total scores of varying social situations while most social situations presented in every questionnaire differ from each other without a universal classification ( 20 , 21 ). In conclusion, there is still an unmet demand for a social anxiety diagnostic tool that is inclusive for middle-aged to late-aged adults, adequately representative to the current diagnostic criteria, and thoroughly analyzed for validity and reliability. A viable option for this scarcity is the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A30) ( 20 , 22 – 29 ), which has been developed and adapted for 23 countries for participants aged 16–87 years from a survey discovering more than 10,000 social situations by more than 1,000 participants. The measure underwent several expert judgment panels and data analyses to become its latest version of 30 items and 5 factors. These consistent dimensions categorizes various situations that could give rise to social anxiety to not only accommodate individuals who only experiences anxiety in specific social situations, but also aligns with DSM-V-TR diagnostic criteria ( 23 ). In addition, SAQ-A30 has been examined for its test-retest reliability and gender differences, which have rarely been done for other social anxiety measures in Indonesia ( 24 , 25 ). Hence, SAQ-A30 is a feasible solution to measure social anxiety in Indonesia on account of its wide inclusion for adult participants, adequate representation to the current diagnostic criteria, and thorough analysis for validity and reliability. On that account, this study aimed to adapt SAQ-A30 into Indonesian before examining the suitability of its psychometric aspects to assess Indonesian adults. Methods This study translated and validated the SAQ-A30 in accordance to the International Test Commission ( 30 ), which can be summarized below. Translation Permission to adapt SAQ-A30 and its English version ( 24 ) was given by Caballo et al. before the forward-backward translation procedure could proceed. Forward translation was performed by two translators to transcribe SAQ-A30 to Indonesian, before both transcriptions were synthesized by the research team and peer review panel. Subsequently, backward translation was performed by two more translators to transcribe the synthesized translation from Indonesian back to English, before both transcriptions were synthesized and examined against the English version by the research team and peer review panel. Whenever a discrepancy was found, each member of the panel would suggest on possible revisions before voting on which version was deemed the most suitable. The final translation was examined by an expert judgment panel of five psychologists for its readability and consistency to the measure’s construct, as well as Indonesian culture. Two items (25: giving a speech at dinner, 27: dancing) were considered highly unusual social situations in Indonesian culture and therefore eliminated. Following that was the readability test, in which five participants with no background in Psychology or Psychometry filled out the adjusted translation and consented to a cognitive interview to evaluate if the instructions, items, and layout could be easily understood as intended ( 31 ). Participant and Data Collection As a representative sample of the Indonesian population, randomization was carried out among the 5 largest core cities in Indonesia based on the population in the Central Statistics Agency census ( 32 ): Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Palembang, with Bandung chosen as the result. Proportionate stratified random sampling was utilized to ensure the proportions of every age group were consistent with the latest census of 1,603,169 people ( 33 ). A minimum sample size of 400 was calculated with Yamane’s formula ( 34 ) with an additional 10% to minimize sampling error ( 35 , 36 ), contributing to a total of 440. The study was distributed in a Google Form, beginning with an informed consent form explaining the research purpose and data privacy, brief demographic questions, followed by the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30, LSAS-SR, and GAD-7. 522 adults aged 20–64 years were recruited online through social media and offline through 10 randomly selected community health centers in Bandung, Indonesia. Offline recruitments commenced by first receiving permission from the authorities of these community health centers before patients in the waiting rooms were asked for voluntary participation. Every community health center visited had a psychology polyclinic with at least one clinical psychologist on duty, while the researcher’s contact for referrals on mental health service providers was included in the informed consent page to anticipate any potential risks of induced anxiety or discomfort during the testing process. In the retest, 250 previous participants were contacted with 117 consenting to retake the questionnaire, with the interval between the initial test and subsequent retest spanning over 6 weeks. The questionnaire also contained an informed consent explaining the research purpose and procedure, brief demographic questions, and the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30. Measures Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A30) The Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 consists of 28 items and the following five factors: 1) speaking in public / talking with people in authority, 2) interactions with the opposite sex, 3) assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure, 4) criticism and embarrassment, as well as 5) interactions with strangers. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all or very slight) to 5 (very high) level of unease, stress or nervousness. SAQ-A30 has shown excellent internal reliability for non-clinical samples (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92) and good internal reliability for clinical samples (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87) ( 24 ). Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Self-Report (LSAS-SR) LSAS-SR consists of 24 items, divided into 11 items for social situations and 13 items for performance situations which can be seen in Table 1 . Each item is rated by two 4-point Likert scales, one for the intensity of fear (0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe) and the other for the frequency of avoidance of the situation (0: never, 1: occasionally, 2: often, 3: usually). The Indonesian version of LSAS-SR has shown excellent internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92), as well as good internal reliability for its Fear (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.99) and Avoidance (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84) subscales ( 16 ). Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) GAD-7 contains 7 items to assess symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, rated by a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) for how many days they have been bothered by the symptoms. The Indonesian version of GAD-7 has shown good internal reliability (McDonald’s omega = 0.809) ( 37 ). Psychometric Analysis Content validity was calculated in the expert judgment stage using Aiken’s V ( 38 ) and Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio ( 39 ), resulting in two items eliminated and the rest deemed satisfactorily comprehensive in representing the construct and social situations in Indonesian culture. Content analysis was followed by cognitive interviews to 5 participants, in which the translated questionnaire was deemed suitable without revisions proposed. Factorial validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, while the correlation of SAQ-A30 to LSAS-SR and GAD-7 was assessed by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to analyze convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Internal reliability was assessed by the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient. All psychometric analyses were computed in JASP 0.19.3.0. Results Descriptive statistics Demographic characteristics of the participants can be seen in Table 3 . Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants ( n = 522) Category Frequency % Gender Female 255 48.851 Male 267 51.149 Age Cohort Early Adult 299 57.28 Middle Adult 186 35.63 Late Adult 37 7.08 Education Nongraduate 68 13.03 Graduate 366 70.11 Postgraduate 88 16.86 Occupation Student 76 14.56 Employed 336 64.37 Unemployed 77 14.75 Retired 33 6.32 Validity Convergent validity: A significant positive correlation was found between SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR ( r = 0.611, p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were also found between the full scale and 5 factors of SAQ-A30 when paired with the Fear and Avoidance subscales of LSAS-SR. Significant positive correlations were also found between all five factors of SAQ-A30, the Fear subscale, and the Avoidance subscale, summarized in Table 4 . The correlation between the full scale and 5 factors of SAQ-A30 when paired with the full scale of LSAS-SR could be classified as moderate to high, while the correlation between the 5 factors of SAQ-A30 and the LSAS-SR subscales were lower ( 40 ). Discriminant validity: Significant negative correlations were found between GAD-7 and the full scale of SAQ-A30 ( r = -0.181, p < 0.001), as well as the 5 factors which can be seen in Table 2 . All correlations can be classified as very low ( 40 ). Table 2 Correlations (Pearson) between SAQ-A30, LSAS-SR, and GAD-7 SAQ-A30 LSAS Fear LSAS Avoidance Total LSAS GAD-7 Fc1: speaking in public / talking with people in authority 0.372* 0.275* 0.364* -0.148* Fc2: interactions with the opposite sex 0.491* 0.309* 0.450* -0.160* Fc3: assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure 0.519* 0.386* 0.510* -0.191* Fc4: criticism and embarrassment 0.405* 0.459* 0.489* -0.016* Fc5: interactions with strangers 0.528* 0.333* 0.484* -0.178* Total 0.615* 0.469* 0.611* -0.181* * p < 0.001 Factorial validity: Samples was first tested by Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO), showing good to superb KMO scores ranging from 0.758 to 0.941 for all items, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity, showing a significant correlation ( 41 – 43 ). Therefore, the sample was deemed appropriate for factor analysis. As shown in Fig. 1 , model specification was examined by confirmatory factor analysis in JASP 0.19.3.0. and the five-factor structure of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 was found consistent with its original scale without any modifications made: 1) speaking in public / talking with people in authority, 2) interactions with the opposite sex, 3) assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure, 4) criticism and embarrassment, as well as 5) interactions with strangers. As seen in Table 3 , the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 was also observed to fulfill all 8 goodness-of-fit indices. Moreover, the factor loadings of each item ranged from 0.330–0.826. Table 3 Fit Indices Category Index Cut-Off Output Absolute Fit GFI ≥ 0.90–0.95 0.981 RMSEA 0.05–0.08 0.070 SRMR ≤ 0.08 0.060 Incremental Fit CFI ≥ 0.90 0.922 TLI ≥ 0.90 0.914 NFI ≥ 0.80 0.895 IFI ≥ 0.90 0.923 Parsimonious Fit PNFI ≥ 0.50 0.873 Reliability Test-retest reliability: An excellent intraclass correlation was found between the test and retest of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 (ICC 0.994), thereby signifying high temporal stability ( 44 ). Internal reliability: Acceptable and good internal reliability were found when each factor was tested with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficient ( 45 , 46 ), while excellent internal reliability was found for the entirety of the questionnaire, which can be seen in Table 4 . It was also observed that eliminating any item would not significantly increase the questionnaire’s total Cronbach’s alpha or McDonald’s omega. Table 4 Internal Reliability of SAQ-A30 SAQ-A30 Coefficient α Coefficient ω Fc1: speaking in public / talking with people in authority 0.787 0.794 Fc2: interactions with the opposite sex 0.813 0.816 Fc3: assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure 0.706 0.716 Fc4: criticism and embarrassment 0.850 0.853 Fc5: interactions with strangers 0.868 0.868 Total 0.916 0.917 Age, Gender, Educational, and Occupational Differences Additionally, measurement invariance across age, gender, educational levels, and occupation was examined by one-way ANOVA in JASP 0.19.3.0. As summarized in Table 5 , there are no significant differences in between these demographic variables. Table 5 ANOVA Results for Age, Gender, Education, and Occupation Cases Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p η 2 ω 2 Age 135.098 2 67.549 0.253 0.777 0.0009729 0.000 Residuals 138722.520 519 267.288 Gender 14.248 1 14.248 0.053 0.817 0.0001026 0.000 Residuals 138843.371 520 267.006 Education 47.602 2 23.801 0.089 0.915 0.0003428 0.000 Residuals 138810.017 519 267.457 Occupation 571.413 3 190.471 0.713 0.544 0.004 0.000 Residuals 138286.205 518 266.962 Discussion Social anxiety is a persistent and debilitating disorder with high risks of lifetime prevalence, yet prone to nonrecognition and misdiagnoses. This study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30, and has yielded favorable results. The significant correlations between SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR provide proof for its convergent validity, resembling the correlation between the original questionnaire and LSAS-SR ( 24 ). The high temporal stability observed between the test and retest provide proof for its test-retest reliability, similar to findings in the French ( 25 ) and Korean ( 26 ) version of SAQ-A30. The internal reliability as assessed by Cronbach’s alpha was also found to be acceptable, with each item proven integral to the structure of the questionnaire as a whole. Content validity analysis by expert judgment has improved and ensured the suitability of the questionnaire to Indonesian culture. High correlations found between SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR with its subscales not only support its convergent validity, but also parallels similar results between the original version of SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR ( 24 ). In comparison, the low correlation identified between SAQ-A30 and GAD-7 signifies its discriminant validity against different subtypes of anxiety disorder. Meanwhile, the five-factor model yielded through factor analysis lends its credence to the factorial validity, in accordance with the original scale ( 24 ), as well as its subsequent adaptations to French ( 25 ), Persian ( 27 ), and Korean ( 26 ). The adaptation had also shown no sensitivity against age, gender, educational, and occupational differences. Furthermore, the results scored highest in Factors 3 (assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure) and 4 (criticism and embarrassment). This finding aligned with the previous studies identifying fear of negative evaluation and social comparison as prominent factors affecting the prevalence of social anxiety in Indonesia, as well as the country’s collectivist culture of prioritizing saving face from fear of dishonoring the family name and religious reputation ( 11 – 14 ). The two items eliminated in the expert judgment stage also signified minor cultural differences between common social situations in Indonesian culture and the original measure’s Ibero-American culture ( 24 ), in which social situations with prolonged physical touch and speech giving instead of praying were deemed unusual and inappropriate. There are a number of limitations in this research that can be improved upon. First, clinical samples would greatly benefit further research to not only examine the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 in a clinical setting, but also providing cut-off values for the Indonesian population using the questionnaire. Second, studies had shown the rising frequency and severity of social anxiety cases due to prolonged social isolation during the pandemic, which might affect the results of the study ( 47 – 49 ). Finally, the study was adapting a self-report measure and consequently ran the risk for social desirability bias ( 50 , 51 ). Conclusion This study has proven that the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 has adequate content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and factorial validity, as well as test-retest reliability and internal reliability to measure social anxiety in Indonesia. As a social anxiety measure with a consistent five-factor structure, as well as thoroughly analyzed validity and reliability, this adapted measure can be used for both clinical and research settings in Indonesia. The measure’s multidimensional assessment produces profiles of social anxiety symptoms across five dimensions, which serves as a recommendation for intervention planning in accordance to the highest scored dimension. The measure’s wide age inclusion can also aid greatly in future social anxiety prevalence studies in Indonesia, particularly for the underrepresented middle to late-aged adults. Abbreviations SAQ-A30: Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults; LSAS-SR: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Self-Report; GAD-7: Generalized [GT1] Anxiety Disorder Assessment Declarations Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Prof. Vicente A. Caballo and the CISO-A Research Team for granting us permission to adapt and analyze the psychometric properties of SAQ-A30 in Indonesia. We also express our gratitude to all participants who made this study possible, as well as the psychologists, translators, and peers who contributed in the adaptation process. Authors’ contributions GT was the main investigator, conceived and designed the analysis, collected the data, contributed analysis tools, performed the analysis, and wrote the paper. K contributed to the writing process and critically evaluated the paper. NW contributed to the writing process and critically evaluated the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Funding None. Availability of data and materials The data are available on request from the corresponding author. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted with permission from Universitas Padjadjaran Ethics Research Committee under ethical approval 746/UN6.KEP/EC/2023, which was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report, among others. All participants gave their informed consent to participate through Google Form. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author details 1 Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia References Kring, A. M. & Johnson, S. L. The Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders 16th edn (Wiley, 2024). Oltmanns, T. F., Emery, R. E., South, S. C. & Forbush, K. T. 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Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics 6th edn (SAGE Publications Ltd, 2024). Kaiser, H. F. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika [Internet]. 1974 Mar [cited 2024 Jan 29];39(1):31–6. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02291575 Bartlett, M. The effect of standardization on a Chi-square approximation in factor analysis. Biometrika [Internet]. ;38(3–4):337–344. (1951). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/38.3-4.337 Koo, T. K. & Li, M. Y. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Nov 30];15(2):155. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012 Tavakol, M. & Dennick, R. Making Sense of Cronbach’s Alpha. Int J Med Educ [Internet]. [cited 2022 Dec 10];2:53–5. (2011). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd Hayes, A. F. & Coutts, J. J. Use Omega Rather than Cronbach’s Alpha for Estimating Reliability. But… Commun Methods Meas [Internet]. Jan 2 [cited 2025 Mar 17];14(1):1–24. (2020). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629 Kindred, R. & Bates, G. W. The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. ;20(3):2362. (2023). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032362 Powell, C. & Martin, K. V. The Impact of COVID-19 on Social Anxiety and Rejection Sensitivity. Med Res Arch [Internet]. ;11(7.1):1–13. (2023). Available from: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i7.1.4046 Wang, Q., Zhang, J. & Xiao, M. Association between social media use, physical activity level, and depression and anxiety among college students: a cross-cultural comparative study. Sci Reports 2025 151 [Internet]. 2025 Feb 24 [cited 2025 Mar 18];15(1):1–22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88140-y Caputo, A. Social Desirability Bias in self-reported well-being Measures: Evidence from an online survey. Univ Psychol [Internet]. ;16(2). (2017). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.sdsw Latkin, C. A., Edwards, C., Davey-Rothwell, M. A. & Tobin, K. E. The relationship between social desirability bias and self-reports of health, substance use, and social network factors among urban substance users in Baltimore, Maryland. Addict Behav [Internet]. ;73:133–6. (2017). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.005 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files AdaptationofGAD7IntoIndonesian.docx ANOVAResultsforAgeGenderEducationandOccupation.docx CorrelationsPearsonbetweenSAQA30LSASSRandGAD7.docx AdaptationofLSASSRIntoIndonesian.docx Demographiccharacteristicsofthestudyparticipants.docx FitIndices.docx InternalReliabilityofSAQA30.docx CognitiveInterview.docx ExpertJudgmentScores.docx QualificationsofTranslatorsPeerReviewersandExpertJudgmentPanelists.docx ModelSpecificity.docx PsychometricAnalysisResults.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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persistent and intense fear one might feel towards social situations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), is commonly noticeable by adolescence to middle adulthood with an onset as early as age 10 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Its low remission rate in comparison to other anxiety subtypes results in high risks of lifetime prevalence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), while individuals with a later age of onset most often suffer greater lifetime rates of psychiatric disorders and diminished quality of life (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). However, only 50% of individuals with social anxiety disorder have ever sought treatment, with most doing so after suffering the symptoms for 15\u0026ndash;20 years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Among several causes to this finding, lack of detection and misdiagnoses are among the chief factors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). This is even more apparent in Indonesia, where research on the prevalence of social anxiety is mostly focused on adolescents to young adults while the latest national survey resulted in an estimated 22.9% of the population suffering from social anxiety (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Further studies identified fear of negative evaluation and social comparison as prominent factors influencing its emergence in Indonesia, which align with the country\u0026rsquo;s collectivist culture of prioritizing saving face to not risk dishonoring the family name and religious reputation (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the role of diagnostic tools in aiding the detection and intervention of social anxiety is not to be ignored, particularly for adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Indonesia, several questionnaires to measure social anxiety have been developed or adapted in previous research, each with varying limitations. Social Anxiety Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) was developed in Indonesia, yet it is only intended for college students, and therefore inaccessible for older cohorts and individuals without higher education. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale \u0026ndash; Self-Report (LSAS-SR) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) only involved adolescents to middle adults and the majority of them were female, while its test-retest reliability was untested. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents (LSAS-CA) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) and Social Anxiety Scale-Adolescent (SAS-A) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) are only intended for children and adolescents, respectively. Lastly, Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) also only involved college students in its study. The aforementioned questionnaires have not been revised in accordance to amendments in DSM-V-TR (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) which separates social anxiety diagnostic criteria in general with performance-only anxiety. Furthermore, most of these questionnaires measures social anxiety from the sum total scores of varying social situations while most social situations presented in every questionnaire differ from each other without a universal classification (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). In conclusion, there is still an unmet demand for a social anxiety diagnostic tool that is inclusive for middle-aged to late-aged adults, adequately representative to the current diagnostic criteria, and thoroughly analyzed for validity and reliability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA viable option for this scarcity is the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A30) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), which has been developed and adapted for 23 countries for participants aged 16\u0026ndash;87 years from a survey discovering more than 10,000 social situations by more than 1,000 participants. The measure underwent several expert judgment panels and data analyses to become its latest version of 30 items and 5 factors. These consistent dimensions categorizes various situations that could give rise to social anxiety to not only accommodate individuals who only experiences anxiety in specific social situations, but also aligns with DSM-V-TR diagnostic criteria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, SAQ-A30 has been examined for its test-retest reliability and gender differences, which have rarely been done for other social anxiety measures in Indonesia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, SAQ-A30 is a feasible solution to measure social anxiety in Indonesia on account of its wide inclusion for adult participants, adequate representation to the current diagnostic criteria, and thorough analysis for validity and reliability. On that account, this study aimed to adapt SAQ-A30 into Indonesian before examining the suitability of its psychometric aspects to assess Indonesian adults.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study translated and validated the SAQ-A30 in accordance to the International Test Commission (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), which can be summarized below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTranslation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermission to adapt SAQ-A30 and its English version (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) was given by Caballo et al. before the forward-backward translation procedure could proceed. Forward translation was performed by two translators to transcribe SAQ-A30 to Indonesian, before both transcriptions were synthesized by the research team and peer review panel. Subsequently, backward translation was performed by two more translators to transcribe the synthesized translation from Indonesian back to English, before both transcriptions were synthesized and examined against the English version by the research team and peer review panel. Whenever a discrepancy was found, each member of the panel would suggest on possible revisions before voting on which version was deemed the most suitable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final translation was examined by an expert judgment panel of five psychologists for its readability and consistency to the measure\u0026rsquo;s construct, as well as Indonesian culture. Two items (25: giving a speech at dinner, 27: dancing) were considered highly unusual social situations in Indonesian culture and therefore eliminated. Following that was the readability test, in which five participants with no background in Psychology or Psychometry filled out the adjusted translation and consented to a cognitive interview to evaluate if the instructions, items, and layout could be easily understood as intended (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant and Data Collection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a representative sample of the Indonesian population, randomization was carried out among the 5 largest core cities in Indonesia based on the population in the Central Statistics Agency census (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e): Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Palembang, with Bandung chosen as the result. Proportionate stratified random sampling was utilized to ensure the proportions of every age group were consistent with the latest census of 1,603,169 people (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). A minimum sample size of 400 was calculated with Yamane\u0026rsquo;s formula (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e) with an additional 10% to minimize sampling error (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), contributing to a total of 440.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was distributed in a Google Form, beginning with an informed consent form explaining the research purpose and data privacy, brief demographic questions, followed by the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30, LSAS-SR, and GAD-7. 522 adults aged 20\u0026ndash;64 years were recruited online through social media and offline through 10 randomly selected community health centers in Bandung, Indonesia. Offline recruitments commenced by first receiving permission from the authorities of these community health centers before patients in the waiting rooms were asked for voluntary participation. Every community health center visited had a psychology polyclinic with at least one clinical psychologist on duty, while the researcher\u0026rsquo;s contact for referrals on mental health service providers was included in the informed consent page to anticipate any potential risks of induced anxiety or discomfort during the testing process. In the retest, 250 previous participants were contacted with 117 consenting to retake the questionnaire, with the interval between the initial test and subsequent retest spanning over 6 weeks. The questionnaire also contained an informed consent explaining the research purpose and procedure, brief demographic questions, and the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 consists of 28 items and the following five factors: 1) speaking in public / talking with people in authority, 2) interactions with the opposite sex, 3) assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure, 4) criticism and embarrassment, as well as 5) interactions with strangers. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all or very slight) to 5 (very high) level of unease, stress or nervousness. SAQ-A30 has shown excellent internal reliability for non-clinical samples (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92) and good internal reliability for clinical samples (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiebowitz Social Anxiety Scale \u0026ndash; Self-Report (LSAS-SR)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSAS-SR consists of 24 items, divided into 11 items for social situations and 13 items for performance situations which can be seen in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Each item is rated by two 4-point Likert scales, one for the intensity of fear (0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe) and the other for the frequency of avoidance of the situation (0: never, 1: occasionally, 2: often, 3: usually). The Indonesian version of LSAS-SR has shown excellent internal reliability (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92), as well as good internal reliability for its Fear (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99) and Avoidance (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.84) subscales (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGAD-7 contains 7 items to assess symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, rated by a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) for how many days they have been bothered by the symptoms. The Indonesian version of GAD-7 has shown good internal reliability (McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.809) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychometric Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContent validity was calculated in the expert judgment stage using Aiken\u0026rsquo;s V (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e) and Lawshe\u0026rsquo;s Content Validity Ratio (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e), resulting in two items eliminated and the rest deemed satisfactorily comprehensive in representing the construct and social situations in Indonesian culture. Content analysis was followed by cognitive interviews to 5 participants, in which the translated questionnaire was deemed suitable without revisions proposed. Factorial validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, while the correlation of SAQ-A30 to LSAS-SR and GAD-7 was assessed by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to analyze convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Internal reliability was assessed by the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient. All psychometric analyses were computed in JASP 0.19.3.0.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the study participants (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;522)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Cohort\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly Adult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle Adult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLate Adult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNongraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValidity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConvergent validity: A significant positive correlation was found between SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.611, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Significant positive correlations were also found between the full scale and 5 factors of SAQ-A30 when paired with the Fear and Avoidance subscales of LSAS-SR. Significant positive correlations were also found between all five factors of SAQ-A30, the Fear subscale, and the Avoidance subscale, summarized in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The correlation between the full scale and 5 factors of SAQ-A30 when paired with the full scale of LSAS-SR could be classified as moderate to high, while the correlation between the 5 factors of SAQ-A30 and the LSAS-SR subscales were lower (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscriminant validity: Significant negative correlations were found between GAD-7 and the full scale of SAQ-A30 (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = -0.181, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), as well as the 5 factors which can be seen in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. All correlations can be classified as very low (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelations (Pearson) between SAQ-A30, LSAS-SR, and GAD-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSAQ-A30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSAS Fear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSAS Avoidance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal LSAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGAD-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc1: speaking in public / talking with people in authority\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.372*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.275*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.364*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.148*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc2: interactions with the opposite sex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.491*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.450*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.160*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc3: assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.519*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.510*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.191*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc4: criticism and embarrassment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.405*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.489*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc5: interactions with strangers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.528*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.333*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.484*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.178*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.469*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.611*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.181*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactorial validity:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamples was first tested by Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO), showing good to superb KMO scores ranging from 0.758 to 0.941 for all items, and Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s Test of Sphericity, showing a significant correlation (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the sample was deemed appropriate for factor analysis. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, model specification was examined by confirmatory factor analysis in JASP 0.19.3.0. and the five-factor structure of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 was found consistent with its original scale without any modifications made: 1) speaking in public / talking with people in authority, 2) interactions with the opposite sex, 3) assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure, 4) criticism and embarrassment, as well as 5) interactions with strangers. As seen in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 was also observed to fulfill all 8 goodness-of-fit indices. Moreover, the factor loadings of each item ranged from 0.330\u0026ndash;0.826.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFit Indices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCut-Off\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutput\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute Fit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u0026ndash;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026ndash;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncremental Fit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParsimonious Fit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReliability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTest-retest reliability: An excellent intraclass correlation was found between the test and retest of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 (ICC 0.994), thereby signifying high temporal stability (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternal reliability: Acceptable and good internal reliability were found when each factor was tested with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha and McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega coefficient (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e), while excellent internal reliability was found for the entirety of the questionnaire, which can be seen in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. It was also observed that eliminating any item would not significantly increase the questionnaire\u0026rsquo;s total Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha or McDonald\u0026rsquo;s omega.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal Reliability of SAQ-A30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSAQ-A30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient \u0026alpha;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient \u0026omega;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc1: speaking in public / talking with people in authority\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc2: interactions with the opposite sex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc3: assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc4: criticism and embarrassment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFc5: interactions with strangers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge, Gender, Educational, and Occupational Differences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, measurement invariance across age, gender, educational levels, and occupation was examined by one-way ANOVA in JASP 0.19.3.0. As summarized in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, there are no significant differences in between these demographic variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANOVA Results for Age, Gender, Education, and Occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026eta;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026omega;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009729\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResiduals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138722.520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResiduals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138843.371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResiduals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138810.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e571.413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResiduals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138286.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocial anxiety is a persistent and debilitating disorder with high risks of lifetime prevalence, yet prone to nonrecognition and misdiagnoses. This study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30, and has yielded favorable results. The significant correlations between SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR provide proof for its convergent validity, resembling the correlation between the original questionnaire and LSAS-SR (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The high temporal stability observed between the test and retest provide proof for its test-retest reliability, similar to findings in the French (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e) and Korean (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) version of SAQ-A30. The internal reliability as assessed by Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was also found to be acceptable, with each item proven integral to the structure of the questionnaire as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent validity analysis by expert judgment has improved and ensured the suitability of the questionnaire to Indonesian culture. High correlations found between SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR with its subscales not only support its convergent validity, but also parallels similar results between the original version of SAQ-A30 and LSAS-SR (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). In comparison, the low correlation identified between SAQ-A30 and GAD-7 signifies its discriminant validity against different subtypes of anxiety disorder. Meanwhile, the five-factor model yielded through factor analysis lends its credence to the factorial validity, in accordance with the original scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), as well as its subsequent adaptations to French (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), Persian (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), and Korean (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). The adaptation had also shown no sensitivity against age, gender, educational, and occupational differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the results scored highest in Factors 3 (assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure) and 4 (criticism and embarrassment). This finding aligned with the previous studies identifying fear of negative evaluation and social comparison as prominent factors affecting the prevalence of social anxiety in Indonesia, as well as the country\u0026rsquo;s collectivist culture of prioritizing saving face from fear of dishonoring the family name and religious reputation (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The two items eliminated in the expert judgment stage also signified minor cultural differences between common social situations in Indonesian culture and the original measure\u0026rsquo;s Ibero-American culture (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), in which social situations with prolonged physical touch and speech giving instead of praying were deemed unusual and inappropriate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are a number of limitations in this research that can be improved upon. First, clinical samples would greatly benefit further research to not only examine the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 in a clinical setting, but also providing cut-off values for the Indonesian population using the questionnaire. Second, studies had shown the rising frequency and severity of social anxiety cases due to prolonged social isolation during the pandemic, which might affect the results of the study (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, the study was adapting a self-report measure and consequently ran the risk for social desirability bias (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study has proven that the Indonesian version of SAQ-A30 has adequate content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and factorial validity, as well as test-retest reliability and internal reliability to measure social anxiety in Indonesia. As a social anxiety measure with a consistent five-factor structure, as well as thoroughly analyzed validity and reliability, this adapted measure can be used for both clinical and research settings in Indonesia. The measure\u0026rsquo;s multidimensional assessment produces profiles of social anxiety symptoms across five dimensions, which serves as a recommendation for intervention planning in accordance to the highest scored dimension. The measure\u0026rsquo;s wide age inclusion can also aid greatly in future social anxiety prevalence studies in Indonesia, particularly for the underrepresented middle to late-aged adults.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSAQ-A30: Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults; LSAS-SR: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale \u0026ndash; Self-Report; GAD-7: Generalized [GT1] Anxiety Disorder Assessment\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to Prof. Vicente A. Caballo and the CISO-A Research Team for granting us permission to adapt and analyze the psychometric properties of SAQ-A30 in Indonesia. We also express our gratitude to all participants who made this study possible, as well as the psychologists, translators, and peers who contributed in the adaptation process.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGT was the main investigator, conceived and designed the analysis, collected the data, contributed analysis tools, performed the analysis, and wrote the paper. K contributed to the writing process and critically evaluated the paper. NW contributed to the writing process and critically evaluated the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data are available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted with permission from Universitas Padjadjaran Ethics Research Committee under ethical approval\u0026nbsp;746/UN6.KEP/EC/2023, which was conducted in accordance with\u0026nbsp;the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report, among others. All participants gave their informed consent to participate through Google Form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor details\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eFaculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKring, A. M. \u0026amp; Johnson, S. L. \u003cem\u003eThe Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders\u003c/em\u003e 16th edn (Wiley, 2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOltmanns, T. F., Emery, R. E., South, S. C. \u0026amp; Forbush, K. T. \u003cem\u003eAbnormal Psychology\u003c/em\u003e 10th edn (Pearson, 2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFirst, M. 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Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"questionnaire, adaptation, social anxiety, Psychometric, Indonesia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564217/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564217/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, there is scarcely any social anxiety diagnostic tool in Indonesia that is inclusive for middle-aged to late-aged adults, adequately representative to the diagnostic criteria, and thoroughly analyzed for validity and reliability. SAQ-A30 had proven to be an effectively administrable, reliable, and valid assessment to aid diagnoses of social anxiety disorder among the adult population in 22 countries. This study aims to adapt and validate SAQ-A30 to provide a reliable and valid diagnostic tool to accurately identify adult Indonesian citizens suffering from social anxiety disorder and assign them suitable interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe English version of the SAQ-A30 was adapted into Indonesian through forward-backward translation and peer review. The questionnaire was administered to adult Indonesian citizens aged 20–64 years-old, along with Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Self-Report (LSAS-SR) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). Validity was assessed using content analysis in expert judgment and readability test, as well as confirmatory factor analysis. Meanwhile, the correlation of SAQ-A30 to LSAS-SR and GAD-7 was assessed to analyze convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Furthermore, reliability was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to examine internal consistency and a retest was conducted to examine test-retest reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e522 adults aged 20–64 years-old participated in the initial testing and 117 of them participated in the retest. Confirmatory Factor Analysis in JASP 0.19.3.0 confirmed an adequate fit of the five-factor model, consistent with the original questionnaire (GFI = 0.981, RMSEA = 0.070, SRMR = 0.060, CFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.914, NFI = 0.895, IFI = 0.923, PNFI = 0.873). Further analysis found high convergent validity with LSAS-SR (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.611, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), acceptable discriminant validity with GAD-7 (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = -0.181, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), excellent test-retest reliability over a 6-week period (ICC 0.994), and excellent internal reliability (α = 0.916; ω = 0.917).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis adaptation of SAQ-A30 was proven to be a satisfactorily reliable and valid assessment to measure social anxiety in Indonesian adults. Therefore, it serves as one of the first diagnostic anxiety assessments specifically designed for adults in Indonesia, aiding in future clinical diagnoses and social anxiety related research. Studies for clinical participants and further psychometric evaluation should be the focus of future research.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-06 12:23:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564217/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84b881a4-04b4-4fa0-9435-e61022326dc1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47817841,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology/Human behaviour"},{"id":47817842,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviour"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T12:45:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-06 12:23:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5564217","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5564217","identity":"rs-5564217","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}