Socioeconomic Disparities in Human Milk Nutrition Patterns among Preterm Infants

Socioeconomic Disparities in Human Milk Nutrition Patterns among Preterm Infants | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Socioeconomic Disparities in Human Milk Nutrition Patterns among Preterm Infants Igbagbosanmi Oredein, Molly Lazarus, Rachel Land, Katherine Travis, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7634913/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective – This study examined patterns of mother’s own milk (MOM) and donor human milk (DHM) intake during NICU hospitalization and assessed socioeconomic status (SES) disparities. Study Design – We analyzed daily MOM and DHM volumes in a retrospective cohort of 121 preterm infants <32 weeks’ gestation in a level IV NICU until 34 weeks postmenstrual age. SES was defined by maternal insurance (public = low SES; private = high SES). Results – Low-SES infants received a higher DHM proportion than high-SES peers (42% vs. 24%, p = 0.011). High-SES infants had a faster decline in DHM use during the first 14 days of life (DOL) (p < 0.001). At discharge, 40% of low-SES infants were formula-fed only versus 20% of high-SES infants (p = 0.043). DHM percentage on DOL 14 predicted formula-only discharge (p < 0.001). Conclusion – SES disparities exist in HM nutrition patterns during NICU hospitalization. Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics Health sciences/Medical research/Epidemiology Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO conflict of interest to disclose. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 13 Feb, 2026 Reviewer # 3 agreed at journal 12 Feb, 2026 Review # 2 received at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 06 Feb, 2026 Review # 1 received at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 16 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 16 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7634913","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":518364996,"identity":"f64749f2-e34d-432b-a180-4e7fcce62716","order_by":0,"name":"Igbagbosanmi 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Infants","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-perinatology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Perinatology](http://www.nature.com/jp/)","snPcode":"41372","submissionUrl":"https://mts-jper.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"Journal of Perinatology","twitterHandle":"@jperinatology","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7634913/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7634913/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Objective – This study examined patterns of mother’s own milk (MOM) and donor human milk (DHM) intake during NICU hospitalization and assessed socioeconomic status (SES) disparities. \r\n\r\nStudy Design – We analyzed daily MOM and DHM volumes in a retrospective cohort of 121 preterm infants \u003c32 weeks’ gestation in a level IV NICU until 34 weeks postmenstrual age. SES was defined by maternal insurance (public = low SES; private = high SES). \r\n\r\nResults – Low-SES infants received a higher DHM proportion than high-SES peers (42% vs. 24%, p = 0.011). High-SES infants had a faster decline in DHM use during the first 14 days of life (DOL) (p \u003c 0.001). At discharge, 40% of low-SES infants were formula-fed only versus 20% of high-SES infants (p = 0.043). DHM percentage on DOL 14 predicted formula-only discharge (p \u003c 0.001). \r\n\r\nConclusion – SES disparities exist in HM nutrition patterns during NICU hospitalization.","manuscriptTitle":"Socioeconomic Disparities in Human Milk Nutrition Patterns among Preterm Infants","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-03 19:48:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7634913/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2026-02-13T16:43:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-02-12T23:35:20+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-02-09T20:40:15+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-02-06T11:24:55+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-10-23T16:09:10+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-10-22T14:10:08+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T22:41:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T13:12:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T02:40:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Perinatology","date":"2025-09-17T02:40:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-perinatology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Perinatology](http://www.nature.com/jp/)","snPcode":"41372","submissionUrl":"https://mts-jper.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"Journal of Perinatology","twitterHandle":"@jperinatology","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"32614c20-81da-4b4e-a5ea-975682ec318a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":55080421,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics"},{"id":55080422,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research/Epidemiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T07:20:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-03 19:48:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7634913","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7634913","identity":"rs-7634913","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}