Ethnobotanical study of Wild edible fruits in eastern Bhutan

Background: In the past, wild edible fruits (WEFs) were a significant source of food and nutrition in Bhutan. These nutrient-rich species can enhance food security and poverty alleviation in the country. However, recent developments like the introduction of improved fruit varieties, changes in dietary choices, and infrastructure developments are expected to influence indigenous knowledge and consumption of WEFs. We sought to document the species diversity of WEFs and their uses in eastern Bhutan and examine how the knowledge and consumption of WEFs vary with socio-demographic factors. Methods: A total of 97 households in two districts were randomly selected to participate in the survey. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview a randomly selected adult in each household. Comparative analysis of indigenous knowledge and consumption of WEFs among the socio-demographic factors was performed using the one-way ANOVA and chi-square test in R software. Results: The present study reported 52 species of WEFs from 35 families. The prevalence of WEF consumption was found to be 42%. WEF consumption differed significantly between districts, age groups, and indigenous knowledge levels. Similarly, indigenous knowledge of WEFs was significantly associated with districts and age groups. Conclusions: The eastern region of Bhutan has a rich diversity of WEFs, but their consumption has decreased. Recent agricultural and infrastructure developments may have impacted the region's consumption and indigenous knowledge of WEFs. Thus, domestication and agro-processing should become a major focus in Bhutan to utilize their nutritional value and potential economic benefits to enhance food security in the country. Additionally, incorporating WEF-related knowledge in the school curriculum is essential to educate younger generations on WEFs.