The Hidden Struggles of Medical Training: A View of Lifestyle and Eating Behaviours in Palestine- a Cross-Sectional study

The Hidden Struggles of Medical Training: A View of Lifestyle and Eating Behaviours in Palestine- a Cross-Sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Hidden Struggles of Medical Training: A View of Lifestyle and Eating Behaviours in Palestine- a Cross-Sectional study Amjad H. Rabei, Mahdi W. Suboh, Mohammed Rabae, Mohanad Nazzal, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437425/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Lifestyle choices like exercise, sleep, and food habits are very important for both physical and mental health, especially for medical students who have a lot of coursework to complete. These difficulties are exacerbated by socioeconomic limitations and scarce resources in areas impacted by conflict, such as Palestine. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed lifestyle behaviours among medical students from five Palestinian universities. Data were collected between January and March 2025 using a structured questionnaire that included validated tools: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA) were conducted using SPSS v22, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 743 students participated (52.9% females; mean age 20.9 ± 1.8 years). Over half (50.2%) reported low physical activity, while only 19.5% engaged in high activity. Poor sleep quality was prevalent, with an average PSQI score of 6.96 ± 3.29 and mean sleep duration of 6.9 hours. Nearly 45% reported symptoms such as anxiety (34.3%) and insomnia (18.2%). Disordered eating risk was notable, with 38.6% scoring ≥ 20 on the EAT-26. Significant associations were found between lifestyle factors and variables such as gender, employment status, academic year, GPA, and smoking status. Male students reported higher physical activity, whereas poorer sleep quality correlated with lower GPA and part-time employment. Higher BMI and medical conditions were linked to disordered eating risk. Conclusions: Palestinian medical students exhibit concerning patterns of low physical activity, poor sleep, and disordered eating, which may affect their health and academic performance. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted health promotion strategies and supportive environments to foster healthier lifestyles among future healthcare providers in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings. physical activity sleep quality eating disorders medical students Palestine lifestyle behaviours Introduction Lifestyle factors such as physical activity, sleep, and nutrition are critical determinants of physical and mental health. In the general population, physical inactivity is a leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disorders and diabetes, while poor sleep quality exacerbates cognitive decline and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression [ 1 ]. These lifestyle patterns are particularly important among medical students, whose future role as health promoters makes their own health behaviours influential on broader public outcomes. Physical activity among medical students plays a vital role in reducing stress, improving academic performance, and enhancing physical resilience. However, studies show that medical students tend to be less physically active than their non-medical peers, with inactivity levels ranging from 14–20%[ 2 ]. This may reflect not only time constraints but also a disconnect between awareness of health behaviours and personal implementation, as seen in US medical students whose cardiovascular fitness decreased despite self-reported activity increases[ 2 ] . Similar trends are reported globally. Iranian university students showed poor scores in both physical activity (53.4%) and diet (53.6%), indicating widespread issues with maintaining healthy behaviours [ 3 ]. During COVID-19 lockdowns, Palestinian adolescents also exhibited increasing sedentary behaviour and weight gain, reflecting broader regional challenges [ 4 ]. These patterns suggest an urgent need to support active lifestyles in populations under academic and sociopolitical stress. Sleep is another essential component of a healthy lifestyle, yet is commonly compromised among medical students. One study found that 44% of US medical students reported poor sleep quality, averaging only 6.5 hours per night, which worsened during exam periods[ 2 ]. Sleep deprivation is linked with reduced academic performance, increased anxiety, and burnout, especially when compounded by erratic schedules and academic stressors[ 5 ]. Eating habits among medical students are often suboptimal, shaped by convenience, financial limitations, and time pressure. A dependence on fast food and irregular meal patterns is common, contributing to weight fluctuations and impaired concentration[ 6 ]. Despite recognizing the importance of healthy eating, students often fail to translate this knowledge into consistent dietary practices, as seen in various studies across Eastern Europe and the Middle East [ 3 ]. The nutritional landscape in Palestine presents unique challenges, with a dual burden of malnutrition and obesity. Food insecurity, poverty, and restricted access to healthy foods result in high obesity rates (26.8%) among adults, coexisting with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron-deficiency anemia in 20–30% of pregnant women and children[ 1 ]. These structural issues, along with academic demands, make it particularly difficult for medical students in Palestine to maintain healthy dietary patterns. Understanding these lifestyle behaviours among Palestinian medical students is critical not only for student well-being but also for the long-term impact on health systems. Medical students who lead healthy lives are more likely to promote preventive care and set an example for patients[ 5 ]. By identifying context-specific needs, this study contributes to the development of culturally relevant health promotion strategies and supports future research in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings. Objectives: The aim of our study is to examine the lifestyle determinants—specifically physical activity, sleep, and eating habits among Palestinian medical students. Specifically, this study aims to: • Determine the prevalence of physical inactivity, poor sleep quality, and unhealthy eating patterns. • Explore the relationship between these lifestyle factors and perceived mental and physical health. • Identify academic, social, and cultural factors influencing lifestyle behaviours in this population. Methods Study design: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Colleges of Medicine and Health Sciences at five Palestinian universities: Palestine Polytechnic University, An-Najah National University, Al-Quds University, Hebron University, and the Arab American University. Questionnaire development: The questionnaire was developed based on a previously validated tool and was tailored to fit the objectives of this study[ 7 ]. Face and content validity were assessed by an expert from the College of Medicine at Palestine Polytechnic University. Before wide distribution, the initial version underwent pilot testing to ensure clarity and relevance. Additionally, a set of standardized tools was utilized within the questionnaire to enhance the assessment of key variables Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [ 8 ], Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) [ 9 ] and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)[ 10 ]. An English language version of the questionnaire is attached as Supplementary File 1. Questionnaire structure: The questionnaire was divided into fifth sections. The first section concerned with participants demographics, such as gender, university name, year of study, weight, Hight, and Grade Point Average (GPA). Section two enquired about participants physical activity. The third section concerned with participants sleeping habits. The last two sections asked about participants eating habits. Since students were allowed to select only one option, the total percentage of students' choices could sometimes sum to 100%. Study population: All medical students enrolled in the six-year MD program at the Colleges of Medicine in the West Bank Palestine Polytechnic University, An-Najah National University, Al-Quds University, Hebron University, and Arab American University were eligible to participate in this study. Data collection technique: A group of fifth-year medical students from five universities served as data collectors for this study. The questionnaire was distributed directly to medical students via personal messages on social media platforms between January 7, 2025, and March 12, 2025, during the 2024–2025 academic year. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Palestine Polytechnic University (Ref No: EA/2025/18) prior to data collection. All participants provided electronic informed consent before participation. A brief description of the study and its objectives was included on the cover page of the questionnaire, which clarified that participation was voluntary and that all data would be kept confidential. Completing the questionnaire required approximately 10 to 15 minutes. Statistical analysis: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0 was used to code, input, and analyze the survey data. Chi-square, t-test or one way ANOVA were utilized to determine the relationship between the participants demographic profiles and their responses to the three main study sections, while frequencies and percentages were employed to characterize the findings. P-values were regarded as significant if they were less than 0.05. Results As shown in table 1, among the 743 participants from five Palestinian universities who were included in our research, (52.9%) were females with a mean age of 20.89 ± 1.76. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the participants. The largest proportion were from An-Najah National University (33.5%), followed by Arab American University (20.9%) and Al-Quds University (19.4%). Most participants were enrolled in either their third (22.7%) or fifth year (19.9%) of study. Regarding academic performance, (46.8%) reported a GPA between 3.00 and 3.66, while only 1.2% had a GPA below 1.67. The mean values for weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were 68.7 kg, 169 cm, 23.9 kg/m², and 78.4 cm, respectively. The vast majority of participants were unemployed (89.1%) and single (97.4%), with (7.5%) reporting a pre-existing medical condition .In terms of smoking behavior, (77.9%) of participants had never smoked, while (16.3%) identified as current smokers. Among smokers, the most commonly used products were traditional cigarettes (48.5%), followed by waterpipes (29.4%) and electronic cigarettes (22.1%). Nearly half of cigarette smokers (45.6%) reported consuming 10 to 20 cigarettes per day. Table 1: background variables of the study participants n=743 Variable Frequency (percentage) University Palestine Polytechnic University 101 (13.6%) Al-Quds University 144 (19.4%) An-Najah National University 249 (33.5%) Hebron University 94 (12.7%) Arab American University 155 (20.9%) Studt level 1 st 124 (16.7%) 2 nd 116 (15.6%) 3 rd 169 (22.7%) 4 th 119 (16.0%) 5 th 148 (19.9%) 6 th 67 (9.0%) GPA less than 1.67 (60) 9 (1.2%) 1.67-1.99 (60-64.9) 14 (1.9%) 2-2.32 (65-69.9) 24 (3.2%) 2.33-2.99 (70-79.9) 206 (27.7%) 3-3.66 (80-89.9) 348 (46.8%) 3.67-4 (90-100) 142 (19.1%) Age (mean ± SD) (20.8869 ± 1.76233) Gender Male 350 (47.1%) Female 393 (52.9%) Weight (mean ± SD) (68.7317 ± 16.01351) Hight (mean ± SD) (168.9578 ± 9.68082) BMI (mean ± SD) (23.92 ± 4.3) Waist circumference (mean ± SD) (78.3830 ± 20.07036) Employment status Not employed 662 (89.1%) Part time employed 68 (9.2%) Full time 13 (1.7%) Marital Status Single 724 (97.4%) Married 19 (2.6%) Any medical condition Yes 56 (7.5%) smoking status Never smoke 579 (77.9%) Previous smoke 43 (5.8%) Smoker 121 (16.3%) smoking type among the 163 who smokes Traditional cigarettes 79 (48.5%) Waterpipe 48 (29.4%) E cigarettes 36 (22.1%) Smoking frequency among the 79 who smokes traditional cigarettes Less than 10 cigarettes 32 (40.5%) 10-20 cigarettes 36 (45.6%) More than 20 cigarettes 11 (13.9%) Original community City 375 (50.5%) Village 346 (46.6%) Camp 22 (3.0%) Type of residency With the family 467 (62.9%) With relatives 13 (1.7%) Alone 99 (13.3%) With friends 164 (22.1%) Monthly spending Less than 500 nis 124 (16.7%) 500-1000 nis 276 (37.1%) 100-1500 nis 149 (20.1%) 1500-2000 nis 99 (13.3%) 2000-2500 nis 43 (5.8%) 2500-3000 nis 34 (4.6%) More than 3000 nis 18 (2.4%) Table 2 shows concerning trends in the well-being of participants. Nearly half (44.8%) reported experiencing symptoms, with anxiety (34.3%) and insomnia (18.2%) being the most common, while chronic pain was the least reported (8.5%). Physical activity levels were also troubling, with only (19.5%) engaging in high activity, while a majority (50.2%) were classified as low. Table 2 symptoms and physical activity level among study participants n= 743 Symptom Frequency (percentage) Does he suffer from any symptoms Yes 333 (44.8%) Anxiety Yes 255 (34.3%) Loss of appetite Yes 95 (12.8%) Chronic pain Yes 63 (8.5%) Insomnia Yes 135 (18.2%) Physical activity level as calculated using IPAQ score Low 373 (50.2%) Moderate 225 (30.3%) High 145 (19.5%) Table 3 shows the sleep-related characteristics of the study participants. The average bedtime over the past month was 11:30 PM (±95 minutes), while the average wake-up time was 8:20 AM (±85 minutes). The mean duration of actual sleep per night was 6.9 hours (±1.1). The average sleep disturbance score, measured out of 27, was 6.5 (±4.9), indicating a moderate level of sleep disturbance among the participants. Regarding the use of sleep medication, the majority of students (78.9%) reported not using any medication during the past month, while only (2.7%) reported using it three or more times per week. In terms of daytime dysfunction, (52.4%) reported not having trouble staying awake during daily activities, whereas (6.7%) experienced such trouble three or more times weekly. When asked about motivation and enthusiasm, (33.2%) indicated no problem at all, while (6.7%) reported it as a very big problem. For overall sleep quality, the most common response was "fairly good" (53.6%), while (7.7%) rated their sleep as "very bad." The mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score was 6.96 (±3.29), suggesting generally poor sleep quality among participants, as scores above 5 indicate significant sleep difficulties. Table 3 sleep related variables answer of the study participants n=743 Statement Answer Frequency (%) 1. During the past month, what time have you usually gone to bed at night? (mean ±slandered deviation) (11:30± 95min) 2. During the past month, how long (in minutes) has it usually takes you to fall asleep each night (mean ±slandered deviation) (7.7 ± 1.68) 3. During the past month, what time have you usually gotten up in the morning? (mean ±slandered deviation) (8:20 ± 85 min) 4. During the past month, how many hours of actual sleep did you get at night (mean ±slandered deviation) (6.9 ± 1.1) 5 Sleep disturbance score out of 27 (mean ±slandered deviation) (6.5 ± 4.9) 6. During the past month, how often have you taken medicine to help you sleep (prescribed or “over the counter”)? not during the past month 586(78.9) less than once a week 96(12.9) once or twice a week 41(5.5) three or more time a week 20(2.726) 7. During the past month, how often have you had trouble staying awake while driving, eating meals, or engaging in social activity? not during the past month 389(52.4) less than once a week 173(23.3) once or twice a week 131(17.6) three or more time a week 50(6.7) 8. During the past month, how much of a problem has it been for you to keep up enough enthusiasm to get things done? no problem at all 247(33.2) only a very slight problem 173(23.3) somewhat of a problem 131(17.6) a very big problem 50(6.7) 9. During the past month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? Very good 111(14.9) Fairly good 398(53.6) Fairly bad 177(23.8) Very bad 57(7.7) PSQI score mean ±slandered deviation) 6.96±3.29 Table 4 shows the distribution of responses to the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) statements among participants, covering three main subscales: dieting, bulimia and food preoccupation, and oral control. Within the dieting subscale, the highest proportion of participants reported “Sometimes or less” feeling extremely guilty after eating (64.5%) or avoiding sugary foods (60.8%). However, concern with body weight was evident, with (21.3%) of participants stating they always felt terrified about being overweight. Additionally, over half of the participants (55.6%) reported being consistently aware of the calorie content in the food they consumed, reflecting a considerable level of dietary consciousness. In the bulimia and food preoccupation subscale, disordered eating behaviors such as vomiting after eating were infrequent, with (74.7%) answering “Sometimes or less.” Similarly, binge eating behaviors were not highly prevalent; (63.5%) reported rarely losing control during eating binges. However, cognitive preoccupation with food was present, as (52.9%) reported being preoccupied with food to varying extents. Notably, (10.4%) of participants indicated they always felt food controlled their life, suggesting that although overt behaviors were less common, psychological aspects of disordered eating remain concerning. Regarding the oral control subscale, most participants reported maintaining typical eating behaviors, such as not avoiding food when hungry (64.1%) and not taking significantly longer to eat than others (50.2%). Nevertheless, (12.7%) said others perceived them as being too thin, and (12.5%) reported they always took longer to finish meals—possibly reflecting ritualistic or restrictive eating patterns. Additionally, (62.0%) reported “Sometimes or less” feeling pressure from others to eat, suggesting that external control or social influence over food intake was not dominant for most students. Table 4 EAT 26 statements answers distribution among study participants n=743 Question number Question Sometimes or less Often Usually always Dieting scale items n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) 1 Am terrified about being overweight. 344(46.3%) 96(12.9%) 145(19.5%) 158(21.3%) 6 Aware of the calorie content of foods that I eat. 413(55.6%) 116(15.6%) 133(17.9%) 81(10.9%) 7 Particularly avoid food with a high carbohydrate content (i.e. bread, rice, potatoes, etc.) 472(63.5%) 114(15.3%) 98(13.2%) 59(7.9%) 10 Feel extremely guilty after eating. 479(64.5%) 114(15.3%) 86(11.6%) 64(8.6%) 11 Am preoccupied with a desire to be thinner. 412(55.5%) 112(15.1%) 124(16.7%) 95(12.8%) 12 Think about burning up calories when I exercise. 381(51.3%) 143(19.2%) 126(17.0%) 93(12.5%) 14 Am preoccupied with the thought of having fat on my body. 406(54.6%) 124(16.7%) 126(17.0%) 87(11.7%) 16 Avoid foods with sugar in them. 452(60.8%) 133(17.9%) 105(14.1%) 53(7.1%) 17 Eat diet foods. 459(61.8%) 116(15.6%) 108(14.5%) 60(8.1%) 22 Feel uncomfortable after eating sweets. 408(54.9%) 124(16.7%) 131(17.6%) 80(10.8%) 23 Engage in dieting behavior. 444(59.8%) 133(17.9%) 101(13.6%) 65(8.7%) 24 Like my stomach to be empty. 439(59.1%) 135(18.2%) 110(14.8%) 59(7.9%) 26 Enjoy trying new rich foods. 270(36.3%) 141(19.0%) 161(21.7%) 171(23.0%) Bulimia and food preoccupation scale items 3 Find myself preoccupied with food. 393(52.9%) 151(20.3%) 130(17.5%) 69(9.3%) 4 Have gone on eating binges where I feel that I may not be able to stop. 472(63.5%) 112(15.1%) 106(14.3%) 53(7.1%) 9 Vomit after I have eaten. 555(74.7%) 79(10.6%) 62(8.3%) 47(6.3%) 18 Feel that food controls my life. 452(60.8%) 104(14.0%) 110(14.8%) 77(10.4%) 21 Give too much time and thought to food. 439(59.1%) 131(17.6%) 107(14.4%) 66(8.9%) 25 Have the impulse to vomit after meals. 527(70.9%) 77(10.4%) 82(11.0%) 57(7.7%) Oral control subscale items 2 Avoid eating when I am hungry. 476(64.1%) 103(13.9%) 124(16.7%) 40(5.4%) 5 Cut my food into small pieces. 426(57.3%) 150(20.2%) 101(13.6%) 66(8.9%) 8 Feel that others would prefer if I ate more. 418(56.3%) 121(16.3%) 112(15.1%) 92(12.4%) 13 Other people think that I am too thin. 396(53.3%) 114(15.3%) 139(18.7%) 94(12.7%) 15 Take longer than others to eat my meals. 373(50.2%) 136(18.3%) 141(19.0%) 93(12.5%) 19 Display self-control around food. 407(54.8%) 141(19.0%) 113(15.2%) 82(11.0%) 20 Feel that others pressure me to eat. 461(62.0%) 116(15.6%) 107(14.4%) 59(7.9%) Table 5 shows binge eating-related behaviors among the participants. The highest proportion of participants in the first question reported that they had never gone on eating binges where they felt they might not be able to stop, accounting for (53.2%). In contrast, only (2.6%) reported engaging in such behavior on a daily basis. This suggests that while occasional binge episodes are not uncommon, daily occurrences are relatively rare. In response to whether participants had ever made themselves sick to control their weight or shape, (68.8%) reported never doing so, which was the highest proportion. The lowest proportion, at (0.7%), reported engaging in this behavior two to six times per week. This indicates that self-induced vomiting is practiced by a small minority of participants. When asked about the use of laxatives, diet pills, or diuretics for weight control, the highest proportion (69.7%) stated that they had never used such methods. The lowest percentage, (1.3%), reported using them two to six times a week, suggesting limited reliance on these compensatory techniques. Regarding excessive exercise for weight control, (54.9 %) reported never exercising more than 60 minutes a day for this purpose, which was the highest proportion. The lowest proportion, (3.9%), reported doing so daily. This implies that while some participants may engage in extended exercise, it is not widespread. In addition, (16.3 %) of participants reported losing at least nine kilograms over the past six months, (15.2 %) reported gaining that amount, and (13.6 %) indicated having received treatment for an eating disorder. Notably, (38.6 %) of the participants scored 20 or more on the EAT-26, suggesting that over one-third of the sample may be at risk for eating disorders. Table 5: Bing eating related behaviors among study participants n=743 Behavior questions [BQ)] Neve Once a month 2-3 times a month Once a week 2-6 times a week Once daily BQ1 Gone on eating binges where you feel that you may not be able to stop? 395 (53.2) 190 (25.6) 74 (10) 42 (5.7) 23 (3.1) 19 (2.6) BQ2 Ever made yourself sick (vomited) to control your weight or shape? 510 (68.8) 102 (13.7) 69 (9.3) 31 (4.2) 5 (0.7) 26 (3.5) BQ3 Ever used laxatives, diet pills or diuretics (water pills) to control your weight or shape? 518 (69.7) 104 (14) 60 (8.1) 28 (3.8) 10 (1.3) 23 (3.1) BQ4 Exercised more than 60 minutes a day to lose or to control your weight? 408 (54.9) 141 (19) 87 (11.7) 43 (5.8) 35 (4.7) 29 (3.9) BQ5 Have you lost 9 kg (20Ib) during the last 6 month? Yes 121 (16.3) BQ6 Have you gain 9 kg (20Ib) during the last 6 month? Yes 113 (15.2) BQ7 Have you been treated for eating disorder? Yes 101 (13.6) EAT-26 Scored at 20 or more 287 (38.6) Table 6 shows the eating and drinking related habited practices among the participants. The highest proportion of daily consumers was for coffee (43.3%), while the lowest was for energy drinks (7.4%). The highest proportion of participants who never consumed a product was seen for energy drinks (54.4%), whereas the lowest was for chocolates (13.9%). Regarding previous consumption, soft drinks had the highest proportion (10.0%) and coffee the lowest (6.1%). For weekly consumption, chocolates were the most commonly consumed (30.4%) and energy drinks the least (9.6%). Monthly consumption was highest for soft drinks (20.7%) and lowest for coffee (8.5%). Table 6: eating and drinking related habited practice among study participants n=743 Habit / habit description Never consumed Previous consumer Daily consumer Weekly consumer Monthly consumer Yearly consumer Coffee 189(25.4%) 45(6.1%) 322(43.3%) 99(13.3%) 63(8.5%) 25(3.4%) Soft drink 224(30.1%) 74(10.0%) 90(12.1%) 156(21.0%) 154(20.7%) 45(6.1%) Energy drink 404(54.4%) 60(8.1%) 55(7.4%) 71(9.6%) 102(13.7%) 51(6.9%) chocolates 103(13.9%) 59(7.9%) 197(26.5%) 226(30.4%) 126(17.0%) 32(4.3%) Table 7 shows the significant associations between various background variables and the physical activity level of participants, as measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A significant difference in physical activity level was observed between males and females. A higher proportion of males (26%) reported high physical activity compared to females (13.7%), suggesting that male participants are more physically active overall. Body weight also showed a significant association with physical activity level. Participants with higher physical activity levels had a higher mean body weight (71.8 ± 14.6 kg) compared to those with low (67.1 ± 15.8 kg) or moderate (69.3 ± 16.7 kg) activity levels. There was a significant relationship between height and physical activity level, where participants with higher physical activity had greater mean height (171.8 ± 9.3 cm) compared to their less active peers. Employment status was also significantly associated with physical activity. A notably higher proportion of part-time employed participants (42.6%) reported high physical activity, in contrast to only 16.9% among unemployed participants. This suggests that participants engaged in part-time work may also engage more in physical activity. Marital status showed a significant association, with a much higher proportion of married students (52.6%) reporting high physical activity compared to single participants (18.6%). Having a medical condition was significantly related to physical activity levels. Interestingly, 39.3% of participants with a medical condition reported high physical activity levels, equal to the proportion reporting low activity, possibly reflecting medical advice or lifestyle modifications. Smoking status was significantly associated with physical activity. The group of current smokers had the most balanced distribution across low (33.1%), moderate (33.1%), and high (33.9%) activity levels, in contrast to non-smokers, among whom only 15.2% reported high activity. Finally, monthly spending also showed a significant association with physical activity level. Participants spending more than 2500 NIS per month were more likely to report high physical activity levels (47.1% for the 2500–3000 NIS group, 44.4% for more than 3000 NIS), whereas those spending less than 1000 NIS had lower proportions of high activity. Table 7: association between different variable and physical activity level as indicated by IPAQ level using chi-square test Background variable Sub groups Physical activity level P- value Low Moderate High University Palestine Polytechnic University 46(45.5) 34(33.7) 21(20.8) 0.342 Al-Quds University 72(50) 42(29.2) 30(20.8) An-Najah National University 125(50.2) 77(30.9) 47(18.9) Hebron University 44(46.8) 24(25.5) 26(27.7) Arab American University 86(55.5) 48(31) 21(13.5) Studt level 1 st 62(50) 43(34.7) 19(15.3) 0.811 2 nd 64(55.2) 32(27.6) 20(17.2) 3 rd 82(48.5) 53(31.4) 34(20.1) 4 th 57(47.9) 35(29.4) 27(22.7) 5 th 70(47.3) 45(30.4) 33(22.3) 6 th 38(56.7) 17(25.4) 12(17.9) GPA less than 1.67 (60) 3(33.3) 4(44.4) 2(22.2) 0.817 1.67-1.99 (60-64.9) 5(35.7) 5(35.7) 4(28.6) 2-2.32 (65-69.9) 12(50) 9(37.5) 3(12.5) 2.33-2.99 (70-79.9) 103(50) 59(28.6) 44(21.4) 3-3.66 (80-89.9) 184(52.9) 100(28.7) 64(18.4) 3.67-4 (90-100) 66(46.5) 48(3.38) 28(19.7) Age using one way ANOVA 20.8±1.7 20.8±1.8 21.2±1.8 0.051 Gender Male 152(43.4) 107(30.6) 91(26) >0.001 Female 221(56.2) 118(30) 54(13.7) Weight using one way ANOVA 67.1±15.8 69.3±16.7 71.8±14.6 0.011 Hight using one way ANOVA 167.3±9.4 169.7±9.7 171.8±9.3 >0.001 BMI using one way ANOVA 23.8±4.3 23.9±4.7 24.1±3.6 0.666 waist circumference using one way ANOVA 80±23.7 72±9.9 79.3±15.8 0.351 Employment status Not employed 346(52.3) 204(30.8) 112(16.9) >0.001 Part time employed 23(33.8) 16(23.5) 29(42.6) Full time 4(30.8) 5(38.5) 4(30.8) Marital Status Single 368(50.8) 221(30.5) 135(18.6) 0.001 Married 5(26.3) 4(21.1) 10(52.6) Any medical condition Yes 22(39.3) 12(21.4) 22(39.3) 0.001 No 351(51.1) 213(31) 123(17.9) smoking status Never smoke 316(54.6) 175(30.2) 88(15.2) >0.001 Previous smoke 17(39.5) 10(23.3) 16(37.2) Smoker 40(33.1) 40(33.1) 41(33.9) smoking type Regular cigarettes 26(32.9) 29(36.7) 24(30.4) 0.178 Waterpipe 15(31.3) 15(31.3) 18(37.5) E cigarettes 19(52.8) 7(19.4) 10(27.8) Smoking frequency Less than 10 cigarettes 14(25.9) 19(35.2) 21(38.9) 0.398 10-20 cigarettes 19(38) 14(28) 17(34) More than 20 cigarettes 7(41.2) 7(41.2) 3(17.6) Original community City 196(52) 110(29.3) 70(18.7) 0.531 Village 168(48.6) 110(31.8) 68(19.7) Camp 10(45.5) 5(22.7) 7(31.8) Type of residency With the family 238(51) 142(30.4) 87(18.6) 0.630 With relatives 4(30.8) 6(46.2) 3(23.1) Alone 54(54.5) 25(25.3) 20(20.2) With friends 77(47) 52(31.7) 35(21.3) Monthly spending Less than 500 nis 65(52.4) 39(31.5) 20(16.1) 0.001 500-1000 nis 146(52.9) 92(33.3) 38(13.8) 100-1500 nis 76(51) 41(27.5) 32(21.5) 1500-2000 nis 50(50.5) 31(31.3) 18(18.2) 2000-2500 nis 20(46.5) 10(23.3) 13(30.7) 2500-3000 nis 10(29.4) 8(23.5) 16(47.1) More than 3000 nis 6(33.3) 4(22.2) 8(44.4) Table 8 shows the significant associations between selected background variables and sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score. There was a notable association between academic year and sleep quality. Participants in the second and third years reported the highest PSQI scores, indicating poorer sleep quality compared to those in the first, fifth, and sixth years. This suggests that mid-stage students may experience higher academic or psychological stress affecting their sleep patterns. Academic performance, as indicated by GPA, was also significantly related to sleep quality. Participants with the lowest GPA category (<1.67) reported the poorest sleep quality, while those with GPAs in the moderate range (2.0–2.32) reported better sleep quality. This implies that lower academic achievement may be associated with disrupted or inadequate sleep. Age showed a weak but significant negative correlation with PSQI scores, suggesting that as participants age, their sleep quality slightly improves. Employment status was another factor associated with sleep quality. Participants who were employed either part-time or full-time reported poorer sleep quality compared to those who were not employed. This may reflect the added stress, and time demands of balancing work and study responsibilities. Medical status demonstrated a strong association with sleep quality. Participants with a medical condition had notably higher PSQI scores, indicating poorer sleep quality compared to their healthier peers. This finding aligns with the known impact of health issues on sleep disturbances. Smoking status also influenced sleep quality. Previous smokers reported the poorest sleep quality, followed by current smokers, while those who never smoked had better overall sleep patterns. This may reflect long-term physiological or psychological effects related to smoking behavior and its withdrawal. Tables 8: association between different variables and sleep quality as indicated by PSQI score using t-test or one way ANOVA Background variable Sub groups PSQI score (mean ±slandered deviation) P value University Palestine Polytechnic University 6.9±3.4 0.639 Al-Quds University 6.8±3.1 An-Najah National University 6.8±3.4 Hebron University 7.4±3.1 Arab American University 6.9±3 Studt level 1 st 6.5±3.2 >0.001 2 nd 8.2±3.7 3 rd 7.4±3.1 4 th 6.6±3.2 5 th 6.3±2.9 6 th 6.3±3.07 GPA less than 1.67 (60) 10.1±2.9 0.033 1.67-1.99 (60-64.9) 7.6±3.7 2-2.32 (65-69.9) 6.04±3.3 2.33-2.99 (70-79.9) 7.1±3.1 3-3.66 (80-89.9) 6.8±3.2 3.67-4 (90-100) 6.7±3.3 Age using person correlation -0.082 0.025 Gender Male 6.7±3.1 0.073 Female 7.1±3.3 Weight using person correlation -0.044 0.230 Hight using person correlation -0.058 0.119 BMI using person correlation -0.021 0.572 waist circumference using person correlation -0184 0.076 Employment status Not employed 6.8±3.2 0.011 Part time employed 7.8±3.7 Full time 8.4±2.5 Marital Status Single 6.9±3.2 0.738 Married 7.2±3.6 Any medical condition Yes 8.4±3.8 >0.001 No 6.8±3.2 smoking status Never smoke 6.7±3.2 0.013 Previous smoke 8.09±3.7 Smoker 7.3±3.2 smoking type Regular cigarettes 3.7±3.4 0.708 Waterpipe 3.7±3.4 E cigarettes 3.1±3.5 Smoking frequency Less than 10 cigarettes 6.8±3.2 0.135 10-20 cigarettes 7.5±3.3 More than 20 cigarettes 8.5±3.4 Original community City 6.8±3.2 0.550 Village 7.1±3.3 Camp 6.7±3.2 Type of residency With the family 6.8±3.2 0.692 With relatives 6.4±3.7 Alone 7.08±3.3 With friends 7.1±3.2 Monthly spending Less than 500 nis 6.7±3.2 0.805 500-1000 nis 7.1±3.3 100-1500 nis 6.6±3.3 1500-2000 nis 7.1±3.3 2000-2500 nis 6.7±3.1 2500-3000 nis 6.9±3.1 More than 3000 nis 7.05±3.4 Table 9 shows the association between various background variables and the probability of having an eating disorder according to the EAT-26 scores. A significant association was observed with university affiliation, where participants from Hebron University and An-Najah National University exhibited a higher probability of having an eating disorder compared to those from other universities. Study level was also significantly associated with eating disorder probability Specifically, participants in their second and third years demonstrated a higher likelihood of having an eating disorder than students in other academic years. Additionally, GPA was significantly related to the probability of an eating disorder, with lower GPA categories showing a higher proportion of participants with a high probability of disordered eating. Anthropometric measures, including weight, height, and BMI, were significantly associated with the probability of having an eating disorder. Participants with a high probability of an eating disorder had higher mean weight, taller height, and higher BMI compared to those with a low probability. Employment status was another significant factor, with part-time and full-time employed participation exhibiting a higher likelihood of having an eating disorder than unemployed participants. Marital status was also significantly associated with eating disorder probability, as married participants had a notably higher probability of having an eating disorder compared to single participants. The presence of a medical condition was significantly related to a higher probability of having an eating disorder. Smoking status was also significantly associated, with previous and current smokers showing a higher probability of an eating disorder than those who had never smoked. Additionally, the type of original community showed a significant association with eating disorder probability. Participants residing in refugee camps and villages had a higher probability of having an eating disorder compared to those living in cities. Type of residency was significantly associated, with participants living with friends exhibiting a higher probability of having an eating disorder than those living with their families. Finally, monthly spending was significantly related to the probability of an eating disorder, with students reporting higher monthly expenditures displaying a higher likelihood of disordered eating. Tables 9: association between different variables and eating disorder classification according to EAT 26 score using chi-square test Background variable Sub groups Eating disorder according to EAT26 P value Low probability High probability University Palestine Polytechnic University 70(69.3) 31(30.7) 0.001 Al-Quds University 100(69.4) 44(30.6) An-Najah National University 141(56.6) 108(43.4) Hebron University 44(46.8) 50(53.2) Arab American University 101(65.2) 54(34.8) Studt level 1 st 83(66.9) 41(33.1) 0.030 2 nd 65(56) 51(44) 3 rd 92(54.4) 77(45.6) 4 th 69(58) 50(42) 5 th 98(66.2) 50(33.8) 6 th 49(73.1) 18(26.9) GPA less than 1.67 (60) 3(33.3) 6(66.7) >0.001 1.67-1.99 (60-64.9) 2(14.3) 12(85.7) 2-2.32 (65-69.9) 5(20.8) 19(79.2) 2.33-2.99 (70-79.9) 127(61.7) 79(38.3) 3-3.66 (80-89.9) 225(64.7) 123(35.3) 3.67-4 (90-100) 94(66.2) 48(33.8) Age using one way ANOVA 20.9±1.8 20.9±1.7 0.687 Gender Male 10(60) 140(40) 0.468 Female 246(62.6) 147(37.4) Weight using one way ANOVA 168±9.6 169±9.7 0.047 Hight using one way ANOVA 66.9±15.6 71.7±16.3 >0.001 BMI using one way ANOVA 23.4±4.0 24.8±4.6 >0.001 waist circumference using one way ANOVA 75.7±15.4 82.8±25.7 0.098 Employment status Not employed 420(63.4) 242(36.6) 0.004 Part time employed 31(45.6) 37(54.4) Full time 5(38.5) 8(61.5) Marital Status Single 454(62.7) 270(37.3) >0.001 Married 2(10.5) 17(89.5) Any medical condition Yes 22(39.3) 34(60.7) >0.001 No 434(63.2) 253(36.8) smoking status Never smoke 375(64.8) 204(35.2) 0.001 Previous smoke 19(44.2) 24(55.8) Smoker 62(51.2) 59(48.8) smoking type Regular cigarettes 41(51.9) 38(84.1) 0.203 Waterpipe 19(39.6) 29(60.4) E cigarettes 21(58.3) 15(41.7) Smoking frequency Less than 10 cigarettes 18(56.3) 14(43.8) 0.788 10-20 cigarettes 18(50) 18(50) More than 20 cigarettes 5(45.5) 6(54.5) Original community City 250(66.7) 125(33.3) >0.001 Village 200(57.8) 146(42.2) Camp 6(27.3) 6(72.7) Type of residency With the family 314(67.2) 153(32.8) >0.001 With relatives 8(61.5) 5(38.5) Alone 61(61.6) 38(38.4) With friends 73(44.5) 91(55.5) Monthly spending Less than 500 nis 79(63.7) 45(36.3) 0.021 500-1000 nis 177(64.1) 99(35.9) 100-1500 nis 101(67.8) 48(32.2) 1500-2000 nis 55(55.6) 44(44.4) 2000-2500 nis 18(41.9) 25(58.1) 2500-3000 nis 17(50) 17(50) More than 3000 nis 9(50) 9(50) Discussion Physical inactivity, poor sleep quality, and disordered eating patterns represent significant and interconnected global public health challenges, with medical students constituting a particularly vulnerable subgroup within the broader university population[ 11 ]. This period of life is uniquely demanding, as medical students navigate intense academic pressures, rigorous schedules, and profound psychosocial changes, all of which can significantly influence their health behaviours and overall well-being[ 12 ], [ 13 ]. Our investigation into the health behaviours of Palestinian medical students reveals a strikingly concerning profile: half of the students exhibit insufficient physical activity, more than half suffer from poor sleep quality, and nearly 40% are at risk for disordered eating. These high prevalence rates, and their frequent co-occurrence, underscore the critical importance of designing targeted, evidence-based health interventions tailored specifically to the medical student population—a group that will eventually serve as frontline healthcare providers[ 14 ]. The finding that 50.2% of medical students fall short of the recommended physical activity (PA) guidelines is an alarming reflection of a global inactivity epidemic[ 11 ]. This percentage aligns closely with figures reported from neighbouring countries, such as 56.7% of university students in Saudi Arabia and 47.1% in Egypt exhibiting insufficient PA levels[ 15 ], [ 16 ]. Such statistics reveal a widespread failure to meet the World Health Organization’s standards for physical activity, which are essential to maintain physical and mental health[ 17 ]. Within the context of Palestinian medical schools, this issue is likely compounded by a combination of demanding academic responsibilities, restricted recreational infrastructure, and sociocultural norms that may unintentionally limit engagement in physical exercise [ 4 ]. It is vital to consider that medical students often face long hours of study and clinical training, leaving limited time and energy to dedicate to exercise, which may exacerbate physical inactivity. A particularly noteworthy aspect of our findings is the pronounced gender disparity in physical activity, with female medical students reporting significantly lower activity levels than their male counterparts. This pattern is not unique to Palestine; it is consistently observed in other Muslim-majority countries. For instance, a study among medical students in Malaysia found that female students were markedly less active than males, underscoring a clear gender gap in this context[ 18 ]. Likewise, research on a sample of young adults in the United Arab Emirates demonstrated that 76.6% of females were classified as sedentary or low-active based on accelerometer data, compared to 50% of males, highlighting significantly lower moderate-to-vigorous activity levels in women[ 19 ]. The disparity is frequently linked to sociocultural barriers, including the lack of safe, private, and culturally acceptable spaces for women to engage in physical activity, and entrenched gender roles that may deprioritize women’s participation in sports or exercise[ 20 ]. These obstacles contribute to the systemic disempowerment of female students regarding health-promoting behaviours. Moreover, our finding that married students were more physically active challenges conventional expectations that marital duties reduce time for self-care. In this cultural context, marriage may instead provide a supportive environment, promoting routines and spousal encouragement that facilitate regular exercise. Recognizing and addressing these nuanced facilitators and barriers is crucial to developing effective strategies that can enhance physical activity participation across genders within medical schools[ 21 ] . Sleep quality, an essential pillar of health, was also found to be suboptimal for the majority of our sample, with 53.6% of medical students experiencing poor sleep. This prevalence mirrors rates reported across the Arab region—60% in Saudi Arabia and around 50% in both Egypt and Jordan—highlighting a pervasive regional challenge[ 22 ], [ 23 ]. Several factors contributed to poor sleep in our study. The strong association with early academic years aligns with the body of research indicating that the initial transition into medical school introduces unique stressors, including academic overload, new social environments, and lifestyle disruptions, which collectively compromise sleep [ 24 ]. Furthermore, poor sleep was linked to lower academic performance, confirming the well-established bidirectional relationship where inadequate sleep undermines cognitive function, memory consolidation, and concentration, ultimately impacting GPA[ 25 ], [ 26 ]. Smoking also emerged as a significant predictor, consistent with nicotine’s known detrimental effects on sleep architecture, including reduced total sleep time and fragmented sleep[ 27 ]. Unlike many international studies that report higher rates of sleep disturbances among females[ 28 ], our data did not demonstrate gender differences, suggesting that the intense academic and environmental pressures faced by medical students may overshadow gender-based variations in this context. Disordered eating patterns (DEP) represent another critical concern, with 38.6% of medical students identified as being at high risk—a prevalence exceeding those reported in comparable studies from Saudi Arabia (25%) and Lebanon (21%) [ 29 ], [ 30 ]. This elevated risk likely reflects a multifaceted interplay of factors, including sociopolitical stressors unique to the region, intense societal and media-driven body image pressures, and possible gaps in nutrition literacy among students[ 31 ]. Our data delineate a vulnerable subgroup comprising students with lower GPA and those in the earlier years of their medical education, possibly reflecting increased stress and adjustment difficulties. Additionally, smoking and living away from family were significant predictors of DEP, which aligns with psychosocial models identifying substance use and diminished family supervision as contributors to disordered eating behaviours [ 32 ], [ 33 ]. Importantly, these subclinical patterns of disordered eating are not benign; they often precede more severe clinical eating disorders that carry substantial psychological, metabolic, and physical health risks[ 34 ] . The clustering of these health risk factors—physical inactivity, poor sleep, and disordered eating—and their shared sociodemographic predictors such as low GPA and smoking, underscore a syndemic pattern documented in the literature. These behaviours do not occur in isolation but are deeply intertwined and mutually reinforcing[ 35 ]. For instance, poor sleep can dysregulate appetite hormones, leading to increased hunger and unhealthy eating choices[ 36 ], [ 37 ], while physical activity has well-documented benefits on mood regulation and metabolic health, which positively affect both sleep and eating habits [ 38 ]. The co-existence of these risk factors within our medical student cohort suggests that piecemeal interventions addressing only one behaviour are unlikely to be effective. Instead, holistic, integrated approaches are necessary to foster sustainable improvements in student health and well-being. This study’s strengths include the use of internationally validated and reliable instruments—the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)[ 10 ], the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [ 8 ], and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) [ 39 ]—which ensure robust measurement of the key outcomes. However, the cross-sectional nature of the study inherently limits causal interpretations, and the reliance on self-reported data introduces potential biases such as recall inaccuracies and social desirability effects. To build upon these findings, future longitudinal research is essential to unravel causal relationships and the temporal dynamics of these health behaviours in medical students. Based on our findings, several practical recommendations can be proposed. To bridge the gender gap in physical activity, medical schools should prioritize the development of safe, culturally sensitive, and accessible sports facilities and fitness programs tailored for female students [ 20 ]. Recognizing the vulnerability of students in the early academic years to poor sleep and disordered eating, targeted interventions such as sleep hygiene education, stress management workshops, and nutritional counselling should be integrated into orientation programs and ongoing academic support [ 13 ], [ 24 ]. Since lower academic performance was associated with all adverse outcomes, combining academic tutoring with wellness coaching may yield synergistic benefits. The elevated risk of disordered eating among students living away from family underscores the importance of peer-led health promotion programs to cultivate supportive social networks that encourage healthy behaviours. On a broader scale, collaboration between universities and the Palestinian Ministry of Health is critical to institutionalize wellness initiatives within medical curricula and policies, thereby addressing the growing burden of non-communicable diseases and fostering a generation of healthcare professionals equipped not only with clinical skills but also with a commitment to personal and community health[ 40 ], [ 41 ]. This study thus serves as a foundational step toward understanding and improving medical student health in Palestine, a field previously underexplored and urgently in need of attention. Conclusion Lifestyle factors play a huge role in our physical and mental health. In countries plagued by conflict like Palestine, poor lifestyle habits are exacerbated by poverty, food insecurity, and geopolitical instability. These issues are even further complicated among medical students due to time limitations, stress, and the academic load. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the impact of lifestyle determinants on medical students’ physical and mental health in Palestine, and to create a baseline data for lifestyle habits among medical students and observe significant correlations. Concerning patterns of low levels of physical activity where over half of the students reported low levels, sleep disturbances and anxiety symptoms were observed, with academic pressure and lack of time being considered the most significant barriers. This study is the first step in understanding lifestyle determinants and the role they play in medical students’ lives in Palestine. The results can be used to advocate for better health promotion policies, allocate resources for mental health services, and improve access to affordable exercise facilities. By tackling these issues and realizing how serious the problem is, we can assist medical students in leading healthier lives, which could enhance the standard of care they offer their patients in the future. Abbreviations SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences IRB Institutional Review Board MD Doctor of Medicine GPA Grade Point Average N Frequency SD Standard Deviation IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index EAT-26 Eating Attitudes Test-26 BMI Body Mass Index NCDs Non-Communicable Diseases US United States Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Palestine Polytechnic University in Palestine (Ref No: EA/2025/18). All participants provided informed consent electronically prior to participating in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Clinical trial number: Not applicable Funding: This research received no external funding. Author Contribution A.R. participated in study conceptualization, coordinated multi-site data collection, and contributed to revising the manuscript. M.S. contributed to the conception and design of the study, supervised data collection, interpreted the findings, and led the drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. M.R. was involved in questionnaire development, participant recruitment, and contributed to data entry and supervising the whole research through its different stages. M.N. was involved in data collection. B.J. was involved in data collection. O.E. was involved in data collection. A.A. was involved in data collection. R.S. was involved in data collection. K.S. was involved in data collection. A.K. was involved in data collection. J.H. was involved in data collection. I.A. served as the senior supervisor, guided methodological decisions, critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content, conduct table design and statistical analysis process and approved the final version for submission. Acknowledgement The authors want to express their profound appreciation to all of the faculty members and medical students who took part in this study for their priceless efforts. Special thanks are due to Palestine Polytechnic University for supporting the distribution of the survey. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Assaf EA, Sabbah HA, Al-Jawadleh A. Analysis of the nutritional status in the Palestinian territory: a review study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1206090. 10.3389/FNUT.2023.1206090 . Brehm B, Summer S, Khoury J, Filak A, Lieberman M, Heubi J. Health Status and Lifestyle Habits of US Medical Students: A Longitudinal Study. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2016;6(6):341. 10.4103/AMHSR.AMHSR_469_15 . Mehri A, Solhi M, Garmaroudi G, Nadrian H, Sighaldeh SS. Health Promoting Lifestyle and its Determinants Among University Students in Sabzevar, Iran. Int J Prev Med. Apr. 2016;7:65. 10.4103/2008-7802.180411 . 4- Allabadi. Covid-19 & Palestinian adolescents - Dynamics of Human Health (DHH). Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.journalofhealth.co.nz/?page_id=2170 Yadav M. Diet, Sleep and Exercise: The Keystones of Healthy Lifestyle for Medical Students. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. Sep. 2022;60:841. 10.31729/JNMA.7355 . Prisyazhnaya AVreshetnikovNV, Reshetnikov VA, Efimov IA, Mikerova MS, Bocharova MO. Perception of healthy lifestyle among students of medical schools, Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research , vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 67–74, Mar. 2020, 10.2478/SJECR-2020-0016 Deisz M, Papproth C, Ambler E, Glick M, Eno C. Correlates and Barriers of Exercise, Stress, and Wellness in Medical Students, Med Sci Educ , vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1433–1444, Dec. 2024, 10.1007/S40670-024-02134-5, Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research [Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh: un nuevo instrumento para la práctica y la investigación psiquiátrica], Psychiatry Res , vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 193–213, 1989, Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748771/ Jahrami H. Reliability generalization meta-analysis of Eating Attitudes Test – 26, 2023, 10.17605/OSF.IO/5EZW2 Craig CL et al. Aug., International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity, Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1381–1395, 2003, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB . Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. Jan. 2020;4(1):23–35. 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2 . Plotnikoff RC, Costigan SA, Karunamuni N, Lubans DR. Social cognitive theories used to explain physical activity behavior in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med (Baltim). 2013;56(5):245–53. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.013 . Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, Prichard JR. Sleep Patterns and Predictors of Disturbed Sleep in a Large Population of College Students, Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 124–132, Feb. 2010, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016 Jaber MFM. The Level of Health Behaviors Among Palestinian University Students in West Bank, 2003. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/7777 El-Gilany AH, El-Masry R. Physical inactivity among Egyptian and Saudi medical students. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2011;10(1):35–44. 10.5455/PMB.20101018022143 . Abdel-Salam D, Abdel-Khalek E. Pattern and Barriers of Physical Activity among Medical Students of Al-Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. J High Inst Public Health. Oct. 2016;46(2):41–8. 10.21608/JHIPH.2016.20080 . Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979 Kishor Shetty C, Moe Thwe Aung M, San S OO, and, Simbak N. Physical activity among medical students of university sultan zainal abidin (UniSZA), Malaysia, Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine , vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 125–129, Oct. 2019, 10.18231/J.IJFCM.2019.029 Dalibalta S, et al. Objectively quantified physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a young UAE population. BMJ Open Sport — Exerc Med. Jan. 2021;7(1):e000957. 10.1136/BMJSEM-2020-000957 . Musaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in Eastern Mediterranean Region: Prevalence and possible causes, J Obes , vol. 2011, 2011. 10.1155/2011/407237 . Al-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and dietary habits among Saudi adolescents relative to age, gender and region, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity , vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–14, Dec. 2011, 10.1186/1479-5868-8-140/TABLES/5 Nakie G, et al. Sleep quality and associated factors among university students in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1370757. 10.3389/FPSYT.2024.1370757/FULL . Bahammam AS. Sleep medicine in Saudi Arabia: Current problems and future challenges. Ann Thorac Med. Jan. 2011;6(1):3–10. 10.4103/1817-1737.74269 . Hershner SD, Chervin RD. Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students. Nat Sci Sleep. 2014;6:73. 10.2147/NSS.S62907 . Gaultney JF. The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: Impact on academic performance, Journal of American College Health , vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 91–97, Sep. 2010, 10.1080/07448481.2010.483708 . Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med Rev. Oct. 2006;10(5):323–37. 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001 . Jaehne A, Loessl B, Bárkai Z, Riemann D, Hornyak M. Effects of nicotine on sleep during consumption, withdrawal and replacement therapy. Sleep Med Rev. Oct. 2009;13(5):363–77. 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.003 . Zhang B, Wing YK. Sex differences in insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep. Jan. 2006;29(1):85–93. 10.1093/SLEEP/29.1.85 . Ghamri RA, Alahmari AM, Alghamdi LS, Alamoudi SF, Barashid MM. Prevalence and predictors of eating disorders:A cross-sectional survey of medical students at King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Pak J Med Sci , vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1633–1638, Jul. 2022, 10.12669/PJMS.38.6.5033 . Hoteit M, Mohsen H, Bookari K, Moussa G, Jurdi N, Yazbeck N. Prevalence, correlates, and gender disparities related to eating disordered behaviors among health science students and healthcare practitioners in Lebanon: Findings of a national cross sectional study. Front Nutr. Jul. 2022;9. 10.3389/FNUT.2022.956310 . Saleh RN, Salameh RA, Yhya HH, Sweileh WM. Disordered eating attitudes in female students of An-Najah National University: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord. Aug. 2018;6(1):16. 10.1186/S40337-018-0204-4 . Keel PK, Forney KJ. Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. Jul. 2013;46(5):433–9. 10.1002/EAT.22094 . Jacobi C, Hayward C, De Zwaan M, Kraemer HC, Agras WS. Coming to Terms With Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Application of Risk Terminology and Suggestions for a General Taxonomy. Psychol Bull. Jan. 2004;130(1):19–65. 10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.19 . Treasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):583–93. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7 . Celie B, et al. Poor Health Behaviour in Medical Students at a South African University: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024. Jun. 2024;21(7):824. 10.3390/IJERPH21070824 . St-Onge MP, Mikic A, Pietrolungo CE. Effects of diet on sleep quality. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(5):938–49. 10.3945/an.116.012336 . Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function, Lancet , vol. 354, no. 9188, pp. 1435–1439, Oct. 1999, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8 Kredlow MA, Capozzoli MC, Hearon BA, Calkins AW, Otto MW. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review, J Behav Med , vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 427–449, Jun. 2015, 10.1007/S10865-015-9617-6 . Garner DM, Bohr Y, Garfinkel PE. The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric Features and Clinical Correlates. Psychol Med. 1982;12(4):871–8. 10.1017/S0033291700049163 . Mills D, et al. Social medicine education towards structural transformation in Palestine. Soc Sci Med. Nov. 2024;361. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117332 . Skinner HA, Sriharan A. Building cooperation through health initiatives: an Arab and Israeli case study, Conflict and Health 2007 1:1, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Jul. 2007. 10.1186/1752-1505-1-8 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7437425","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":510482932,"identity":"873df4ac-d9dc-4e41-938e-40017988eedc","order_by":0,"name":"Amjad H. Rabei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amjad","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Rabei","suffix":""},{"id":510482934,"identity":"0cb69175-074f-48ba-9c75-14b39055f9b5","order_by":1,"name":"Mahdi W. Suboh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahdi","middleName":"W.","lastName":"Suboh","suffix":""},{"id":510482936,"identity":"9c5f4769-dbd7-4051-9fff-8850f9ec3121","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammed Rabae","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"Rabae","suffix":""},{"id":510482938,"identity":"a8be3d0d-7db4-4c7c-a6d0-fdb96f51d853","order_by":3,"name":"Mohanad Nazzal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arab American University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohanad","middleName":"","lastName":"Nazzal","suffix":""},{"id":510482941,"identity":"9ba0ee81-55a9-4784-a95c-dc4bb8f8ee66","order_by":4,"name":"Batoul Ammar Jayouse","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arab American University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Batoul","middleName":"Ammar","lastName":"Jayouse","suffix":""},{"id":510482943,"identity":"bba368a1-3ff6-466f-ac22-d934599664cb","order_by":5,"name":"Osama Ewidat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"An-Najah National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osama","middleName":"","lastName":"Ewidat","suffix":""},{"id":510482944,"identity":"3179ecac-a77e-464c-9a45-f35e3498bd03","order_by":6,"name":"Adel Abu Al Rub","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"An-Najah National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adel","middleName":"Abu Al","lastName":"Rub","suffix":""},{"id":510482947,"identity":"f7f2fde8-8785-4fb3-8d02-7ae31b669419","order_by":7,"name":"Rayyan.G Shakarnah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rayyan.G","middleName":"","lastName":"Shakarnah","suffix":""},{"id":510482948,"identity":"a542b5e7-c7e7-4f32-9bec-169c69a6e2d7","order_by":8,"name":"Khalil R Salah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khalil","middleName":"R","lastName":"Salah","suffix":""},{"id":510482949,"identity":"06b9b23a-757d-4621-8f9d-6eee8d68aadd","order_by":9,"name":"Abdallah.N Khatib","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdallah.N","middleName":"","lastName":"Khatib","suffix":""},{"id":510482950,"identity":"7ebddcc3-e432-4794-8306-8af526647cb3","order_by":10,"name":"Jasem.Y Hroub","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jasem.Y","middleName":"","lastName":"Hroub","suffix":""},{"id":510482951,"identity":"4ef9b29d-c244-4d65-8e43-768d83f25dc1","order_by":11,"name":"Ibraheem AbuAlrub","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgkGBmYIkweICxgYDNgbwFzGBuK0GAARzwH8WhgwtUgk4NfCJ9378HNBhU00A/vZYxI/DO4lbpd8e+wxD4ON7IYDOBwmc9xYesaZtNwGnrw0yR6D4sSds/PSjXkY0oxxapFIY5DmbTuc28CQYybBY5CQuOF2jpk0D8PhRDxamH/z/vuf28D/xkzyD0jLzTMgLf/xaWGT5m04kNsgATIcpOUGD0jLAdxaZI6xWfMcS85tk3iXbC1jkGC8sycv3XCOQbLxTBxa5Ge3Md/mqbHL7efPPXjzTUWC7HZg0D14U2En24dDC8I6BJOHDRxBpAAeNsJqRsEoGAWjYCQBAOSvVqTwF8gDAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Palestine Polytechnic University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibraheem","middleName":"","lastName":"AbuAlrub","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-22 21:23:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437425/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437425/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94988509,"identity":"6a130cff-ac80-474e-b9bd-c0e926eb74fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:09:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3406731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437425/v1/5c104d89-cdd4-4e48-b0f3-a7f71fa3658e.pdf"},{"id":90714865,"identity":"7e809935-6546-48bd-a389-ffa187e6efc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-06 08:32:02","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":42883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437425/v1/4cc1da6cf5e6fb5fcd17c681.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Hidden Struggles of Medical Training: A View of Lifestyle and Eating Behaviours in Palestine- a Cross-Sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLifestyle factors such as physical activity, sleep, and nutrition are critical determinants of physical and mental health. In the general population, physical inactivity is a leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disorders and diabetes, while poor sleep quality exacerbates cognitive decline and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. These lifestyle patterns are particularly important among medical students, whose future role as health promoters makes their own health behaviours influential on broader public outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical activity among medical students plays a vital role in reducing stress, improving academic performance, and enhancing physical resilience. However, studies show that medical students tend to be less physically active than their non-medical peers, with inactivity levels ranging from 14\u0026ndash;20%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This may reflect not only time constraints but also a disconnect between awareness of health behaviours and personal implementation, as seen in US medical students whose cardiovascular fitness decreased despite self-reported activity increases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar trends are reported globally. Iranian university students showed poor scores in both physical activity (53.4%) and diet (53.6%), indicating widespread issues with maintaining healthy behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. During COVID-19 lockdowns, Palestinian adolescents also exhibited increasing sedentary behaviour and weight gain, reflecting broader regional challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These patterns suggest an urgent need to support active lifestyles in populations under academic and sociopolitical stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep is another essential component of a healthy lifestyle, yet is commonly compromised among medical students. One study found that 44% of US medical students reported poor sleep quality, averaging only 6.5 hours per night, which worsened during exam periods[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Sleep deprivation is linked with reduced academic performance, increased anxiety, and burnout, especially when compounded by erratic schedules and academic stressors[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEating habits among medical students are often suboptimal, shaped by convenience, financial limitations, and time pressure. A dependence on fast food and irregular meal patterns is common, contributing to weight fluctuations and impaired concentration[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite recognizing the importance of healthy eating, students often fail to translate this knowledge into consistent dietary practices, as seen in various studies across Eastern Europe and the Middle East [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nutritional landscape in Palestine presents unique challenges, with a dual burden of malnutrition and obesity. Food insecurity, poverty, and restricted access to healthy foods result in high obesity rates (26.8%) among adults, coexisting with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron-deficiency anemia in 20\u0026ndash;30% of pregnant women and children[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. These structural issues, along with academic demands, make it particularly difficult for medical students in Palestine to maintain healthy dietary patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding these lifestyle behaviours among Palestinian medical students is critical not only for student well-being but also for the long-term impact on health systems. Medical students who lead healthy lives are more likely to promote preventive care and set an example for patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. By identifying context-specific needs, this study contributes to the development of culturally relevant health promotion strategies and supports future research in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eObjectives:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of our study is to examine the lifestyle determinants\u0026mdash;specifically physical activity, sleep, and eating habits among Palestinian medical students. Specifically, this study aims to:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Determine the prevalence of physical inactivity, poor sleep quality, and unhealthy eating patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Explore the relationship between these lifestyle factors and perceived mental and physical health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Identify academic, social, and cultural factors influencing lifestyle behaviours in this population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy design:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted at the Colleges of Medicine and Health Sciences at five Palestinian universities: Palestine Polytechnic University, An-Najah National University, Al-Quds University, Hebron University, and the Arab American University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire development:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was developed based on a previously validated tool and was tailored to fit the objectives of this study[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Face and content validity were assessed by an expert from the College of Medicine at Palestine Polytechnic University. Before wide distribution, the initial version underwent pilot testing to ensure clarity and relevance. Additionally, a set of standardized tools was utilized within the questionnaire to enhance the assessment of key variables Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. An English language version of the questionnaire is attached as Supplementary File 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire structure:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was divided into fifth sections. The first section concerned with participants demographics, such as gender, university name, year of study, weight, Hight, and Grade Point Average (GPA). Section two enquired about participants physical activity. The third section concerned with participants sleeping habits. The last two sections asked about participants eating habits. Since students were allowed to select only one option, the total percentage of students' choices could sometimes sum to 100%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy population:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e All medical students enrolled in the six-year MD program at the Colleges of Medicine in the West Bank Palestine Polytechnic University, An-Najah National University, Al-Quds University, Hebron University, and Arab American University were eligible to participate in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collection technique:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA group of fifth-year medical students from five universities served as data collectors for this study. The questionnaire was distributed directly to medical students via personal messages on social media platforms between January 7, 2025, and March 12, 2025, during the 2024\u0026ndash;2025 academic year.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Palestine Polytechnic University (Ref No: EA/2025/18) prior to data collection. All participants provided electronic informed consent before participation. A brief description of the study and its objectives was included on the cover page of the questionnaire, which clarified that participation was voluntary and that all data would be kept confidential. Completing the questionnaire required approximately 10 to 15 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0 was used to code, input, and analyze the survey data. Chi-square, t-test or one way ANOVA were utilized to determine the relationship between the participants demographic profiles and their responses to the three main study sections, while frequencies and percentages were employed to characterize the findings. P-values were regarded as significant if they were less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs shown in table 1, among the 743 participants from five Palestinian universities who were included in our research, (52.9%) were females with a mean age of 20.89 \u0026plusmn; 1.76. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the participants. The largest proportion were from An-Najah National University (33.5%), followed by Arab American University (20.9%) and Al-Quds University (19.4%). Most participants were enrolled in either their third (22.7%) or fifth year (19.9%) of study. Regarding academic performance, (46.8%) reported a GPA between 3.00 and 3.66, while only 1.2% had a GPA below 1.67.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean values for weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were 68.7 kg, 169 cm, 23.9 kg/m\u0026sup2;, and 78.4 cm, respectively. The vast majority of participants were unemployed (89.1%) and single (97.4%), with (7.5%) reporting a pre-existing medical condition .In terms of smoking behavior, (77.9%) of participants had never smoked, while (16.3%) identified as current smokers. Among smokers, the most commonly used products were traditional cigarettes (48.5%), followed by waterpipes (29.4%) and electronic cigarettes (22.1%). Nearly half of cigarette smokers (45.6%) reported consuming 10 to 20 cigarettes per day.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: background variables of the study participants n=743\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (percentage)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalestine Polytechnic University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl-Quds University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (19.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn-Najah National University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249 (33.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHebron University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (12.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArab American University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudt level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (16.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (19.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (9.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGPA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless than 1.67 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67-1.99 (60-64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-2.32 (65-69.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (3.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33-2.99 (70-79.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-3.66 (80-89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348 (46.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67-4 (90-100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142 (19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (mean \u0026plusmn; SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(20.8869 \u0026plusmn; 1.76233)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 (47.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight (mean \u0026plusmn; SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.7317 \u0026plusmn; 16.01351)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHight (mean \u0026plusmn; SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(168.9578 \u0026plusmn; 9.68082)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI (mean \u0026plusmn; SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23.92 \u0026plusmn; 4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWaist circumference (mean \u0026plusmn; SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(78.3830 \u0026plusmn; 20.07036)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e662 (89.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart time employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e724 (97.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny medical condition Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579 (77.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (5.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (16.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking type among the 163 who smokes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraditional cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (48.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaterpipe\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (29.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (22.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking frequency among the 79 who smokes traditional cigarettes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 10 cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (40.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (45.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginal community\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375 (50.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346 (46.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCamp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (3.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of residency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith the family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e467 (62.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith relatives\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith friends\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (22.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly spending\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500-1000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276 (37.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100-1500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (20.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500-2000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (13.3%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (5.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500-3000 nis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (4.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 3000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows concerning trends in the well-being of participants. Nearly half (44.8%) reported experiencing symptoms, with anxiety (34.3%) and insomnia (18.2%) being the most common, while chronic pain was the least reported (8.5%). Physical activity levels were also troubling, with only (19.5%) engaging in high activity, while a majority (50.2%) were classified as low.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 symptoms and physical activity level among study participants n= 743\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSymptom\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (percentage)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoes he suffer from any symptoms Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333 (44.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255 (34.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss of appetite Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic pain Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical activity level as calculated using IPAQ score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e373 (50.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 (30.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows the sleep-related characteristics of the study participants. The average bedtime over the past month was 11:30 PM (\u0026plusmn;95 minutes), while the average wake-up time was 8:20 AM (\u0026plusmn;85 minutes). The mean duration of actual sleep per night was 6.9 hours (\u0026plusmn;1.1). The average sleep disturbance score, measured out of 27, was 6.5 (\u0026plusmn;4.9), indicating a moderate level of sleep disturbance among the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the use of sleep medication, the majority of students (78.9%) reported not using any medication during the past month, while only (2.7%) reported using it three or more times per week. In terms of daytime dysfunction, (52.4%) reported not having trouble staying awake during daily activities, whereas (6.7%) experienced such trouble three or more times weekly. When asked about motivation and enthusiasm, (33.2%) indicated no problem at all, while (6.7%) reported it as a very big problem. For overall sleep quality, the most common response was \u0026quot;fairly good\u0026quot; (53.6%), while (7.7%) rated their sleep as \u0026quot;very bad.\u0026quot; The mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score was 6.96 (\u0026plusmn;3.29), suggesting generally poor sleep quality among participants, as scores above 5 indicate significant sleep difficulties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 sleep related variables answer of the study participants n=743\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnswer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. During the past month, what time have you usually gone to bed at night? (mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11:30\u0026plusmn; 95min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. During the past month, how long (in minutes) has it usually takes you to fall asleep each night (mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.7 \u0026plusmn; 1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. During the past month, what time have you usually gotten up in the morning? (mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8:20 \u0026plusmn; 85 min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. During the past month, how many hours of actual sleep did you get at night \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.9 \u0026plusmn; 1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5 Sleep disturbance score out of 27 (mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.5 \u0026plusmn; 4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. During the past month, how often have you taken medicine to help you sleep (prescribed or \u0026ldquo;over the counter\u0026rdquo;)?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot during the past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586(78.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless than once a week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonce or twice a week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ethree or more time a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(2.726)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. During the past month, how often have you had trouble staying awake while driving, eating meals, or engaging in social activity?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enot during the past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389(52.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless than once a week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonce or twice a week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131(17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ethree or more time a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. During the past month, how much of a problem has it been for you to keep up enough enthusiasm to get things done? \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno problem at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247(33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonly a very slight problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esomewhat of a problem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131(17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea very big problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. During the past month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111(14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFairly good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFairly bad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177(23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery bad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 364px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSQI score mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.96\u0026plusmn;3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 shows the distribution of responses to the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) statements among participants, covering three main subscales: dieting, bulimia and food preoccupation, and oral control. Within the dieting subscale, the highest proportion of participants reported \u0026ldquo;Sometimes or less\u0026rdquo; feeling extremely guilty after eating (64.5%) or avoiding sugary foods (60.8%). However, concern with body weight was evident, with (21.3%) of participants stating they \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e felt terrified about being overweight. Additionally, over half of the participants (55.6%) reported being consistently aware of the calorie content in the food they consumed, reflecting a considerable level of dietary consciousness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the bulimia and food preoccupation subscale, disordered eating behaviors such as vomiting after eating were infrequent, with (74.7%) answering \u0026ldquo;Sometimes or less.\u0026rdquo; Similarly, binge eating behaviors were not highly prevalent; (63.5%) reported rarely losing control during eating binges. However, cognitive preoccupation with food was present, as (52.9%) reported being preoccupied with food to varying extents. Notably, (10.4%) of participants indicated they \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e felt food controlled their life, suggesting that although overt behaviors were less common, psychological aspects of disordered eating remain concerning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the oral control subscale, most participants reported maintaining typical eating behaviors, such as not avoiding food when hungry (64.1%) and not taking significantly longer to eat than others (50.2%). Nevertheless, (12.7%) said others perceived them as being too thin, and (12.5%) reported they \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e took longer to finish meals\u0026mdash;possibly reflecting ritualistic or restrictive eating patterns. Additionally, (62.0%) reported \u0026ldquo;Sometimes or less\u0026rdquo; feeling pressure from others to eat, suggesting that external control or social influence over food intake was not dominant for most students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 EAT 26 statements answers distribution among study participants n=743\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSometimes or less\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsually\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ealways\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDieting scale items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAm terrified about being overweight.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344(46.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145(19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158(21.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAware of the calorie content of foods that I eat.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413(55.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticularly avoid food with a high carbohydrate content (i.e. bread, rice, potatoes, etc.)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472(63.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114(15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98(13.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeel extremely guilty after eating.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479(64.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114(15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(11.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(8.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAm preoccupied with a desire to be thinner.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412(55.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112(15.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95(12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThink about burning up calories when I exercise.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381(51.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143(19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAm preoccupied with the thought of having fat on my body.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e406(54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87(11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvoid foods with sugar in them.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e452(60.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEat diet foods.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459(61.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(14.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeel uncomfortable after eating sweets.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408(54.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131(17.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80(10.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEngage in dieting behavior.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444(59.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLike my stomach to be empty.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439(59.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135(18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnjoy trying new rich foods.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270(36.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141(19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161(21.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171(23.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBulimia and food preoccupation scale items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFind myself preoccupied with food.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393(52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130(17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave gone on eating binges where I feel that I may not be able to stop.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472(63.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112(15.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106(14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVomit after I have eaten.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e555(74.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79(10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeel that food controls my life.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e452(60.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104(14.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGive too much time and thought to food.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439(59.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131(17.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107(14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave the impulse to vomit after meals.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527(70.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(11.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral control subscale items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvoid eating when I am hungry.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476(64.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCut my food into small pieces.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e426(57.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150(20.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeel that others would prefer if I ate more.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e418(56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121(16.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112(15.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92(12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther people think that I am too thin.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396(53.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114(15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139(18.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94(12.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTake longer than others to eat my meals.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e373(50.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136(18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141(19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisplay self-control around food.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407(54.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141(19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113(15.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(11.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeel that others pressure me to eat.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e461(62.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107(14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 shows binge eating-related behaviors among the participants. The highest proportion of participants in the first question reported that they had never gone on eating binges where they felt they might not be able to stop, accounting for (53.2%). In contrast, only (2.6%) reported engaging in such behavior on a daily basis. This suggests that while occasional binge episodes are not uncommon, daily occurrences are relatively rare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn response to whether participants had ever made themselves sick to control their weight or shape, (68.8%) reported never doing so, which was the highest proportion. The lowest proportion, at (0.7%), reported engaging in this behavior two to six times per week. This indicates that self-induced vomiting is practiced by a small minority of participants. When asked about the use of laxatives, diet pills, or diuretics for weight control, the highest proportion (69.7%) stated that they had never used such methods. The lowest percentage, (1.3%), reported using them two to six times a week, suggesting limited reliance on these compensatory techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding excessive exercise for weight control, (54.9 %) reported never exercising more than 60 minutes a day for this purpose, which was the highest proportion. The lowest proportion, (3.9%), reported doing so daily. This implies that while some participants may engage in extended exercise, it is not widespread. In addition, (16.3 %) of participants reported losing at least nine kilograms over the past six months, (15.2 %) reported gaining that amount, and (13.6 %) indicated having received treatment for an eating disorder. Notably, (38.6 %) of the participants scored 20 or more on the EAT-26, suggesting that over one-third of the sample may be at risk for eating disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Bing eating related behaviors among study participants n=743\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBehavior questions [BQ)]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeve\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnce a month\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2-3 times a month\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnce a week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2-6 times a week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnce daily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGone on eating binges where you feel that you may not be able to stop?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEver made yourself sick (vomited) to control your weight or shape?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEver used laxatives, diet pills or diuretics (water pills) to control your weight or shape?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518 (69.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercised more than 60 minutes a day to lose or to control your weight?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408 (54.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you lost 9 kg (20Ib) during the last 6 month? Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you gain 9 kg (20Ib) during the last 6 month? Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBQ7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you been treated for eating disorder? Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEAT-26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScored at 20 or more\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(38.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 shows the eating and drinking related habited practices among the participants. The highest proportion of daily consumers was for coffee (43.3%), while the lowest was for energy drinks (7.4%). The highest proportion of participants who never consumed a product was seen for energy drinks (54.4%), whereas the lowest was for chocolates (13.9%). Regarding previous consumption, soft drinks had the highest proportion (10.0%) and coffee the lowest (6.1%). For weekly consumption, chocolates were the most commonly consumed (30.4%) and energy drinks the least (9.6%). Monthly consumption was highest for soft drinks (20.7%) and lowest for coffee (8.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: eating and drinking related habited practice among study participants n=743\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"591\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabit / habit description\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever consumed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeekly consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYearly consumer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoffee\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189(25.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322(43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(3.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft drink\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224(30.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(10.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90(12.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156(21.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy drink\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404(54.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(7.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71(9.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(13.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003echocolates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197(26.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226(30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7 shows the significant associations between various background variables and the physical activity level of participants, as measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A significant difference in physical activity level was observed between males and females. A higher proportion of males (26%) reported high physical activity compared to females (13.7%), suggesting that male participants are more physically active overall.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody weight also showed a significant association with physical activity level. Participants with higher physical activity levels had a higher mean body weight (71.8 \u0026plusmn; 14.6 kg) compared to those with low (67.1 \u0026plusmn; 15.8 kg) or moderate (69.3 \u0026plusmn; 16.7 kg) activity levels. There was a significant relationship between height and physical activity level, where participants with higher physical activity had greater mean height (171.8 \u0026plusmn; 9.3 cm) compared to their less active peers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployment status was also significantly associated with physical activity. A notably higher proportion of part-time employed participants (42.6%) reported high physical activity, in contrast to only 16.9% among unemployed participants. This suggests that participants engaged in part-time work may also engage more in physical activity. Marital status showed a significant association, with a much higher proportion of married students (52.6%) reporting high physical activity compared to single participants (18.6%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaving a medical condition was significantly related to physical activity levels. Interestingly, 39.3% of participants with a medical condition reported high physical activity levels, equal to the proportion reporting low activity, possibly reflecting medical advice or lifestyle modifications. Smoking status was significantly associated with physical activity. The group of current smokers had the most balanced distribution across low (33.1%), moderate (33.1%), and high (33.9%) activity levels, in contrast to non-smokers, among whom only 15.2% reported high activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally,\u0026nbsp;monthly spending\u0026nbsp;also showed a significant association with physical activity level. Participants spending more than 2500 NIS per month were more likely to report high physical activity levels (47.1% for the 2500\u0026ndash;3000 NIS group, 44.4% for more than 3000 NIS), whereas those spending less than 1000 NIS had lower proportions of high activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: association between different variable and physical activity level as indicated by IPAQ level using chi-square test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"558\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground variable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSub groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical activity level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP- value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalestine Polytechnic University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl-Quds University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn-Najah National University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125(50.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHebron University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(46.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(27.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArab American University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(55.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudt level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(20.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(47.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(47.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(30.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(56.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGPA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless than 1.67 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67-1.99 (60-64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-2.32 (65-69.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33-2.99 (70-79.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-3.66 (80-89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184(52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(28.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67-4 (90-100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(46.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(3.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 262px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026plusmn;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026plusmn;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026plusmn;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152(43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107(30.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221(56.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118(30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 262px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.1\u0026plusmn;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.3\u0026plusmn;16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8\u0026plusmn;14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 262px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHight using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.3\u0026plusmn;9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.7\u0026plusmn;9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.8\u0026plusmn;9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 262px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.8\u0026plusmn;4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u0026plusmn;4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026plusmn;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 262px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewaist circumference using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u0026plusmn;23.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u0026plusmn;9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.3\u0026plusmn;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346(52.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart time employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(42.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368(50.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221(30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(26.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny medical condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351(51.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213(31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316(54.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175(30.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(39.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(37.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(33.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(33.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(33.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(30.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaterpipe\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking frequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 10 cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginal community\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196(52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168(48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCamp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of residency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith the family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238(51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142(30.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith relatives\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith friends\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(31.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly spending\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(52.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(31.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500-1000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146(52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100-1500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500-2000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(46.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(30.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500-3000 nis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(47.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 3000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8 shows the significant associations between selected background variables and sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score. There was a notable association between academic year and sleep quality. Participants in the second and third years reported the highest PSQI scores, indicating poorer sleep quality compared to those in the first, fifth, and sixth years. This suggests that mid-stage students may experience higher academic or psychological stress affecting their sleep patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcademic performance, as indicated by GPA, was also significantly related to sleep quality. Participants with the lowest GPA category (\u0026lt;1.67) reported the poorest sleep quality, while those with GPAs in the moderate range (2.0\u0026ndash;2.32) reported better sleep quality. This implies that lower academic achievement may be associated with disrupted or inadequate sleep.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge showed a weak but significant negative correlation with PSQI scores, suggesting that as participants age, their sleep quality slightly improves. Employment status was another factor associated with sleep quality. Participants who were employed either part-time or full-time reported poorer sleep quality compared to those who were not employed. This may reflect the added stress, and time demands of balancing work and study responsibilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical status demonstrated a strong association with sleep quality. Participants with a medical condition had notably higher PSQI scores, indicating poorer sleep quality compared to their healthier peers. This finding aligns with the known impact of health issues on sleep disturbances. Smoking status also influenced sleep quality. Previous smokers reported the poorest sleep quality, followed by current smokers, while those who never smoked had better overall sleep patterns. This may reflect long-term physiological or psychological effects related to smoking behavior and its withdrawal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTables 8: association between different variables and sleep quality as indicated by PSQI score using t-test or one way ANOVA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"564\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground variable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSub groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSQI score (mean \u0026plusmn;slandered deviation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalestine Polytechnic University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl-Quds University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn-Najah National University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHebron University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArab American University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026plusmn;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudt level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026plusmn;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026plusmn;3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGPA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless than 1.67 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026plusmn;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67-1.99 (60-64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026plusmn;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-2.32 (65-69.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.04\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33-2.99 (70-79.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-3.66 (80-89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67-4 (90-100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge using person correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight using person correlation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHight using person correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI using person correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 348px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewaist circumference using person correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart time employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u0026plusmn;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026plusmn;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny medical condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.09\u0026plusmn;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaterpipe\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026plusmn;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking frequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 10 cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginal community\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCamp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of residency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith the family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith relatives\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026plusmn;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.08\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith friends\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly spending\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500-1000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100-1500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500-2000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026plusmn;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500-3000 nis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026plusmn;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 3000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u0026plusmn;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9 shows the association between various background variables and the probability of having an eating disorder according to the EAT-26 scores. A significant association was observed with university affiliation, where participants from Hebron University and An-Najah National University exhibited a higher probability of having an eating disorder compared to those from other universities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy level was also significantly associated with eating disorder probability Specifically, participants in their second and third years demonstrated a higher likelihood of having an eating disorder than students in other academic years. Additionally, GPA was significantly related to the probability of an eating disorder, with lower GPA categories showing a higher proportion of participants with a high probability of disordered eating.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnthropometric measures, including weight, height, and BMI, were significantly associated with the probability of having an eating disorder. Participants with a high probability of an eating disorder had higher mean weight, taller height, and higher BMI compared to those with a low probability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployment status was another significant factor, with part-time and full-time employed participation exhibiting a higher likelihood of having an eating disorder than unemployed participants. Marital status was also significantly associated with eating disorder probability, as married participants had a notably higher probability of having an eating disorder compared to single participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of a medical condition was significantly related to a higher probability of having an eating disorder. Smoking status was also significantly associated, with previous and current smokers showing a higher probability of an eating disorder than those who had never smoked.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the type of original community showed a significant association with eating disorder probability. Participants residing in refugee camps and villages had a higher probability of having an eating disorder compared to those living in cities. Type of residency was significantly associated, with participants living with friends exhibiting a higher probability of having an eating disorder than those living with their families. Finally, monthly spending was significantly related to the probability of an eating disorder, with students reporting higher monthly expenditures displaying a higher likelihood of disordered eating.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTables 9: association between different variables and eating disorder classification according to EAT 26 score using chi-square test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"576\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground variable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSub groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEating disorder according to EAT26\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow probability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh probability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalestine Polytechnic University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(69.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(30.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl-Quds University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(69.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(30.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn-Najah National University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141(56.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHebron University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(46.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(53.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArab American University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(65.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudt level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(66.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(33.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92(54.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(45.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98(66.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(73.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(26.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGPA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless than 1.67 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67-1.99 (60-64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-2.32 (65-69.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(79.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33-2.99 (70-79.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127(61.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79(38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-3.66 (80-89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225(64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123(35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67-4 (90-100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94(66.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 344px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026plusmn;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026plusmn;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140(40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246(62.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147(37.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 344px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u0026plusmn;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u0026plusmn;9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 344px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHight using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.9\u0026plusmn;15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.7\u0026plusmn;16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 344px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.4\u0026plusmn;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026plusmn;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 344px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewaist circumference using one way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7\u0026plusmn;15.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u0026plusmn;25.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420(63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242(36.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart time employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(45.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(54.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454(62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270(37.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(89.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny medical condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(60.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434(63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253(36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375(64.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204(35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious smoke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(55.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esmoking type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(51.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(84.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaterpipe\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(39.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(60.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking frequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 10 cigarettes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(43.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 20 cigarettes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginal community\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200(57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146(42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCamp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of residency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith the family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e314(67.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153(32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith relatives\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(61.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(38.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith friends\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(55.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly spending\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79(63.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(36.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500-1000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177(64.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100-1500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(67.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500-2000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2500 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500-3000 nis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 219px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 3000 nis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhysical inactivity, poor sleep quality, and disordered eating patterns represent significant and interconnected global public health challenges, with medical students constituting a particularly vulnerable subgroup within the broader university population[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This period of life is uniquely demanding, as medical students navigate intense academic pressures, rigorous schedules, and profound psychosocial changes, all of which can significantly influence their health behaviours and overall well-being[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur investigation into the health behaviours of Palestinian medical students reveals a strikingly concerning profile: half of the students exhibit insufficient physical activity, more than half suffer from poor sleep quality, and nearly 40% are at risk for disordered eating. These high prevalence rates, and their frequent co-occurrence, underscore the critical importance of designing targeted, evidence-based health interventions tailored specifically to the medical student population\u0026mdash;a group that will eventually serve as frontline healthcare providers[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe finding that 50.2% of medical students fall short of the recommended physical activity (PA) guidelines is an alarming reflection of a global inactivity epidemic[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This percentage aligns closely with figures reported from neighbouring countries, such as 56.7% of university students in Saudi Arabia and 47.1% in Egypt exhibiting insufficient PA levels[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Such statistics reveal a widespread failure to meet the World Health Organization\u0026rsquo;s standards for physical activity, which are essential to maintain physical and mental health[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Within the context of Palestinian medical schools, this issue is likely compounded by a combination of demanding academic responsibilities, restricted recreational infrastructure, and sociocultural norms that may unintentionally limit engagement in physical exercise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. It is vital to consider that medical students often face long hours of study and clinical training, leaving limited time and energy to dedicate to exercise, which may exacerbate physical inactivity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA particularly noteworthy aspect of our findings is the pronounced gender disparity in physical activity, with female medical students reporting significantly lower activity levels than their male counterparts. This pattern is not unique to Palestine; it is consistently observed in other Muslim-majority countries. For instance, a study among medical students in Malaysia found that female students were markedly less active than males, underscoring a clear gender gap in this context[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, research on a sample of young adults in the United Arab Emirates demonstrated that 76.6% of females were classified as sedentary or low-active based on accelerometer data, compared to 50% of males, highlighting significantly lower moderate-to-vigorous activity levels in women[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The disparity is frequently linked to sociocultural barriers, including the lack of safe, private, and culturally acceptable spaces for women to engage in physical activity, and entrenched gender roles that may deprioritize women\u0026rsquo;s participation in sports or exercise[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. These obstacles contribute to the systemic disempowerment of female students regarding health-promoting behaviours. Moreover, our finding that married students were more physically active challenges conventional expectations that marital duties reduce time for self-care. In this cultural context, marriage may instead provide a supportive environment, promoting routines and spousal encouragement that facilitate regular exercise. Recognizing and addressing these nuanced facilitators and barriers is crucial to developing effective strategies that can enhance physical activity participation across genders within medical schools[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep quality, an essential pillar of health, was also found to be suboptimal for the majority of our sample, with 53.6% of medical students experiencing poor sleep. This prevalence mirrors rates reported across the Arab region\u0026mdash;60% in Saudi Arabia and around 50% in both Egypt and Jordan\u0026mdash;highlighting a pervasive regional challenge[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Several factors contributed to poor sleep in our study. The strong association with early academic years aligns with the body of research indicating that the initial transition into medical school introduces unique stressors, including academic overload, new social environments, and lifestyle disruptions, which collectively compromise sleep [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, poor sleep was linked to lower academic performance, confirming the well-established bidirectional relationship where inadequate sleep undermines cognitive function, memory consolidation, and concentration, ultimately impacting GPA[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Smoking also emerged as a significant predictor, consistent with nicotine\u0026rsquo;s known detrimental effects on sleep architecture, including reduced total sleep time and fragmented sleep[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Unlike many international studies that report higher rates of sleep disturbances among females[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], our data did not demonstrate gender differences, suggesting that the intense academic and environmental pressures faced by medical students may overshadow gender-based variations in this context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisordered eating patterns (DEP) represent another critical concern, with 38.6% of medical students identified as being at high risk\u0026mdash;a prevalence exceeding those reported in comparable studies from Saudi Arabia (25%) and Lebanon (21%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This elevated risk likely reflects a multifaceted interplay of factors, including sociopolitical stressors unique to the region, intense societal and media-driven body image pressures, and possible gaps in nutrition literacy among students[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Our data delineate a vulnerable subgroup comprising students with lower GPA and those in the earlier years of their medical education, possibly reflecting increased stress and adjustment difficulties. Additionally, smoking and living away from family were significant predictors of DEP, which aligns with psychosocial models identifying substance use and diminished family supervision as contributors to disordered eating behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Importantly, these subclinical patterns of disordered eating are not benign; they often precede more severe clinical eating disorders that carry substantial psychological, metabolic, and physical health risks[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe clustering of these health risk factors\u0026mdash;physical inactivity, poor sleep, and disordered eating\u0026mdash;and their shared sociodemographic predictors such as low GPA and smoking, underscore a syndemic pattern documented in the literature. These behaviours do not occur in isolation but are deeply intertwined and mutually reinforcing[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, poor sleep can dysregulate appetite hormones, leading to increased hunger and unhealthy eating choices[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], while physical activity has well-documented benefits on mood regulation and metabolic health, which positively affect both sleep and eating habits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The co-existence of these risk factors within our medical student cohort suggests that piecemeal interventions addressing only one behaviour are unlikely to be effective. Instead, holistic, integrated approaches are necessary to foster sustainable improvements in student health and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study\u0026rsquo;s strengths include the use of internationally validated and reliable instruments\u0026mdash;the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026mdash;which ensure robust measurement of the key outcomes. However, the cross-sectional nature of the study inherently limits causal interpretations, and the reliance on self-reported data introduces potential biases such as recall inaccuracies and social desirability effects. To build upon these findings, future longitudinal research is essential to unravel causal relationships and the temporal dynamics of these health behaviours in medical students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on our findings, several practical recommendations can be proposed. To bridge the gender gap in physical activity, medical schools should prioritize the development of safe, culturally sensitive, and accessible sports facilities and fitness programs tailored for female students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Recognizing the vulnerability of students in the early academic years to poor sleep and disordered eating, targeted interventions such as sleep hygiene education, stress management workshops, and nutritional counselling should be integrated into orientation programs and ongoing academic support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Since lower academic performance was associated with all adverse outcomes, combining academic tutoring with wellness coaching may yield synergistic benefits. The elevated risk of disordered eating among students living away from family underscores the importance of peer-led health promotion programs to cultivate supportive social networks that encourage healthy behaviours. On a broader scale, collaboration between universities and the Palestinian Ministry of Health is critical to institutionalize wellness initiatives within medical curricula and policies, thereby addressing the growing burden of non-communicable diseases and fostering a generation of healthcare professionals equipped not only with clinical skills but also with a commitment to personal and community health[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. This study thus serves as a foundational step toward understanding and improving medical student health in Palestine, a field previously underexplored and urgently in need of attention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eLifestyle factors play a huge role in our physical and mental health. In countries plagued by conflict like Palestine, poor lifestyle habits are exacerbated by poverty, food insecurity, and geopolitical instability. These issues are even further complicated among medical students due to time limitations, stress, and the academic load. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the impact of lifestyle determinants on medical students\u0026rsquo; physical and mental health in Palestine, and to create a baseline data for lifestyle habits among medical students and observe significant correlations. Concerning patterns of low levels of physical activity where over half of the students reported low levels, sleep disturbances and anxiety symptoms were observed, with academic pressure and lack of time being considered the most significant barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first step in understanding lifestyle determinants and the role they play in medical students\u0026rsquo; lives in Palestine. The results can be used to advocate for better health promotion policies, allocate resources for mental health services, and improve access to affordable exercise facilities. By tackling these issues and realizing how serious the problem is, we can assist medical students in leading healthier lives, which could enhance the standard of care they offer their patients in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIRB\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInstitutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoctor of Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGPA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade Point Average\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eN\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIPAQ\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Physical Activity Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePSQI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePittsburgh Sleep Quality Index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEAT-26\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEating Attitudes Test-26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBMI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNCDs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-Communicable Diseases\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited States\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Palestine Polytechnic University in Palestine (Ref No: EA/2025/18). All participants provided informed consent electronically prior to participating in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.R. participated in study conceptualization, coordinated multi-site data collection, and contributed to revising the manuscript. M.S. contributed to the conception and design of the study, supervised data collection, interpreted the findings, and led the drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. M.R. was involved in questionnaire development, participant recruitment, and contributed to data entry and supervising the whole research through its different stages. M.N. was involved in data collection. B.J. was involved in data collection. O.E. was involved in data collection. A.A. was involved in data collection. R.S. was involved in data collection. K.S. was involved in data collection. A.K. was involved in data collection. J.H. was involved in data collection. I.A. served as the senior supervisor, guided methodological decisions, critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content, conduct table design and statistical analysis process and approved the final version for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors want to express their profound appreciation to all of the faculty members and medical students who took part in this study for their priceless efforts. Special thanks are due to Palestine Polytechnic University for supporting the distribution of the survey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAssaf EA, Sabbah HA, Al-Jawadleh A. Analysis of the nutritional status in the Palestinian territory: a review study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1206090. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/FNUT.2023.1206090\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/FNUT.2023.1206090\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrehm B, Summer S, Khoury J, Filak A, Lieberman M, Heubi J. Health Status and Lifestyle Habits of US Medical Students: A Longitudinal Study. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2016;6(6):341. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/AMHSR.AMHSR_469_15\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/AMHSR.AMHSR_469_15\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMehri A, Solhi M, Garmaroudi G, Nadrian H, Sighaldeh SS. Health Promoting Lifestyle and its Determinants Among University Students in Sabzevar, Iran. Int J Prev Med. Apr. 2016;7:65. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/2008-7802.180411\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/2008-7802.180411\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e4- Allabadi. Covid-19 \u0026amp; Palestinian adolescents - Dynamics of Human Health (DHH). Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.journalofhealth.co.nz/?page_id=2170\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.journalofhealth.co.nz/?page_id=2170\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYadav M. Diet, Sleep and Exercise: The Keystones of Healthy Lifestyle for Medical Students. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. Sep. 2022;60:841. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.31729/JNMA.7355\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.31729/JNMA.7355\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrisyazhnaya AVreshetnikovNV, Reshetnikov VA, Efimov IA, Mikerova MS, Bocharova MO. Perception of healthy lifestyle among students of medical schools, \u003cem\u003eSerbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 67\u0026ndash;74, Mar. 2020, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2478/SJECR-2020-0016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2478/SJECR-2020-0016\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeisz M, Papproth C, Ambler E, Glick M, Eno C. Correlates and Barriers of Exercise, Stress, and Wellness in Medical Students, \u003cem\u003eMed Sci Educ\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1433\u0026ndash;1444, Dec. 2024, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/S40670-024-02134-5,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S40670-024-02134-5,\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBuysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research [\u0026Iacute;ndice de calidad del sue\u0026ntilde;o de Pittsburgh: un nuevo instrumento para la pr\u0026aacute;ctica y la investigaci\u0026oacute;n psiqui\u0026aacute;trica], \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Res\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 193\u0026ndash;213, 1989, Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748771/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748771/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJahrami H. Reliability generalization meta-analysis of Eating Attitudes Test \u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;26, 2023, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.17605/OSF.IO/5EZW2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17605/OSF.IO/5EZW2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCraig CL et al. Aug., International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity, \u003cem\u003eMed Sci Sports Exerc\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1381\u0026ndash;1395, 2003, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u0026middot;6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. Jan. 2020;4(1):23\u0026ndash;35. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlotnikoff RC, Costigan SA, Karunamuni N, Lubans DR. Social cognitive theories used to explain physical activity behavior in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med (Baltim). 2013;56(5):245\u0026ndash;53. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, Prichard JR. Sleep Patterns and Predictors of Disturbed Sleep in a Large Population of College Students, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Adolescent Health\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 124\u0026ndash;132, Feb. 2010, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJaber MFM. The Level of Health Behaviors Among Palestinian University Students in West Bank, 2003. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/7777\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/7777\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Gilany AH, El-Masry R. Physical inactivity among Egyptian and Saudi medical students. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2011;10(1):35\u0026ndash;44. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5455/PMB.20101018022143\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5455/PMB.20101018022143\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdel-Salam D, Abdel-Khalek E. Pattern and Barriers of Physical Activity among Medical Students of Al-Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. J High Inst Public Health. Oct. 2016;46(2):41\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.21608/JHIPH.2016.20080\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21608/JHIPH.2016.20080\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlobal recommendations on physical activity for health. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKishor Shetty C, Moe Thwe Aung M, San S OO, and, Simbak N. Physical activity among medical students of university sultan zainal abidin (UniSZA), Malaysia, \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 125\u0026ndash;129, Oct. 2019, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.18231/J.IJFCM.2019.029\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.18231/J.IJFCM.2019.029\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDalibalta S, et al. Objectively quantified physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a young UAE population. BMJ Open Sport \u0026mdash; Exerc Med. Jan. 2021;7(1):e000957. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1136/BMJSEM-2020-000957\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/BMJSEM-2020-000957\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMusaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in Eastern Mediterranean Region: Prevalence and possible causes, \u003cem\u003eJ Obes\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 2011, 2011. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1155/2011/407237\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1155/2011/407237\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and dietary habits among Saudi adolescents relative to age, gender and region, \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1\u0026ndash;14, Dec. 2011, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/1479-5868-8-140/TABLES/5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1479-5868-8-140/TABLES/5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNakie G, et al. Sleep quality and associated factors among university students in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1370757. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/FPSYT.2024.1370757/FULL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/FPSYT.2024.1370757/FULL\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBahammam AS. Sleep medicine in Saudi Arabia: Current problems and future challenges. Ann Thorac Med. Jan. 2011;6(1):3\u0026ndash;10. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/1817-1737.74269\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/1817-1737.74269\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHershner SD, Chervin RD. Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students. Nat Sci Sleep. 2014;6:73. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2147/NSS.S62907\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/NSS.S62907\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaultney JF. The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: Impact on academic performance, \u003cem\u003eJournal of American College Health\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 91\u0026ndash;97, Sep. 2010, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/07448481.2010.483708\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/07448481.2010.483708\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCurcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med Rev. Oct. 2006;10(5):323\u0026ndash;37. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJaehne A, Loessl B, B\u0026aacute;rkai Z, Riemann D, Hornyak M. Effects of nicotine on sleep during consumption, withdrawal and replacement therapy. Sleep Med Rev. Oct. 2009;13(5):363\u0026ndash;77. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.smrv.2008.12.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang B, Wing YK. Sex differences in insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep. Jan. 2006;29(1):85\u0026ndash;93. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/SLEEP/29.1.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/SLEEP/29.1.85\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhamri RA, Alahmari AM, Alghamdi LS, Alamoudi SF, Barashid MM. Prevalence and predictors of eating disorders:A cross-sectional survey of medical students at King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, \u003cem\u003ePak J Med Sci\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1633\u0026ndash;1638, Jul. 2022, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.12669/PJMS.38.6.5033\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12669/PJMS.38.6.5033\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHoteit M, Mohsen H, Bookari K, Moussa G, Jurdi N, Yazbeck N. Prevalence, correlates, and gender disparities related to eating disordered behaviors among health science students and healthcare practitioners in Lebanon: Findings of a national cross sectional study. Front Nutr. Jul. 2022;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/FNUT.2022.956310\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/FNUT.2022.956310\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaleh RN, Salameh RA, Yhya HH, Sweileh WM. Disordered eating attitudes in female students of An-Najah National University: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord. Aug. 2018;6(1):16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/S40337-018-0204-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/S40337-018-0204-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKeel PK, Forney KJ. Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. Jul. 2013;46(5):433\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1002/EAT.22094\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/EAT.22094\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJacobi C, Hayward C, De Zwaan M, Kraemer HC, Agras WS. Coming to Terms With Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Application of Risk Terminology and Suggestions for a General Taxonomy. Psychol Bull. Jan. 2004;130(1):19\u0026ndash;65. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.19\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTreasure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):583\u0026ndash;93. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCelie B, et al. Poor Health Behaviour in Medical Students at a South African University: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024. Jun. 2024;21(7):824. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/IJERPH21070824\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/IJERPH21070824\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSt-Onge MP, Mikic A, Pietrolungo CE. Effects of diet on sleep quality. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(5):938\u0026ndash;49. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3945/an.116.012336\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3945/an.116.012336\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function, \u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 354, no. 9188, pp. 1435\u0026ndash;1439, Oct. 1999, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKredlow MA, Capozzoli MC, Hearon BA, Calkins AW, Otto MW. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review, \u003cem\u003eJ Behav Med\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 427\u0026ndash;449, Jun. 2015, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/S10865-015-9617-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S10865-015-9617-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarner DM, Bohr Y, Garfinkel PE. The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric Features and Clinical Correlates. Psychol Med. 1982;12(4):871\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1017/S0033291700049163\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S0033291700049163\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMills D, et al. Social medicine education towards structural transformation in Palestine. Soc Sci Med. Nov. 2024;361. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117332\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117332\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSkinner HA, Sriharan A. Building cooperation through health initiatives: an Arab and Israeli case study, \u003cem\u003eConflict and Health\u003c/em\u003e 2007 1:1, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1\u0026ndash;9, Jul. 2007. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/1752-1505-1-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1752-1505-1-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"physical activity, sleep quality, eating disorders, medical students, Palestine, lifestyle behaviours","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437425/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437425/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLifestyle choices like exercise, sleep, and food habits are very important for both physical and mental health, especially for medical students who have a lot of coursework to complete. These difficulties are exacerbated by socioeconomic limitations and scarce resources in areas impacted by conflict, such as Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study assessed lifestyle behaviours among medical students from five Palestinian universities. Data were collected between January and March 2025 using a structured questionnaire that included validated tools: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square, t-tests, ANOVA) were conducted using SPSS v22, with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 743 students participated (52.9% females; mean age 20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 years). Over half (50.2%) reported low physical activity, while only 19.5% engaged in high activity. Poor sleep quality was prevalent, with an average PSQI score of 6.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29 and mean sleep duration of 6.9 hours. Nearly 45% reported symptoms such as anxiety (34.3%) and insomnia (18.2%). Disordered eating risk was notable, with 38.6% scoring\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20 on the EAT-26. Significant associations were found between lifestyle factors and variables such as gender, employment status, academic year, GPA, and smoking status. Male students reported higher physical activity, whereas poorer sleep quality correlated with lower GPA and part-time employment. Higher BMI and medical conditions were linked to disordered eating risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalestinian medical students exhibit concerning patterns of low physical activity, poor sleep, and disordered eating, which may affect their health and academic performance. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted health promotion strategies and supportive environments to foster healthier lifestyles among future healthcare providers in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Hidden Struggles of Medical Training: A View of Lifestyle and Eating Behaviours in Palestine- a Cross-Sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-06 08:23:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437425/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0eca7f76-5048-4388-b13d-65df699dd919","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-03T04:38:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-06 08:23:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7437425","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7437425","identity":"rs-7437425","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}