On-site decoking of Ca-looping process achieves 1000 cycles of stable thermochemical energy storage

On-site decoking of Ca-looping process achieves 1000 cycles of stable thermochemical energy storage | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article On-site decoking of Ca-looping process achieves 1000 cycles of stable thermochemical energy storage Jinlin Long, Han Li, Ke Tang, Jiashun Wang, Jinfeng Lin, Junwei Li, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170634/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The heat transfer and storage are most crucial for the concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, and yet limited heavily by the thermal deactivation of calcium-looping materials. Here, we introduce air or O 2 to on-site regenerate Al/Mn/Ce-co-doped CaO-looping materials operated at 800 ℃, sharply reducing the loss of energy storage density from 29.5% to 9.6% after 1000 cycles of thermochemical energy release and storage and holding a final energy storage density of ca. 1039 kJ kg − 1 at the 1000th cycle. Besides the slow phase separation of two formed heat-resistant compounds, Ca 3 Al 2 O 6 and Ca 2 MnO 4 , from CaO matrix, the coverage of coke deposits deactivates the carbonation reaction beyond 500 cycles. The mechanistic studies reveal that the rich oxygen vacancies formed by Ce doping into Ca 2 MnO 4 NPs is mainly responsible for the formation of coke deposits on the surface of CaO NPs because they are thermodynamically favorable for directly splitting CO 2 to C and O 2 . These findings offer a practical guidance for on-site decoking of industrial Ca-looping process whether in the calcination step or the carbonation step, which is most imperative for reliably converting solar photon fluxes to dispatchable electricity in the next-generation CSP plants. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy/Solar energy Physical sciences/Chemistry/Inorganic chemistry/Solid-state chemistry Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupportingmaterialsforNC.docx supporting information Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8170634","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":553903757,"identity":"976478d0-e9ef-4027-b536-de9e5220705b","order_by":0,"name":"Jinlin Long","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAw0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxnbmBiBlww/m8RClpZkRpCVNsoFoLQzMYC2HSdDC3MzY+Ljg13kJ+RkJjA/etjHImxPhsGbjmX23JRhnJDAbzm1jMNzZQFhLmzRvz+06ZokENmneNoYEgwPEaTknwSaRwP6beC08Pw5I8ABtYSZWS7Mxb0OyhATPw2bJOeckDDcQ0mLY3nzwMc8fOwn59uSDH96U2cgTtMWwAWRVG9hCEFOCgHogkAeTfwgrHAWjYBSMghEMAM6kORNQU1DUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-0941","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinlin","middleName":"","lastName":"Long","suffix":""},{"id":553903758,"identity":"045ab870-ebca-450f-b746-f8e3c3ca33ae","order_by":1,"name":"Han Li","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4871-3757","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Han","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":553903759,"identity":"da472e3a-29d7-4c87-afab-a61879719f01","order_by":2,"name":"Ke Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ke","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":553903760,"identity":"9e1de8e6-e15f-4c73-8430-858eb1498178","order_by":3,"name":"Jiashun Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiashun","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":553903761,"identity":"9585ff61-9dce-4a6a-87e5-1ec2f478f619","order_by":4,"name":"Jinfeng Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":553903762,"identity":"946d6ec5-975d-4720-9e8e-18794824af1d","order_by":5,"name":"Junwei Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KU Leuven","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":553903763,"identity":"6ff4c836-7a48-4df7-b57f-bc65b1e61299","order_by":6,"name":"Hangbing Zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hangbing","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""},{"id":553903764,"identity":"a7db7038-f573-4a9e-b695-4a749d156720","order_by":7,"name":"Yan Zhuang","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9473-1081","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhuang","suffix":""},{"id":553903765,"identity":"e9dd5cf2-34d8-405f-8ea1-bcf78b70b15e","order_by":8,"name":"Zhengxin Ding","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhengxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Ding","suffix":""},{"id":553903766,"identity":"0f296719-ed9e-43ed-bb3b-cb3e4e16dbf0","order_by":9,"name":"Mingkai Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingkai","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":553903767,"identity":"96121d70-1c7f-45f0-89b2-af0057bd6366","order_by":10,"name":"Pengzhao Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pengzhao","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":553903768,"identity":"d3637ba4-f91c-4dee-b392-0f1060c6a676","order_by":11,"name":"Xianfeng Qiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fuzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xianfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiao","suffix":""},{"id":553903769,"identity":"f0355060-e5b8-4374-a6e7-ddd0aaae52da","order_by":12,"name":"Jinjia Wei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinjia","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-21 07:15:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170634/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170634/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97370563,"identity":"b497926a-a6eb-4f41-ad49-ef18b1ca6191","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:27:36","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8273578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptNatureCommunications.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/0eac8ec50d331c5c4c76aefe.docx"},{"id":97307986,"identity":"7b3efdd1-9971-4ab4-810d-f222d4c70992","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS2594273.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/38199bdf3d3e85cffd2fb4c7.json"},{"id":97307993,"identity":"4077efd4-3861-41d4-8953-96a67c5b7f0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16586707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingmaterialsforNC.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/c0d5356efcd023d2ee9d3aa2.docx"},{"id":97307987,"identity":"5b297707-6bdc-4a48-bb6a-26ebaafc7bda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":151098,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS25942730enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/c6265c7f151ca5ccff0492f5.xml"},{"id":97307990,"identity":"be95b986-9da1-4a3f-9188-26776ea1f251","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"emf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2461640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/59317c45e5c59a3587c79abb.emf"},{"id":97369240,"identity":"4d57eb84-3983-4a1f-94e8-4eee1d1c8c17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:23:57","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7152584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/35ff3cf6ed33af2dea108405.emf"},{"id":97307988,"identity":"04e9b369-bffa-45db-8f12-520b296a7817","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":559429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/62c52ebdbee58ba54bc714c6.png"},{"id":97370137,"identity":"adfd1d21-0eb3-4c1c-9303-56b458f3f4cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:26:47","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4949192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/581ecbeeb9c85595850669a8.emf"},{"id":97307997,"identity":"b1a08679-7400-4d1c-9688-ca88bbc3a745","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"emf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2938508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/688a2ff30255c9192326be1f.emf"},{"id":97307996,"identity":"df64220b-7197-4a06-a990-b1b2f3ef778e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9394336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/3b7cd842197ec5e6a225d4e7.emf"},{"id":97369243,"identity":"92e0cae5-4df9-4386-b977-4542dafd5810","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:23:59","extension":"emf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3802760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/8adb36f97e1ea78e78a7a2ae.emf"},{"id":97370541,"identity":"9ea665af-6a1a-45cf-a057-7475e56d63a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:27:33","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/0c4cf52d2267ee75e063c19c.png"},{"id":97369471,"identity":"b64790f1-49a4-48bd-8500-abb8cc84ca46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:25:00","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":209739,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/28d71b0cb5010871b6eb059b.png"},{"id":97308002,"identity":"2a098905-417e-4895-8e8a-958775b5d936","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:19","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112651,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/0ac5a732a580f6ee3282fe9b.png"},{"id":97308004,"identity":"da8ce2f2-e738-4208-8777-2aef4fc63a57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:19","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/ba1c97d29869d5212e695a53.png"},{"id":97308001,"identity":"978678e4-b998-48d5-84fa-5d598aa3eaa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:19","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":135133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/e95895f08dc26cc8438172a3.png"},{"id":97369007,"identity":"a889c802-ee39-4d1e-b4ff-8c15a69f6023","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:23:27","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/fb8c337bc0507c5aa56b38d5.png"},{"id":97307998,"identity":"b6d41623-9451-414f-8483-6668ecff5665","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/7a9ca8a829d3748d372b92f2.png"},{"id":97369825,"identity":"764473c9-b022-4fef-bee2-735090810814","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:25:52","extension":"xml","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":147513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS25942730structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/fe91f656649189cff9af9198.xml"},{"id":97308006,"identity":"d45bb60d-f023-4b9c-b765-bbc6f009bb43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:19","extension":"html","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":156346,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/faa63a3b2550fcaf6f7f4e3d.html"},{"id":100357688,"identity":"a8e2499f-ef0b-4a21-a18d-89816e56846b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1470648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptNatureCommunications.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1_covered_0e691f48-211f-4a37-ac1b-8ce33d65ceee.pdf"},{"id":97307991,"identity":"767388a8-5ebb-49bd-bdf7-d07c5909ad47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 03:48:18","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16586707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"supporting information","description":"","filename":"SupportingmaterialsforNC.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170634/v1/c2175f24d4fa2a39658d2126.docx"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"On-site decoking of Ca-looping process achieves 1000 cycles of stable thermochemical energy storage","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170634/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170634/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe heat transfer and storage are most crucial for the concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, and yet limited heavily by the thermal deactivation of calcium-looping materials. Here, we introduce air or O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to on-site regenerate Al/Mn/Ce-co-doped CaO-looping materials operated at 800 ℃, sharply reducing the loss of energy storage density from 29.5% to 9.6% after 1000 cycles of thermochemical energy release and storage and holding a final energy storage density of \u003cem\u003eca.\u003c/em\u003e 1039 kJ kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at the 1000th cycle. Besides the slow phase separation of two formed heat-resistant compounds, Ca\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and Ca\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, from CaO matrix, the coverage of coke deposits deactivates the carbonation reaction beyond 500 cycles. The mechanistic studies reveal that the rich oxygen vacancies formed by Ce doping into Ca\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs is mainly responsible for the formation of coke deposits on the surface of CaO NPs because they are thermodynamically favorable for directly splitting CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to C and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. These findings offer a practical guidance for on-site decoking of industrial Ca-looping process whether in the calcination step or the carbonation step, which is most imperative for reliably converting solar photon fluxes to dispatchable electricity in the next-generation CSP plants.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"On-site decoking of Ca-looping process achieves 1000 cycles of stable thermochemical energy storage","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-03 03:48:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170634/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"593c7b57-6d97-465f-b1a0-0824d8afec69","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":58938612,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy/Solar energy"},{"id":58938613,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry/Inorganic chemistry/Solid-state chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-09T07:36:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-03 03:48:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8170634","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8170634","identity":"rs-8170634","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}