Determinants of COVID-19 Mortality AND Temporal Trends in the Health Regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

(1) Background: This study investigated the determinants of COVID-19 mortality and its temporal trends within São Paulo state’s Regional Health Departments (DRS) to inform the development of targeted public health interventions. (2) Methods: Utilizing an ecological study design, we analyzed confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths (February 2020 – December 2021) obtained from the COVID Panel, incorporating relevant social and health indicators. The Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) was used to identify key determinants, and temporal trends in mortality and vaccination rates were analyzed across each DRS. (3) Results: The average mortality rate was 32.0 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants (median 67.9). Higher chronic disease mortality was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality. However, increased proportions of older adults in urban areas, and higher vaccination rates correlated with increased COVID-19 mortality. (4) Conclusions: COVID-19 mortality in São Paulo is shaped by a complex interplay of behavioral, economic, demographic, and environmental factors. Region-specific public health policies should consider these factors, along with geographic, socioeconomic, and budgetary contexts, to effectively address health disparities across the state’s DRS.