Polypyrrole-decorated carbonized cotton fabric derived at air atmosphere for tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance and highly fire safety

Polypyrrole-decorated carbonized cotton fabric derived at air atmosphere for tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance and highly fire safety | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Polypyrrole-decorated carbonized cotton fabric derived at air atmosphere for tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance and highly fire safety JiaYu Lu, Jin Yu, Ziqing Jiang, Yan Zhang, Hao Zhang, Yihao Yu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493990/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Cellulose → Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the escalating prevalence of electromagnetic radiation pollution, flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials hold immense potential for widespread application. Carbonized fabric possesses notable advantages such as flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemica l stability. However, their traditional preparation process is characterized by high energy consumption, intricate atmospheric conditions, and prolonged duration. This study introduces a novel approach of incorporating intumescent flame retardant into cotton fabric, aiming to facilitate rapid carbonization in an air atmosphere. Remarkably, this innovative approach leads to a remarkable total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE T ) of 17.55 dB within just 5 min of carbonization at 900°C in an air atmosphere. Moreover, in order to enhance the shielding effect, we conducted in-situ growth of polypyrrole (PPy) on the prepared carbonized fabric. With a deposition time of 120 min, the sheet resistance remarkably decreased to only 11.85 Ω/sq, resulting in an impressive SE T value of 28.22 dB that effectively shields up to 99.9% of electromagnetic waves (EMW). Moreover, the SE T of IFR-C-PPy-60 min can be enhanced to 51.84 dB by stacking 4 layers, enabling the attenuation of 99.999% of EMW. The IFR-C-PPy also exhibits excellent fire safety. This study presents a novel approach for rapid and large-scale fabrication of highly efficient EMI shielding conductive carbonized cotton fabric, offering potential applications in flexible electronic devices. Carbonized fabric In-situ growth Polypyrrole Electromagnetic interference shielding Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Conductive fabrics are extensively utilized in intelligent wearables and medical monitoring due to their exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, softness, and breathable comfort (Nagaraju et al. 2017 ; Ghosh et al. 2018 ; Orasugh et al. 2024 ). Especially, carbonized fabrics exhibit superior electrical conductivity and thermal stability, making them suitable for harsh conditions such as high temperature and pressure (Smith and Mirica 2017 ; Huang et al.). They are widely applied in the production of high-performance mechanical components, high-temperature pyrolysis reactors, protective materials, particularly as electromagnetic shielding materials (Zhang et al. 2019 ; Yu et al. 2024 ). However, the conventional carbonization process entails stringent requirements such as oxygen restriction, high-temperature treatment, and prolonged duration, which fails to meet the escalating demand. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to explore strategies for achieving enhanced convenience and scalability in the preparation of EMI shielding carbonized fabric. Carbonized biomass fabric is a type of biochar material that is primarily derived from the thermal decomposition of biomass components such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose at elevated temperatures to yield stable biochar materials (Brown et al. 2011 ; Garlapalli et al. 2016 ). These materials are typically prepared using methods including slow pyrolysis, gas pyrolysis, and fast pyrolysis. The resulting carbonized fabric retains the woven structure of the original fabric while offering notable advantages such as flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and robust thermal stability. Simultaneously, carbonized fabrics exhibit abundant specific surface area and could serve as an excellent substrate for accommodating diverse conductive or magnetic particles. Consequently, it also holds significant potential for EMI shielding applications. Chithra et al (Chithra et al. 2021 ) incorporated sucrose solution into cotton fibers via filtration and drying processes prior to carbonize at 900°C for 2 h under an argon atmosphere. The obtained char composite foam exhibits an EMI SE of 38.9 dB. Jia et al. (Jia et al. 2021 ) subjected cotton fabric to nitrogen (N 2 ) and then carbonized it at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1000°C for 2 h, skillfully manipulating their surface structure through the incorporation of carbon black (CB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The prepared composite material exhibited an EMI SE of 42.9 dB, while demonstrating exceptional flexibility and mechanical robustness. Jia et al. (Jia et al. 2022 ) fabricated carbonized cotton (CC) by subjecting the cotton pad to a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000°C for 2 h, followed by impregnation with TPU to obtain TCC, whose EMI shielding performance could reach 27 dB at a thickness of 0.9 mm. However, the conventional biochar preparation process necessitates stringent oxygen restriction and is associated with drawbacks such as prolonged duration, intricate procedure, and harsh reaction conditions. Therefore, it is of great significance to efficiently produce a structurally controlled biochar material in air atmosphere. The high shielding effect of carbonized fabric is closely associated with its high density and conductivity, while the latter is dependent on a high degree of graphitization (Rao et al. 2021 ). Therefore, to achieve high EMI shielding performance using carbonized fabrics, it is imperative to maintain their structural stability and enhance graphitization degree. Drawing inspiration from intumescent flame retardants, incorporating them onto the fabric surface not only helps preserve the woven structure but also generates a conductive carbon layer (Miao et al. 2021 ). Ge et al. synthesized a water-soluble carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus (C-N-P) ternary intumescent flame retardants. Utilizing cyanogen chloride (TCT), ethylene glycol (EG), and o-phosphoethanolamine (O-PEA) as raw materials, which was subsequently coated onto cotton fabric. The combustion process of the treated cotton fabric resulted in complete carbon residue formation while preserving the original weaving structure. In addition, the degree of graphitization is also improved. Motivated by this, in this study, the composition of intumescent flame retardant was adjusted to serve as a catalyst for the carbonization process of cotton fabric under air conditions. This adjustment is expected to enhance the degree of graphitization while preserving the char structure. Carbonized fabrics serve as an excellent substrate, and the incorporation of other conductive materials through in-situ growth can synergistically enhance the EMI shielding performance. Currently, the primary approach involves augmenting its shielding efficiency through in-situ growth or application of conductive or magnetic substances onto its surface, such as titanium carbide, carbon black, ferric oxide, and so on. Raagulan et al. (Raagulan et al. 2018 ) sprayed Mxene and graphene onto carbonized fiber, and the composite material exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and EMI SE, demonstrating a high conductivity of 13.68 S·cm − 1 and a minimum resistance of 3.1 Ω/sq. The EMI SE achieved was remarkably high, reaching up to 53.8 dB. Li et al. (Li et al. 2020 ) employed electroless plating to load metal nickel onto a nylon net, which was subsequently blended with polypropylene. As a result, the prepared composite material exhibited an EMI SE of 50.1 dB. The interaction force between the conductive filler and the substrate, however, is relatively weak, resulting in easy peeling off of the coating and poor mechanical properties. Consequently, this leads to a deterioration in shielding performance and a shortened service life when exposed to complex practical application environments. The conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) possesses inherent advantages such as high conductivity, excellent environmental stability, facile synthesis, and non-toxicity. It can be chemically deposited in situ on the substrate surface with controllable deposition amount achieved through growth time control. The proposed method not only addresses the issue of adhesive failure in conductive coatings but also effectively regulates EMI SE. In this study, we applied a sericin-based intumescent flame retardant containing urea and polyphosphate (APP) onto the surface of cotton fabric. Subsequently, carbonization was conducted at 900 ℃ for 5 min under air atmosphere to produce conductive carbonized textiles by the protection of non-flammable gas and char residue. In order to further improve its EMI shielding performance, IFR-C-PPy was prepared by controlled in-situ growth of PPy on carbonized cotton fabric. Furthermore, we tested and analyzed its morphology, structure, EMI shielding performance and thermal stability performance. The obtained IFR-C-PPy samples have excellent electrical conductivity, EMI shielding performance and thermal stability. In this paper, a new method for synthesizing highly efficient and stable lightweight EMI shielding materials was proposed, which had high practical application value. 2. Experimental 2.1 Material Cotton fabric (100% twill woven cotton, 180 ± 5 g/m 2 ) was purchased from Huzhou Textile Co., Ltd., China. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP II, DP > 1000) was supplied by Shandong Hongchuang Flame Retardant Reagent Co., Ltd., China. The sericin (the polar amino acids constitute more than 95% of the total amino acid composition, while the nitrogen content exceeds 13.5%) was obtained from Chengdu Yunxi Chemical Co., Ltd., China. The following chemicals are purchased from Hangzhou Gaojing Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., China. Absolute ethyl alcohol (AR > 99%, CH 3 CH 2 OH), pyrrole (C 4 H 5 N), trisodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 ), and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). The reagents ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and urea (AR > 99%, CO(NH 2 ) 2 ) are obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) was procured from Huzhou Shuanglin Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. The water utilized in the experiment was deionized (DI) water. 2.2 Preparation of IFR-C Firstly, the IFR dispersion was prepared by dissolving 2.5 g of sericin, 2.5 g of urea, and 5 g of APP in 20 g of DI water. Subsequently, the IFR dispersion was applied to a 10 cm × 10 cm cotton fabric by means of spraying and dried at 60 ℃. Next, the modified cotton fabric was placed between two quartz plates and carbonized in an air atmosphere within a muffle furnace at 900 ℃ for a duration of 5 min. Afterward, the carbonized cotton fabric was carefully extracted from the furnace and allowed to cool down to room temperature, thus resulting in IFR-C. The preparation procress is shown in Scheme 1 . 2.3 Preparation of IFR-C-PPy composites In detail, a total of 3.35 g of pyrrole monomer was accurately weighed and introduced into 100 mL of ethanol solution, followed by vigorous stirring in an ice water bath for subsequent utilization. The 1.8 mol/L FeCl 3 solution was subsequently prepared, and a 2 g HCl solution (1 mol/L) was introduced as the dopant for PPy. The solution was vigorously mixed and then transferred to an ice bath for rapid cooling. After removing any oil residues, the carbonized cotton fabric was immersed into pyrrole for 1.5 min before being air-dried prior to immersion into a FeCl 3 solution for 3 min. The carbonized cotton fabric was then extracted and washed with ethanol. The samples are subsequently immersed in a pyrrole solution for 3 min, followed by immersion in FeCl 3 for 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. These resulting samples are labeled as IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min. 2.4 Characterization The surface morphology of the samples was observed using an ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, Gemini SEM500) operating at an accelerated voltage of 5 kV. The macroscopic morphology of the fabric was examined using an Optical microscope (MV3000). The structural features are assessed using an X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD, Rigaku Tokyo) equipped with Cu Ka radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å), and the test angle range was set from 5 to 90°. The surface chemical composition of the samples was investigated using a VG Escalab Mark II spectrometer equipped with an Al Kα excitation radiation (hυ = 1486.6 eV) through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha). The conductivity of the composite was determined using a Four Probe Tester (FT-340). And the EMI shielding performance of IFR-C-PPy composites in the X-band (8.2 GHz-12.4 GHz) frequency range was assessed using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, Ceyear, 3672C-S). The thermal stability of the samples was evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TG, TG209F3) under air and nitrogen (N 2 ) atmospheres within a temperature range from 25 ℃ to 1000 ℃, employing a heating rate of 20 ℃/min. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Morphology characterization of IFR-C-PPy composites The technique of SEM is commonly employed for the characterization of material surface morphology, providing an intuitive reflection of its morphological features. The SEM images of pure cotton fabric was shown in Fig. 1 (a1-a4). The results reveal that the surface of the pure cotton fabric exhibits a smooth texture, while the fibers display a flat and twisted morphology. After introducing the IFR mixture, as shown in Fig. 1 (b1-b4), the insoluble APP particles are evenly dispersed on the fabric surface. Additionally, Fig. 1 (c1-c4) shows the modified cotton fabric carbonized at 900 ℃ for 5 min at air atmosphere. The carbonized cotton fabric still remains its original woven structure and inherent form. Besides, many bubbles appear on the surface of the carbonized fabric, which are mainly caused by the interaction between the components of the IFR during the pyrolysis process. The rapid carbonization process maintains its intact microstructure, which could serve as a substrate for establishing an efficient conductive network. The SEM images of IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min are presented in Fig. 1 (d1-d4), Fig. 1 (e1-e4), and Fig. 1 (f1-f4), respectively. After a 30 min deposition time of PPy, there was a less in the number of particles observed on the fiber surface. However, upon extending the deposition time to 60 min, an evident aggregation of particles occurred, effectively filling the gap between the yarns and fibers. Upon reaching a deposition time of 120 min, complete wrapping of the fibers took place, resulting in the formation of a continuous conductive network and giving rise to a distinctive cracking phenomenon. The above results demonstrated that the loading of PPy onto cotton fibers can be significantly increased by extending the deposition time, thereby enhancing its electrical conductivity. The microscopic morphology analysis reveals an enhanced filling effect of polypyrrole with prolonged in-situ growth time. Consequently, we employed optical microscopy to characterize the size of gaps between fibers. We observed the interstitial spaces between the fibers using a light microscope, as depicted in Fig. 2 (a), Fig. 2 (b), Fig. 2 (c), and Fig. 2 (d) for carbonized fabric, IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min, respectively. From the results, we found that the carbonized cotton fabric process significant gaps among the yarns and fibers, which leads to a obvious light transmittance property. Generally, the presence of the gaps in the carbonized fabric results in direct EMW leakage and significantly reduces the efficiency of EMI shielding performance. Nevertheless, as depicted in Fig. 2 (b-d), the light transmittance decreased with increasing deposition time, indicating that gaps among yarns and fibers are gradually occupied by PPy. The aforementioned observation also signifies the successful growth of PPy on the surface, demonstrating a progressive accumulation effect as the deposition time increases. 3.2 Structural and compositional characterization of IFR-C-PPy composites XRD is employed to analyze the diffraction pattern of materials, enabling the determination of their composition and crystal structure. Figure 4 (a) illustrates the XRD results obtained for the composites. The test outcomes reveal that IFR-C exhibit a prominent wide peak at 2θ = 26.5°, corresponding to peak (002) of graphitized carbon, with its intensity being directly proportional to the degree of graphitization. Additionally, a small wide peak emerges at 2θ = 42.8°, representing peak (100) of graphitized carbon. The presence of a strong peak (002) and a weak peak (100) indicates a high level of graphitization in IFR-C material. After in-situ growth of PPy, it is observed that the intensity of peak (002) and peak (100) gradually decreases with an extended deposition time for IFR-C-PPy samples. That is because the loading amounts of PPy on the IFR-C surface is obviously increased with increasing the deposition time. However, the probed depth of the XRD analysis is limited to a few nanometers. resulting in a weakened peak intensity. Moreover, the filling process reduces effective structural features and interatomic distances within the lattice network, leading to weakened intensities of peaks. Furthermore, it is also noted that there is a low-angle shift in peak position for peak (002) caused by additional stress introduced by PPy deposition altering cell spacing within the material (Ur Rehman et al. 2020 ). The XPS technique is commonly employed for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface elements in materials (Lu et al. 2024 ). Figure 4 (b) presents the XPS test results of composite materials, with Figs. 4 (c, d) displaying the sub-peak outcomes for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), respectively. The findings reveal that IFR-C consists of carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) elements. The C1s peak exhibits two distinct peaks: aliphatic carbon C = C at 284.1 eV and aromatic carbon C-C at 284.7 eV, which can be attributed to the breakdown of cellulose macromolecular chains in cotton fabric, facilitating the formation of graphitized carbon as supported by XRD results. Additionally, Fig. 4 (d) illustrates the N1s sub-peak, indicating pyridinium carbon at 398.4 eV and pyrrole carbon at 399.7 eV due to the incorporation of urea and sericin during flame retardant expansion process, leading to nitrogen atom cracking during high temperature carbonization along with slight doping within graphite lattice structure. After the introduction of PPy onto the surface of IFR-C, the presence of Fe and Cl elements is observed while the content of C element decreases. The C1s and N1s peaks are resolved, with the N1s spectrum exhibiting two distinct peaks at 399.8 eV and 402.1 eV, corresponding to N-H and -N + functionalities in PPy, respectively. These findings provide evidence for the successful loading of PPy onto the surface of IFR-C. Moreover, the composition of IFR-C-PPy is confirmed through Raman spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. Figure 3 (e) indicated that the prepared composite materials exhibit two distinct peaks, namely the D peak and G peak. The I D parameter represents amorphous and defective carbon, while the I G parameter represents highly crystalline carbon. A lower I D to I G ratio indicated a higher degree of graphitization and greater stability in the resulting carbon. Additionally, a 2D peak at 2700 cm − 1 was observed in IFR-C, indicating the formation of a substantial layer of graphite carbon within the carbonized fabric, which effectively enhances material conductivity. Owing to the deposition of PPy on the surface of IFR-C, both the D and G peaks showed significant reductions, and the 2D peak disappears. This is because the increase of deposition time leads to an augmentation in the thickness of PPy on the IFR-C surface. Moreover, XRD analysis reveals that the probed depth is limited to 10 nm, resulting in a weakened peak intensity. The structural characteristics of the material are further elucidated through the implementation of infrared testing. Figure 3 (f) depicts the FTIR spectra of composites. From the results, it is observed that at 1589 cm − 1 , IFR-C exhibits a stretching vibration corresponding to C = C double bond, at 1370 cm − 1 , there is a peak indicating C-N single bond stretching vibration. And at 1310 cm − 1 , an in-plane bending vibration peak of C-H is observed. Additionally, the wave crests observed at 1078 cm − 1 and 930 cm − 1 in the composite material represents deformation vibrations of C-H bond (Gahlout and Choudhary 2019 ; Wang et al. 2021 ). On the other hand, IFR-C-PPy displays characteristic peaks: a PPy-specific C-C stretching vibration peak at 1542 cm − 1 , a C-N stretching vibration peak at 1433 cm − 1 and respiratory vibrations associated with pyrrole ring motion within the C-N plane at 1169 cm − 1 (Turczyn et al. 2020 ; Liu et al. 2021 ). Raman and FTIR analyses collectively confirms that PPy has successfully attached to the surface of carbonized fabric via an in-situ growth process. 3.3 Electrical conductivity and EMI SE of IFR-C-PPy Except for the structural morphology, the conductivity of materials also plays a crucial role in determining the EMI shielding performance (Li et al. 2023 ). Hence, we conducted a comprehensive conductivity test on IFR-C-PPy. Figure 4 (a) illustrates the results obtained from this test. The sheet resistance of IFR-C is measured to be 24.42 Ω/sq. With increasing deposition time of PPy on the surface of IFR-C, the sheet resistance decreases from 16.99 Ω/sq to 13.51 Ω/sq, and further reduces to only 11.85 Ω/sq after a deposition time of 120 min. The deposition of PPy is found to significantly enhance the conductivity of IFR-C. In general, the higher the conductivity, the higher the SE T value of EMI shielding performance. Additionally, the enhanced loading quantity of PPy onto the surface of IFR-C effectively fills in the gaps between carbonized fibers, thereby facilitating the formation of a continuous and tightly interconnected conductive network pathway. To evaluate the shielding efficiency of the material, S 11 and S 21 measurements are conducted in X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) using a vector network analyzer based on coaxial methodology. In accordance with Schelkunoff theory, the total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE T ) encompasses absorption (SE A ), reflection (SE R ), and multiple reflections (SE M ). When SE T exceeds 15 dB, SE A and SE R are considered as the dominant contributors. The absorption power coefficient (A), reflected power coefficient (R), and transmitted power coefficient (T) can be derived from S 11 and S 22 measurements using the following formulas (Chen et al., 2013 ). $$R={\left|{S}_{11}\right|}^{2}, T={\left|{S}_{21}\right|}^{2}$$ 1 $$1=A+R+T$$ 2 $${SE}_{T}=-10\text{log}\left|T\right|$$ 3 $${SE}_{R}=-10\text{log}\left|1-R\right|$$ 4 $${SE}_{A}=-10\text{log}\left|T/\left(1-R\right)\right|$$ 5 $${SE}_{T}=100-\left(\frac{1}{{10}^{SE/10}}\right)\times 100$$ 6 $${SE}_{A}=-10\text{log}\left|T/\left(1-R\right)\right|$$ 7 The EMI SE of composite materials are presented in Fig. 4 (b, c) and Table 1 . It is observed that cotton fabrics loaded with intumescent flame retardant exhibits excellent EMI shielding performance after carbonization at 900 ℃ for 5 min, thereby addressing the limitations associate with the traditional process characterizes by prolong duration and high temperature. By depositing PPy on the surface of IFR-C, the EMI shielding performance exhibits an increasing trend with longer deposition time. Specifically, the EMI shielding performance improves from 17.55 dB for bare IFR-C to 28.22 dB after a deposition time of 120 min, resulting in an overall enhancement of 60.80%. The increase in deposition time leads to the accumulation of PPy on the surface, resulting in the formation of a dual-layer conductive network with the internal carbonized fabric and enhancing the reflection of EMW. Simultaneously, the deposition of PPy fills the surface holes of IFR-C, reducing leakage behavior and improving EMI SE. Figure 4 (d) is the A, T and R coefficient of the samples. IFR-C is a reflective EMI shielding material with an R value of 0.81 and A value of 0.16. With an increase in the deposition time of PPy, the R value initially increases and then decreases. The R value of IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min are 0.82, 0.82 and 0.83, respectively. The results show that the samples are reflective EMI shielding material. Moreover, increasing the thickness of the material often enhances its EMI shielding performance, thus we investigate the different numbers layer of soft IFR-C-PPy-60 min to evaluate its EMI shielding performance, as illustrates in Fig. 5 (a-c) and Table 2 . The results demonstrate that the stacking of 4 layers of IFR-C-PPy can achieve a remarkable EMI shielding performance of 51.84 dB, effectively blocking 99.999% of EMW. Table 1 SE R , SE A and SE T values of the samples Samples SE A SE R SE T IFR-C 10.23 7.32 17.55 IFR-C-PPy-30 min 12.78 7.48 20.26 IFR-C-PPy-60 min 17.06 7.60 24.66 IFR-C-PPy-120 min 20.51 7.71 28.22 Table 2 SE R , SE A and SE T values of IFR-C-PPy with different stacking layers Samples SE A SE R SE T 1 layer 17.27 7.60 24.87 2 layers 26.46 7.78 34.24 3 layers 32.66 7.68 40.34 4 layers 42.99 8.84 51.84 The dissipative mechanism of EMW inside IFR-C-PPy is illustrated in Fig. 5 (d). As depicted, PPy densely deposits on the surface of the carbonized fabric, forming a certain thickness that not only establishes a multi-interface conductive network but also constructs a double-layer conductive interface. When external EMW penetrate the surface of material, electrons propagate rapidly within this double-layer conductive network, creating a complete conductive pathway and partially attenuating the EMW. Additionally, due to its specific thickness, the material causes multiple reflections of EMW at internal interfaces, resulting in significant reflection within the material. 3.4 Thermal stability of IFR-C-PPy and fire safety A significant drawback of the majority of EMI shielding materials lies in their limited ability to withstand high temperatures, and the high temperature resistance range of the material can be effectively characterized through thermogravimetric testing (Kong et al. 2021 ). Figure 6 (a, b) depicts the TG and DTG curves of IFR-C and IFR-C-PPy under air atmosphere. In the air atmosphere, The IFR-C material exhibits two prominent thermogravimetric peaks. At approximately 100°C, a thermogravimetric peak is observed, attributed to the exceptional hydrophilicity of IFR-C that enables efficient adsorption and removal of moisture from the surrounding atmosphere. In the temperature range of 500–600 ℃, a more pronounced thermogravimetric peak emerges, indicating further carbonization and gasification degradation processes undergone by IFR-C. Ultimately, at 800°C, there is an extremely limited amount of residual material. However, IFR-C-PPy exhibited three distinct thermogravimetric stages. The weight loss observed between 100 ℃ and 200 ℃ primarily arises from the desorption of moisture within the material. PPy is inherently hydrophobic, however, its doping with HCl imparts certain hydrophilic properties. As the loading capacity of PPy increases, a corresponding enhancement in weight loss rate at this temperature range can be observed. And the weight loss between 300–500°C is primarily arised from the degradation of sulfonic acid groups within the PPy framework. Furthermore, the weight loss phenomenon is most pronounced at 700 ℃, attributed to the degradation of the PPy main chain and internal carbon layer, followed by further oxidative degradation in ambient air. With an increase in PPy load, thermogravimetry at this stage initially increased and then decreased due to the enhanced thickness of PPy effectively shielding the inner shell layer and reducing its susceptibility to thermal oxidation. The residual weight rate of IFR-C-PPy can reach 20% or above at 800 ℃, and the residual weight can reach 57% after a deposition time of 120 min, indicating excellent thermal stability. The thermal stability data of the composite in nitrogen atmosphere are presented in Fig. 6 (c, d). In comparison to air, the thermogravimetric curve of the composites exhibited remarkable stability. The exceptional thermal performance observed at 800 ℃ can be attributed primarily to the elimination of water from the previous material and removal of certain small molecules from PPy. Notably, even at 800 ℃, a residual weight rate above 60% is maintained by the material. The comprehensive thermal stability assessment conducted on IFR-C-PPy demonstrated their excellent resistance to high temperatures after modification, thereby expanding their applicable temperature range. Additionally, considering the increasing fire risk associated with highly integrated and miniaturized instruments, it is imperative to ensure the fire resistance properties of EMI shielding materials. Fire resistance was tested by a butane spray gun, as illustrated in Fig. 7 (a1-a4). The experimental findings reveals that the sample retained its intact morphology even after 60 s of exposure to fire, thereby demonstrating excellent fire resistance. Position the IFR-C-PPy-60 min before and after combustion between the Tesla coil and a small bulb, as depicts in Fig. 7 c and d. The previously lit bulb went out immediately, indicating that the IFR-C-60 min both before and after burning can effectively shield the EMWs generate by the Tesla coil. This phenomenon provides tangible evidence for the excellent EMI shielding performance exhibited. 4. Conclusion In this study, a kind of carbonized fabric is prepared by loading intumescent flame retardant on cotton fabric under 900 ℃ in air atmosphere for 5 min. This innovative method effectively solves the problem of high energy consumption and long time in the traditional biochar preparation process. Based on this, we use in-situ growth of PPy to form a double-layer conductive network structure on the carbonized fabric. The experimental results show that when the deposition time reaches 120 min, the EMI SE of carbonized fabric increases from the initial value of 17.55 dB to 28.22 dB. Especially, by stacking 4 layers of IFR-C-PPy-60 min, the SE T is increased to 51.84 dB. In addition, IFR-C-PPy also shows excellent thermal stability and fire resistance, which has great potential as a broadband, efficient, environmentally friendly and stable electromagnetic shielding material. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics approval: Not applicable. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Consent for publication All the authors consent for the publication of this article. Data availability statement All relevant data are included in the manuscript. Data can be available from the corresponding author upon request. Acknowledgements The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52203105), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. LQ22E030007) and Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (ZSTU) (No. 2020YBZX24 and 20202291-Y). Authors' contributions J.L.: Methodology, Writing-original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, J.Y. and Z.J.: Data curation, Writing-review & editing, Supervision. Y.Z.: Resources & validation, Conceptualization, Writing-review & editing. H.Z and Y.Y.: Writing-review & editing, Supervision. D.Q.: Formal analysis, Validation, Writing-review & editing. References Brown TR, Wright MM, Brown RC (2011) Estimating profitability of two biochar production scenarios: slow pyrolysis vs fast pyrolysis. 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ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:32094–32105. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05884 Nagaraju G, Cha SM, Sekhar SC, Yu JS (2017) Metallic Layered Polyester Fabric Enabled Nickel Selenide Nanostructures as Highly Conductive and Binderless Electrode with Superior Energy Storage Performance. Advanced Energy Materials 7:1601362. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601362 Orasugh JT, Botlhoko OJ, Temane LT, Ray SS (2024) Progress in polymer nonwoven textile materials in electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Functional Composite Mater 5:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42252-024-00054-6 Raagulan K, Braveenth R, Jang HJ, et al (2018) Electromagnetic Shielding by MXene-Graphene-PVDF Composite with Hydrophobic, Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Coated Fabric. Materials 11:1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101803 Rao W, Shi J, Yu C, et al (2021) Highly efficient, transparent, and environment-friendly flame-retardant coating for cotton fabric. Chemical Engineering Journal 424:130556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130556 Smith MK, Mirica KA (2017) Self-Organized Frameworks on Textiles (SOFT): Conductive Fabrics for Simultaneous Sensing, Capture, and Filtration of Gases. J Am Chem Soc 139:16759–16767. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b08840 Turczyn R, Krukiewicz K, Katunin A, et al (2020) Fabrication and application of electrically conducting composites for electromagnetic interference shielding of remotely piloted aircraft systems. Composite Structures 232:111498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111498 Ur Rehman S, Sun M, Xu M, et al (2020) Carbonized zeolitic imidazolate framework-67/polypyrrole: A magnetic-dielectric interface for enhanced microwave absorption properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 574:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.053 Wang Y, Peng H-K, Li T-T, et al (2021) Lightweight, flexible and superhydrophobic conductive composite films based on layer-by-layer self-assembly for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 141:106199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106199 Yu H, Zhang S, Lian Y, et al (2024) Electronic Textile with Passive Thermal Management for Outdoor Health Monitoring. Adv Fiber Mater. 42765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-024-00412-w Zhang Y, Tian W, Liu L, et al (2019) Eco-friendly flame retardant and electromagnetic interference shielding cotton fabrics with multi-layered coatings. Chemical Engineering Journal 372:1077–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.012 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files TOC.tif Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Cellulose → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jun, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 31 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 31 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4493990","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":313000619,"identity":"686eb77f-9e86-4b2f-b267-97619457df41","order_by":0,"name":"JiaYu Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"JiaYu","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":313000620,"identity":"4cdb6e62-edeb-410b-88c0-b654bce56bf4","order_by":1,"name":"Jin Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jin","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":313000621,"identity":"0e1d3fec-b8c1-43b1-8e32-8fe660d0b5aa","order_by":2,"name":"Ziqing Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ziqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":313000622,"identity":"7876e8c9-0ebd-487c-98af-3987aa0e0cef","order_by":3,"name":"Yan Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4klEQVRIie3RsQrCMBCA4ZRAXFLqeB20r1DpIujDpBTs0hbcHBwiSh27dvM1HCuBulRcXbs4d3URI3RwihkF8085uA9CgpDJ9JM5bdutYNxPWIdQHEAzD/ptPULA3i1Crk28Mq3A5SI+FNca0GoW8sGlUhKrzJi/PIp0U0YEUBOHnGZMSTAwn7mNSLeACVi5CDlQX0mIJJWdi5g4QpKnBqGQTLidLxhF8mIW1yBA7xGWjzwpIQqmrI6DnCZq4u2j80N+pecVp/bWrWejYtCoCRqyj+F9Jup9mVN9XTGZTKZ/7wXlLkAbexhiEgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":313000623,"identity":"43e07a3f-03e3-4848-af01-7642ae70c6c1","order_by":4,"name":"Hao Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":313000624,"identity":"2ea2de80-ff85-45be-b4a7-046fd94a188c","order_by":5,"name":"Yihao Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang King Label Technology Co., Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yihao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":313000626,"identity":"389cb60e-6179-4e72-ab87-edc40ea496e5","order_by":6,"name":"Dongming Qi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dongming","middleName":"","lastName":"Qi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-29 03:25:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493990/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493990/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-06150-x","type":"published","date":"2024-09-03T16:08:22+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58305218,"identity":"87f8ffb1-3f04-4138-8ee6-bfe61a30d822","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 17:58:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":448394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of a1-a4) cotton fabric, b1-b4) loaded IFR fabric, c1-c2) IFR-C, d1-d4) IFR- C-PPy-30 min, e1-e4) IFR- C-PPy-60 min, f1-f4) IFR-C-PPy-120 min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/6ee0dee92a4d2b1449abce96.jpg"},{"id":58305217,"identity":"4dc9697a-929e-4c4d-804e-97600113354b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 17:58:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptical images of a) carbonized fabric, b) IFR-C-PPy-30 min, c) IFR- C-PPy-60 min, d) IFR- C-PPy-120 min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/4ab417765e6e5419e5182a52.jpg"},{"id":58305222,"identity":"0650d3d5-d03b-40ce-95e7-3a556c0a779b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 17:58:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":329122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD of composites (a); XPS of composites (b); Characteristic peak of C1s (c); Characteristic peak of N1s (d); Raman spectrum of composites (e); FTIR spectrum of composites (f).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/bc15ea8d61d8d22a7fc102ad.jpg"},{"id":58305503,"identity":"f24e902d-160e-4f0f-8a57-f09cc966851e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:06:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":160844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSheet resistance of IFR-C-PPy (a); SE\u003csub\u003eT \u003c/sub\u003eof IFR-C-PPy (b); The average SE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e, SE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e and SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e values of IFR-C-PPy (c); Plots of the average power coefficient for IFR-C-PPy (d).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/de749a9c5873d6048c4ede10.jpg"},{"id":58305683,"identity":"9ef37a2e-991a-4e9d-9d4e-11b6b75aca99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:14:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eT \u003c/sub\u003evalues of IFR-C-PPy with different stacking layers (a); The average SE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e, SE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e and SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e values of IFR-C-PPy with different stacking layers (b); Plots of the average power coefficient for IFR-C-PPy with different stacking layers (c); The dissipative mechanism of EMW inside IFR-C-PPy (d).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/9eee36e124e9d10d4b471d83.jpg"},{"id":58305505,"identity":"d499e446-c7fa-4bd0-b109-43e32668d803","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 18:06:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":272081,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTG (a) and DTG (b) results of IFR-C-PPy in air atmosphere; TG (c) and DTG (d) results of IFR-C-PPy in N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/3d4dcac61ef1fe882c50b06c.jpg"},{"id":58305219,"identity":"eea1a1b8-a06a-4831-a958-36c1b382ae0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 17:58:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFire resistance of IFR-C-PPy (a1-a4); Normal display of Tesla coils (b). Images of EMI shielding of a Tesla coil with IFR-C-PPy before burning (c). Images of EMI shielding of a Tesla coil with IFR-C-PPy after burning (d).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/8fd7a3e37b3b4326c68013a0.jpg"},{"id":64186177,"identity":"bfa51336-07c4-41d2-903a-e798aca1bdac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-09 16:25:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2109663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/3f221170-dad6-4db1-a9c8-3b264cfb7691.pdf"},{"id":58305224,"identity":"867880ce-abd9-41ad-abfc-c1465580c460","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 17:58:57","extension":"tif","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":3090034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TOC.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4493990/v1/23cb7f1f47b5405ecc84af00.tif"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Polypyrrole-decorated carbonized cotton fabric derived at air atmosphere for tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance and highly fire safety","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eConductive fabrics are extensively utilized in intelligent wearables and medical monitoring due to their exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, softness, and breathable comfort (Nagaraju et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ghosh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Orasugh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Especially, carbonized fabrics exhibit superior electrical conductivity and thermal stability, making them suitable for harsh conditions such as high temperature and pressure (Smith and Mirica \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al.). They are widely applied in the production of high-performance mechanical components, high-temperature pyrolysis reactors, protective materials, particularly as electromagnetic shielding materials (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Yu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, the conventional carbonization process entails stringent requirements such as oxygen restriction, high-temperature treatment, and prolonged duration, which fails to meet the escalating demand. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to explore strategies for achieving enhanced convenience and scalability in the preparation of EMI shielding carbonized fabric.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonized biomass fabric is a type of biochar material that is primarily derived from the thermal decomposition of biomass components such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose at elevated temperatures to yield stable biochar materials (Brown et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Garlapalli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). These materials are typically prepared using methods including slow pyrolysis, gas pyrolysis, and fast pyrolysis. The resulting carbonized fabric retains the woven structure of the original fabric while offering notable advantages such as flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and robust thermal stability. Simultaneously, carbonized fabrics exhibit abundant specific surface area and could serve as an excellent substrate for accommodating diverse conductive or magnetic particles. Consequently, it also holds significant potential for EMI shielding applications. Chithra et al (Chithra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) incorporated sucrose solution into cotton fibers via filtration and drying processes prior to carbonize at 900\u0026deg;C for 2 h under an argon atmosphere. The obtained char composite foam exhibits an EMI SE of 38.9 dB. Jia et al. (Jia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) subjected cotton fabric to nitrogen (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and then carbonized it at temperatures ranging from 800\u0026deg;C to 1000\u0026deg;C for 2 h, skillfully manipulating their surface structure through the incorporation of carbon black (CB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The prepared composite material exhibited an EMI SE of 42.9 dB, while demonstrating exceptional flexibility and mechanical robustness. Jia et al. (Jia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) fabricated carbonized cotton (CC) by subjecting the cotton pad to a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000\u0026deg;C for 2 h, followed by impregnation with TPU to obtain TCC, whose EMI shielding performance could reach 27 dB at a thickness of 0.9 mm. However, the conventional biochar preparation process necessitates stringent oxygen restriction and is associated with drawbacks such as prolonged duration, intricate procedure, and harsh reaction conditions. Therefore, it is of great significance to efficiently produce a structurally controlled biochar material in air atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high shielding effect of carbonized fabric is closely associated with its high density and conductivity, while the latter is dependent on a high degree of graphitization (Rao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, to achieve high EMI shielding performance using carbonized fabrics, it is imperative to maintain their structural stability and enhance graphitization degree. Drawing inspiration from intumescent flame retardants, incorporating them onto the fabric surface not only helps preserve the woven structure but also generates a conductive carbon layer (Miao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Ge et al. synthesized a water-soluble carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus (C-N-P) ternary intumescent flame retardants. Utilizing cyanogen chloride (TCT), ethylene glycol (EG), and o-phosphoethanolamine (O-PEA) as raw materials, which was subsequently coated onto cotton fabric. The combustion process of the treated cotton fabric resulted in complete carbon residue formation while preserving the original weaving structure. In addition, the degree of graphitization is also improved. Motivated by this, in this study, the composition of intumescent flame retardant was adjusted to serve as a catalyst for the carbonization process of cotton fabric under air conditions. This adjustment is expected to enhance the degree of graphitization while preserving the char structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonized fabrics serve as an excellent substrate, and the incorporation of other conductive materials through in-situ growth can synergistically enhance the EMI shielding performance. Currently, the primary approach involves augmenting its shielding efficiency through in-situ growth or application of conductive or magnetic substances onto its surface, such as titanium carbide, carbon black, ferric oxide, and so on. Raagulan et al. (Raagulan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) sprayed Mxene and graphene onto carbonized fiber, and the composite material exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and EMI SE, demonstrating a high conductivity of 13.68 S\u0026middot;cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and a minimum resistance of 3.1 Ω/sq. The EMI SE achieved was remarkably high, reaching up to 53.8 dB. Li et al. (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) employed electroless plating to load metal nickel onto a nylon net, which was subsequently blended with polypropylene. As a result, the prepared composite material exhibited an EMI SE of 50.1 dB. The interaction force between the conductive filler and the substrate, however, is relatively weak, resulting in easy peeling off of the coating and poor mechanical properties. Consequently, this leads to a deterioration in shielding performance and a shortened service life when exposed to complex practical application environments. The conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) possesses inherent advantages such as high conductivity, excellent environmental stability, facile synthesis, and non-toxicity. It can be chemically deposited in situ on the substrate surface with controllable deposition amount achieved through growth time control. The proposed method not only addresses the issue of adhesive failure in conductive coatings but also effectively regulates EMI SE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we applied a sericin-based intumescent flame retardant containing urea and polyphosphate (APP) onto the surface of cotton fabric. Subsequently, carbonization was conducted at 900 ℃ for 5 min under air atmosphere to produce conductive carbonized textiles by the protection of non-flammable gas and char residue. In order to further improve its EMI shielding performance, IFR-C-PPy was prepared by controlled in-situ growth of PPy on carbonized cotton fabric. Furthermore, we tested and analyzed its morphology, structure, EMI shielding performance and thermal stability performance. The obtained IFR-C-PPy samples have excellent electrical conductivity, EMI shielding performance and thermal stability. In this paper, a new method for synthesizing highly efficient and stable lightweight EMI shielding materials was proposed, which had high practical application value.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCotton fabric (100% twill woven cotton, 180\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was purchased from Huzhou Textile Co., Ltd., China. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP II, DP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1000) was supplied by Shandong Hongchuang Flame Retardant Reagent Co., Ltd., China. The sericin (the polar amino acids constitute more than 95% of the total amino acid composition, while the nitrogen content exceeds 13.5%) was obtained from Chengdu Yunxi Chemical Co., Ltd., China. The following chemicals are purchased from Hangzhou Gaojing Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., China. Absolute ethyl alcohol (AR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;99%, CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH), pyrrole (C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eN), trisodium phosphate (Na\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), and sodium carbonate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). The reagents ferric chloride (FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and urea (AR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;99%, CO(NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) are obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) was procured from Huzhou Shuanglin Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., China. The water utilized in the experiment was deionized (DI) water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation of IFR-C\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, the IFR dispersion was prepared by dissolving 2.5 g of sericin, 2.5 g of urea, and 5 g of APP in 20 g of DI water. Subsequently, the IFR dispersion was applied to a 10 cm \u0026times; 10 cm cotton fabric by means of spraying and dried at 60 ℃. Next, the modified cotton fabric was placed between two quartz plates and carbonized in an air atmosphere within a muffle furnace at 900 ℃ for a duration of 5 min. Afterward, the carbonized cotton fabric was carefully extracted from the furnace and allowed to cool down to room temperature, thus resulting in IFR-C. The preparation procress is shown in Scheme \u003cspan refid=\"Sch1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Preparation of IFR-C-PPy composites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn detail, a total of 3.35 g of pyrrole monomer was accurately weighed and introduced into 100 mL of ethanol solution, followed by vigorous stirring in an ice water bath for subsequent utilization. The 1.8 mol/L FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution was subsequently prepared, and a 2 g HCl solution (1 mol/L) was introduced as the dopant for PPy. The solution was vigorously mixed and then transferred to an ice bath for rapid cooling. After removing any oil residues, the carbonized cotton fabric was immersed into pyrrole for 1.5 min before being air-dried prior to immersion into a FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution for 3 min. The carbonized cotton fabric was then extracted and washed with ethanol. The samples are subsequently immersed in a pyrrole solution for 3 min, followed by immersion in FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e for 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. These resulting samples are labeled as IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surface morphology of the samples was observed using an ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, Gemini SEM500) operating at an accelerated voltage of 5 kV. The macroscopic morphology of the fabric was examined using an Optical microscope (MV3000). The structural features are assessed using an X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD, Rigaku Tokyo) equipped with Cu Ka radiation (λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.54178 \u0026Aring;), and the test angle range was set from 5 to 90\u0026deg;. The surface chemical composition of the samples was investigated using a VG Escalab Mark II spectrometer equipped with an Al Kα excitation radiation (hυ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1486.6 eV) through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha). The conductivity of the composite was determined using a Four Probe Tester (FT-340). And the EMI shielding performance of IFR-C-PPy composites in the X-band (8.2 GHz-12.4 GHz) frequency range was assessed using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, Ceyear, 3672C-S). The thermal stability of the samples was evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TG, TG209F3) under air and nitrogen (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) atmospheres within a temperature range from 25 ℃ to 1000 ℃, employing a heating rate of 20 ℃/min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Morphology characterization of IFR-C-PPy composites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe technique of SEM is commonly employed for the characterization of material surface morphology, providing an intuitive reflection of its morphological features. The SEM images of pure cotton fabric was shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(a1-a4). The results reveal that the surface of the pure cotton fabric exhibits a smooth texture, while the fibers display a flat and twisted morphology. After introducing the IFR mixture, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(b1-b4), the insoluble APP particles are evenly dispersed on the fabric surface. Additionally, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(c1-c4) shows the modified cotton fabric carbonized at 900 ℃ for 5 min at air atmosphere. The carbonized cotton fabric still remains its original woven structure and inherent form. Besides, many bubbles appear on the surface of the carbonized fabric, which are mainly caused by the interaction between the components of the IFR during the pyrolysis process. The rapid carbonization process maintains its intact microstructure, which could serve as a substrate for establishing an efficient conductive network. The SEM images of IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(d1-d4), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(e1-e4), and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(f1-f4), respectively. After a 30 min deposition time of PPy, there was a less in the number of particles observed on the fiber surface. However, upon extending the deposition time to 60 min, an evident aggregation of particles occurred, effectively filling the gap between the yarns and fibers. Upon reaching a deposition time of 120 min, complete wrapping of the fibers took place, resulting in the formation of a continuous conductive network and giving rise to a distinctive cracking phenomenon. The above results demonstrated that the loading of PPy onto cotton fibers can be significantly increased by extending the deposition time, thereby enhancing its electrical conductivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microscopic morphology analysis reveals an enhanced filling effect of polypyrrole with prolonged in-situ growth time. Consequently, we employed optical microscopy to characterize the size of gaps between fibers. We observed the interstitial spaces between the fibers using a light microscope, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (a), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (b), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (c), and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (d) for carbonized fabric, IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min, respectively. From the results, we found that the carbonized cotton fabric process significant gaps among the yarns and fibers, which leads to a obvious light transmittance property. Generally, the presence of the gaps in the carbonized fabric results in direct EMW leakage and significantly reduces the efficiency of EMI shielding performance. Nevertheless, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(b-d), the light transmittance decreased with increasing deposition time, indicating that gaps among yarns and fibers are gradually occupied by PPy. The aforementioned observation also signifies the successful growth of PPy on the surface, demonstrating a progressive accumulation effect as the deposition time increases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Structural and compositional characterization of IFR-C-PPy composites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eXRD is employed to analyze the diffraction pattern of materials, enabling the determination of their composition and crystal structure. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a) illustrates the XRD results obtained for the composites. The test outcomes reveal that IFR-C exhibit a prominent wide peak at 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.5\u0026deg;, corresponding to peak (002) of graphitized carbon, with its intensity being directly proportional to the degree of graphitization. Additionally, a small wide peak emerges at 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.8\u0026deg;, representing peak (100) of graphitized carbon. The presence of a strong peak (002) and a weak peak (100) indicates a high level of graphitization in IFR-C material. After in-situ growth of PPy, it is observed that the intensity of peak (002) and peak (100) gradually decreases with an extended deposition time for IFR-C-PPy samples. That is because the loading amounts of PPy on the IFR-C surface is obviously increased with increasing the deposition time. However, the probed depth of the XRD analysis is limited to a few nanometers. resulting in a weakened peak intensity. Moreover, the filling process reduces effective structural features and interatomic distances within the lattice network, leading to weakened intensities of peaks. Furthermore, it is also noted that there is a low-angle shift in peak position for peak (002) caused by additional stress introduced by PPy deposition altering cell spacing within the material (Ur Rehman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe XPS technique is commonly employed for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface elements in materials (Lu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(b) presents the XPS test results of composite materials, with Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(c, d) displaying the sub-peak outcomes for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), respectively. The findings reveal that IFR-C consists of carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) elements. The C1s peak exhibits two distinct peaks: aliphatic carbon C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C at 284.1 eV and aromatic carbon C-C at 284.7 eV, which can be attributed to the breakdown of cellulose macromolecular chains in cotton fabric, facilitating the formation of graphitized carbon as supported by XRD results. Additionally, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(d) illustrates the N1s sub-peak, indicating pyridinium carbon at 398.4 eV and pyrrole carbon at 399.7 eV due to the incorporation of urea and sericin during flame retardant expansion process, leading to nitrogen atom cracking during high temperature carbonization along with slight doping within graphite lattice structure. After the introduction of PPy onto the surface of IFR-C, the presence of Fe and Cl elements is observed while the content of C element decreases. The C1s and N1s peaks are resolved, with the N1s spectrum exhibiting two distinct peaks at 399.8 eV and 402.1 eV, corresponding to N-H and -N\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e functionalities in PPy, respectively. These findings provide evidence for the successful loading of PPy onto the surface of IFR-C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the composition of IFR-C-PPy is confirmed through Raman spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(e) indicated that the prepared composite materials exhibit two distinct peaks, namely the D peak and G peak. The I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e parameter represents amorphous and defective carbon, while the I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e parameter represents highly crystalline carbon. A lower I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e to I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e ratio indicated a higher degree of graphitization and greater stability in the resulting carbon. Additionally, a 2D peak at 2700 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was observed in IFR-C, indicating the formation of a substantial layer of graphite carbon within the carbonized fabric, which effectively enhances material conductivity. Owing to the deposition of PPy on the surface of IFR-C, both the D and G peaks showed significant reductions, and the 2D peak disappears. This is because the increase of deposition time leads to an augmentation in the thickness of PPy on the IFR-C surface. Moreover, XRD analysis reveals that the probed depth is limited to 10 nm, resulting in a weakened peak intensity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structural characteristics of the material are further elucidated through the implementation of infrared testing. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(f) depicts the FTIR spectra of composites. From the results, it is observed that at 1589 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, IFR-C exhibits a stretching vibration corresponding to C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C double bond, at 1370 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, there is a peak indicating C-N single bond stretching vibration. And at 1310 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, an in-plane bending vibration peak of C-H is observed. Additionally, the wave crests observed at 1078 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 930 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the composite material represents deformation vibrations of C-H bond (Gahlout and Choudhary \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, IFR-C-PPy displays characteristic peaks: a PPy-specific C-C stretching vibration peak at 1542 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, a C-N stretching vibration peak at 1433 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and respiratory vibrations associated with pyrrole ring motion within the C-N plane at 1169 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Turczyn et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Raman and FTIR analyses collectively confirms that PPy has successfully attached to the surface of carbonized fabric via an in-situ growth process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Electrical conductivity and EMI SE of IFR-C-PPy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcept for the structural morphology, the conductivity of materials also plays a crucial role in determining the EMI shielding performance (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, we conducted a comprehensive conductivity test on IFR-C-PPy. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a) illustrates the results obtained from this test. The sheet resistance of IFR-C is measured to be 24.42 Ω/sq. With increasing deposition time of PPy on the surface of IFR-C, the sheet resistance decreases from 16.99 Ω/sq to 13.51 Ω/sq, and further reduces to only 11.85 Ω/sq after a deposition time of 120 min. The deposition of PPy is found to significantly enhance the conductivity of IFR-C. In general, the higher the conductivity, the higher the SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e value of EMI shielding performance. Additionally, the enhanced loading quantity of PPy onto the surface of IFR-C effectively fills in the gaps between carbonized fibers, thereby facilitating the formation of a continuous and tightly interconnected conductive network pathway.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the shielding efficiency of the material, S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e measurements are conducted in X-band (8.2\u0026ndash;12.4 GHz) using a vector network analyzer based on coaxial methodology. In accordance with Schelkunoff theory, the total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e) encompasses absorption (SE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e), reflection (SE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e), and multiple reflections (SE\u003csub\u003eM\u003c/sub\u003e). When SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e exceeds 15 dB, SE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e and SE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e are considered as the dominant contributors. The absorption power coefficient (A), reflected power coefficient (R), and transmitted power coefficient (T) can be derived from S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e measurements using the following formulas (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$R={\\left|{S}_{11}\\right|}^{2}, T={\\left|{S}_{21}\\right|}^{2}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$1=A+R+T$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${SE}_{T}=-10\\text{log}\\left|T\\right|$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${SE}_{R}=-10\\text{log}\\left|1-R\\right|$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${SE}_{A}=-10\\text{log}\\left|T/\\left(1-R\\right)\\right|$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${SE}_{T}=100-\\left(\\frac{1}{{10}^{SE/10}}\\right)\\times 100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ7\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ7\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${SE}_{A}=-10\\text{log}\\left|T/\\left(1-R\\right)\\right|$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EMI SE of composite materials are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(b, c) and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. It is observed that cotton fabrics loaded with intumescent flame retardant exhibits excellent EMI shielding performance after carbonization at 900 ℃ for 5 min, thereby addressing the limitations associate with the traditional process characterizes by prolong duration and high temperature. By depositing PPy on the surface of IFR-C, the EMI shielding performance exhibits an increasing trend with longer deposition time. Specifically, the EMI shielding performance improves from 17.55 dB for bare IFR-C to 28.22 dB after a deposition time of 120 min, resulting in an overall enhancement of 60.80%. The increase in deposition time leads to the accumulation of PPy on the surface, resulting in the formation of a dual-layer conductive network with the internal carbonized fabric and enhancing the reflection of EMW. Simultaneously, the deposition of PPy fills the surface holes of IFR-C, reducing leakage behavior and improving EMI SE. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(d) is the A, T and R coefficient of the samples. IFR-C is a reflective EMI shielding material with an R value of 0.81 and A value of 0.16. With an increase in the deposition time of PPy, the R value initially increases and then decreases. The R value of IFR-C-PPy-30 min, IFR-C-PPy-60 min, and IFR-C-PPy-120 min are 0.82, 0.82 and 0.83, respectively. The results show that the samples are reflective EMI shielding material. Moreover, increasing the thickness of the material often enhances its EMI shielding performance, thus we investigate the different numbers layer of soft IFR-C-PPy-60 min to evaluate its EMI shielding performance, as illustrates in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a-c) and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The results demonstrate that the stacking of 4 layers of IFR-C-PPy can achieve a remarkable EMI shielding performance of 51.84 dB, effectively blocking 99.999% of EMW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e, SE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e and SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e values of the samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFR-C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFR-C-PPy-30 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFR-C-PPy-60 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFR-C-PPy-120 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e, SE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e and SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e values of IFR-C-PPy with different stacking layers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 layers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 layers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 layers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dissipative mechanism of EMW inside IFR-C-PPy is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(d). As depicted, PPy densely deposits on the surface of the carbonized fabric, forming a certain thickness that not only establishes a multi-interface conductive network but also constructs a double-layer conductive interface. When external EMW penetrate the surface of material, electrons propagate rapidly within this double-layer conductive network, creating a complete conductive pathway and partially attenuating the EMW. Additionally, due to its specific thickness, the material causes multiple reflections of EMW at internal interfaces, resulting in significant reflection within the material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Thermal stability of IFR-C-PPy and fire safety\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant drawback of the majority of EMI shielding materials lies in their limited ability to withstand high temperatures, and the high temperature resistance range of the material can be effectively characterized through thermogravimetric testing (Kong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a, b) depicts the TG and DTG curves of IFR-C and IFR-C-PPy under air atmosphere. In the air atmosphere, The IFR-C material exhibits two prominent thermogravimetric peaks. At approximately 100\u0026deg;C, a thermogravimetric peak is observed, attributed to the exceptional hydrophilicity of IFR-C that enables efficient adsorption and removal of moisture from the surrounding atmosphere. In the temperature range of 500\u0026ndash;600 ℃, a more pronounced thermogravimetric peak emerges, indicating further carbonization and gasification degradation processes undergone by IFR-C. Ultimately, at 800\u0026deg;C, there is an extremely limited amount of residual material. However, IFR-C-PPy exhibited three distinct thermogravimetric stages. The weight loss observed between 100 ℃ and 200 ℃ primarily arises from the desorption of moisture within the material. PPy is inherently hydrophobic, however, its doping with HCl imparts certain hydrophilic properties. As the loading capacity of PPy increases, a corresponding enhancement in weight loss rate at this temperature range can be observed. And the weight loss between 300\u0026ndash;500\u0026deg;C is primarily arised from the degradation of sulfonic acid groups within the PPy framework. Furthermore, the weight loss phenomenon is most pronounced at 700 ℃, attributed to the degradation of the PPy main chain and internal carbon layer, followed by further oxidative degradation in ambient air. With an increase in PPy load, thermogravimetry at this stage initially increased and then decreased due to the enhanced thickness of PPy effectively shielding the inner shell layer and reducing its susceptibility to thermal oxidation. The residual weight rate of IFR-C-PPy can reach 20% or above at 800 ℃, and the residual weight can reach 57% after a deposition time of 120 min, indicating excellent thermal stability. The thermal stability data of the composite in nitrogen atmosphere are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(c, d). In comparison to air, the thermogravimetric curve of the composites exhibited remarkable stability. The exceptional thermal performance observed at 800 ℃ can be attributed primarily to the elimination of water from the previous material and removal of certain small molecules from PPy. Notably, even at 800 ℃, a residual weight rate above 60% is maintained by the material. The comprehensive thermal stability assessment conducted on IFR-C-PPy demonstrated their excellent resistance to high temperatures after modification, thereby expanding their applicable temperature range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, considering the increasing fire risk associated with highly integrated and miniaturized instruments, it is imperative to ensure the fire resistance properties of EMI shielding materials. Fire resistance was tested by a butane spray gun, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a1-a4). The experimental findings reveals that the sample retained its intact morphology even after 60 s of exposure to fire, thereby demonstrating excellent fire resistance. Position the IFR-C-PPy-60 min before and after combustion between the Tesla coil and a small bulb, as depicts in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ec and d. The previously lit bulb went out immediately, indicating that the IFR-C-60 min both before and after burning can effectively shield the EMWs generate by the Tesla coil. This phenomenon provides tangible evidence for the excellent EMI shielding performance exhibited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a kind of carbonized fabric is prepared by loading intumescent flame retardant on cotton fabric under 900 ℃ in air atmosphere for 5 min. This innovative method effectively solves the problem of high energy consumption and long time in the traditional biochar preparation process. Based on this, we use in-situ growth of PPy to form a double-layer conductive network structure on the carbonized fabric. The experimental results show that when the deposition time reaches 120 min, the EMI SE of carbonized fabric increases from the initial value of 17.55 dB to 28.22 dB. Especially, by stacking 4 layers of IFR-C-PPy-60 min, the SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e is increased to 51.84 dB. In addition, IFR-C-PPy also shows excellent thermal stability and fire resistance, which has great potential as a broadband, efficient, environmentally friendly and stable electromagnetic shielding material.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval: Not applicable. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors consent for the publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll relevant data are included in the manuscript. Data can be available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.\u0026nbsp;52203105), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. LQ22E030007) and Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (ZSTU)\u0026nbsp;(No.\u0026nbsp;2020YBZX24\u0026nbsp;and 20202291-Y).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJ.L.: Methodology, Writing-original draft, Investigation, Formal analysis, J.Y. and Z.J.: Data curation, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing, Supervision. Y.Z.: Resources \u0026amp; validation, Conceptualization, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing. H.Z and Y.Y.: Writing-review \u0026amp; editing, Supervision. D.Q.: Formal analysis, Validation, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrown TR, Wright MM, Brown RC (2011) Estimating profitability of two biochar production scenarios: slow pyrolysis vs fast pyrolysis. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 5:54\u0026ndash;68. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.254\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/bbb.254\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen Z, Xu C, Ma C, et al (2013) Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Foam Composites for High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. 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Chemical Engineering Journal 372:1077\u0026ndash;1090. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.012\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.012\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cellulose","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)","snPcode":"10570","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3","title":"Cellulose","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Carbonized fabric, In-situ growth, Polypyrrole, Electromagnetic interference shielding","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493990/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493990/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the escalating prevalence of electromagnetic radiation pollution, flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials hold immense potential for widespread application. Carbonized fabric possesses notable advantages such as flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemica\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003el\u003c/span\u003e stability. However, their traditional preparation process is characterized by high energy consumption, intricate atmospheric conditions, and prolonged duration. This study introduces a novel approach of incorporating intumescent flame retardant into cotton fabric, aiming to facilitate rapid carbonization in an air atmosphere. Remarkably, this innovative approach leads to a remarkable total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e) of 17.55 dB within just 5 min of carbonization at 900\u0026deg;C in an air atmosphere. Moreover, in order to enhance the shielding effect, we conducted in-situ growth of polypyrrole (PPy) on the prepared carbonized fabric. With a deposition time of 120 min, the sheet resistance remarkably decreased to only 11.85 Ω/sq, resulting in an impressive SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e value of 28.22 dB that effectively shields up to 99.9% of electromagnetic waves (EMW). Moreover, the SE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e of IFR-C-PPy-60 min can be enhanced to 51.84 dB by stacking 4 layers, enabling the attenuation of 99.999% of EMW. The IFR-C-PPy also exhibits excellent fire safety. This study presents a novel approach for rapid and large-scale fabrication of highly efficient EMI shielding conductive carbonized cotton fabric, offering potential applications in flexible electronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Polypyrrole-decorated carbonized cotton fabric derived at air atmosphere for tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance and highly fire safety","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-13 17:58:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493990/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-06-11T07:32:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-09T07:58:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31330579823530776108325567680783584681","date":"2024-06-09T06:09:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-09T04:19:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"269603170135277518885520476273937496005","date":"2024-06-08T13:06:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"64179573785558625927256146110172375210","date":"2024-06-03T22:10:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-03T12:36:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"208187526725802761095960754232870846865","date":"2024-06-03T09:43:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"181293559273000891029598073938897455138","date":"2024-06-03T08:37:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"52952687696133135676559823993578905140","date":"2024-06-03T08:32:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"53872028586778606573523634154296412370","date":"2024-06-03T08:09:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"149896698567417774927996645984840415181","date":"2024-06-03T07:49:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-03T07:38:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T06:32:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T06:32:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Cellulose","date":"2024-05-29T03:23:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cellulose","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)","snPcode":"10570","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3","title":"Cellulose","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fc433818-042f-4678-b254-b70abae58249","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-09T16:17:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4493990","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-06150-x","journal":{"identity":"cellulose","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Cellulose"},"publishedOn":"2024-09-03 16:08:22","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 3rd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-13 17:58:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10570-024-06150-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-06150-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4493990","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4493990","identity":"rs-4493990","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}