Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Tanzania: a systematic review

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Given the wide range of infections S aureus can cause and the raise of methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA) globally, this review was aimed at collecting local published data on the S aureus bacterium to better understand the epidemiology. Methodology: A systematic review of scientific studies reporting on prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of S aureus in human and animal infection and colonization was done. Literatures extracted from electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were screened for eligibility and relevant articles included into the review. The review is limited to literatures published in English, between the years 2010 and 2018. . Results: 39 studies conducted in 5 of the 9 administrative zones in Tanzania were reviewed to establish S aureus prevalence in human and animal infection and colonization. Prevalence in human ranged from 1 - 60%. Antibiotic resistance patterns of S aureus isolated from colonized humans showed higher resistance rates against erythromycin (49%), co-trimoxazole (38%) and tetracycline (28%) compared to report from other studies outside Africa. The review suggests an increased MRSA prevalence of up to 33% compared to 16% reported in previous years. Genotypic data reviewed suggested that MRSA predominantly belonged to ST88. S aureus prevalence in animal studies ranged from 33 - 49% whereas MRSA prevalence ranged from 4 - 35%. Generally low antibiotic resistance levels were reported in these studies with exception to penicillin (85%) and ampicillin (73%). Resistance against tetracycline reported at 30% collaborates the suggested overuse of the drug in livestock keeping in Tanzania. Conclusion : Prevalence of MRSA in Tanzania is rising although clear variations between different geographic areas could be observed. Non-susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics in community associated S aureus is of concern. Research strategies to better understand the S aureus epidemiology by including genotypic characterisations, as well as strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship are recommended. Infectious Diseases Staphylococcus aureus Prevalence Antimicrobial resistance Genotyping Infection Colonization Tanzania Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern estimated to account for approximately 700,000 deaths each year ( 1 ). If no appropriate measures are taken to slowdown the progression of this epidemic it is estimated that by 2050 it will cost the world around 10 million lives per annum ( 1 ). The lack of development of new antimicrobial agents in the pipeline further emphasises the necessity to reduce dependency on antibiotics by implementing infection control strategies ( 1 , 2 ). According to the 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) report, most regions stated over 50% bacterial resistance against third generation antibiotics, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones in hospitals ( 2 ). Furthermore in 2017, the WHO listed antibiotic resistant bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as a priority bacterium to guide research, discovery and development of new antibiotics ( 3 ) . The report further recommended special attention to be directed towards the identified resistant bacteria due to their ability to rapidly develop resistance against multiple antibiotic classes hence limiting therapeutic options ( 3 ) . S. aureus is an old bacterium discovered in the 18 th Century, antibiotic resistance in the bacterium against penicillin was described in the 1950’s, the penicillin-resistant staphylococci inactivates penicillin function by an enzyme called penicillinase or beta-lactamase which degrades the β-lactam ring in penicillin, thus altering the shape of penicillin and preventing its binding to the penicillin binding proteins ( 4 ). Following penicillin failure in treating S aureus infections, methicillin was introduced. Methicillin was particularly effective upon its introduction into clinical therapy due to its ability to resists the action of β-lactamase. However, methicillin resistance in S. aureus was also reported only a year after its introduction. Strains of S. aureus resistant to methicillin or oxacillin or other β-lactam compounds are still termed MRSA, only to honour the historic role of methicillin that used to effectively treat staphylococcal infections, and it is to methicillin that the resistance was first described ( 5 ). Several terms are used to describe different MRSA strains associated with outbreaks in different settings based on strains’ genomic background and level of virulence ( 6 ). MRSA strains associated with hospital-acquired infections are commonly abbreviated to HA-MRSA, while strains causing community-associated infection are abbreviated to CA-MRSA and those associated with livestock are abbreviated as LA-MRSA. S. aureus , is both a commensal and potentially harmful pathogen in humans and animals. The bacterium can give rise to a variety of infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to more serious and complex diseases such as pneumonia, septicaemia, infective endocarditis and other deep-seated infections (e.g., osteomyelitis) in humans as well as mastitis and necrotic infections in a variety of animal hosts. S. aureus can also colonise the skin and approximately 30% of the population is found to be transiently colonised if nasal swabs are examined microbiologically. High levels of MRSA have been reported across Africa, ranging between 43% and 72%, as reported in Cameroon, South Africa and Ethiopia ( 7 ). The vast majority of clinical S aureus /MRSA data in Africa is associated with hospital acquired infection (HAI) affecting individuals with healthcare related risk such as recent hospitalization, surgery and underlying chronic diseases ( 8 ). Information on community acquired S aureus /MRSA infections (CAI) causing diseases in people with no healthcare associated risk is also available on the continent even though to a lesser extent. Moreover very limited data on livestock acquired S aureus /MRSA infections (LAI) whereby S. aureus clones of animal origins colonize or cause infections in humans have been published in Africa ( 7 ). Further information on the antibiotic resistant clones occurring in both human and animal are very limited, hindering comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of the bacterium ( 9 ). Tanzania, a developing country located along the East African coast, housing a population of about 57 million people, of which 36% is engaged in livestock keeping as the major source of livelihood. The potential for human-animal contact is very high, especially in tribes that co-habit with their animals such as Maasai people. The aim of this review is to summarize literatures reporting on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in Tanzania. Furthermore reported genotypic characterization of S. aureus will be reviewed to provide a more nuanced profile of S. aureus genetic diversity in colonization and infections both in animal and human hosts as well as their possible relationship. Materials And Methods Eligibility criteria A systematic review of Tanzanian scientific studies reporting on prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characterization of S. aureus from human and animal sources published between 2010 and 2018 was performed. Information sought for in the publication included commensal and clinical S. aureus recovered from different infections including invasive and non-invasive. Animal studies reporting on S. aureus recovered from animals and their products were also considered. All studies that recovered less than five S. aureus isolates in their studies as well as publications that were written in a language other than English were excluded from this review. Information sources and search strategies PubMed database was researched in November 2018 by a librarian using Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” to identify studies fitting our inclusion criteria. The following search terms were used “ Staphylococcus aureus OR S. aureus AND antimicrobial susceptibility OR antibiotic resistance AND prevalence AND Tanzania.” Additionally search words such as “Molecular typing AND S. aureus AND antibiotic resistance AND Tanzania” and “ Staphylococcus aureus OR S aureus AND antimicrobial susceptibility OR antibiotic resistance AND prevalence AND Tanzania” were used in Google scholar to identify eligible articles. The bibliographies of all eligible documents were hand-searched for additional publications eligible for review. Data extraction and appraisal process The Joana Briggs Institute checklist was applied to appraise and review the quality of each study accessed by two independent reviewers. A data extraction form was designed to capture required information such as author, year of publication, study period, methodology, MRSA identification strategies, S. aureus and MRSA prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns as well as genotypic information. Two reviewers were involved in the process whereby the first reviewer (TM) extracted the information and the second reviewer (TK) double checked the information to eliminate possible bias. All disagreement raised during the critical appraisal process were resolved through reviewers discussions. All extracted manuscripts were analyzed using reference manager ENDNOTEX7. This study followed the standardized scientific writing format of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The study has not taken on any meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the studies under review; nevertheless mean resistance rates and prevalence were calculated to help present the results better. Scope of the study This review is limited to the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic typing information (i.e. resistance genes, virulence genes, Staphylococcus protein A (spa) typing and multilocus sequence typing) of S. aureus retrieved from human and animal hosts. Results And Discussion. PubMed search resulted in 16 eligible articles followed by an additional 8 articles included from the Googlescholar search. Rigorous reference list review supplemented another 14 eligible publications making a total of 39 (Figure 1). Data concerning S. aureus prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genotyping were extracted from studies performed in 5 zones of the 9 administrative zones in Tanzania. Table 1, describes the distribution of the published articles review in their consecutive zones. The majority of the publications reviewed were from regions in the eastern and lake zones (i.e. 43.6% and 30.8% respectively), showing lack of S. aureus researched data in the other parts of the country figure Table 1: Distribution of the reviewed articles by zone in Tanzania. Zone Human Animal Human & Animal Eastern Zone 14 2 1 Lake Zone 12 - - Northern Zone 5 1 - Central 1 - - Zanzibar 2 1 - Total 34 4 1 Majority of the publications were reported in the eastern and lake zones . S. aureus data of animal origin have been poorly represented throughout the country Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of S. aureus isolated from humans S. aureus prevalence was reported in thirty three (33) human related studies, gave an account which ranged from 11 – 60 % as summarized in Table 2. Higher infection rates were typically observed in SSTI’s nevertheless the bacterium was also implicated in other infections. Furthermore it was notably observed that S. aureus colonization ranged between 27% - 60% in the three zones that reported on colonization. Since most colonization studies involved healthy individuals these finding are indicative of the considerable circulation of community associated S. aureus in the country. The publication under review showed that S. aureus was isolated in a number of infections including SSTI’s, bloodstream, otitis media, respiratory tract and urinary tract infections (Figure 3) staying true to characteristically causing a wide range of infections. It was also evident how various vulnerable populations such as children, elderly and immune compromised individual were at risk of S. aureus infections/colonization. This observation emphasises the necessity to establish a reliable and sustainable surveillance system to monitor the S. aureus bacterium countrywide. Table 2: Human related studies investigating S. aureus in different conditions and populations across Tanzania S.No Prevalence S. aureus % (n) Prevalence MRSA % (n) Population Source of S aureus isolates Location Reference 1 41.4% (157) 37.6% (59) Health care workers adults male and female from June 2016 -October 2016. Nasal carriage Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Joachim A et al 2018 ( 11 ) 2 NR 11.8% in ICU patients and 2.1% in ICU HCW. ICU patients (male and female of all age groups) and ICU HCW from October 2012 - March 2013 Nasal carriage Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Geofrey A et al 2015 ( 12 ) 3 34.5% (89) in swabs collected on admission. 20% (4) in swabs collected 48hrs after admission 24.7% (22) from samples on admission, and 50% (2) in samples collected after 48hrs. Patients admitted to emergency or medical ward aged 5 and above. Nasal carriage Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Joachim A et al 2017 ( 13 ) 4 40% (114) 8.3% (12) Healthy children <5yrs From April 2010 -June 2010 Nasal carriage Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Moyo S et al 2014 ( 14 ) 5 Overall 23.2%(223), where by 26.2%(95),detected in children with acute respiratory infection and 21.4% (128) were detected in children without acute respiratory infection NR ages 2 to 10, with axillary temperature of ≤ 38 0 C Dar es Salaam from April to August 2008(DSM) and June to December 2008 (Ifakara) Nasal carriage Dar es Salaam and Morogoro (Eastern zone) Chochua et al 2016 ( 15 ) 6 13.2% (138) NR Healthy children <5yrs born after mass distribution of Azithromycin for tranchoma control. Study was conducted in 2014 Nasal carriage Kilosa, Morogoro (Eastern zone) Bloch EM et al 2017 ( 16 ) 7 22% (22) 0% 100 nasal swabs from healthy individuals with no epidemiological connection were collected within urban and peri urban Morogoro Municipalities Nasal carriage Morogoro (Eastern zone) Katakweba et al 2016 ( 17 ) 8 13.2% (245) 23.3% (57) Male and female of all age groups who were subjected to microbiology testing between January 2005 and December 2009 (Retrospective study). Bacteremia Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Moyo S et al 2010 ( 18 ) 9 28% (12) NR Male and female sickle cell anemic patients of all age groups seeking health care at MNH from January 2006-December 2008 Bacteremia Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Makani J et al 2015 ( 19 ) 10 In blood 36.5% (27), and in pus swabs 52.3% (132) NR Neonates aged 3 - 26 days suspected with neonatal sepsis. Study duration October 2009 -January 2010 Bacteremia and wound swabs Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Mhada T et al 2012 ( 20 ) 11 12.2% (18) 44.4% (8) 100 participants (male and female aged 18-80) with clinical evidence of Surgical site infection. Duration from September 2011 to February 2012 Wound infections Dar es Salaam (Eastern zone) Manyahi Jet al 2014 ( 21 ) 12 71.4% (132) 0.8% (1) Skin and soft tissue infections patients of all age groups Wound infections Bagamoyo (Eastern zone) Kazimoto T et al 2018 ( 22 ) 13 48.3% (131) NR Asymptomatic otitis media (OM)-associated bacteria found in patients living with HIV Ear colonization Morogoro (Eastern zone) Mwabete KD et al 2018 ( 23 ) 14 The overall carriage rate of S. aureus was 21.0 % (66). 47 % (31) were from preclinical students while 53 % (35) from clinical students 1.5% (1) Healthy students (clinical and Pre clinical) aged 18 and above. Study duration February to June 2013 Nasal carriage Mwanza (Lake zone) Okamo B et al 2016 ( 24 ) 15 21.5% 28% (9) 300 neonates with clinical neonatal sepsis Bacteremia Mwanza (Lake zone) Kayange N et al 2010 ( 25 ) 16 14.8 (8) 50% (4) 402 malnourished under five children. Study duration September 2012- January 2013. Bacteremia Mwanza Lake zone Ahmed M et al 2017 ( 26 ) 17 13.7% (29) 79% (23) Patients of all age groups and gender with lower limb ulcers seen at the surgical ward or outpatient department from November 2010-April 2012 Wound infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Mbunda F et al 2012 ( 27 ) 18. 8.9%(18) 44.4% (8) Patients of all age groups with chronic lower limb ulcers seen at the surgical ward.300 wound infection were swabbed between November 2011 and February 2012 Wound infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Moremi et al 2014 ( 28 ) 19 28.6% (18) 19% (3) 65 patients of all age groups who underwent major surgery at BMC between July 2009 and June 2010 Surgical site wound infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Mawalla et al 2011 ( 29 ) 20 27.3% (6) 16.7% (1) Woman aged 14 to 44 who have developed surgical site infections after having undergone a caesarean section. 345 woman were swabbed between October 2011 and February 2012 Surgical site wound infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Mpogoro et al 2014 ( 30 ) S.No Prevalence S. aureus % (n) Prevalence MRSA % (n) Population Source of S aureus isolates Location Reference 21 29.2% (7) NR 162 patients of all age group and gender who underwent major limb amputations at BMC between March 2008 and February 2010. 24 of the participants had surgical site infections out of which different bacteria were recovered as the cause of infection. Surgical wound infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Chalya et al 2012 ( 31 ) 22 59.3% NR All patients of all age groups and gender presenting with animal related injuries at the BMC between September 2007 and August 2011. Postoperative wound infection was the most commonest complication reported lead by S aureus infections Surgical site wound infections Mwanza (Lake zone) Gilyoma et al 2013 ( 32 ) 23 Overall prevalence 16.1 (25) out of which 28% (7) were isolated in HIV positive patients and 72%(18) in HIV negative patients NR The study was done to compare magnitude of bacterial resistance to cotrimoxazole/other antimicrobials among isolates from HIV infected patients on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and those not on prophylaxis and non-HIV patients attending BMC between January and October 2012 Urine and wound swabs Mwanza (Lake zone) Marwa et al 2015 ( 33 ) 24 18.2% (34) 41.2% (14) 301 patients aged more than one year who presented with ear discharge for more than 6 weeks and tympanic membrane perforation at the ENT department between October 2013 and March 2014 were recruited into the study Ear infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Mushi et al 2016 ( 34 ) 25 Overall 22.8% (100) Blood 80% (80) Pus swabs 18% (18) Other infections 2% (2) Only 78 were subjected to AST.34.6% (27) were MRSA A total of 3330 microbiological culture results scripts representing non-repetitive specimens reported between June 2013 and May 2015 were retrieved and analyzed for pathogens and their susceptibility patterns using STATA-11 software. Bacteremia, wound infection, urinary tract infection and pulmonary infection Mwanza (Lake zone) Moremi et al 2016 ( 35 ) 26 55.3% (68) NR Primary school children (aged 6-15) from 4 schools in Moshi municipality assessed/self-reported respiratory tract infection symptoms. The community based study was conducted between January and March 2014. Nasal and Trought swabs Moshi Northen zone Ngocho et al 2015 ( 36 ) 27 66% (103) at 6 weeks, 36% (47) at 3 months and 24% (33) at 6 months. 38% (17) mothers were colonized by S aureus parallel to their children. NR Children born to HIV positive mothers attending RCH clinics to establish prevalence and influence of nasal pharyngeal bacterial colonization on children. Nasal swabs from children were taken at 6 weeks (n=156), 3 (n=136) and 6 (n= 130) months consecutively. Mothers (45)of the infants were also swabbed at 3 and 6 month visits( Study duration 2005-2009 Nasal carriage Moshi Northen zone Kinabo et al 2013 ( 37 ) 28 16% (23) NR Patients presenting with SSI, infected diabetic wounds, infected wounds due to trauma, and patients with other infected wounds admitted in surgical ward (study duration July 2013 to June 2014) Wound infections Moshi (Northen zone) Kassam et al 2017 ( 38 ) 29 9.3% (35) of which 82.9 (29) were from wound infections, 11% (4) from blood samples and 6% (2) from sputum samples Only 22 isolates were subjected to AST. 27.3% (6) were MRSA People admitted to the medical or surgical wards at KCMC between 2013 and 2015. The study collected stool, sputum, blood and wound/pus samples from patients of all age groups to describe causative agents of different infections. Wound infection Blood infection Bronchial infection Moshi (Northen zone) Kumburu et al 2017 ( 39 ) 30 9.1% (6) NR A total of 867 patients aged between 2 and 5 with fever above 37 0 C were enrolled between January and October 2013. 373 urine samples were collected and 66 tested positive for UTI. All S aureus isolates were recovered from UTI patients Urinary tract infection Tanga (Korogwe) (Northen zone) Mahende et al 2014 ( 40 ) 31 17% (17) NR Children aged 0-12yrs dismissed from the hospital with pneumonia diagnosis.100 children were enrolled in the attempt to characterize etiology of community acquired pneumonia. (study duration August 2014- April 2015) Blood infection Itigi (Central zone) Caggiano et al 2017 ( 41 ) 32 11.3% (9) 0% Febrile adults and children seeking care at the Mnazi mmoja hospital between March 2012- April 2013 Blood infection Zanzibar Onken et al 2015 ( 42 ) 33 6.3% (5) 0% Febrile patients seeking outpatient health care at 3 different district hospitals (Wete, Chake chake, and Mkoani) on Pemba island between March 2009 to December 2010 Blood infection Zanzibar Thriemer et al 2012 ( 43 ) Antibiotic resistance in human originated isolates. The primary method for establishing S. aureus antibiogram in the reviewed work was done phenotypically by the use of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test along with Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Kirby-Bauer is a test for antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria, based on the size of inhibition zones of bacterial growth in a lawn culture around disks impregnated with the antimicrobial drug ( 44 ). This method has been reported to have inherent shortcomings such as being highly dependent on experimental conditions that may affect end results ( 45 ). With this fact in mind the Kirby Bauer antibiogram results would have to be confirmed by another test of a different principle such as genomic based method to prevent over reporting of resistance, particularly in the confirmation of MRSA and VRSA strains. In this review, four studies had MRSA confirmed genotypically which showed 100% agreement with the phenotypic Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. This agreement between the methods should encourage the use of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test as an antibiotic sensitivity monitoring strategy in the country, since it is the most available and affordable method in our settings. Twenty two (22) studies contributed information on antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus bacteria. MRSA in most cases was identified by resistance against cefoxitin, however one study used methicillin as their identification drug. As summarized in Table 3, extremely high resistance rates against β-lactams i.e. penicillin (87 - 99%) and ampicillin (67 - 91%) were observed. S. aureus colonization is considered being a risk factor for eventual infection as well as a potential source of spread of resistant strains. Examination of colonization strains is therefore key in understanding the epidemiology of S. aureus infection/diseases. This review discovered that the antibiotic resistance patterns in colonization strains showed uncharacteristically high resistance to commonly used antibiotics compared to studies reported in Europe and Asia. In den Heijer et al 2013’s report about antibiotic resistance of commensal S. aureus across Europe described resistance rates lower than 20% against erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole ( 46 ). Similar low resistance rates were reported in some parts of Asia with an exception of tetracycline which was slightly higher than 30% ( 47 ). This review on the other hand recorded higher mean resistance rates of 49%, 38% and 28% against erythromycin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline respectively. Further resistance against gentamicin was significantly higher than recorded in other parts outside Africa ( 46 , 47 ). Resistance pattern in clinical S. aureus observed in this review were in accordance with other reports around Africa ( 48 , 49 ). As in many parts recorded resistance against β lactams was high, further markedly resistance rates ranging from 44-50% against erythromycin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and clindamycin were also described in this review. The affected antibiotics are readily available in the community and also commonly used for empirically treatment of different cases of bacterial suspected infections. A notable presence of resistance against these antibiotics is an indication of their failure in treatment and a need for broader class antibiotics which are expensive and not accessible for most Tanzanians. MRSA prevalence reported in different studies in this review was between 19-33% which seems to have risen in the last 10 years. Abdulgader et al 2015 in the review of MRSA prevalence on the African continent categorized Tanzania as belonging to countries with low MRSA prevalence ranging from 6-16% between the years 2001-2009 ( 50 ). This abrupt increase should be taken seriously by which more research efforts should be directed towards understanding and preventing further spread of these strains in order to safe guard much needed antibiotics Table 3 : Antimicrobial resistance rates of S. aureus in humans Antibiotic (N*) Resistance rates in S. aureus isolates from humans colonization. References (% range) Mean resistance (n/N*) (%) Penicillin(267) ( 11-13 ) (96 -100) (263/267) (99%) Ampicillin (151) ( 17 , 24 , 36 ) (84-100) (133/151) (88%) Tetracycline (223) ( 12 , 14 , 17 , 24 ) (9-95) (63/223) (28%) Erythromycin (244) ( 11 , 12 , 24 ) (19-100) (119/244) (49%) Gentamicin (382) ( 11 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 36 ) (9-34) (99/382) (26%) Co-trimoxazole (314) ( 11 , 12 , 14 , 17 ) (14-66) (118/314) (38%) Ciprofloxacin (233) ( 13 , 14 ) (4-11) (15/233) (6%) Clindamycin (178) ( 11 , 12 ) (9-76) (30/178) (14%) Cefoxitin (388) ( 11 , 12 , 14 , 24 ) (2-100) (93/388) (24%) Resistance rates in S. aureus isolates from invasive (blood-born) infections. References (% range) Penicillin (46) ( 25 , 42 , 43 ) (23-80) (40/46) (87%) Ampicillin (27) ( 20 ) (85) (23/27) (85%) Erythromycin (37) ( 25 , 43 ) (20-66) (23/37) (62%) Gentamicin (27) ( 20 ) (56) (15/27) (56%) Co-trimoxazole (46) ( 25 , 42 , 43 ) (22-60) (23/46) (50%) Clindamycin (32) ( 25 ) (44) (14/32) (44%) Methicillin (245) ( 18 ) (23) (57/245) (23%) Cefoxitin (46) ( 25 , 42 , 43 ) (0-32) (9/46) (20%) Resistance rates in S. aureus isolates from non-invasive infections. References (% range) Penicillin (202) ( 21 , 22 , 28 , 33 , 51 ) (30 -100) (183/202) (91%) Ampicillin (263) ( 20 , 23 ) (47-88) (177/263) (67%) Tetracyclin (67) ( 33 , 34 , 51 ) (6- 45) (14/67) (21%) Erythromycin (221) ( 28 , 33 , 34 , 51 ) (14 – 46) (81/221) (37%) Gentamicin (339) ( 20 , 23 , 28 , 34 , 51 ) (11-52) (110/339) (32%) Co-trimoxazole (232) ( 23 , 28 , 33 , 34 , 51 ) (43-74) (115/232) (50%) Ciprofloxacin (187) ( 23 , 33 , 34 ) (4 - 14) (20/187) (17%) Clindamycin (42) ( 28 , 51 ) (21-63) (19 /42) (45%) Cefoxitin (226) ( 21 , 22 , 28 , 34 , 51 ) (1 – 100) (55/226) (24%) Genotypic characterisation of human originated S. aureus isolates Four human related studies were reviewed to inform this section (summarized in Table 4). A wide spectrum of MSSA spa types and sequence types (ST) were identified in the review. Nevertheless the limited number of publications on genotypic data could not reveal dominance in any particular strain. Two publications gave an account on genetic characterization of MRSA( 39 , 51 ). The observed MRSA were dominated by ST88, however sequence types ST8, ST1719, ST 1820, and ST239 were also reported. None of the MRSA were pvl positive consistent with the findings by Abdulgader et al 2015 who suggested that Africa is predominated by pvl negative MRSA belonging to ST88 ( 50 ). Even though some important information was apparent in this review data concerning MSSA and MRSA genotyping is still limited, Kumburu et al 2018 for example was the only one who reported on other virulence factors apart from pvl hence still lacking knowledge on other important factors associated to the bacteria circulating in our communities. Furthermore genotypic characterization studies predominantly focused on screening for the mecA gene the β-lactam associated resistance gene, neglecting other resistant markers for other commonly used antibiotic in the country. Nurjadi et al 2014 whilst researching on trimethoprim resistance genes in S. aureus isolated from different countries determined that 100% of the Tanzanian isolated in the study which were phenotypically trimethoprim resistant in fact harboured a trimethoprim conferring resistant gene ( 52 ). This emphasises the need for research efforts to be directed towards researching a wider range of resistance causing genes in S. aureus to get comprehensive resistance profile data. Most pvl positive MSSA clones associate with skin infections identified in this review belonged to ST152 which concurs with the findings from other African based studies ( 53 ). T able 4: S. aureus genetic diversity as described by the reviewed publications Author Host Sample type Resistant gene Virulence factor spa Type MLST Moremi et al 2012 ( 51 ) Human Wound, pus, nasal swabs (24 MRSA strains from previous studies) mecA (100%) pvl (16.7%) t7231, t690 t064, t104, t1855,t7237 t186, t667 ST88, ST1719, ST8,ST1820 Kumburu et al 2018 ( 39 ) Human Blood, Sputum, wound/pus mecA (33.3%) pvl (16.7%) ,txt (6.7%) both in non mecA isolates ND ST-8, ST-1, ST-152, ST1719, ST15, ST1847, ST188, ST22, ST239, ST30, ST5, ST580, ST6, ST97 Katakweba et al 2016 ( 17 ) Human Nasal swabs mecA and mecC (None detected) NS t714, t148, t084, t002, t223, t314, t311, t015, t451, t690, t1849, t2030, t10779* ST15, ST18, ST72, ST22, ST5, ST121, ST231, ST45, ST8 Katakweba et al 2016 ( 17 ) Pig Nasal swab mecA and mecC (None detected) NS t131 ST80 Katakweba et al 2016 ( 17 ) Dog Nasal swabs mecA and mecC (None detected) NS t084, t127, t223, t314, t267, t508, t1476 ST15,ST18, ST1, ST22, ST121, Nurjadi et al 2014 ( 52 ) Human Nasal, SSTI swabs dfrA, dfrG and dfrK. dfrG detected by 37% * NS ND ND ND: Not done, NS: Not screened Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of S. aureus isolated from animals. Studies reporting on prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic characteristics of S aureus in animals published between 2010 and 2018 in Tanzania were few. Only 5 studies were included in this review, scantly representing a small area in the country. Three publications reported on S. aureus prevalence in milk samples, one study described prevalence in milk and cow nasal swabs and the last study reported on S. aureus prevalence in pig and dog nasal swabs. Prevalence of S aureus in Animals As indicated in table 5 most examined specimen in animals was milk. Prevalence of S. aureus varied in different geographic area. Kashoma et al 2018 and Mohammed et al 2018 reported the highest prevalence at 49% and 41% in Morogoro respectively ( 54 , 55 ). Suleiman et al 2018 ( 56 ) did not fall far back when observing a prevalence of 37% describing subclinical mastitis in cows on Unguja Island. The lowest prevalence of 33% was recorded in a study aiming at assessing raw milk quality in Arusha and Meru district( 57 ). Generally prevalence of S. aureus seems to be much lower in swabs taken from nasal cavities as shown by Kashoma et al 2018 who swabbed cows observed a prevalence of 28% whereas Katakweba et al 2016( 17 ) observed a prevalence of 4% and 11% in pig and dog nasal swabs respectively. MRSA detection in milk associated studies varied tremendously ranging from 4- 35% ( 54 , 55 ), even though both studies reporting on this data were conducted in Morogoro township. Furthermore, Kashoma et al 2018 reported MRSA prevalence of 16% isolates recovered from cow nasal cavities, whereas no MRSA was detected by Katakweba et al 2016 in pigs and dogs nasal swabs. Table 5: S. aureus prevalence in Animal related samples S.No Prevalence S aureus % (n) Prevalence MRSA % (n) Population Source of S aureus isolates Location Reference 1 Milk: 49% (49) Cow nasal swabs : 28% (37) Milk: 35% (17) Cow nasal swabs: 16% (6) The study was carried out in 3 dairy farms (A, B and C) that belonged to Sokoine University of Agriculture. All farms were located within the same climatic zone. All 3 farms carried out mixed animal farming Milk samples and cow nasal swabs Morogoro (Eastern zone) Kashoma et al 2018 ( 55 ) 2 41% (48) 4% (3) The study involved 18 of the 29 Wards within Morogoro Municipality. In each of the selected Wards, sales points and local shops where raw milk is sold were randomly selected. A total of 117 milk samples. The study was conducted between January and June 2015 Milk samples Morogoro (Eastern zone) Mohammed et al 2018 ( 54 ) 3 37% (217) NR Study conducted between January – July 2014 on Unguja Island to establish prevalence of subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy cows and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of major mastitis pathogens. Milk samples Unguja (Zanzibar) Suleiman et al 2018 ( 56 ) 4 33% (30) NR 105 milk samples from smallholder dairy farmers, milk vendors and retailers were taken within Arusha City and Meru District to assess the quality of raw milk and stakeholders' awareness on milk-borne health risks and factors for poor milk hygiene. Milk samples Arusha city and Meru district (Northern zone) Ngasala et al 2015 ( 57 ) 5 Pig nasal swabs 4% (4) Dog nasal swabs 11% (11) Pig swabs: 0% Dog nasal swabs: 0% 100 pigs and 100 dogs dwelling in urban and peri urban Morogoro Municipality Nasal swabs Morogoro (Eastern zone) Katakweba et al 2016 ( 17 ) NR: Not reported Table 6: Antibiotic resistance in animals Antibiotic (N*) Resistance rates in different studies in Animals. (References) (range%) Mean resistance (n/N*) (%) Penicillin(265) ( 54 , 56 ) (72-88) (225/265) (85%) Ampicillin (99) ( 17 , 55 ) (62-100) (72/99) (73%) Tetracycline (364) ( 17 , 54-56 ) (16-73) (110/364) (30%) Erythromycin (301) ( 55 , 56 ) (5-23) (28/301) (9%) Gentamicin (99) ( 17 , 55 ) (6-25) (4/99) (4%) Co-trimoxazole (132) ( 54 , 55 ) (22-40) (42/132) (32%) Vancomycin (132) ( 17 , 54 , 55 ) (2-11) (10/132) (8%) Amoxicillin (217)* ( 56 ) (47) (102/217) (47%) Cephalexin (217)* ( 56 ) (30) (64/217) (30%) Oxacillin (147) ( 17 , 54 , 55 ) (0-34) (25/147) (17%) Cefoxitin (132) ( 54 , 55 ) (4-17) (13/132) (10%) *Reported in one study only Antibiotic resistance in animal originated S aureus isolates Four studies described resistance in S. aureus using different antibiotic pallets which included cephalexin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, clindamycin, vancomycin, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, oxacillin, and cefotixin. This review however focused on the most reported antibiotics in this area as indicated in Table 6. Most of the reviewed studies reported low antibiotic resistance levels with exception of penicillin and ampicillin which showed mean resistances rates of 85% and 73% respectively. Suleiman et al 2018 also further observed resistance against amoxicillin and cephalexin at a rate of 47% and 30%, which was unfortunately not reported by any of the other reviewed studies. Oxy-tetracycline has been stated as being the most over used antibiotic in the livestock keeping business in Tanzania ( 58 ). The mean resistance rates against oxacillin (17%) and tetracycline (30%) observed in this review are indicative of the effects of previously reported overuse. MRSA detection in all studies was confirmed by resistance against cefoxitin and/or oxacillin, whereby mean resistance rates of 10% and 17% were observed respectively. An average of 8% resistance against vancomycin was observed, reported in 3/5 studies as described in Table 6. Genotypic characterisation of animal originated S. aureus isolates Genotypic data were retrieved from 2 of the 5 studies reviewed. In both, real time- PCR (qPCR) was used to confirm S. aureus as well as screening for mecA resistance conferring gene. Katakweba et al 2016 additionally screened for mecC a recently discovered mecA homologue said to have the potential to be mis-categorized as Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). None of the two resistance conferring genes were detected in Katakweba’s study, however S. aureus was confirmed in 4 pigs and 11 dog samples respectively. Further spa typing of the pig originating MSSA characterized them as spa type t131 associated with ST80. Additionally isolates of dog origin were characterized as spa types t314 (ST121), t084 (ST15 and ST18) and t223 (ST22) all of which were also identified in human nasal isolates reported in the same study. In the study by Mohammed et al 2018, both coagulase positive (n=46) and coagulase negative (n=2) S aureus were detected in their milk samples. mecA gene was detected in 2 coagulase positive and one coagulase negative S. aureus isolate making this study the first in Tanzania to report on coagulase negative S. aureus hourboring the mecA gene. Of the 3 MRSA isolates detected in the study only the coagulase negative S. aureus isolate was able to be characterized as spa type t2603, whereas the other two MRSA’s were spa un- typable. S.aureus is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis which explains the fact that the majority of publications included in this review concerning S. aureus in animals addressed the pathogen in clinical and sub-clinical mastitis or in regards to milk production quality. This has been instrumental in the reviews failure to make a link in describing animals and/or humans as potential S. aureus reservoir for each other, as well as the effect of such in both public and animal health. Very few studies on genomic S. aureus characterisation were available for review and did not suffice in showing such linkage. Limitations The data from this review cannot be generalized as true prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns or genotypic characterization of S. aureus bacterium in Tanzania. High inter-study variations such as type of specimen analysed, objective of studies, time frame as well as methods employed including criteria set for resistance/MRSA confirmation may have influenced the outcome. Methods used to genetically characterise S. aureus in this review were very divergent from simple PCR to whole genome sequencing. The data collected in these methods had different focuses which made comparing the results between studies difficult. Since the main objective in characterizing S. aureus or any other bacteria for that matter is understanding the genetic similarities and differences in conferring antibiotic resistance, strain type as well as and virulence factors, it would therefore be useful to have a common guideline that allowing inter laboratory comparability to gather more reliable and holistic data meant to guide treatment and infection prevention strategies in the country. Conclusion Information about prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of S aureus in Tanzania still remains scarce. It is evident that the majority of the publications included in this review are from research institutions or tertiary hospitals affiliated to universities with health related focuses hence most information could be derived from three focal points MNH in Dar es Salaam, BMC Mwanza and , KCMC Moshi respectively. According to the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics the focal regions represented in this review earn higher income per capital compared to the zones whereby no information could be gathered. This implies that most of the data obtained for review is based in relatively well to do regions ( 59 ). No published data between 2010 and 2018 on the epidemiology of S aureus was available for the southern, southern highlands, south western highlands as well as the western parts of the country, which is home to some of the most impoverished regions in Tanzania.. It is known that poverty struck areas also face other challenges as poor healthcare facilities and access, lack of basic needs such as food, proper housing and sanitation, which in turn leaves the population ridden by different infectious diseases. Furthermore since the income gained by the poor is mainly for subsistence, the tendency to resort to self-treatment and or consulting traditional healer is very high ( 60 ) all of which are known indicators associated with driving antibiotic resistance ( 61 ). It is therefore imperative to emphasize the need to further gather information about the epidemiology (susceptibility patterns and genotypic characterization) of all bacteria of public health and animal health importance in Tanzania to gain a comprehensive description of the burden of the bacteria as well as enable proper strategies guiding empirical infections treatment and management in the country. Abbreviations AMR; Antimicrobial resistance, AST; Antibiotic susceptibility testing, BMC; Bugando Medical Centre, CAI: Community acquired Infection, CLSI; Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute, CNS;Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, HAI; Hospital Acquired Infection, HCW; Healthcare workers, ICU; Intensive care unit, KCMC; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre; LAI; Livestock acquired infections, MLST; Multilocus sequence typing, MNH; Muhimbili National Hospital, MRSA; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA; Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, ND; Not done, NR; Not reported, NS; Not Screened, OM; Otitis media, RCH; Reproductive and child health, Spa; Staphylococcus protein A, SSI; Surgical Site infection, SSTI’s; Skin and soft tissue infections, ST; Sequence type, UTI; Urinary tract infection, WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research was conducted under the PhD fellowship given by Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA). CARTA is jointly led by the African Population and Health Research Center and the University of the Witwatersrand and funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant numberB 8606.R02), Sida (Grant number 54100113), the DELTAS Africa Initiative (Grant number 107768/Z/15/Z) and Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)’s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust (UK) and the UK government. 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A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2004;24(2):105-10. Supplementary Files PRISMA2009checklistReview.doc Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Sep, 2021 Read the published version in Bulletin of the National Research Centre → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-16889","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":399236,"identity":"db26a20e-e84d-47e8-8c94-c6ca5f093cf5","order_by":1,"name":"Tutu Mzee","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAp0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCCokENqIV84DJMzAtCcRqYWyDqSVGi73Y8YcPPs6zyONjYD72gfFHHRG2SCckG87cJlHMxsCWPIOBGC8BtRyT5t0mkdjGwGMMdBgPMVoS23//nQPXIkGMlmQ2ZsYGuBYDIrTcTmOW7DkG1MLMlsyQkJZAWAv77PSHH37U1CXOb28+zPDBhogQQwBmBuKiZRSMglEwCkYBEQAAMhwrtGF6I+gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5918-0574","institution":"Ifakara Health Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tutu","middleName":"","lastName":"Mzee","suffix":""},{"id":399237,"identity":"1a8e75b0-2dea-4237-b829-8b01f0fd96e1","order_by":2,"name":"Theckla Kazimoto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ifakara Health Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Theckla","middleName":"","lastName":"Kazimoto","suffix":""},{"id":399238,"identity":"a85e238d-503a-4c21-84ad-93f37cbeb6d0","order_by":3,"name":"Joseph Madata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ifakara Health Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joseph","middleName":"","lastName":"Madata","suffix":""},{"id":399239,"identity":"14d0cf78-6638-40ea-9b02-7cc659810c64","order_by":4,"name":"Rose Masalu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dar es Salaam","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rose","middleName":"","lastName":"Masalu","suffix":""},{"id":399240,"identity":"50bf473b-6840-4d1a-a775-2ad263f3984f","order_by":5,"name":"Markus Bischoff","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitat des Saarlandes","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Markus","middleName":"","lastName":"Bischoff","suffix":""},{"id":399241,"identity":"32b5828e-1d3e-4d22-bc29-57ffd3a7d36e","order_by":6,"name":"Mecky Matee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mecky","middleName":"","lastName":"Matee","suffix":""},{"id":399242,"identity":"946267ff-2134-483a-9f24-41235351024d","order_by":7,"name":"Sören Becker","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitat des Saarlandes","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sören","middleName":"","lastName":"Becker","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-03-07 13:58:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-16889/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16889/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00612-z","type":"published","date":"2021-09-27T17:47:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":636776,"identity":"313c24a4-b499-41ea-8042-be47519e8ef1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-12 14:54:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"PRISMA diagram for a systematic review examining prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genotyping characteristics of S. aureus in Tanzania","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16889/v1/1.png"},{"id":636778,"identity":"50efff48-7465-4277-ae7d-e1177f841919","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-12 14:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":357051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Tanzania administrative zones. Modified map adopted from Suleiman 2018 (10)","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16889/v1/2.png"},{"id":636779,"identity":"513bbe4e-28e1-4790-80bc-beea66a3b42f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-12 14:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Distribution of S. aureus prevalence in colonization and different infections from humans isolates based on reviewed publications in Tanzania. Regional variations in prevalence of different infections could be observed. S. aureus blood was more prevalent in the lake zone compared to other regions. Collectively the review revealed that S. aureus was most frequently implicated in association with skin and soft tissue infections. Prevalence in colonized people in all reported regions was generally normal with exception to the northern zone where the prevalence was uncharacteristically high.","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16889/v1/3.png"},{"id":14031279,"identity":"23837fbd-f2e1-4837-be71-891c503bfe58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-27 17:47:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1240970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16889/v1/1dd543b4-fe8a-488e-a016-dfae598a6637.pdf"},{"id":636777,"identity":"7a634bab-b958-4a83-ab58-400a7d1251eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-12 14:54:10","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":64000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PRISMA2009checklistReview.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-16889/v1/PRISMA 2009 checklist_Review.doc"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Tanzania: a systematic review","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern estimated to account for approximately 700,000 deaths each year (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_1\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e). If no appropriate measures are taken to slowdown the progression of this epidemic it is estimated that by 2050 it will cost the world around 10 million lives per annum (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_1\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e). The lack of development of new antimicrobial agents in the pipeline further emphasises the necessity to reduce dependency on antibiotics \u0026nbsp;by\u0026nbsp; implementing infection control strategies (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_1\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_2\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) report, most regions stated over 50% bacterial resistance against third generation antibiotics, particularly methicillin resistant\u003cem\u003e S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MRSA) clones in hospitals (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_2\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e). Furthermore in 2017, the WHO listed antibiotic resistant bacteria including \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)\u003cem\u003e as a priority bacterium to guide research, discovery and development of new antibiotics \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_3\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. The report further recommended special attention to be directed towards the identified resistant bacteria due to their ability to rapidly develop resistance against multiple antibiotic classes hence limiting therapeutic options\u0026nbsp; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_3\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003eis an old bacterium discovered in the 18\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Century, antibiotic resistance in the bacterium against penicillin was described in the 1950\u0026rsquo;s, the penicillin-resistant staphylococci inactivates penicillin function by an enzyme called penicillinase or beta-lactamase which degrades the \u0026beta;-lactam ring in penicillin, thus altering the shape of penicillin and preventing its binding to the penicillin binding proteins (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_4\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e). Following penicillin failure in treating \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e infections, methicillin was introduced. Methicillin was particularly effective upon its introduction into clinical therapy due to its ability to resists the action of \u0026beta;-lactamase. However, methicillin resistance in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was also reported only a year after its introduction. Strains of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e resistant to methicillin or oxacillin or other \u0026beta;-lactam compounds are still termed MRSA, only to honour the historic role of methicillin that used to effectively treat staphylococcal\u0026nbsp; infections, and it is to methicillin that the resistance was first described (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_5\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e). Several terms are used to describe different MRSA strains associated with outbreaks in different settings based on strains\u0026rsquo; genomic background and level of virulence (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_6\"\u003e6\u003c/a\u003e). MRSA strains associated with hospital-acquired infections are commonly abbreviated to HA-MRSA, while strains causing community-associated infection are abbreviated to CA-MRSA and those associated with livestock are abbreviated as LA-MRSA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, is both a commensal and potentially harmful pathogen in humans and animals. The bacterium can give rise to a variety of infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to more serious and complex diseases such as pneumonia, septicaemia, infective endocarditis and other deep-seated infections (e.g., osteomyelitis) in humans as well as mastitis and necrotic infections in a variety of animal hosts. \u003cem\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;aureus\u003c/em\u003e can also colonise the skin and approximately 30% of the population is found to be transiently colonised if nasal swabs are examined microbiologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh levels \u0026nbsp;of MRSA have been reported across Africa, ranging between 43% and\u0026nbsp; 72%, as reported\u0026nbsp; in Cameroon, South Africa and Ethiopia (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e). The vast majority of clinical \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e/MRSA data in Africa is associated with hospital acquired infection (HAI) affecting individuals with healthcare related risk such as recent hospitalization, surgery and underlying chronic diseases (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_8\"\u003e8\u003c/a\u003e). Information on community acquired \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e/MRSA infections (CAI) causing diseases in people with no healthcare associated risk is also available on the continent even though to a lesser extent. Moreover very limited data on livestock acquired \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e/MRSA infections (LAI) whereby \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e clones of animal origins colonize or cause infections in humans have been published in Africa (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e).\u0026nbsp; Further information on the antibiotic resistant clones occurring in both human and animal are very limited, hindering comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of the bacterium (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_9\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTanzania, a developing country located along the East African coast, housing a population of about 57 million people, of which 36% is engaged in livestock keeping as the major source of livelihood. The potential for human-animal contact is very high, especially in tribes that co-habit with their animals such as Maasai people. The aim of this review is to summarize literatures reporting on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e in Tanzania. Furthermore reported genotypic characterization of\u003cem\u003e S. aureus \u003c/em\u003ewill be reviewed to provide a more nuanced profile of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e genetic diversity in colonization and infections both in animal and human hosts as well as their possible relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA systematic review of Tanzanian scientific studies reporting on prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characterization of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e from human and animal sources published between 2010 and 2018 was performed. Information sought for in the publication included commensal and clinical \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e recovered from different infections including invasive and non-invasive. Animal studies reporting on \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003erecovered from animals and their products were also considered. All studies that recovered less than five \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates in their studies as well as publications that were written in a language other than English were excluded from this review.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformation sources and search strategies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePubMed database was researched in November 2018 by a librarian using Boolean operators \u0026ldquo;AND\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;OR\u0026rdquo; to identify studies fitting our inclusion criteria. The following search terms were used \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e OR \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e AND antimicrobial susceptibility OR antibiotic resistance AND prevalence AND Tanzania.\u0026rdquo; Additionally search words such as \u0026ldquo;Molecular typing AND \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e AND antibiotic resistance AND Tanzania\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e OR \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e AND antimicrobial susceptibility OR antibiotic resistance AND prevalence AND Tanzania\u0026rdquo; were used in Google scholar to identify eligible articles. The bibliographies of all eligible documents were hand-searched for additional publications eligible for review.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData extraction and appraisal process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;Joana\u0026nbsp;Briggs\u0026nbsp;Institute checklist was applied to appraise and review the quality of each study accessed by two independent reviewers. A data extraction form was designed to capture required information such as author, year of publication, study period, methodology, MRSA identification strategies, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and MRSA prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns as well as genotypic information. Two reviewers were involved in the process whereby the first reviewer (TM) extracted the information and the second reviewer (TK) double checked the information to eliminate possible bias. All disagreement raised during the critical appraisal process were resolved through reviewers discussions. All extracted manuscripts were analyzed using reference manager ENDNOTEX7. This study followed the standardized scientific writing format of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. \u0026nbsp;The study has not taken on any meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the studies under review; nevertheless mean resistance rates and prevalence were calculated to help present the results better.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScope of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis review is limited to the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic typing information (i.e. resistance genes, virulence genes, Staphylococcus protein A (spa) typing and multilocus sequence typing) of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e retrieved from human and animal hosts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion.","content":"\u003cp\u003ePubMed search resulted in 16 eligible articles followed by an additional 8 articles included from the Googlescholar search. Rigorous reference list review supplemented another 14 eligible publications making a total of 39 (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData concerning \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genotyping were extracted from studies performed in 5 zones of the 9 administrative zones in Tanzania. Table 1, describes the distribution of the published articles review in their consecutive zones. The majority of the publications reviewed were from regions in the eastern and lake zones (i.e. 43.6% and 30.8% respectively), showing lack of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e researched data in the other parts of the country figure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTable 1:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Distribution of the reviewed articles by zone in Tanzania. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:455.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\" width=\"607\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(118, 113, 113);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eZone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(118, 113, 113);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eHuman\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(118, 113, 113);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eAnimal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(118, 113, 113);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.393739703459637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eHuman \u0026amp; Animal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eEastern Zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eLake Zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.393739703459637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNorthern Zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.393739703459637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCentral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.393739703459637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eZanzibar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.05pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.393739703459637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.53542009884679%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.393739703459637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMajority of the publications were reported in the eastern and lake zones\u003cem\u003e. S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e data of animal origin have been poorly represented throughout the country\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from humans\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003e prevalence was reported in thirty three (33) human related studies, gave an account which ranged from 11 \u0026ndash; 60 % as summarized in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003e Higher infection rates were typically observed in SSTI\u0026rsquo;s nevertheless the bacterium was also implicated in other infections. Furthermore it was notably observed that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003e colonization ranged between 27% - 60% in the three zones that reported on colonization. Since most colonization studies involved healthy individuals these finding are indicative of the considerable circulation of community associated \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11px;\"\u003e in the country.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe publication under review showed that \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003ewas isolated in a number of infections including SSTI\u0026rsquo;s, bloodstream, otitis media, respiratory tract and urinary tract infections (Figure 3) staying true to characteristically causing a wide range of infections. It was also evident how various vulnerable populations such as children, elderly and immune compromised individual were at risk of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e infections/colonization. This observation emphasises the necessity to establish a reliable and sustainable surveillance system to monitor the \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e bacterium countrywide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTable 2: Human related studies investigating \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e in different conditions and populations across Tanzania\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS.No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrevalence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e% (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrevalence MRSA \u0026nbsp;% (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePopulation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSource of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eisolates\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eLocation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eReference\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e41.4% (157)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e37.6% (59)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eHealth care workers adults male and female from\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eJune 2016 -October 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eJoachim A et al 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e11.8% \u0026nbsp;in ICU patients and 2.1% in ICU HCW.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eICU patients (male and female of all age groups) and ICU HCW from October 2012 - March 2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eGeofrey A et al \u0026nbsp;2015\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Geofrey, 2015 #576\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e34.5% (89) in swabs collected on admission. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e20% (4) in swabs collected 48hrs after admission\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e24.7% (22) from samples on admission, and 50% (2) in samples collected after 48hrs.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePatients admitted to emergency or medical ward aged 5 and above.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eJoachim A et al \u0026nbsp;2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_13\" title=\"Joachim, 2017 #626\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e40% (114)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e8.3% (12)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eHealthy \u0026nbsp;children \u0026lt;5yrs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eFrom April 2010 -June 2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoyo S et al 2014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Moyo, 2014 #41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOverall 23.2%(223), where by 26.2%(95),detected in children with acute respiratory infection and 21.4% (128) were detected in children without acute respiratory infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eages 2 to 10, with \u0026nbsp;axillary temperature of ≤ 38\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC Dar es Salaam \u0026nbsp;from April to August 2008(DSM) and June to December 2008 (Ifakara)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam and Morogoro\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eChochua et al 2016 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_15\" title=\"Chochua, 2016 #627\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e13.2% (138)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eHealthy children \u0026lt;5yrs born after mass distribution of Azithromycin for tranchoma control. Study was conducted in 2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKilosa, Morogoro\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBloch EM et al 2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_16\" title=\"Bloch, 2017 #628\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e22% (22)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e100 nasal swabs from healthy individuals with no epidemiological connection were collected within urban and peri urban Morogoro Municipalities\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMorogoro\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKatakweba et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e13.2% (245)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;23.3% \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMale and female of all age groups who were subjected to microbiology testing between January 2005 and December 2009 (Retrospective study).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBacteremia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoyo S et al 2010\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_18\" title=\"Moyo, 2010 #322\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e28% (12)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMale and female sickle cell anemic patients of all age groups seeking health care at MNH from January 2006-December 2008\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBacteremia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMakani J et al 2015\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_19\" title=\"Makani, 2015 #629\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eIn blood 36.5% (27), and in pus swabs \u0026nbsp;52.3% (132)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNeonates aged 3 - 26 days suspected with neonatal sepsis. Study duration October 2009 -January 2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBacteremia and wound swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMhada T et al 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\" title=\"Mhada, 2012 #630\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e12.2% (18)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e44.4% (8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e100 participants (male and female aged 18-80) with clinical evidence of Surgical site infection. Duration from September 2011 to February 2012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eWound infections\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDar es Salaam\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eManyahi Jet al 2014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\" title=\"Manyahi, 2014 #631\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e71.4% (132)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e0.8% \u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSkin and soft tissue infections patients of all age groups\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eWound infections\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBagamoyo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKazimoto T et al 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\" title=\"Kazimoto, 2018 #632\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e48.3% (131)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eAsymptomatic otitis media (OM)-associated bacteria found in patients living with HIV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eEar colonization\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMorogoro\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwabete KD \u0026nbsp;et al 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\" title=\"Mwambete, 2018 #633\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eThe overall carriage rate of S. aureus was 21.0\u0026nbsp;% (66). 47 % (31) were from preclinical students while 53 % (35) from clinical students\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1.5% (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eHealthy students (clinical and Pre clinical) aged 18 and above. Study duration February to June 2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOkamo B \u0026nbsp;et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\" title=\"Okamo, 2016 #24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e21.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e28% (9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e300 neonates with clinical neonatal sepsis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBacteremia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKayange N et al 2010\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\" title=\"Kayange, 2010 #407\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e14.8 (8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e50% (4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e402 malnourished under five children.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eStudy duration September 2012- January 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBacteremia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eLake zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAhmed M et al \u0026nbsp;2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_26\" title=\"Ahmed, 2017 #634\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e13.7% (29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e79% (23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePatients of all age groups and gender \u0026nbsp;with lower limb ulcers seen at the surgical ward or outpatient department from November 2010-April 2012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eWound infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMbunda F \u0026nbsp;et al 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_27\" title=\"Mbunda, 2012 #635\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e18.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e8.9%(18)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e44.4%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePatients \u0026nbsp;of all age groups with chronic lower limb \u0026nbsp;ulcers \u0026nbsp;seen at the surgical ward.300 wound infection were swabbed between November 2011 and February 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eWound infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoremi et al 2014 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e28.6% (18)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e19% (3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e65 patients \u0026nbsp;of all age groups who underwent major surgery at BMC between July 2009 and June 2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSurgical site wound infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMawalla et al 2011\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_29\" title=\"Mawalla, 2011 #296\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.55pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.600219058050383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"24.096385542168676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e27.3% (6)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.676889375684556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e16.7% (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"29.025191675794087%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eWoman aged 14 to 44 who have developed surgical site infections after having undergone a caesarean section. 345 woman were swabbed between October 2011 and February 2012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSurgical site wound infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.200438116100766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"11.171960569550931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMpogoro et al 2014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_30\" title=\"Mpogoro, 2014 #636\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:6.75pt;margin-right:6.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS.No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrevalence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e% (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrevalence MRSA \u0026nbsp;% (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePopulation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSource of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eisolates\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eLocation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eReference\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e29.2% (7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e162 patients of all age group and gender who underwent major limb amputations at BMC between March 2008 and February 2010. 24 of the participants had surgical site infections out of which different bacteria were recovered as the cause of infection.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSurgical wound infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eChalya et al 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_31\" title=\"Chalya, 2012 #649\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e59.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAll patients of all age groups and gender presenting with animal related injuries at the BMC between September 2007 and August 2011. Postoperative wound infection was the most commonest complication reported lead by \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e infections\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSurgical site wound infections\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eGilyoma et al 2013\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_32\" title=\"Gilyoma, 2013 #650\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOverall prevalence 16.1 (25) out of which 28% (7) were isolated in HIV positive patients and 72%(18) in HIV negative patients\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eThe study was done to compare magnitude of bacterial resistance to cotrimoxazole/other antimicrobials among isolates from HIV infected patients on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and those not on prophylaxis and non-HIV patients attending \u0026nbsp;BMC between January and October 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eUrine and wound swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMarwa et al 2015\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\" title=\"Marwa, 2015 #62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e18.2% (34)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e41.2% (14)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e301 patients aged more than one year who presented with ear discharge for more than 6 weeks and tympanic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003emembrane perforation at the ENT department between October 2013 and March 2014 were recruited into the study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eEar infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMushi et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOverall 22.8% (100)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBlood 80% (80)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePus swabs 18% (18)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOther infections 2% (2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOnly 78 were subjected to AST.34.6% (27) were MRSA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eA total of 3330 microbiological culture results scripts representing non-repetitive specimens reported between June 2013 and May 2015 were retrieved and analyzed for pathogens and their susceptibility patterns using STATA-11 software.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBacteremia, wound infection, urinary tract infection and pulmonary infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMwanza (Lake zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoremi et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\" title=\"Moremi, 2016 #651\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e55.3% (68)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrimary school children (aged 6-15) from 4 schools in Moshi municipality assessed/self-reported respiratory tract infection symptoms. The community based study was conducted between January and March 2014.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal and Trought swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoshi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNorthen zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.5pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNgocho et al 2015\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\" title=\"Ngocho J S, 2015 #638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e66% (103) at 6 weeks, 36% (47) at 3 months and 24% (33) at 6 months. 38% (17) mothers were colonized by S aureus parallel to their children.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eChildren born to HIV positive mothers attending RCH clinics to establish prevalence and influence of \u003cspan style=\"color:#333333;background:white;\"\u003enasal pharyngeal bacterial colonization\u003c/span\u003e on children. Nasal swabs from children were taken at 6 weeks (n=156), 3 (n=136) and 6 (n= 130) months consecutively. Mothers (45)of the infants were also swabbed at 3 and 6 month visits( Study duration 2005-2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal carriage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoshi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNorthen zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKinabo et al 2013\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_37\" title=\"Kinabo, 2013 #377\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#333333;background:white;\"\u003e16% \u0026nbsp;(23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePatients presenting with SSI, infected diabetic wounds, infected wounds due to trauma, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003epatients with other infected wounds admitted in surgical\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eward (study duration July 2013 to June 2014)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eWound infections\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoshi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Northen zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKassam et al 2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_38\" title=\"Kassam, 2017 #639\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e9.3% (35) of which 82.9 (29) were from wound infections, \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 11% (4) from blood samples and 6% (2) from sputum samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOnly 22 isolates were subjected to AST. 27.3% (6) were MRSA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#333333;background:white;\"\u003ePeople admitted to the medical or surgical wards at KCMC between 2013 and 2015. The study collected stool, sputum, blood and wound/pus samples from patients of all age groups to describe causative agents of different infections.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wound infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Blood infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Bronchial infection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMoshi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Northen zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKumburu et al 2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_39\" title=\"Kumburu, 2017 #640\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e9.1% (6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eA total of 867 patients aged between 2 and 5 with fever above 37\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC were enrolled between January and October 2013. 373 urine samples were collected and 66 tested positive for UTI. All S aureus isolates were recovered from UTI patients\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eUrinary tract infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTanga (Korogwe)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Northen zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.95pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMahende et al 2014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_40\" title=\"Mahende, 2014 #648\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e17% (17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eChildren aged 0-12yrs dismissed from the hospital with pneumonia diagnosis.100 children were enrolled in the attempt to characterize etiology of community acquired pneumonia. (study duration August 2014- April 2015)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBlood infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eItigi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Central zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCaggiano et al 2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_41\" title=\"Caggiano, 2017 #641\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e11.3% (9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eFebrile adults and children seeking care at the Mnazi mmoja hospital between March 2012- April 2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBlood infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eZanzibar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOnken et al 2015\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_42\" title=\"Onken, 2015 #642\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.928806133625411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 163.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.767798466593646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e6.3% (5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.814895947426068%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.887185104052573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eFebrile patients seeking outpatient health care at 3 different district hospitals (Wete, Chake chake, and Mkoani) on Pemba island between March 2009 to December 2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"10.514786418400876%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eBlood infection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"7.119386637458927%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eZanzibar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.967141292442497%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eThriemer \u0026nbsp;et al 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_43\" title=\"Thriemer, 2012 #643\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotic resistance in human originated isolates.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary method for establishing \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e antibiogram in the reviewed work was done phenotypically by the use of the \u003cem\u003eKirby-Bauer\u003c/em\u003e disk diffusion test along with Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. \u003cem\u003eKirby-Bauer\u003c/em\u003e is a test for antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria, based on the size of\u0026nbsp; inhibition zones of bacterial growth in a lawn culture around disks impregnated with the antimicrobial drug (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_44\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e). This method has been reported to have inherent shortcomings such as being highly dependent on experimental conditions that may affect end results (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_45\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e). With this fact in mind the \u003cem\u003eKirby Bauer\u003c/em\u003e antibiogram results would have to be confirmed by another test of a different principle such as genomic based method to prevent over reporting of resistance, particularly in the confirmation of MRSA and VRSA strains. In this review, four studies had MRSA confirmed genotypically which showed 100% agreement with the phenotypic \u003cem\u003eKirby-Bauer\u003c/em\u003e disk diffusion test. This agreement between the methods should\u0026nbsp; encourage the use of\u0026nbsp; the \u003cem\u003eKirby-Bauer\u003c/em\u003e disk diffusion test as an antibiotic sensitivity monitoring strategy in the country, since it is the most available and affordable method in our settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwenty two (22) studies contributed information on antibiotic susceptibility of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003ebacteria. MRSA in most cases was identified by resistance against cefoxitin, however one study used methicillin as their identification drug. As summarized in Table 3, extremely high resistance rates against \u0026beta;-lactams i.e. penicillin (87 - 99%) and ampicillin (67 - 91%) were observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e colonization is considered being a risk factor for eventual infection as well as a potential source of spread of resistant strains. Examination of colonization strains is therefore key in understanding the epidemiology of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003einfection/diseases. This review discovered that the antibiotic resistance patterns in colonization strains showed uncharacteristically high resistance to commonly used antibiotics compared to studies reported in Europe and Asia. In den Heijer et al 2013\u0026rsquo;s report about antibiotic resistance of commensal \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e across Europe described resistance rates lower than 20% against erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_46\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e). Similar low resistance rates were reported in some parts of Asia with an exception of tetracycline which was slightly higher than 30% (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_47\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e). This review on the other hand recorded higher mean resistance rates of 49%, 38% and 28% against erythromycin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline respectively. Further resistance against gentamicin was significantly higher than recorded in other parts outside Africa (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_46\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_47\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResistance pattern in clinical \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003eobserved in this review were in accordance with other reports around Africa (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_48\"\u003e48\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_49\"\u003e49\u003c/a\u003e). As in many parts recorded resistance against \u0026beta; lactams was high, further markedly resistance rates ranging from 44-50% against erythromycin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and clindamycin were also described in this review. The affected antibiotics are readily available in the community and also commonly used for empirically treatment of different cases of bacterial suspected infections.\u0026nbsp; A notable presence of resistance against these antibiotics is an indication of their failure in treatment and a need for broader class antibiotics which are expensive and not accessible for most Tanzanians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMRSA prevalence reported in different studies in this review was between 19-33% which seems to have risen in the last 10 years. Abdulgader et al 2015 in the review of MRSA prevalence on the African continent categorized Tanzania as belonging to countries with low MRSA prevalence ranging from 6-16% between the years 2001-2009 (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_50\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e). This abrupt increase should be taken seriously by which more research efforts should be directed towards understanding and preventing further spread of these strains in order to safe guard much needed antibiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e: Antimicrobial resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein humans\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAntibiotic (N*)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eResistance rates in S. aureus isolates from humans colonization. References \u0026nbsp;(% range)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eMean resistance (n/N*) (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePenicillin(267)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11-13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(96 -100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(263/267) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (99%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAmpicillin (151)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\" title=\"Okamo, 2016 #24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\" title=\"Ngocho J S, 2015 #638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(84-100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(133/151) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(88%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTetracycline (223)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Geofrey, 2015 #576\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Moyo, 2014 #41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\" title=\"Okamo, 2016 #24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(9-95)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(63/223) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(28%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eErythromycin (244)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Geofrey, 2015 #576\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\" title=\"Okamo, 2016 #24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(19-100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(119/244) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(49%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eGentamicin (382)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_13\" title=\"Joachim, 2017 #626\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Moyo, 2014 #41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\" title=\"Ngocho J S, 2015 #638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(9-34)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(99/382) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(26%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCo-trimoxazole (314)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Geofrey, 2015 #576\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Moyo, 2014 #41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(14-66)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(118/314) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(38%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCiprofloxacin (233)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_13\" title=\"Joachim, 2017 #626\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Moyo, 2014 #41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(4-11)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(15/233) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eClindamycin (178)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Geofrey, 2015 #576\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(9-76)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(30/178) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (14%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCefoxitin \u0026nbsp;(388)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Joachim, 2018 #625\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Geofrey, 2015 #576\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Moyo, 2014 #41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\" title=\"Okamo, 2016 #24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(2-100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(93/388) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (24%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eResistance rates in S. aureus isolates from invasive (blood-born) infections. References (% range)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePenicillin \u0026nbsp; (46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\" title=\"Kayange, 2010 #407\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_42\" title=\"Onken, 2015 #642\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_43\" title=\"Thriemer, 2012 #643\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(23-80)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(40/46) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(87%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAmpicillin (27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\" title=\"Mhada, 2012 #630\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(85)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(23/27) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(85%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eErythromycin (37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\" title=\"Kayange, 2010 #407\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_43\" title=\"Thriemer, 2012 #643\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(20-66)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(23/37) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(62%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eGentamicin (27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\" title=\"Mhada, 2012 #630\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(56)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(15/27) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(56%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCo-trimoxazole (46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\" title=\"Kayange, 2010 #407\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_42\" title=\"Onken, 2015 #642\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_43\" title=\"Thriemer, 2012 #643\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(22-60)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(23/46) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(50%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eClindamycin (32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\" title=\"Kayange, 2010 #407\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(44)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(14/32) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(44%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMethicillin (245)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_18\" title=\"Moyo, 2010 #322\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(23)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(57/245) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(23%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCefoxitin (46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\" title=\"Kayange, 2010 #407\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_42\" title=\"Onken, 2015 #642\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_43\" title=\"Thriemer, 2012 #643\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(0-32)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(9/46) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(20%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eResistance rates in S. aureus isolates from non-invasive infections. References (% range)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePenicillin (202)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\" title=\"Manyahi, 2014 #631\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\" title=\"Kazimoto, 2018 #632\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\" title=\"Marwa, 2015 #62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(30 -100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(183/202) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(91%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAmpicillin (263)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\" title=\"Mhada, 2012 #630\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\" title=\"Mwambete, 2018 #633\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(47-88)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(177/263) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(67%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTetracyclin (67)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\" title=\"Marwa, 2015 #62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(6- 45)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(14/67) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(21%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eErythromycin (221)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\" title=\"Marwa, 2015 #62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(14 – 46)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(81/221) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(37%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eGentamicin (339)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\" title=\"Mhada, 2012 #630\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\" title=\"Mwambete, 2018 #633\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(11-52)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(110/339) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(32%) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCo-trimoxazole (232)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\" title=\"Mwambete, 2018 #633\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\" title=\"Marwa, 2015 #62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(43-74)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(115/232) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(50%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCiprofloxacin (187)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\" title=\"Mwambete, 2018 #633\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\" title=\"Marwa, 2015 #62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4 - 14)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(20/187) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(17%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eClindamycin (42)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(21-63)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(19 /42) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (45%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124.5pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.62063227953411%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCefoxitin (226)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 172.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.43594009983361%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\" title=\"Manyahi, 2014 #631\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\" title=\"Kazimoto, 2018 #632\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\" title=\"Moremi, 2014 #610\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\" title=\"Mushi, 2016 #637\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(1 – 100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.94342762063228%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(55/226) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(24%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenotypic characterisation of human originated \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour human related studies were reviewed to inform this section (summarized in Table 4). A wide spectrum of MSSA \u003cem\u003espa types\u003c/em\u003e and sequence types (ST) were identified in the review. Nevertheless the limited number of publications on genotypic data could not reveal dominance in any particular strain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo publications gave an account on genetic characterization of MRSA(\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_39\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e). The observed MRSA were dominated by ST88, however sequence types ST8, ST1719, ST 1820, and ST239 were also reported.\u0026nbsp; None of the MRSA were \u003cem\u003epvl\u003c/em\u003e positive consistent with the findings by Abdulgader et al 2015 who suggested that Africa is predominated by \u003cem\u003epvl\u003c/em\u003e negative MRSA belonging to ST88 (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_50\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven though some important information was apparent in this review data concerning MSSA and MRSA genotyping is still limited, Kumburu et al 2018 for example was the only one who reported on other virulence factors apart from \u003cem\u003epvl\u003c/em\u003e hence still lacking knowledge on other important factors associated to the bacteria circulating in our communities. Furthermore genotypic characterization studies predominantly focused on screening for the \u003cem\u003emecA\u003c/em\u003e gene the \u0026beta;-lactam associated resistance gene, neglecting other resistant markers for other commonly used antibiotic in the country. Nurjadi et al 2014 whilst researching on trimethoprim resistance\u0026nbsp; genes in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from different countries determined that 100% of the Tanzanian isolated in the study which were phenotypically trimethoprim resistant in fact harboured a trimethoprim conferring resistant gene (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_52\"\u003e52\u003c/a\u003e). This emphasises the need for research efforts to be directed towards researching a wider range of resistance causing genes in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to get comprehensive resistance profile data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost \u003cem\u003epvl\u003c/em\u003e positive MSSA clones associate with skin infections identified in this review belonged to ST152 which concurs with the findings from other African based studies (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_53\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eT\u003cspan style=\"color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eable 4: \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e genetic diversity as described by the reviewed publications\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:9.2in;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\" width=\"883\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003eAuthor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003eHost\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003eSample type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003eResistant gene\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003eVirulence factor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003espa Type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:darkgray;\"\u003eMLST\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eMoremi et al 2012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\" title=\"Moremi, 2012 #54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eHuman\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eWound, pus, nasal swabs (24 MRSA strains from previous studies)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003emecA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(100%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003epvl (16.7%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003et7231, t690\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003et064, t104, t1855,t7237 t186,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003et667\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eST88,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eST1719,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eST8,ST1820\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eKumburu et al 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_39\" title=\"Kumburu, 2017 #640\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eHuman\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eBlood, Sputum, wound/pus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003emecA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(33.3%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003epvl (16.7%) ,txt (6.7%) both in non \u003cem\u003emecA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eND\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eST-8, ST-1, ST-152, ST1719, ST15, ST1847, ST188, ST22, ST239, ST30, ST5, ST580, ST6, ST97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eKatakweba et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eHuman\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNasal swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003emecA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;and \u003cem\u003emecC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(None detected)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003et714, t148, t084, t002, t223, t314, t311, t015, t451, t690, t1849, t2030, t10779*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 48.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eST15, ST18, ST72, ST22, ST5, ST121, ST231, ST45, ST8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eKatakweba et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003ePig\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNasal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003emecA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;and \u003cem\u003emecC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(None detected)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003et131\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eST80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eKatakweba et al 2016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eDog\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNasal swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003emecA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;and mecC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(None detected)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003et084, t127, t223, t314,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003et267, t508, t1476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 30.1pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eST15,ST18, ST1, ST22, ST121,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.703284258210646%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNurjadi et al 2014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_52\" title=\"Nurjadi, 2014 #644\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eHuman\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.269535673839185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNasal, SSTI swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"12.231030577576444%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003edfrA, dfrG and dfrK.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003edfrG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;detected by 37% *\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eNS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.929784824462061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eND\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.141562853907136%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:#2A2A2A;background:white;\"\u003eND\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:white;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eND:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not done, NS: Not screened\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolated from animals.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies reporting on prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic characteristics of \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e in animals published between 2010 and 2018 in Tanzania were few. Only 5 studies were included in this review, scantly representing a small area in the country. Three publications reported on \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e prevalence in milk samples, one study described prevalence in milk and cow nasal swabs and the last study reported on \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e prevalence in pig and dog nasal swabs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e in Animals \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs indicated in table 5 most examined specimen in animals was milk. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e varied in different geographic area. Kashoma et al 2018 and Mohammed et al 2018 reported the highest prevalence at 49% and 41% in Morogoro respectively (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e). Suleiman et al 2018 (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e) did not fall far back when observing a prevalence of 37% describing subclinical mastitis in cows on Unguja Island. The lowest prevalence of 33% was recorded in a study aiming at assessing raw milk quality in Arusha and Meru district(\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_57\"\u003e57\u003c/a\u003e). Generally prevalence of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e seems to be much lower in swabs taken from nasal cavities as shown by Kashoma et al 2018 who swabbed cows observed a prevalence of 28% whereas Katakweba et al 2016(\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\"\u003e17\u003c/a\u003e) observed a prevalence of 4% and 11% in pig and dog nasal swabs respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMRSA detection in milk associated studies varied tremendously ranging from 4- 35% (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e), even though both studies reporting on this data were conducted in Morogoro township. Furthermore, Kashoma et al 2018 reported MRSA prevalence of 16% isolates recovered from cow nasal cavities, whereas no MRSA was detected by Katakweba et al 2016 in pigs and dogs nasal swabs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align:justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 16px; line-height: 200%; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 5: \u003cem\u003eS. \u0026nbsp;aureus\u003c/em\u003e prevalence in Animal related samples\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.25pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.232804232804233%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS.No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114.65pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.19047619047619%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrevalence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e% (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.238095238095237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePrevalence MRSA \u0026nbsp;% (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.05pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.58730158730159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePopulation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eSource of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eS aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eisolates\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eLocation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eReference\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.232804232804233%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.19047619047619%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMilk: 49% (49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCow nasal swabs : 28% (37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.238095238095237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMilk: 35% (17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCow nasal swabs: 16% (6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.58730158730159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eThe study was carried out in 3 dairy farms (A, B and C) that belonged to Sokoine University of Agriculture. All farms were located within the same climatic zone. All 3 farms carried out mixed animal farming\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMilk samples and cow nasal swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMorogoro\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKashoma et al 2018\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; text-decoration: none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.232804232804233%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.19047619047619%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e41% (48)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.238095238095237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e4% (3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.58730158730159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eThe study involved 18 of the 29 Wards within Morogoro Municipality. In each of the selected Wards, sales points and local shops where raw milk is sold were randomly selected. A total of 117 milk samples. The study was conducted between January and June 2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMilk samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMorogoro\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif;\"\u003eMohammed \u0026nbsp;et al 2018\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; text-decoration: none;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.232804232804233%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.19047619047619%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e37% (217)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.238095238095237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.58730158730159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eStudy conducted between January – July 2014 on Unguja Island to establish prevalence of subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy cows and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of major mastitis pathogens.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMilk samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eUnguja (Zanzibar)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif;\"\u003eSuleiman et al 2018\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\" title=\"Suleiman TS, 2018 #647\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; text-decoration: none;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.232804232804233%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.19047619047619%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e33% (30)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.238095238095237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.58730158730159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e105 milk samples from smallholder dairy farmers, milk vendors and retailers were taken within Arusha City and Meru District to assess the quality of raw milk and stakeholders' awareness on milk-borne health risks and factors for poor milk hygiene.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMilk samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eArusha city and Meru district\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Northern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNgasala et al 2015\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_57\" title=\"Ngasala JH, 2015 #591\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; text-decoration: none;\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.25pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.232804232804233%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.19047619047619%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePig nasal swabs 4% (4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDog nasal swabs 11% (11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.238095238095237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePig swabs: 0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eDog nasal swabs: 0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.58730158730159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e100 pigs and 100 dogs \u0026nbsp;dwelling in urban and peri urban Morogoro Municipality\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.17989417989418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNasal swabs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eMorogoro\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(Eastern zone)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 101pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 2.35pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eKatakweba et al 2016\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12px; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; text-decoration: none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 16px; line-height: 107%; font-family: \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif;\"\u003eNR:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eNot reported\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 16px; line-height: 107%; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e \n \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch2 style=\"margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:17px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri Light\u0026quot;,sans-serif;color:#5B9BD5;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;\"\u003eTable 6: Antibiotic resistance in animals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:460.45pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:6.75pt;margin-right:6.75pt;\" width=\"614\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAntibiotic (N*)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eResistance rates in different studies in Animals.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(References) (range%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(174, 170, 170);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:black;\"\u003eMean resistance (n/N*) (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003ePenicillin(265)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\" title=\"Suleiman TS, 2018 #647\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(72-88)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.55pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(225/265) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (85%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAmpicillin (99)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(62-100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(72/99) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(73%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eTetracycline (364)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e54-56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(16-73)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(110/364) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(30%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eErythromycin (301)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\" title=\"Suleiman TS, 2018 #647\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (5-23)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(28/301) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(9%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eGentamicin (99)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(6-25)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(4/99) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCo-trimoxazole (132)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (22-40)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(42/132) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(32%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eVancomycin (132)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(2-11)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(10/132) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(8%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eAmoxicillin (217)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\" title=\"Suleiman TS, 2018 #647\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(47)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(102/217) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(47%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCephalexin (217)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\" title=\"Suleiman TS, 2018 #647\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e(30)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(64/217) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(30%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eOxacillin (147)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Katakweba, 2016 #6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(0-34)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(25/147) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(17%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.9pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.661237785016286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003eCefoxitin (132)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.71335504885994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\" title=\"Mohammed J, 2018 #590\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\" title=\"Kashoma I.P. LEP, 2018 #646\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e(4-17)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"44.62540716612378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e(13/132) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(10%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\n \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e*Reported in one study only\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotic resistance in animal originated \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour studies described resistance in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e using different antibiotic pallets which included cephalexin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, clindamycin, vancomycin, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, oxacillin, and cefotixin. This review however focused on the most reported antibiotics in this area as indicated in Table 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the reviewed studies reported low antibiotic resistance levels with exception of penicillin and ampicillin which showed mean resistances rates of 85% and 73% respectively. Suleiman et al 2018 also further observed resistance against amoxicillin and cephalexin at a rate of 47% and 30%, which was unfortunately not reported by any of the other reviewed studies. Oxy-tetracycline has been stated as being the most over used antibiotic in the livestock keeping business in Tanzania (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_58\"\u003e58\u003c/a\u003e).\u0026nbsp; The mean resistance rates against oxacillin (17%) and tetracycline (30%) observed in this review are indicative of the effects of previously reported overuse.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMRSA detection in all studies was confirmed by resistance against cefoxitin and/or oxacillin, whereby mean resistance rates of 10% and 17% were observed respectively. An average of 8% resistance against vancomycin was observed, reported in 3/5 studies as described in\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenotypic characterisation of animal originated \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eisolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenotypic data were retrieved from 2 of the 5 studies reviewed. In both, real time- PCR (qPCR) was used to confirm \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003eas well as screening for \u003cem\u003emecA \u003c/em\u003eresistance conferring gene. Katakweba et al 2016 additionally screened for \u003cem\u003emecC\u003c/em\u003e a recently discovered \u003cem\u003emecA\u003c/em\u003e homologue said to have the potential to be mis-categorized as Methicillin sensitive \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003e(MSSA). None of the two resistance conferring genes were detected in Katakweba\u0026rsquo;s study, however \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was confirmed in 4 pigs and 11 dog samples respectively. Further \u003cem\u003espa\u003c/em\u003e typing of the pig originating MSSA characterized them as spa type t131 associated with ST80. Additionally isolates of dog origin were characterized as spa types t314 (ST121), t084 (ST15 and ST18) and t223 (ST22) all of which were also identified in human nasal isolates reported in the same study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study by Mohammed et al 2018, both coagulase positive (n=46) and coagulase negative (n=2) \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e were detected in their milk samples.\u003cem\u003e mecA \u003c/em\u003egene was detected in 2 coagulase positive and one coagulase negative\u003cem\u003e S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolate making this study the first in Tanzania to report on coagulase negative \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e hourboring the\u003cem\u003e mecA\u003c/em\u003e gene. Of the 3 MRSA isolates detected in the study only the coagulase negative \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolate was able to be characterized\u0026nbsp; as spa type t2603, whereas the other two MRSA\u0026rsquo;s were \u003cem\u003espa\u003c/em\u003e un- typable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.aureus \u003c/em\u003eis one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis which explains the fact that the majority of publications included in this review concerning \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e in animals addressed the pathogen in clinical and sub-clinical mastitis or in regards to milk production quality. This has been instrumental in the reviews failure to make a link in describing animals and/or humans as potential \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e reservoir for each other, as well as the effect of such in both public and animal health. Very few studies on genomic \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e characterisation were available for review and did not suffice in showing such linkage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data from this review cannot be generalized as true prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns or genotypic characterization of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e bacterium in Tanzania. High inter-study variations such as type of specimen analysed, objective of studies, time frame as well as methods employed including criteria set for resistance/MRSA confirmation may have influenced the outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods used to genetically characterise \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003ein this review were very divergent from simple PCR to whole genome sequencing. The data collected in these methods had different focuses which made comparing the results between studies difficult. Since the main objective in characterizing \u003cem\u003eS. aureus \u003c/em\u003eor any other bacteria for that matter is understanding the genetic similarities and differences in conferring antibiotic resistance, strain type as well as and virulence factors, it would therefore be useful to have a common guideline that allowing inter laboratory comparability to gather more reliable and holistic data meant to guide treatment and infection prevention strategies in the country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eInformation about prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of \u003cem\u003eS aureus \u003c/em\u003ein Tanzania still remains scarce. It is evident that the majority of the publications included in this review are from research institutions or tertiary hospitals affiliated to universities with health related focuses hence most information could be derived from three focal points MNH in Dar es Salaam, BMC Mwanza and , KCMC Moshi respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics the focal regions represented in this review earn higher income per capital compared to the zones whereby no information could be gathered. This implies that most of the data obtained for review is based in relatively well to do regions (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_59\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e). No published data between 2010 and 2018 on the epidemiology of \u003cem\u003eS aureus\u003c/em\u003e was available for \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;the southern, southern highlands, south western highlands as well as the western parts of the country, which is home to some of the most impoverished regions in Tanzania..\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;It is known that poverty struck areas also face other challenges as poor healthcare facilities and access, lack of basic needs such as food, proper housing and sanitation, which in turn leaves the population ridden by different infectious diseases. Furthermore since the income gained by the poor is mainly for subsistence, the tendency to resort to self-treatment and or consulting traditional healer is very high (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_60\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e) all of which are known indicators associated with driving antibiotic resistance (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_61\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;It is therefore imperative to emphasize the need to further gather information about the epidemiology (susceptibility patterns and genotypic characterization) of all bacteria of public health and animal health importance in Tanzania to gain a comprehensive description of the burden of the bacteria as well as enable proper strategies guiding empirical infections treatment and management in the country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAMR; Antimicrobial resistance, AST; Antibiotic susceptibility testing, BMC; Bugando Medical Centre, CAI: Community acquired Infection, CLSI; Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute, CNS;Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, HAI; Hospital Acquired Infection, HCW; Healthcare workers, ICU; Intensive care unit, KCMC; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre; LAI; Livestock acquired infections, MLST; Multilocus sequence typing, MNH; Muhimbili National Hospital, MRSA; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA; Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, ND; Not done, NR; Not reported, NS; Not Screened, OM; Otitis media, RCH; Reproductive and child health, Spa; Staphylococcus protein A, SSI; Surgical Site infection, SSTI’s; Skin and soft tissue infections, ST; Sequence type, UTI; Urinary tract infection, WHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted under the PhD fellowship given by Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA). CARTA is jointly led by the African Population and Health Research Center and the University of the Witwatersrand and funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant \u0026nbsp;numberB 8606.R02), Sida (Grant number 54100113), the DELTAS Africa Initiative (Grant number 107768/Z/15/Z) and Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)\u0026rsquo;s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa\u0026rsquo;s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust (UK) and the UK government. The\u0026nbsp;statements\u0026nbsp;made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the Fellow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTSM, TSK and JM participated in the literature search; TSM and TSK played equal part in the reviewing process of this work. TSM prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Neill J. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. May 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance Geneva; 2014. Contract No.: 9789241564748.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. 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Tanzania Veterinary Journal. 2018;30(2):61 -75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuleiman TS KE, Mdegela RH. . Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated in Unguja island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2018;50(2):259-66.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNgasala JH NH, Madundo M, Mtambo A. Assessment of raw milk quality and stakeholders\u0026rsquo;awareness on milk-borne health risks in Arusha City and Meru District, Tanzania. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaudell MA QM, Subbiah M, Call, DR RC, Roulette JW, et al. . Antimicrobial Use and Veterinary Care among Agro-Pastoralists in Northern Tanzania. PloS one. (2017);12(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHIGHLIGHTS FOR THE THIRD QUARTER (JULY \u0026ndash; SEPTEMBER) GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, 2017. United republic of Tanzania: National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance and Planning; 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGreen JA, Norris P, Bukhari NI. Self-medication, home remedies, and spiritual healing: common responses to everyday symptoms in Pakistan AU - Anwar, Mudassir. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. 2015;3(1):281-95.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eByarugaba DK. A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2004;24(2):105-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Staphylococcus aureus; Prevalence; Antimicrobial resistance; Genotyping; Infection; Colonization; Tanzania","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-16889/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16889/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground : Information about prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping data of Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) isolated from different infections and colonization, both in humans and animals is scarce in Tanzania. Given the wide range of infections S aureus can cause and the raise of methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA) globally, this review was aimed at collecting local published data on the S aureus bacterium to better understand the epidemiology.\u0026nbsp;Methodology: A systematic review of scientific studies reporting on prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotyping of S aureus in human and animal infection and colonization was done. Literatures extracted from electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were screened for eligibility and relevant articles included into the review. The review is limited to literatures published in English, between the years 2010 and 2018. . Results: 39 studies conducted in 5 of the 9 administrative zones in Tanzania were reviewed to establish S aureus prevalence in human and animal infection and colonization. Prevalence in human ranged from 1 - 60%. Antibiotic resistance patterns of S aureus isolated from colonized humans showed higher resistance rates against erythromycin (49%), co-trimoxazole (38%) and tetracycline (28%) compared to report from other studies outside Africa.\u0026nbsp;The review suggests an increased MRSA prevalence of up to 33% compared to 16% reported in previous years. Genotypic data reviewed suggested that MRSA predominantly belonged to ST88.\u0026nbsp;S aureus prevalence in animal studies ranged from 33 - 49% whereas MRSA prevalence ranged from 4 - 35%.\u0026nbsp;Generally low antibiotic resistance levels were reported in these studies with exception to penicillin (85%) and ampicillin (73%).\u0026nbsp;Resistance against tetracycline reported at 30% collaborates the suggested overuse of the drug in livestock keeping in Tanzania. Conclusion : Prevalence of MRSA in Tanzania is rising although clear variations between different geographic areas could be observed. Non-susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics in community associated S aureus is of concern. Research strategies to better understand the S aureus epidemiology by including genotypic characterisations, as well as strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship are recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Tanzania: a systematic review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-03-12 14:54:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-16889/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c6bba7fa-0d68-4f48-870c-98821668fed0","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":69154,"name":"Infectious Diseases"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-09-27T17:47:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-16889","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00612-z","journal":{"identity":"bulletin-of-the-national-research-centre","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Bulletin of the National Research Centre"},"publishedOn":"2021-09-27 17:47:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 27th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-03-12 14:54:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s42269-021-00612-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00612-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-16889","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-16889","identity":"rs-16889","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}