Feeding deterrence, and Larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed solvent extracts against Diamondback moth. Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Feeding deterrence, and Larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed solvent extracts against Diamondback moth. Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Feeding deterrence, and Larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed solvent extracts against Diamondback moth. Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Adem Nega This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489160/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The feeding deterrence and larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed powder solvent extract against Plutella xylostella L. larvae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Cabbage leaves were dipped into a test solution of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4mg/ml (w/v) for 1hr. The result showed that feeding was fully prevented at higher rates of polar solvent extracts. Leaves treated with polar extracts caused higher larval mortality. The highest mortality was recorded from water and acetone extracts. Mortality for neonates and third instars was very high in polar solvent extracts and has much smaller LC 50 values. Other extracts have higher LC 50 and caused significant larvae kill only at higher rates. In conclusion, polar solvent extracts of M. furrgunia possess significant feeding deterrence and larvicidal effects against P. xylostella. Feeding deterrence Larvicidal Melletia furrgunia mortality Polar Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is the worst pest of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata in Ethiopia. The pest is most important particularly at lower altitude and warmer areas of the country (Ayalew and Ogol 2006 ; Ayalew 2006 ). P. xylostella is a medium sized moth. The larvae of this insect are a cryptic feeder and prefer to feed around the buds of young plants. The young larvae mine between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Leaf scraping, leaf curling, and total death of young plants are some of the damage caused by this pest resulting in significant yield loss. The pest constrained cabbage production mainly in Africa (Ayalew 2006 ). Synthetic insecticide used is the common practice to manage P. xylostella larvae in vegetable cultivation. But, chemical control is very difficult due to the cryptic feeding behaviour of the larvae, which requires repeated applications for effective control. However, this inaccessibility of insecticides can be environmentally disruptive, eliminates beneficial insects, develop pest resistance, and accumulates residues in the harvested produces (Gholizadeh et al 2009 ). Therefore, effective, ecologically safe, and economically feasible P. xylostella control options need to be made accessible to cabbage growers. Botanicals are the right alternative to insecticides for controlling different insect pests as they are readily available, safe to prepare, and non-toxic to animals and humans (Charleston 2004 ). Most botanicals are more effective than synthetic insecticides, which can be an important option for sorghum growers. Belmain et al ( 2012 ) also argue that the use of local plants as important options to chemicals for pest management. In Ethiopia and other developing countries, the use of plant parts plays a great role in controlling horticultural pests (Liang et al 2003 ). In addition, their bioactive compounds make insect pests more difficult to develop resistance (FAO 2014). In several studies, several local plant parts have been investigated and reported as an effective control of horticultural pests. However, their extract in different solvents against P. xylostella analysed in this study is not yet reported. Considering the above fact, to manage this pest, the experiment was designed to determine the effect of M. furrgunia seed powder using solvents of different polarity on the feeding and larval activities of P. xylostella (L.). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rearing of Test Insect The study was conducted in the insectary of Holetta Agricultural Research Centre (HARC), Ethiopia. P. xylostella larvae were collected from HARC cabbage farms using a small soft-bristle paintbrush and/or tearing off a piece of the leaf on the larva or pupa. Larvae reared in 25cm x15cm x10cm plastic cages at the optimal temperature range (25–32°C.) and relative humidity of 78% (Adem Nega 2002 ). Larvae were provided with fresh, pesticide-free leaves of cabbage in rearing containers. Larvae were transferred to the new leaves and caged using a small smooth paintbrush. After 2–3 days or whenever the leaves have been eaten or dried out, fresh leaves were used for feeding larvae. Cages were washed, dried, and were changed every other day until the developed larvae pupated. Pupae were transferred and kept in Petri dishes for the adult to emerge. Adults emerged in Petri dishes were transferred to a bigger cage (65 x 65 x 80cm) size. Distilled water and 2% sucrose solution were given to adults as food (Jembere et al 2005 ). Fresh cabbage leaves were introduced daily into these cages for feeding and as oviposition sites for the adults. Botanical preparation and Extraction M. ferruginea matured pods were collected from the Holetta agricultural research campus. The plant pods were taken to the insectary and put aside for some days to dry. After the seeds were removed from the pods and cotyledons from the seed coats, the cotyledons were ground to powder using mortar and pestle under shady conditions (Adem Nega 2002 ; Bekele Jembere 2002). In sealed plastic bags, the powder was kept in a refrigerator at 4°c until used for its crude extraction using different solvents. Different polar and non-polar solvents (such as: deionized water, acetic acid, acetone, chloroform, toluene, and hexane with the polarity index of 9.0, 6.2, 5.1, 4.1, 2.4, and 0.1, respectively) were used for the extraction of the powder following the procedures used by (Baye Mulatu 2007 ) Six samples of 50gm of M. ferrugneia powder were weighed separately for crude extraction. Each sample was mixed with 100ml solvent in separate flasks. The mixtures were stirred continuously for 15minutes using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature until homogenous solutions formed and then left to stand. Each mixture was filtered using fine cotton muslin cloths. The filtrate solutions of different solvents, namely, acetone, chloroform, toluene, and hexane, were transferred to evaporating dishes to evaporate the solvents. A water bath was adjusted at the respective boiling points of each solvent in the evaporating hood to evaporate solvents. However, deionized water and acetic acid solvents were evaporated using a rotary evaporator under vacuum in a boiling bath. After evaporating the solvents, the solid extracts left in each container were transferred separately to flat polythene and kept spread for a day in a ventilated room for further removal of the solvents that might have remained in it. All solid extracts were packed in polythene bags kept in a refrigerator at 40 0 C to maintain their freshness until used for the assays. The solid extracts were then used to prepare the serial dilutions. Each serial concentration was prepared by dissolving 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140mg of M. ferrugneia powder with 100ml of water following the procedures used by (Adem Nega 2002 ). The solution was thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous solution was formed. Water was used as the application solvent and the solution was ready for application on cabbage leaves to bioassay their effects on P. xylostella feeding. Feeding deterrence bioassay Excised leaves of cabbage were taken from seedlings that were cultivated for the purpose in a completely pesticide-free environment. The test leaves were washed to remove dust and put on blot paper to remove the surface water. Dilutions of all six extracts were poured into separate bowls and kept at room temperature for 1hr before use. Leaf dipping method was used to run the feeding bioassay using cabbage leaves (Nair and Thomas 2001 ). The test leaves were dipped for 1hr in the dilutions prepared at (w/v): 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4mg/ml and transferred into separate Petri dishes immediately after the excess liquid dislodged from them. The cut end of each treated leaf was covered with tap water wetted cotton balls. Five neonate and five third instar larvae that were starved for 3hrs a priory were introduced into each Petri dish. Follow-ups were made on their feeding activity until the last larvae in each Petri dish either died or alive. Every day, data were collected on the number of larvae alive, feeding, larval mortality, and days with the highest mortality. Forty replications with a total of 200 larvae per rate were run for each solvent extract. Data analysis Data from all extracts were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey Kramer honest significance test, and P-value was set at the 5% probability level. Larval mortality data were subjected to probit analysis for calculating LC50 values and dosage mortality curves for all applications of different solvent extracts. The LC50 values, the susceptibility of neonates’ and 3rd instar larvae to treatment of each serial concentration, and solvent extracts were assessed by constructing a concentration mortality curve. Mortality in the control treatment was used to correct mortality in other treatments using Abbottt’s formula cited in Ishaaya et al ( 2007 ). RESULT Feeding Response of P. xylostella The highest larval mortality was recorded in water extracted M. ferrugneia at all rates, followed by acetone extract at higher rates of application (F6, 27 = 23.0, P < 0.0001). Mortality was the highest at higher rates of acetone. Significant lower larval mortality was recorded at the lower rates of Chloroform, Toluene, and Hexane extracts (F6, 27 = 7.6, P < 0.0001) (Table 1 ). Table 1 Mean (± SE) percentage (%) of larval mortality on different solvent extracts of M. furrgunia Rates WA AA AC CH TO HE 0 19.00 ± 7.48Bd 22.00 ± 4.01Ad 28.00 ± 8.00Ac 16.20 ± 6.45Ce 16.00 ± 6.40Cc 22.00 ± 10.00Ad 0.2 89.28 ± 6.50Ac 30.36 ± 6.56Cd 46.43 ± 0.00Bc 46.43 ± 11.90Bd 7.80 ± 10.02Dd 25.00 ± 19.68Cd 0.4 94.64 ± 5.40Ab 62.50 ± 13.65Bc 83.92 ± 6.56Ab 67.85 ± 13.12Bc 19.64 ± 11.97Cc 67.85 ± 13.12Bc 0.6 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 67.85 ± 5.35Cc 78.572 ± 5.35Bb 41.07 ± 10.00Dd 14.40 ± 12.80Ec 67.85 ± 13.12Cc 0.8 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 86.60 ± 7.73Bb 66.51 ± 6.69Dc 67.85 ± 15.61Da 78.57 ± 10.02Cb 1.0 94.64 ± 5.35Bb 89.28 ± 6.56Bb 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 78.57 ± 5.35Cb 73.21 ± 11.97Ca 83.92 ± 10.71Ba 1.2 94.64 ± 5.35Bb 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 93.30 ± 6.69Ba 57.14 ± 13.60Db 78.57 ± 13.12Cb 1.4 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 94.64 ± 5.35Aa 100.00 ± 0.00Aa 89.28 ± 6.56Ba 73.21 ± 8.47Ca 83.92 ± 6.56Ba Means followed by the same letter (lowercase) within a column and (uppercase) within a row are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey-Kramer HSD). WA- Water, AA- Acetic acid, AC- Acetone, CH- Chloroform, TO- Toluene, HE- Hexane Days to highest larval mortality For Water extract, the time of mortality was longer at 0.8mg/ml and shorter at the highest 1.4mg/ml rate (Table 2 ). Similarly, longer period of mortality was recorded from Acetic acid extract at 0.6mg/ml (F7, 32 = 1.7, P > 0.1). Shorter period of mortality was recorded from Acetic acid extract at higher rates of application (F7, 32 = 9.5, P < 0.0001), and longer at lower rates of Chloroform extract. Mortality period recorded for Toluene extract was longer at 1.2mg/ml. Time of larval mortality was shorter at 0.4mg/ml of Hexane extract. Table 2 Means (± SE) days to highest larvae mortality with different solvent extracts of M. furrgunia Rates WA AA AC CH TO HE 0 5.40 ± 1.80Bcd 6.80 ± 1.39Ac 3.20 ± 1.06De 3.40 ± 1.46Dc 4.20 ± 1.80Cd 6.60 ± 1.32Ac 0.2 7.20 ± 0.96Dc 9.80 ± 1.52Ba 12.20 ± 0.90Aa 11.0 ± 1.14Aa 4.20 ± 1.40Ed 12.0 ± 1.1Aa 0.4 4.00 ± 0.50Dd 8.80 ± 1.71Cb 8.80 ± 0.58Cc 9.80 ± 1.82Bb 5.80 ± 0.96Dc 7.80 ± 0.580Dc 0.6 8.00 ± 0.94Bb 12.00 ± 0.60Aa 11.00 ± 1.30Aa 11.40 ± 1.1Aa 7.80 ± 2.10Bb 11.60 ± 1.70Aa 0.8 11.20 ± 1.01Aa 8.40 ± 1.63Db 10.20 ± 1.04Bb 11.20 ± 1.30Aa 8.40 ± 1.80Db 11.20 ± 1.82Aa 1.0 10.20 ± 0.90Ba 11.40 ± 0.90Aa 7.40 ± 0.70Cd 10.0 ± 1.09Bb 11.80 ± 1.10Aa 10.20 ± 1.50Bb 1.2 8.20 ± 1.33Cb 8.00 ± 1.30Cb 7.20 ± 0.66Dd 9.80 ± 1.82Bb 12.80 ± 1.00Aa 9.80 ± 1.150Bb 1.4 5.60 ± 1.7Dcd 10.20 ± 1.2Aa 8.80 ± 1.20Cc 9.40 ± 1.46Bb 9.80 ± 1.20Bb 10.80 ± 1.40Ab Means followed by the same letter (lowercase) within a column and (uppercase) within a row are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey-Kramer HSD). WA- Water, AA- Acetic acid, AC- Acetone, CH- Chloroform, TO- Toluene, HE- Hexane LC 50 for neonate larvae High larval mortality was recorded in all solvent extracts. The LC 50 of acetone and acetic acid were very smaller and these solvent extracts have a high killing effect. However, these values for Water, Chloroform, Toluene, and Hexane were higher in that order (Table 3 , Fig. 1 ). Table 3 LC 50 and 95% CL of M. furrgunia seed powder solvent extract Extract type LC 50 95% confidence limits lower & upper limits Intercept St. error WA 0.0185 0.0220, 0.0540 2.3571 0.1186 AA 0.0061 0.0003, 0.0306 3.0142 0.2028 AC 0.0036 0.0000, 0.0333 3.3159 0.3000 CH 0.0288 0.0044, 0.0735 2.0956 0.0984 TO 0.0307 0.0047, 0.0775 2.0590 0.0955 HE 0.1969 0.0851, 0.3078 0.9625 0.0596 LC 50 for 3rd instar larvae LC 50 value of WA extract was very small and has a high killing effect. LC 50 values of Acetone, Acetic acid, and Chloroform extracts were higher. The LC 50 for Hexane and Toluene was far more as well (Table 4 , Fig. 2 ). Table 4 LC 50 of M. furrgunia seed powder solvent extract Extracts LC 50 95% confidence limits lower & upper Intercept St. error WA 0.0865 0.0350, 0.1658 2.1505 0.0872 AA 0.3114 0.1903, 0.4631 0.0250 0.0587 AC 0.1968 0.1078, 0.3107 1.4279 0.0655 CH 0.3466 0.2190, 0.5045 0.9307 0.0552 TO 0.6859 0.4711, 0.9925 0.3312 0.0518 HE 0.4679 0.3077, 0.6744 0.6672 0.0533 DISCUSSION A Plutella xylostella L. larva feeding was significantly deterred by polar solvent extracts of M. ferrugneia . Feedings come to nothing with leaves treated with solvents of polar extracts. In the study non-polar solvent extracts showed lower feeding deterrence as indicated by highly damaged treated cabbage leaves. The possible justification for this may be the odor or volatility of non-polar solvent extracts might be weaker than that of the polar solvent extracts. In contrast, the full deterrence of this plant suggests that the plant powder might contain most of the volatile constituents. Feeding deterrence increased with an increase in the rate of application of the treatment as well. This result is comparable to the earlier works of Adem Nega ( 2002 ); Nair and Thomas ( 2001 ); Singh and Singh ( 1998 ). Water extracted M. ferrugneia seed powder caused the highest mortality both at higher and lower rates. However, all other extracts caused mortality at higher rates. This shows that of all solvent extracts water is the most effective. Comparable result was reported by Bekele Jembere et al ( 2005 ). In their study, 93 to 100% mortality of termite castes were recorded in water extracts of M. ferrugneia seed powder. Solvent extracts were toxic to neonate larvae which cause direct mortality. However, time of 3rd instar larvae development was prolonged on leaves treated with solvent extracts. This is because the insect feed much less on leaves that were treated with solvent extracts. Thus, their development was slowed, as a result many died before they could pupate. In our study, M. ferrugneia did not cause mortality but it did a significant reduction in food consumption, which indicates that this plant extract inhibits feeding without killing the insect. Larvae become reduced feeding on leaves treated with higher rates of extract. As a result of this, many of them failed to complete development and finally died with increasing mortality. Study result showed extracts of this plant did not have quick killing effect. Therefore, it is possible to say larval mortality took a longer period probably due to the slow-acting effect of the potent insecticides present in the plant. Third instar larvae took longer periods of development when they were feed solvent extract treated leaves. Larvae need a longer periods to reach the 4th instar, pupal and adult stage. Developmental period was prolonged at the highest rates of polar extracts. Likewise, in the non-polar extracts the test insect was observed unable to molt and grow as it resulted in reduced development and delayed pupation. Probably if pupated, the pupal size was smaller and malformed, which could be explained by reduced feeding compared to the control. Similar result has also been reported on the failure to molt and unsuccessful development of this pest insect by Adem Nega ( 2002 ). The feeding and mortality effects of M. ferrugneia seed powder extracts with different solvents on neonate and 3rd instars were found rate dependant for each extract. However, the lethal concentrations that killed 50% of neonate and 3rd instar larvae mortality were different for all treatments. In the study we record polar solvent extracts with smaller LC 50 values have high killing effect than the non-polar solvent extracts. This study concludes that at all rates of application polar solvent extracts were observed to cause feeding deterrence, toxic to P. xylostella neonates and 3rd instars. Likewise, nonpolar extracts were found to be development retardant and influence feeding activity of this test insect at all higher rate. Therefore, M. ferruginea extracts with polar and nonpolar solvents of different polarities are good alternatives to chemical pesticides in controlling P. xylostella . Declarations Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest Acknowledgment The author is grateful to Ethiopian Ministry of Education and Addis Ababa University for financial support. I would like to extend my regard to Holetta Agricultural Research Centre and its staff for their support and laboratory facilities. This paper is an extension of the previous study of Aem Nega in [2002] cited in the text and also dully acknowledged. Data Availability The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the manuscript References Adem Nega (2002) Study on Ovicidal, Larval Settlement, Feeding and Oviposition Deterrence Effects of Seed Kernel Powder Extracts of Birbira, (Milletia ferruginea) on Diamondback Moth,( Plutella. xylostella L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Msc Thesis, Addis Ababa University Ayalew G (2006) Comparison of yield loss on cabbage from Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) using two insecticides. Crop Prot 25(9):915–919 Ayalew G, Ogol CK (2006) Occurrence of the diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella L.) and its parasitoids in Ethiopia: influence of geographical region and agronomic traits. J Appl Entomol 130(6–7):343–348 Baye Mulatu (2007) Contact bioassay of an endemic plant to Ethiopia on three aphid species. Ethio J Biol Sci 6(1):51–62 Bekele J (2002) Evaluation of the toxicity potential of Milletia ferruginea (Hochest) Baker against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch). Int J Pest Manag 48(1):29–32 Belmain SR, Amoah BA, Nyirenda SP, Kamanula JF, Stevenson PC (2012) Highly variable insect control efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii chemotypes. J agric food chem 60(40):55–63 Charleston DS (2004) Integrating Biological Control and Botanical Pesticides for Management of Plutella Xylostella . Wageningen University and Research Chavana J, Joshi NK (2024) Toxicity and Risk of Biopesticides to Insect Pollinators in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes. Agrochemicals 3(1):70–93 FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization (2014) Food and agricultural organization of the united nation, http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx Gholizadeh A, Kamali K, Fathipour Y, Abbasipour H (2009) Life table of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on five cultivated brassicaceous host plants. J Agric Sci Technol 11(2):115–124 Ishaaya I, Nauen R, Horowitz AR (2007) Insecticides design using advanced technologies. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 249–261 Jembere B, Getahun D, Negash M, Seyoum E (2005) Toxicity of Milletia ferruginea seed crude extracts to some insect pests as compared to other botanical and synthetic insecticides. In: Proceedings of the 11th NAPRECA Symposium on natural products and drug delivery pp. 9–12 JMP IN Version 5.1 Software: The statistical Discovery Software 1989–2003, SAS Institute Inc Kareru P, Rotich ZK, Maina EW (2013) Use of botanicals and safer insecticides designed in controlling insects: the African case. Insecticides–Development Safer More Effective Technol 10:297–309 Liang GM, Chen W, Liu TX (2003) Effects of three neem-based insecticides on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Prot 22(2):333–340 Nair S, Thomas J (2001) Oviposition deterrence of Acorus calamus L. on melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coq. J Trop Agric 39(2):149–150 Singh S, Singh RP (1998) Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) seed kernel extracts and azadirachtin as oviposition deterrents against the melon fly ( Bactrocera cucurbitae ) and the oriental fruit fly ( Bactrocera dorsalis ). Phytoparasitica 26:191–197 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4489160","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312942513,"identity":"e1f5e820-1fd6-483f-8ebb-bc37a307f0cb","order_by":0,"name":"Adem Nega","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIie2PsQrCMBCGUwLpctI1g9RXqAhFUNpXqQQ6RXwBEUGom64+RidxFIJ1KbjeLnRwUgRHNQXntm6C+SD5E7iPuyPEYPhJok9Sutc3b3+h2Kx8cfhCccAro15xluKQWrthsF7A/YLTPhBbHdIqhedFjFYei41qbQcy04NBHGNlG5Q+WokSRCs9ybTCwa9UOjh5aOUlOgqKnnw2UDyUTCv7wFNAz+OkgdLNCx9HiYi6ivl0vOLA6nZxj6LAWxKE7kmd7/Ixcx1bZdXrl0SEjOaEMF5+WG35h1Afem1abTAYDP/FG4eMSQu/GaCZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1072-3291","institution":"Debre Markos University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adem","middleName":"","lastName":"Nega","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-28 08:06:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489160/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489160/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59524124,"identity":"58db9581-f698-4482-953c-3d8a2cc5303e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 20:43:44","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":244761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProbit mortality graph of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder solvent extract against neonate larvae\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489160/v1/b75801482e4263ed3e26e06a.jpeg"},{"id":59524125,"identity":"3d4332d0-3b52-4238-a3cf-c5042176ac44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 20:43:44","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProbit mortality graph of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder solvent extract against 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; instar larvae\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489160/v1/94a6df3fb3dcdf0f8dda7081.jpeg"},{"id":60159054,"identity":"63e3cdde-0924-4ac4-8b51-b7841224b628","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 12:42:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":953113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489160/v1/a12b8691-c049-471c-9f93-3b729646ad4f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Feeding deterrence, and Larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed solvent extracts against Diamondback moth. Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiamondback moth, \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is the worst pest of Cabbage, \u003cem\u003eBrassica oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L. var. \u003cem\u003ecapitata\u003c/em\u003e in Ethiopia. The pest is most important particularly at lower altitude and warmer areas of the country (Ayalew and Ogol \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ayalew \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e is a medium sized moth. The larvae of this insect are a cryptic feeder and prefer to feed around the buds of young plants. The young larvae mine between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Leaf scraping, leaf curling, and total death of young plants are some of the damage caused by this pest resulting in significant yield loss. The pest constrained cabbage production mainly in Africa (Ayalew \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthetic insecticide used is the common practice to manage \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e larvae in vegetable cultivation. But, chemical control is very difficult due to the cryptic feeding behaviour of the larvae, which requires repeated applications for effective control. However, this inaccessibility of insecticides can be environmentally disruptive, eliminates beneficial insects, develop pest resistance, and accumulates residues in the harvested produces (Gholizadeh et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, effective, ecologically safe, and economically feasible \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e control options need to be made accessible to cabbage growers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotanicals are the right alternative to insecticides for controlling different insect pests as they are readily available, safe to prepare, and non-toxic to animals and humans (Charleston \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Most botanicals are more effective than synthetic insecticides, which can be an important option for sorghum growers. Belmain et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) also argue that the use of local plants as important options to chemicals for pest management. In Ethiopia and other developing countries, the use of plant parts plays a great role in controlling horticultural pests (Liang et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, their bioactive compounds make insect pests more difficult to develop resistance (FAO 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn several studies, several local plant parts have been investigated and reported as an effective control of horticultural pests. However, their extract in different solvents against \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e analysed in this study is not yet reported. Considering the above fact, to manage this pest, the experiment was designed to determine the effect of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder using solvents of different polarity on the feeding and larval activities of \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e (L.).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRearing of Test Insect\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the insectary of Holetta Agricultural Research Centre (HARC), Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e larvae were collected from HARC cabbage farms using a small soft-bristle paintbrush and/or tearing off a piece of the leaf on the larva or pupa. Larvae reared in 25cm x15cm x10cm plastic cages at the optimal temperature range (25\u0026ndash;32\u0026deg;C.) and relative humidity of 78% (Adem Nega \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Larvae were provided with fresh, pesticide-free leaves of cabbage in rearing containers. Larvae were transferred to the new leaves and caged using a small smooth paintbrush. After 2\u0026ndash;3 days or whenever the leaves have been eaten or dried out, fresh leaves were used for feeding larvae. Cages were washed, dried, and were changed every other day until the developed larvae pupated. Pupae were transferred and kept in Petri dishes for the adult to emerge. Adults emerged in Petri dishes were transferred to a bigger cage (65 x 65 x 80cm) size. Distilled water and 2% sucrose solution were given to adults as food (Jembere et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Fresh cabbage leaves were introduced daily into these cages for feeding and as oviposition sites for the adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotanical preparation and Extraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eM. ferruginea\u003c/em\u003e matured pods were collected from the Holetta agricultural research campus. The plant pods were taken to the insectary and put aside for some days to dry. After the seeds were removed from the pods and cotyledons from the seed coats, the cotyledons were ground to powder using mortar and pestle under shady conditions (Adem Nega \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Bekele Jembere 2002). In sealed plastic bags, the powder was kept in a refrigerator at 4\u0026deg;c until used for its crude extraction using different solvents. Different polar and non-polar solvents (such as: deionized water, acetic acid, acetone, chloroform, toluene, and hexane with the polarity index of 9.0, 6.2, 5.1, 4.1, 2.4, and 0.1, respectively) were used for the extraction of the powder following the procedures used by (Baye Mulatu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) Six samples of 50gm of \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e powder were weighed separately for crude extraction. Each sample was mixed with 100ml solvent in separate flasks. The mixtures were stirred continuously for 15minutes using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature until homogenous solutions formed and then left to stand.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach mixture was filtered using fine cotton muslin cloths. The filtrate solutions of different solvents, namely, acetone, chloroform, toluene, and hexane, were transferred to evaporating dishes to evaporate the solvents. A water bath was adjusted at the respective boiling points of each solvent in the evaporating hood to evaporate solvents. However, deionized water and acetic acid solvents were evaporated using a rotary evaporator under vacuum in a boiling bath. After evaporating the solvents, the solid extracts left in each container were transferred separately to flat polythene and kept spread for a day in a ventilated room for further removal of the solvents that might have remained in it. All solid extracts were packed in polythene bags kept in a refrigerator at 40\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC to maintain their freshness until used for the assays. The solid extracts were then used to prepare the serial dilutions. Each serial concentration was prepared by dissolving 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140mg of \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e powder with 100ml of water following the procedures used by (Adem Nega \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The solution was thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous solution was formed. Water was used as the application solvent and the solution was ready for application on cabbage leaves to bioassay their effects on \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e feeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFeeding deterrence bioassay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcised leaves of cabbage were taken from seedlings that were cultivated for the purpose in a completely pesticide-free environment. The test leaves were washed to remove dust and put on blot paper to remove the surface water. Dilutions of all six extracts were poured into separate bowls and kept at room temperature for 1hr before use. Leaf dipping method was used to run the feeding bioassay using cabbage leaves (Nair and Thomas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The test leaves were dipped for 1hr in the dilutions prepared at (w/v): 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4mg/ml and transferred into separate Petri dishes immediately after the excess liquid dislodged from them. The cut end of each treated leaf was covered with tap water wetted cotton balls. Five neonate and five third instar larvae that were starved for 3hrs a priory were introduced into each Petri dish. Follow-ups were made on their feeding activity until the last larvae in each Petri dish either died or alive. Every day, data were collected on the number of larvae alive, feeding, larval mortality, and days with the highest mortality. Forty replications with a total of 200 larvae per rate were run for each solvent extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData from all extracts were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Mean comparisons were conducted using Tukey Kramer honest significance test, and P-value was set at the 5% probability level. Larval mortality data were subjected to probit analysis for calculating LC50 values and dosage mortality curves for all applications of different solvent extracts. The LC50 values, the susceptibility of neonates\u0026rsquo; and 3rd instar larvae to treatment of each serial concentration, and solvent extracts were assessed by constructing a concentration mortality curve. Mortality in the control treatment was used to correct mortality in other treatments using Abbottt\u0026rsquo;s formula cited in Ishaaya et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFeeding Response of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest larval mortality was recorded in water extracted \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e at all rates, followed by acetone extract at higher rates of application (F6, 27\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.0, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). Mortality was the highest at higher rates of acetone. Significant lower larval mortality was recorded at the lower rates of Chloroform, Toluene, and Hexane extracts (F6, 27\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.6, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) percentage (%) of larval mortality on different solvent extracts of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.48Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.01Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.00Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.45Ce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.40Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00Ad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.50Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.90Bd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.02Dd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.68Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.40Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.65Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.12Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.97Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.12Bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.572\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00Dd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.80Ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.12Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.73Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.69Dc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.61Da\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.02Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.97Ca\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.71Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.69Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.60Db\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.12Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.47Ca\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by the same letter (lowercase) within a column and (uppercase) within a row are not significantly different at P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey-Kramer HSD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA- Water, AA- Acetic acid, AC- Acetone, CH- Chloroform, TO- Toluene, HE- Hexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDays to highest larval mortality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Water extract, the time of mortality was longer at 0.8mg/ml and shorter at the highest 1.4mg/ml rate (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, longer period of mortality was recorded from Acetic acid extract at 0.6mg/ml (F7, 32\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.7, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShorter period of mortality was recorded from Acetic acid extract at higher rates of application (F7, 32\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.5, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and longer at lower rates of Chloroform extract. Mortality period recorded for Toluene extract was longer at 1.2mg/ml. Time of larval mortality was shorter at 0.4mg/ml of Hexane extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) days to highest larvae mortality with different solvent extracts of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.80Bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06De\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46Dc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.80Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32Ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96Dc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40Ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50Dd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96Dc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.580Dc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.70Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63Db\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.80Db\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90Ba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70Cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30Cb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66Dd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.150Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7Dcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2Aa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20Cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20Bb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40Ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by the same letter (lowercase) within a column and (uppercase) within a row are not significantly different at P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey-Kramer HSD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA- Water, AA- Acetic acid, AC- Acetone, CH- Chloroform, TO- Toluene, HE- Hexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLC \u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for neonate larvae\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh larval mortality was recorded in all solvent extracts. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of acetone and acetic acid were very smaller and these solvent extracts have a high killing effect. However, these values for Water, Chloroform, Toluene, and Hexane were higher in that order (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC \u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and 95% CL of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder solvent extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% confidence limits\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elower \u0026amp; upper limits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt. error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0220, 0.0540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003, 0.0306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000, 0.0333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0044, 0.0735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0047, 0.0775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0851, 0.3078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for 3rd instar larvae\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of WA extract was very small and has a high killing effect. LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of Acetone, Acetic acid, and Chloroform extracts were higher. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for Hexane and Toluene was far more as well (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eM. furrgunia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder solvent extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% confidence limits\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elower \u0026amp; upper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt. error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0350, 0.1658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1903, 0.4631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1078, 0.3107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2190, 0.5045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4711, 0.9925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3077, 0.6744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e L. larva feeding was significantly deterred by polar solvent extracts of \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e. Feedings come to nothing with leaves treated with solvents of polar extracts. In the study non-polar solvent extracts showed lower feeding deterrence as indicated by highly damaged treated cabbage leaves. The possible justification for this may be the odor or volatility of non-polar solvent extracts might be weaker than that of the polar solvent extracts. In contrast, the full deterrence of this plant suggests that the plant powder might contain most of the volatile constituents. Feeding deterrence increased with an increase in the rate of application of the treatment as well. This result is comparable to the earlier works of Adem Nega (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e); Nair and Thomas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e); Singh and Singh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater extracted \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder caused the highest mortality both at higher and lower rates. However, all other extracts caused mortality at higher rates. This shows that of all solvent extracts water is the most effective. Comparable result was reported by Bekele Jembere et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In their study, 93 to 100% mortality of termite castes were recorded in water extracts of \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder. Solvent extracts were toxic to neonate larvae which cause direct mortality. However, time of 3rd instar larvae development was prolonged on leaves treated with solvent extracts. This is because the insect feed much less on leaves that were treated with solvent extracts. Thus, their development was slowed, as a result many died before they could pupate. In our study, \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e did not cause mortality but it did a significant reduction in food consumption, which indicates that this plant extract inhibits feeding without killing the insect. Larvae become reduced feeding on leaves treated with higher rates of extract. As a result of this, many of them failed to complete development and finally died with increasing mortality. Study result showed extracts of this plant did not have quick killing effect. Therefore, it is possible to say larval mortality took a longer period probably due to the slow-acting effect of the potent insecticides present in the plant. Third instar larvae took longer periods of development when they were feed solvent extract treated leaves. Larvae need a longer periods to reach the 4th instar, pupal and adult stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental period was prolonged at the highest rates of polar extracts. Likewise, in the non-polar extracts the test insect was observed unable to molt and grow as it resulted in reduced development and delayed pupation. Probably if pupated, the pupal size was smaller and malformed, which could be explained by reduced feeding compared to the control. Similar result has also been reported on the failure to molt and unsuccessful development of this pest insect by Adem Nega (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The feeding and mortality effects of \u003cem\u003eM. ferrugneia\u003c/em\u003e seed powder extracts with different solvents on neonate and 3rd instars were found rate dependant for each extract. However, the lethal concentrations that killed 50% of neonate and 3rd instar larvae mortality were different for all treatments. In the study we record polar solvent extracts with smaller LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values have high killing effect than the non-polar solvent extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that at all rates of application polar solvent extracts were observed to cause feeding deterrence, toxic to \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e neonates and 3rd instars. Likewise, nonpolar extracts were found to be development retardant and influence feeding activity of this test insect at all higher rate. Therefore, \u003cem\u003eM. ferruginea\u003c/em\u003e extracts with polar and nonpolar solvents of different polarities are good alternatives to chemical pesticides in controlling \u003cem\u003eP. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author is grateful to Ethiopian Ministry of Education and Addis Ababa University for financial support. I would like to extend my regard to Holetta Agricultural Research Centre and its staff for their support and laboratory facilities. This paper is an extension of the previous study of Aem Nega in [2002] cited in the text and also dully acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdem Nega (2002) Study on Ovicidal, Larval Settlement, Feeding and Oviposition Deterrence Effects of Seed Kernel Powder Extracts of Birbira, \u003cem\u003e(Milletia ferruginea)\u003c/em\u003e on Diamondback Moth,(\u003cem\u003ePlutella. xylostella\u003c/em\u003e L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Msc Thesis, Addis Ababa University\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAyalew G (2006) Comparison of yield loss on cabbage from Diamondback moth, \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) using two insecticides. Crop Prot 25(9):915\u0026ndash;919\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAyalew G, Ogol CK (2006) Occurrence of the diamondback moth (\u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e L.) and its parasitoids in Ethiopia: influence of geographical region and agronomic traits. J Appl Entomol 130(6\u0026ndash;7):343\u0026ndash;348\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaye Mulatu (2007) Contact bioassay of an endemic plant to Ethiopia on three aphid species. Ethio J Biol Sci 6(1):51\u0026ndash;62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBekele J (2002) Evaluation of the toxicity potential of \u003cem\u003eMilletia ferruginea\u003c/em\u003e (Hochest) Baker against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e (Motsch). Int J Pest Manag 48(1):29\u0026ndash;32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBelmain SR, Amoah BA, Nyirenda SP, Kamanula JF, Stevenson PC (2012) Highly variable insect control efficacy of \u003cem\u003eTephrosia vogelii\u003c/em\u003e chemotypes. J agric food chem 60(40):55\u0026ndash;63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCharleston DS (2004) Integrating Biological Control and Botanical Pesticides for Management of \u003cem\u003ePlutella Xylostella\u003c/em\u003e. Wageningen University and Research\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChavana J, Joshi NK (2024) Toxicity and Risk of Biopesticides to Insect Pollinators in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes. Agrochemicals 3(1):70\u0026ndash;93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFAO, Food and Agriculture Organization (2014) Food and agricultural organization of the united nation, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGholizadeh A, Kamali K, Fathipour Y, Abbasipour H (2009) Life table of the diamondback moth, \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on five cultivated brassicaceous host plants. J Agric Sci Technol 11(2):115\u0026ndash;124\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIshaaya I, Nauen R, Horowitz AR (2007) Insecticides design using advanced technologies. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 249\u0026ndash;261\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJembere B, Getahun D, Negash M, Seyoum E (2005) Toxicity of \u003cem\u003eMilletia ferruginea\u003c/em\u003e seed crude extracts to some insect pests as compared to other botanical and synthetic insecticides. \u003cem\u003eIn: Proceedings of the 11th NAPRECA Symposium on natural products and drug delivery\u003c/em\u003e pp. 9\u0026ndash;12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJMP IN Version 5.1 Software: The statistical Discovery Software 1989\u0026ndash;2003, SAS Institute Inc\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKareru P, Rotich ZK, Maina EW (2013) Use of botanicals and safer insecticides designed in controlling insects: the African case. Insecticides\u0026ndash;Development Safer More Effective Technol 10:297\u0026ndash;309\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiang GM, Chen W, Liu TX (2003) Effects of three neem-based insecticides on \u003cem\u003ePlutella xylostella\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Prot 22(2):333\u0026ndash;340\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNair S, Thomas J (2001) Oviposition deterrence of \u003cem\u003eAcorus calamus\u003c/em\u003e L. on melon fly, \u003cem\u003eBactrocera cucurbitae\u003c/em\u003e Coq. J Trop Agric 39(2):149\u0026ndash;150\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh S, Singh RP (1998) Neem (\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e) seed kernel extracts and azadirachtin as oviposition deterrents against the melon fly (\u003cem\u003eBactrocera cucurbitae\u003c/em\u003e) and the oriental fruit fly (\u003cem\u003eBactrocera dorsalis\u003c/em\u003e). Phytoparasitica 26:191\u0026ndash;197\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Feeding deterrence, Larvicidal, Melletia furrgunia, mortality, Polar","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489160/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489160/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe feeding deterrence and larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed powder solvent extract against Plutella xylostella L. larvae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Cabbage leaves were dipped into a test solution of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4mg/ml (w/v) for 1hr. The result showed that feeding was fully prevented at higher rates of polar solvent extracts. Leaves treated with polar extracts caused higher larval mortality. The highest mortality was recorded from water and acetone extracts. Mortality for neonates and third instars was very high in polar solvent extracts and has much smaller LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values. Other extracts have higher LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and caused significant larvae kill only at higher rates. In conclusion, polar solvent extracts of M. furrgunia possess significant feeding deterrence and larvicidal effects against P. xylostella.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Feeding deterrence, and Larvicidal potential effects of Melletia furrgunia seed solvent extracts against Diamondback moth. Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-02 20:43:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489160/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c38e264c-233e-4444-afc8-dd15aa317d62","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-12T12:34:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-02 20:43:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4489160","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4489160","identity":"rs-4489160","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}