Synthesis of self-curing bio-based eugenol-epoxy resin an application to metal surface coating

Synthesis of self-curing bio-based eugenol-epoxy resin an application to metal surface coating | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synthesis of self-curing bio-based eugenol-epoxy resin an application to metal surface coating Arunkumar Patil, N S Pawar, Pundalik Mali, Madhukar Tayade, Kundan Borse, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5310483/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Eugenol an active reagent extracted from the plant are being used as one of the composite materials for the preparation of monomer. In a course of successive reaction eugenol was reacted with the 1,4-butandiol diglycidyl ether yields the reactive species 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis (oxy) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propane-2-ol). It contains the two alcoholic hydroxy which further reacted with the epichlorohydrin gives the 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) ( BMTO ). BMTO is an active monomer consisting of two epoxy functionals at terminal. In the next series of experiments the combination of epoxy acrylate resin with BMTO in presents of fixed amount of triethyl tetraamine formulated give the polymer composite material. The polymer material formed has an active bio-ingredient eugenol known for its antimicrobial activity over the coating to metal substrate. The final polymer has the tested with the various tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), gel content analysis, water absorption testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) study. The results showed effective nature of eugenol-based epoxy (BMTO). The functionality of the eugenol-based epoxy (BMTO) and structural properties were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR), and infrared (IR) spectra. The study examined the properties of cured epoxy, focusing on its thermal, mechanical, and anti-corrosion characteristics. Eugenol Anticorrosion Curing agent Antimicrobial Cross-linking Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Introduction In recent few years a significant development has observed for the hybrid composition of inorganic nanostructures and organic coatings material. Mosely applicable for the improvement of protective anti-corrosion coatings and other applications on various metal substrates [ 1 , 2 ] Notably as an example an extensive study on silane chemistry as well as phosphate modified coatings carries large relevance for the enhancement of the coating’s performance for the protection of metal substrate from corrosion [ 3 – 7 ]. Similarly epoxy and polyurethane resins are frequently used in protective coatings, adhesives, and encapsulating materials due to their strong chemical resistance, adhesion, and good processing characteristics [ 7 – 8 ]. Thermoset epoxy resins (also called thermoset polymers) are a class of polymers that form three-dimensional cross-linked rigid networks through curing reactions. Epoxy resins can serve as the polymer matrix in composites due to their compatibility with different fillers and simple processing [ 9 ]. The coating properties of cured epoxy resin depend on the chemical structure of the curing agent as well as the coating process and the effect of reactivity on the modifier. Properties of filler material are highly important to yield the composite of required chemical, mechanical, and thermal performances [ 10 – 12 ]. The epoxy composite material is commonly known for its high weather and chemicals resistance which has high brittle nature. To overcome this highly brittle nature of epoxy composites additional filler components are highly essential to preserve the elastic properties of epoxy composites. Filler material like metal oxides, nanofibers, nano graphene, carbon nanotubes etc. are useful to obtain the rigid and long-lasting nature to composites [ 13 ]. The history of epoxy resins is very old which was commercialised around 1950. In which it is consist of oxirane three-member rings (epoxy groups) in their structural backbone [ 9 ]. Where it was found to be in cross-linked network by reacting with a successive reagent known as hardener or curing agent. Furthermore, an epoxy chain can easily react with another epoxy chain through anionic or cationic ring opening mechanism. Multifunctional primary and secondary amines, various anhydrides, bi-functional acids, thiols and polyols are commercially used hardeners [ 14 ]. The thermoset nature of epoxy composites are greater heat and solvent resistant in comparison to the most of thermoplastics. Epoxy resins require a lower composite fabrication pressure compared to other thermoset composites. In terms of differentials various viscose epoxy resin are available in the market ranging from low viscosity liquids to almost solids [ 15 – 18 ]. The use of bisphenol-A or halogenated resins were commonly used as chain material in preparation of epoxy resins. Which are now replaced by compounds from renewable resources such as tannins, vanillin derivatives, ferulic acid, and cardanol-based reagents. Conversely, eugenol-based natural phenol is gaining significant interest not only due to its sourcing but also due to its structure and the properties it confers on polymers composites [ 19 – 20 ]. Eugenol (EU) is one of the most attractive phenolic compounds obtained from bio-based resources. It has a complex, rigid and compact chemical structure and polyfunctional reactive groups. EU can be produced from plant sources like clove oil and the guaiacol derivative lignin through allylation providing renewable and low-toxicity alternatives [ 21 – 22 ]. Due to its polyfunctional reactive nature EU offers engaging platforms in various fields including adhesives, coatings, electronics, and biomedical applications. The synthetic routes of well-defined EU-based resins are significant for polymer industries because eugenol possesses more versatile properties than petroleum-based polymer [ 22 – 23 ]. The recent trends in modifications for eugenol base resins are appealing in both academia and industry due to their outstanding performance. The material exhibits solvent resistance, high thermal stability, and excellent hardness. It is also highly transparent and available in both thermoplast and thermoset forms. Additionally, it has anti-corrosion, flame retardant and antibacterial properties as well as minimal moisture absorption [ 24 – 26 ]. This study involves the design of bio-based epoxy hybrid coatings to examine their anti-corrosion performance, adhesion, and other coating properties for galvanized steel. Commercially available epoxy resin with alkoxy functionality, hardener, and epoxy groups was used to modify polymers in order to investigate the impact of functionalities on the performance of hybrid coatings. The synthesized novel Eugenol-epoxy curing agent was added at five different concentrations (0.0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15%, and 20 wt%) into the epoxy coating to assess the effect of concentration on the anti-corrosion and other adhesion properties of the coating films. Experimental 2.1 Materials and Methods: Methylene dichloride, N, N-Dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydrin, and 1,4-butandiol di-glycidyl ether were purchased from Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd., Kalbadevi Road, Mumbai. Potassium carbonate, potassium tert-butoxide, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Gujrat. Eugenol was gifted from Pratap College in Amalner, Maharashtra. All chemicals are analytical grade and are used without any purification. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis of samples was recorded between 400 cm 1 to 4000 cm 1 by a ASTM D7371-14 (Perkin Elmer Co., USA). The samples were prepared by the Diamond ATR method. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the BMTO-cured samples was carried out using a Q600 thermal analyzer (TA Instruments, USA). The sample was taken in the weighing pan and kept for thermal analysis under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 5°C/min within a range of 50–600°C. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of samples diluted in methylene dichloride was performed on Shimadzu (QP 2010). 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was recorded on an advanced AV500WB Bruker at 400 MHz in solvent the DMSO. A TA instrument was used for differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 5°C/min on the TA SDT Q600. The gel content of UV-cured films was determined following ASTM D2765-16. The cured film was weighed in xylene for 24 hours, removed, and dried at 65–70°C until a constant weight was achieved. ASTM D570 methods were used to determine the water absorption behaviour of cured- coated films. The XRD technique (Bruker, D-8 Advance) was used to determine the d-spacing pattern of BMTO-cured films. The galvanized steel plates were coated and analysed for corrosion using the salt spray technique according to ASTM B117. 2.2. Synthesis of eugenol-based resin: 2.2.1 Synthesis of 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis (oxy) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propan-2-ol) [BBAP]: In a clean and dry round bottom flask, eugenol (2.0 g, 0.0121 mole) was added in N, N-Dimethylformamide (12 ml), and 1,4-butandiol diglycidyl ether (BDE) (1.23 g, 0.006 mole) in the presence of powder potassium carbonate (4.2 g, 0.030 mole). Dry and nitrogen atmosphere was maintained during addition of reagents. Stir the reaction mass at 25–30°C for 10–15 minutes. Further heated the reaction mass at 85–90°C and maintain for 6–8 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using ethyl acetate and n-hexane (6:4) as mobile phase. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with water. After removing the solvent under vacuum at 35–40°C gives 3.1 g of 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis(oxy)) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propane-2-ol), a yellow-coloured liquid. The reaction scheme for the synthesis of BBAP is shown in Scheme-1. 2.2.2 Synthesis of 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) (BMTO): In a clean and dry round bottom flask BBAP (2.0 g, 0.003 mol) and epichlorohydrin (2.1 g, 0.022 mol) was added in the presence of powder potassium tert-butoxide (1.69 g, 0.015 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (16 ml) solvent maintaining the temperature at 5–10°C. Further heated the reaction mass at 40–45°C and stir the reaction mass for 10–12 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using ethyl acetate and n-hexane (3:7) as the mobile phase. Remove the solvent under vacuum at 35–40°C. Dilute the residue with ethyl acetate and water. Adjust the pH to 6–7 by using a 2N HCl solution. The organic layer was washed with water to remove the inorganic compounds. Remove the solvent under vacuum at 35–40°C gives the desired product a pale-yellow liquid with an 86.5% yield of BMTO biobased curing agent. The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) ( BMTO) is shown in scheme 2 . 2.2.3 Preparation of BMTO bio-based coating formulation The synthesized BMTO bio-based curing agent with different weight fractions of epoxy acrylate resin was mixed with a initiator as consistent proportion of hardener triethylenetetramine (TETA) (0.1 mole %). The complete formulations, with all components, are tabulated in Table 1 . The above-prepared formulations were applied over galvanized steel panels (7.5 cm × 9.5 cm) to obtain a consistent coating. The free films of BMTO bio-based cured polymers were prepared by adding the above formulation into a Teflon thin transparent mold. Then the coated steel panel and films were exposed to air for 12–16 hours in a drying oven at 50–55°C giving a complete cured panel. Table 1 Formulation of epoxy acrylate with BMTO curing agent Sr. No. Ingredients BMTO curing agents’ weight % (0.1 mole % of TETA initiator) 1 Epoxy acrylate 100 95 90 85 80 2 BMTO Curing agent 0 5 10 15 20 3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Results and Discussion 3.1. FTIR analysis of BBAP and BMTO The FTIR spectra of BBAP and BMTO is shown in Fig. 1 . The strong absorption band of the C-H stretching frequency at 2922cm 1 and 2868 cm 1 is due to the epoxy ring opening reaction of eugenol with BDE. The peaks at 1637cm 1 & 1511cm 1 are due the C-C double bond stretching frequency of the aromatic ring. The peak at 1232cm 1 is due to the stretching frequency of C-O bond formation with the elimination of the chlorine group from epichlorohydrin. Further, a strong absorption band at 1117 cm 1 is due to C-O-C of the oxirane group of BMTO, and the strong absorption band due to OH stretching in BBAP is seen at 3428 cm 1 , which is get disappear in IR-spectra of BMTO, this can be concluded that BMTO is successfully synthesized which proves the successful formation of BMTO. 3.2 GC-MS analysis of BBAP and BMTO The structure of BBAP was confirmed by the GC-MS spectrum, as shown in Fig. 2 . The result shows the coupling reaction of BDE with eugenol via ring opening addition reaction to form a product called BBAP. The results show that, the base peak at m/z = 531.37 in positive mode indicate the formation of BBAP intermediate which has a molecular weight of 530.6. Further mass spectrum of BMTO is shown in Fig. 3 , showing molecular ion peak is observed at m/z : 643.43 in positive mode and m/z : 660.45 (M + 18) water adduct, 665.42 (M + 23) sodium ion adduct indicates the formation of BMTO having molecular weight of 642.3. 3.3 NMR analysis of BMTO 1 H -NMR of BMTO was found to be in good agreement with the structure measured in DMSO solvent. The signal obtained at 1.1–1.3 ppm (a, a’ 4H, t), is because of the CH 2 -CH 2 proton of the aliphatic chain. The signal doublet obtained at 1.6 ppm (b, b’ 4H) is because of the CH 2 proton attached to O-CH2 protons of the epoxy ring. The signal obtained at 2.8 ppm (c, c’ 2H) is due to the CH proton attached to the O-CH protons of the epoxy ring. The signal obtained at 3.3–3.6 ppm (d, d’ 12H) is due to the CH proton attached to O-CH2 in the aliphatic chain. The signal singlet obtained at 3.8 ppm (e, e’ 6H) is because of O-CH 3 protons attached to the phenyl ring. The doublet obtained at 4.1 ppm (f, f’ 4H) is because of O-CH 2 protons in the aliphatic chain. The doublet obtained at 5.1 ppm (g, g’ 4H) is because of Olefinic-CH 2 protons. The signal multiplate obtained at 5.92 ppm (h, h’ 2H) is because of the Olefinic-CH proton. The dd signal at 6.68 ppm (i, i’ 2H) is due to aromatic proton. The dd signal at 6.76 ppm (j, j’ 2H) is also due to aromatic proton, and the signal at 6.9 ppm (k, k’ 2H) is also due to an aromatic proton. 3.4 Mechanical properties of Bio-based epoxy Resin 3. 4.1 Thermal Properties of BMTO-Epoxy Films Thermal degradation of the samples is investigated by TGA, and the results are displayed in Fig. 5 . The percentage of residual char in cured epoxy materials increases with a higher percentage contribution. The TGA results indicate that all coated films undergo a single-step degradation resulting in approximately 50% weight loss, which occurs up to 410°C. Further, it shows that the initial degradation temperature starts at around 320°C due to the decomposition of the aliphatic hydrocarbon segment in the cured materials and cross-linked network. The coating formulation with 15% and 20% BMTO-cured samples shows higher thermal stability. However, the degradation temperature at 415°C and 420°C is higher compared to 0% BMTO-epoxy samples. It has been observed that the introduction of BMTO significantly increases thermal stability. Additionally, the actual residual mass value matches the theoretical residual mass value, indicating that BMTO is consistent at the polymer interface [ 27 ]. BMTO epoxy for different formulations is shown in Fig. 6 . The DSC was used to investigate the glass transition temperature (Tg) performance of cured BMTO-epoxy coatings. The addition of BMTO content in the epoxy coating films increases their Tg upon curing., Epoxy-BMTO exhibits a single glass transition region in Fig. 9, indicating molecular miscibility between BMTO and polyurethane acrylate. The rise in Tg (glass transition temperature) values can be attributed to an escalated conversion of unsaturated bonds, brittleness, and the existence of a rigid structure based on eugenol. These factors ultimately lead to an increase in the cross-linked polymer network of cured coatings. Therefore, it requires more heat energy to break the molecular segments of epoxy-BMTO materials in order to move from the hard glassy state to the soft rubbery region. 3.4.2 Determination of gel content and water absorption The degree of photopolymerization of the resin cured with and without BMTO was determined using the gel content method through solvent extraction, called gel content. The graph presented in Fig. 7 demonstrates how the gel content varies with different concentrations of BMTO. The film was carefully removed from the Teflon sheet to measure its gel content. The polymer films of known weight (BMTO cured) ware immersed in methyl ethyl ketone solvent at room temperature for 48 hours. Subsequently, the coated films were removed and dried at 70°C until they achieved a constant weight. It was found that there was a gradual increase in the value of gel content with an increase in BMTO concentration. The coated polymer film has an enhanced cross-linking network, which has resulted in an increase in its overall properties [ 28 ]. Figure 7 depicts a linear representation of the behavior of water absorption. Water absorption reduces as BMTO concentration increases due to increased crosslinking in the polymer network. The use of BMTO-based coating material reduces the free volume in the coating by blocking water entry into the polymer network [ 29 ]. Furthermore, the epoxy acrylate backbone contains a hydrophobic aromatic nucleus that enhances water resistance through cross-linking. The coating that contains the highest percentage of curing material has the least amount of water absorption. X‑ray diffraction (XRD) of BMTO cured films The XRD patterns of cured BMTO films were studied and are shown in Fig. 8 . The distribution and dispersion modality of BMTO cured epoxy within the polymer matrix determine the coating behavior of polymeric materials. The XRD graphs indicate the presence of only one background diffraction peak that ranges from 2θ = 18° to 21°. It was observed that all coating formulations, ranging from (A) 0%, (B) 5%, (C) 10%, (D) 15%, and (E) 20% BMTO cured films, were constructed using hybrid materials that formed a strong interpenetrating polymer network. The coating films showed an equivalent degree of crystallinity, indicating that they are completely amorphous after curing. This phenomenon demonstrates that the BMTO curing agent is chemically incorporated into the epoxy molecules, allowing for individual dispersion in the epoxy soft segments. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis (SEM) SEM images of the coating matrix is shown in Fig. 9 where it depicts the morphological nature of coating composites. It shows the smooth and structured surface over the unanimous dispersion of all polymeric matrix over the surface. The nanostructure nature of the polymeric matrix provides the additional strength and finely dispersed composite. As observe the BMTO curing agent increases the additional gratings to the surface and finely dispersed over the matrix. The layer-by-layer structure was arranged with the increasing % of BMTO curing agent into polymeric matrix. Anticorrosion Performance Analysis: Figure 10 shows images of coated samples with reference MPTO-based epoxy coating after 650 hours exposure in a salt spray environment for analysis of anticorrosion performance. The corrosion under the films is reported according to ASTM B117 in Table 2 . Rusted points, blisters, and film disbanding can be seen on the surface of the reference sample in Fig. 10 . The distinct black shadows visible on the surface of the sample suggest that there has been a diffusion of water through the scribe. This observation can be utilized to gain insights into the material properties and identify potential areas for improvement. Rust and corrosion can damage the Ref sample coating due to the presence of water, oxygen, and corrosive ions like H+, OH−, and Cl−. This can lead to the formation of blisters and rust on the surface of the coating. Samples containing BMTO exhibit improved corrosion resistance due to the formation of a stable oxide layer on the metal surface. This has been previously demonstrated by DSC analysis. Table 2 Corrosion test result according to ASTM B117 Sr. No.. Coatings Before salt spray After salt spry 1 0% BMTO 5B 5B 2 5% BMTO 5B 4B 3 10% BMTO 5B 4B 4 15% BMTO 5B 4B 5 20% BMTO 5B 3B The samples that contain curing agents based on eugenol exhibit a significant improvement in their ability to resist corrosion. The primary reason for this improvement is the formation of a stable oxide layer that occurs on the surface of the metal. This has been demonstrated previously through the use of SEM images. The eugenol-based BMTO curing agent plays a crucial role in the formation of this oxide layer, which is responsible for providing a protective barrier against corrosion. Overall, the use of this curing agent can be an effective strategy for enhancing the corrosion resistance of metal surfaces. Due to increased water permeation in the scratch area, blisters can be observed in the vicinity of the scratch [ 30 ]. Furthermore, the formation of a stable oxide layer and enhanced adhesion of the coating to the metal substrate resulted in fewer blisters in another area of the samples as compared to the 0% BMTO-cured sample. Antimicrobial Analysis of Eugenol-Epoxy Resin The level of biological activity exhibited by a substance is intricately linked to a range of structural characteristics, including the length of its molecular chain, the number of functional groups present, the degree of hydrophilicity or water-loving properties, the level of cationicity or positive charge, the degree of hydrophobicity or water-repelling properties, as well as other factors that contribute to its overall chemical composition. The bi-functional nature of epoxy-BMTO curing agents makes them a key factor in the affinity between synthesized curing agents and cell membranes. This research explores the use of a curing agent as a template. The curing agents utilized in this process possess an unconventional and symmetrical sequence. The hydrophobic epoxy segment is used to replace the original amino acids at the N and C termini. The primary aim of this replacement is to inhibit and prevent the growth of various microorganisms. Additionally, the use of this segment also improves the overall hydrophobicity of the final product and enhances its performance in various applications. According to literature, when mono-epoxidized eugenol and di-epoxy resorcinol are combined with an iodonium salt catalyst during a photo-polymerization reaction, it produces epoxy co-network materials. The study aimed to assess the antioxidant potential of phenol. The results showed that eugenol in the co-network enhanced antibacterial properties, effectively reducing bacterial adherence by over 90% [ 20 ][ 31 ]. Table: 5 Antimicrobial disc diffusion assay results of curing agent As shown in Table 3 , results indicate that a curing agent made up of epoxy acrylates with a symmetrical sequence manifest superior antibacterial characteristic. In particular, when the eugenol-based epoxy with symmetrical sequences interacts with the cell membrane, it is more prone to trigger translocation, which ultimately leads to the destruction of the cell membrane. In the results of the disc diffusion method, as shown in Fig. 11 and Table 4 , we evaluated three types of bacteria and one type of fungus as BMTO-based curing agents. We found that their molecular characteristics differed significantly from the reference standard. The results of the samples indicate that they have tested positively against four types of bacteria, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, E. coli, and C. albicans. Further analysis shows, compared to the blank sample, the coating formulations have demonstrated significant activity against the E. coli bacteria. These findings suggest that the coating formulations may be effective in preventing the growth of bacteria. Conclusion In the current study, a bio-based curing agent made from eugenol was added to epoxy acrylate to investigate the thermal behavior, corrosion resistance, and other coating properties of the resulting epoxy systems. As indicated by gel content and water absorption measurements, the extent of photopolymerization of cured samples was significantly enhanced with increasing curing agents. The XRD spectrum indicates a complete amorphous state after curing, demonstrating the chemical incorporation of the BMTO curing agent into epoxy molecules for individual dispersion in soft segments. Results from the salt spray test showed that the coating formulation with the highest concentration of curing agent had better anti-corrosion properties. In conclusion, growing demands for the development of bio-based curing agents have become attractive to chemical companies, and they can synthesize completely bio-based epoxy networks. Eugenol is a naturally available material in plants that can be converted to bio-based curing agents derived from eugenol, which is simply substituted by aliphatic, aromatic hardeners. These bio-based curing agents are also promising candidates for replacing petroleum-based curing agents and developing an entirely bio-based epoxy network. The combination of epoxy resin with BMTO curing agents results in better film performance, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties compared to commercially available epoxy resins due to different curing mechanisms. Declarations Data Availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available on within the article. Declaration for conflict of interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Authors contribution: AP: Experimental investigation, validation, and formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing NSP: formal analysis and validation; Writing - Review & Editing. PM: Recourses and data curation, MT: conceptualization and supervision; KB: conceptualization and supervision; VP: Writing - Review & Editing, visualisation and supervision. Acknowledgement : Vikas Patil is thankful to UGC for his position through Faculty Recharge Program. References Frings S, Meinema HA, Van Nostrum CF, Van der Linde R (1998) Organic–inorganic hybrid coatings for coil coating application based on polyesters and tetraethoxysilane. 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J Appl Polym Sci 139(2):51532 Bagherzadeh MR, Ghasemi M, Mahdavi F, Shariatpanahi H (2011) Investigation on anticorrosion performance of nano and micro polyaniline in new water-based epoxy coating. Prog Org Coat 72(3):348–352 Modjinou T, Versace D-L, Abbad-Andaloussi S, Langlois V, Renard E (2017) Antibacterial and antioxidant photoinitiated epoxy co-networks of resorcinol and eugenol derivatives. Mater Today Commun 12:19–28 Tables Tables 3 and 4 are not available with this version. Schemes Schemes 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SC1.png Scheme 1. Synthetic of 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis (oxy) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propan-2-ol) (BBAP). SC2.png Scheme 2. Synthesis of 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) (BMTO). SC3.png Scheme 3: synthesis of bio-based eugenol coating formulation different weight fractions of BMTO and epoxy acrylate resin in presents of initiator TETA. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Polymer Bulletin → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Mar, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Oct, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Oct, 2024 First submitted to journal 22 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5310483","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":369870678,"identity":"c7bb311b-94f9-4791-9684-53c2c243f15d","order_by":0,"name":"Arunkumar Patil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pratap college Amalner, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arunkumar","middleName":"","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""},{"id":369870679,"identity":"f16214db-4e3e-4bde-9e03-0be0decf7f95","order_by":1,"name":"N S Pawar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pratap college Amalner, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"N","middleName":"S","lastName":"Pawar","suffix":""},{"id":369870681,"identity":"ec5b6d8a-9514-4546-968d-76134eb3ac42","order_by":2,"name":"Pundalik Mali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pratap college Amalner, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pundalik","middleName":"","lastName":"Mali","suffix":""},{"id":369870683,"identity":"1c1419ad-232e-4e6f-9feb-b5c6f8877a6a","order_by":3,"name":"Madhukar Tayade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pratap college Amalner, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Madhukar","middleName":"","lastName":"Tayade","suffix":""},{"id":369870685,"identity":"7c4137bb-d914-4254-9e5f-cab7fac234ae","order_by":4,"name":"Kundan Borse","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pratap college Amalner, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kundan","middleName":"","lastName":"Borse","suffix":""},{"id":369870687,"identity":"42ab9cbe-5296-4286-856c-d8100daa97ab","order_by":5,"name":"Vikas Patil","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjYwycDA3gCkDSxI0MLDcwCkRYIYa2BaJBJADCK0GBxnS/z4s81a3l7y+dUNPwokGPjbuxPwaznMdliaty3dsEc6p+xmD9BhEmfObsCrRbKZvUGase1wAo90TtoNHqAWA4lcglqaf/4EaZE8k3bzDzFa+JnZjknwgrRIsB+7TZQtQC1p1jzngH45k8N2W8ZAgoegX9j4jxnf/FFmLc/efvzZzTd/bOT423vxa0ECPAZgkljlIMD+gBTVo2AUjIJRMIIAAPFFPzhV3TakAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vikas","middleName":"","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-22 09:38:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5310483/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5310483/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-025-05884-3","type":"published","date":"2025-06-27T15:57:35+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67493112,"identity":"5ec520d4-ff50-4f93-a94a-c93e1fc821a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectra of BBAP \u0026amp; BMTO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/6f785a3b5235be01928ccf81.png"},{"id":67493113,"identity":"43419d93-6a2b-4927-a623-40e95d2569b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMass spectra of BBAP.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/7a936cc40b821cd538349ec1.png"},{"id":67494714,"identity":"d4cad651-4a80-4661-b56f-217dfacaa981","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:30:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMass spectra of BMTO.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/46b172a24e1e164b72dc1b8a.png"},{"id":67493728,"identity":"d1f830b2-fd6a-477e-943e-e2055f647ed7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:22:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH-NMR of BMTO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/3cdf08abf886f9a63664635d.png"},{"id":67493730,"identity":"a48a10aa-791c-4043-be02-ae5b8caa0ff9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:22:04","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26050,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTGA of cured films.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/486f5682437a7452a8d2315a.png"},{"id":67494716,"identity":"10fd1c43-51b8-47da-b640-fc13573aec21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:30:04","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40957,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifferential scanning colorimeter (DSC) thermogram of cured samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/eab4093a851f7db6225ed2fb.png"},{"id":67493125,"identity":"52a80c20-63f1-4eb3-9a3b-5337225f3af3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGel content and water absorption BMTO-epoxy.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/764e9e4c00cc1b68f5b2a048.png"},{"id":67495138,"identity":"4f0d2e07-3625-41de-89e6-b4abc93a0ad9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:38:04","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD patterns of cured BMTO films, (A) 0%, (B) 5%, (C) 10%, (D) 15%, and (E) 20% BMTO cured films\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/b96f4c3d7b59fd639d5622e1.png"},{"id":67493123,"identity":"afb8f64e-b684-41b8-a0f9-96e2dc8761d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1388128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of cured BMTO films, (A) 0%, (B) 5%, (C) 10%, (D) 15%, and (E) 20%.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/313d2979afb8b818c1ccd3df.png"},{"id":67493119,"identity":"fd474445-a861-43cf-81a5-3fabe6c63cf7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":383142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of cured BMTO films, (A) 0%, (B) 5%, (C) 10%, (D) 15%, and (E) 20%.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/b633eed6ee317f304687b280.png"},{"id":67493124,"identity":"095af5a7-8574-40d2-8822-b611306131ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAspect of plates coated with and without curing agents\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/5eeb15bbd7c6c63e5c73ce63.jpg"},{"id":85686182,"identity":"5164dbbe-ba4b-4754-9fca-31995daafcfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-30 16:04:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3246369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/232dbd5a-73c0-4bc8-9ee9-3b377fd4b239.pdf"},{"id":67493726,"identity":"5d1c1766-c553-4cc2-9122-8913e760b16e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:22:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":47212,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScheme 1. \u003c/strong\u003eSynthetic of 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis (oxy) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propan-2-ol) (BBAP).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SC1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/51814ab9e30ab6b48e8d07e9.png"},{"id":67493115,"identity":"882bf9b0-33ff-4d8e-ad37-e0941e52078a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:14:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":37222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScheme 2. \u003c/strong\u003eSynthesis of 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) (BMTO).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SC2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/74f2df797047eda8182b52a6.png"},{"id":67494715,"identity":"bda5b2f4-d2af-4710-95ab-a081c4e9f89c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-25 15:30:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":82016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScheme 3\u003c/strong\u003e: synthesis of bio-based eugenol coating formulation different weight fractions of BMTO and epoxy acrylate resin in presents of initiator TETA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SC3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5310483/v1/23683be7f23ed1f65808c419.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSynthesis of self-curing bio-based eugenol-epoxy resin an application to metal surface coating\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent few years a significant development has observed for the hybrid composition of inorganic nanostructures and organic coatings material. Mosely applicable for the improvement of protective anti-corrosion coatings and other applications on various metal substrates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] Notably as an example an extensive study on silane chemistry as well as phosphate modified coatings carries large relevance for the enhancement of the coating\u0026rsquo;s performance for the protection of metal substrate from corrosion [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly epoxy and polyurethane resins are frequently used in protective coatings, adhesives, and encapsulating materials due to their strong chemical resistance, adhesion, and good processing characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Thermoset epoxy resins (also called thermoset polymers) are a class of polymers that form three-dimensional cross-linked rigid networks through curing reactions. Epoxy resins can serve as the polymer matrix in composites due to their compatibility with different fillers and simple processing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The coating properties of cured epoxy resin depend on the chemical structure of the curing agent as well as the coating process and the effect of reactivity on the modifier. Properties of filler material are highly important to yield the composite of required chemical, mechanical, and thermal performances [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The epoxy composite material is commonly known for its high weather and chemicals resistance which has high brittle nature. To overcome this highly brittle nature of epoxy composites additional filler components are highly essential to preserve the elastic properties of epoxy composites. Filler material like metal oxides, nanofibers, nano graphene, carbon nanotubes etc. are useful to obtain the rigid and long-lasting nature to composites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The history of epoxy resins is very old which was commercialised around 1950. In which it is consist of oxirane three-member rings (epoxy groups) in their structural backbone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Where it was found to be in cross-linked network by reacting with a successive reagent known as hardener or curing agent. Furthermore, an epoxy chain can easily react with another epoxy chain through anionic or cationic ring opening mechanism. Multifunctional primary and secondary amines, various anhydrides, bi-functional acids, thiols and polyols are commercially used hardeners [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The thermoset nature of epoxy composites are greater heat and solvent resistant in comparison to the most of thermoplastics. Epoxy resins require a lower composite fabrication pressure compared to other thermoset composites. In terms of differentials various viscose epoxy resin are available in the market ranging from low viscosity liquids to almost solids [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of bisphenol-A or halogenated resins were commonly used as chain material in preparation of epoxy resins. Which are now replaced by compounds from renewable resources such as tannins, vanillin derivatives, ferulic acid, and cardanol-based reagents. Conversely, eugenol-based natural phenol is gaining significant interest not only due to its sourcing but also due to its structure and the properties it confers on polymers composites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEugenol (EU) is one of the most attractive phenolic compounds obtained from bio-based resources. It has a complex, rigid and compact chemical structure and polyfunctional reactive groups. EU can be produced from plant sources like clove oil and the guaiacol derivative lignin through allylation providing renewable and low-toxicity alternatives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to its polyfunctional reactive nature EU offers engaging platforms in various fields including adhesives, coatings, electronics, and biomedical applications. The synthetic routes of well-defined EU-based resins are significant for polymer industries because eugenol possesses more versatile properties than petroleum-based polymer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The recent trends in modifications for eugenol base resins are appealing in both academia and industry due to their outstanding performance. The material exhibits solvent resistance, high thermal stability, and excellent hardness. It is also highly transparent and available in both thermoplast and thermoset forms. Additionally, it has anti-corrosion, flame retardant and antibacterial properties as well as minimal moisture absorption [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study involves the design of bio-based epoxy hybrid coatings to examine their anti-corrosion performance, adhesion, and other coating properties for galvanized steel. Commercially available epoxy resin with alkoxy functionality, hardener, and epoxy groups was used to modify polymers in order to investigate the impact of functionalities on the performance of hybrid coatings. The synthesized novel Eugenol-epoxy curing agent was added at five different concentrations (0.0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15%, and 20 wt%) into the epoxy coating to assess the effect of concentration on the anti-corrosion and other adhesion properties of the coating films.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials and Methods:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethylene dichloride, N, N-Dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydrin, and 1,4-butandiol di-glycidyl ether were purchased from Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd., Kalbadevi Road, Mumbai. Potassium carbonate, potassium tert-butoxide, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Gujrat. Eugenol was gifted from Pratap College in Amalner, Maharashtra. All chemicals are analytical grade and are used without any purification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis of samples was recorded between 400 cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e to 4000 cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e by a ASTM D7371-14 (Perkin Elmer Co., USA). The samples were prepared by the Diamond ATR method. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the BMTO-cured samples was carried out using a Q600 thermal analyzer (TA Instruments, USA). The sample was taken in the weighing pan and kept for thermal analysis under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 5\u0026deg;C/min within a range of 50\u0026ndash;600\u0026deg;C. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of samples diluted in methylene dichloride was performed on Shimadzu (QP 2010). \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was recorded on an advanced AV500WB Bruker at 400 MHz in solvent the DMSO. A TA instrument was used for differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 5\u0026deg;C/min on the TA SDT Q600. The gel content of UV-cured films was determined following ASTM D2765-16. The cured film was weighed in xylene for 24 hours, removed, and dried at 65\u0026ndash;70\u0026deg;C until a constant weight was achieved. ASTM D570 methods were used to determine the water absorption behaviour of cured- coated films. The XRD technique (Bruker, D-8 Advance) was used to determine the d-spacing pattern of BMTO-cured films. The galvanized steel plates were coated and analysed for corrosion using the salt spray technique according to ASTM B117.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.2. Synthesis of eugenol-based resin:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Synthesis of 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis (oxy) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propan-2-ol) [BBAP]:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a clean and dry round bottom flask, eugenol (2.0 g, 0.0121 mole) was added in N, N-Dimethylformamide (12 ml), and 1,4-butandiol diglycidyl ether (BDE) (1.23 g, 0.006 mole) in the presence of powder potassium carbonate (4.2 g, 0.030 mole). Dry and nitrogen atmosphere was maintained during addition of reagents. Stir the reaction mass at 25\u0026ndash;30\u0026deg;C for 10\u0026ndash;15 minutes. Further heated the reaction mass at 85\u0026ndash;90\u0026deg;C and maintain for 6\u0026ndash;8 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using ethyl acetate and n-hexane (6:4) as mobile phase. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with water. After removing the solvent under vacuum at 35\u0026ndash;40\u0026deg;C gives 3.1 g of 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis(oxy)) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propane-2-ol), a yellow-coloured liquid. The reaction scheme for the synthesis of BBAP is shown in \u003cb\u003eScheme-1.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.2.2 Synthesis of 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) (BMTO):\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a clean and dry round bottom flask BBAP (2.0 g, 0.003 mol) and epichlorohydrin (2.1 g, 0.022 mol) was added in the presence of powder potassium tert-butoxide (1.69 g, 0.015 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (16 ml) solvent maintaining the temperature at 5\u0026ndash;10\u0026deg;C. Further heated the reaction mass at 40\u0026ndash;45\u0026deg;C and stir the reaction mass for 10\u0026ndash;12 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using ethyl acetate and n-hexane (3:7) as the mobile phase. Remove the solvent under vacuum at 35\u0026ndash;40\u0026deg;C. Dilute the residue with ethyl acetate and water. Adjust the pH to 6\u0026ndash;7 by using a 2N HCl solution. The organic layer was washed with water to remove the inorganic compounds. Remove the solvent under vacuum at 35\u0026ndash;40\u0026deg;C gives the desired product a pale-yellow liquid with an 86.5% yield of BMTO biobased curing agent. The reaction scheme for the synthesis of 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) (\u003cb\u003eBMTO)\u003c/b\u003e is shown in scheme \u003cspan refid=\"Sch2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.2.3 Preparation of BMTO bio-based coating formulation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe synthesized BMTO bio-based curing agent with different weight fractions of epoxy acrylate resin was mixed with a initiator as consistent proportion of hardener triethylenetetramine (TETA) (0.1 mole %). The complete formulations, with all components, are tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The above-prepared formulations were applied over galvanized steel panels (7.5 cm \u0026times; 9.5 cm) to obtain a consistent coating. The free films of BMTO bio-based cured polymers were prepared by adding the above formulation into a Teflon thin transparent mold. Then the coated steel panel and films were exposed to air for 12\u0026ndash;16 hours in a drying oven at 50\u0026ndash;55\u0026deg;C giving a complete cured panel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormulation of epoxy acrylate with BMTO curing agent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMTO curing agents\u0026rsquo; weight % (0.1 mole % of TETA initiator)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpoxy acrylate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMTO Curing agent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1. FTIR analysis of BBAP and BMTO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectra of BBAP and BMTO is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The strong absorption band of the C-H stretching frequency at 2922cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2868 cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e is due to the epoxy ring opening reaction of eugenol with BDE. The peaks at 1637cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026amp; 1511cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e are due the C-C double bond stretching frequency of the aromatic ring. The peak at 1232cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e is due to the stretching frequency of C-O bond formation with the elimination of the chlorine group from epichlorohydrin. Further, a strong absorption band at 1117 cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e is due to C-O-C of the oxirane group of BMTO, and the strong absorption band due to OH stretching in BBAP is seen at 3428 cm\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e, which is get disappear in IR-spectra of BMTO, this can be concluded that BMTO is successfully synthesized which proves the successful formation of BMTO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.2 GC-MS analysis of BBAP and BMTO\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe structure of BBAP was confirmed by the GC-MS spectrum, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The result shows the coupling reaction of BDE with eugenol via ring opening addition reaction to form a product called BBAP. The results show that, the base peak at m/z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;531.37 in positive mode indicate the formation of BBAP intermediate which has a molecular weight of 530.6. Further mass spectrum of BMTO is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, showing molecular ion peak is observed at \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e : 643.43 in positive mode and \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e : 660.45 (M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;18) water adduct, 665.42 (M\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;23) sodium ion adduct indicates the formation of BMTO having molecular weight of 642.3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.3 NMR analysis of BMTO\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH -NMR of BMTO was found to be in good agreement with the structure measured in DMSO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esolvent. The signal obtained at 1.1\u0026ndash;1.3 ppm (a, a\u0026rsquo; 4H, t), is because of the CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e proton of the aliphatic chain. The signal doublet obtained at 1.6 ppm (b, b\u0026rsquo; 4H) is because of the CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e proton attached to O-CH2 protons of the epoxy ring. The signal obtained at 2.8 ppm (c, c\u0026rsquo; 2H) is due to the CH proton attached to the O-CH protons of the epoxy ring. The signal obtained at 3.3\u0026ndash;3.6 ppm (d, d\u0026rsquo; 12H) is due to the CH proton attached to O-CH2 in the aliphatic chain. The signal singlet obtained at 3.8 ppm (e, e\u0026rsquo; 6H) is because of O-CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e protons attached to the phenyl ring. The doublet obtained at 4.1 ppm (f, f\u0026rsquo; 4H) is because of O-CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e protons in the aliphatic chain. The doublet obtained at 5.1 ppm (g, g\u0026rsquo; 4H) is because of Olefinic-CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e protons. The signal multiplate obtained at 5.92 ppm (h, h\u0026rsquo; 2H) is because of the Olefinic-CH proton. The dd signal at 6.68 ppm (i, i\u0026rsquo; 2H) is due to aromatic proton. The dd signal at 6.76 ppm (j, j\u0026rsquo; 2H) is also due to aromatic proton, and the signal at 6.9 ppm (k, k\u0026rsquo; 2H) is also due to an aromatic proton.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Mechanical properties of Bio-based epoxy Resin\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u003c/strong\u003e4.1 Thermal Properties of BMTO-Epoxy Films\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermal degradation of the samples is investigated by TGA, and the results are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The percentage of residual char in cured epoxy materials increases with a higher percentage contribution. The TGA results indicate that all coated films undergo a single-step degradation resulting in approximately 50% weight loss, which occurs up to 410\u0026deg;C. Further, it shows that the initial degradation temperature starts at around 320\u0026deg;C due to the decomposition of the aliphatic hydrocarbon segment in the cured materials and cross-linked network. The coating formulation with 15% and 20% BMTO-cured samples shows higher thermal stability. However, the degradation temperature at 415\u0026deg;C and 420\u0026deg;C is higher compared to 0% BMTO-epoxy samples. It has been observed that the introduction of BMTO significantly increases thermal stability. Additionally, the actual residual mass value matches the theoretical residual mass value, indicating that BMTO is consistent at the polymer interface [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMTO epoxy for different formulations is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The DSC was used to investigate the glass transition temperature (Tg) performance of cured BMTO-epoxy coatings. The addition of BMTO content in the epoxy coating films increases their Tg upon curing., Epoxy-BMTO exhibits a single glass transition region in Fig.\u0026nbsp;9, indicating molecular miscibility between BMTO and polyurethane acrylate. The rise in Tg (glass transition temperature) values can be attributed to an escalated conversion of unsaturated bonds, brittleness, and the existence of a rigid structure based on eugenol. These factors ultimately lead to an increase in the cross-linked polymer network of cured coatings. Therefore, it requires more heat energy to break the molecular segments of epoxy-BMTO materials in order to move from the hard glassy state to the soft rubbery region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Determination of gel content and water absorption\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe degree of photopolymerization of the resin cured with and without BMTO was determined using the gel content method through solvent extraction, called gel content. The graph presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates how the gel content varies with different concentrations of BMTO. The film was carefully removed from the Teflon sheet to measure its gel content. The polymer films of known weight (BMTO cured) ware immersed in methyl ethyl ketone solvent at room temperature for 48 hours. Subsequently, the coated films were removed and dried at 70\u0026deg;C until they achieved a constant weight. It was found that there was a gradual increase in the value of gel content with an increase in BMTO concentration. The coated polymer film has an enhanced cross-linking network, which has resulted in an increase in its overall properties [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e depicts a linear representation of the behavior of water absorption. Water absorption reduces as BMTO concentration increases due to increased crosslinking in the polymer network. The use of BMTO-based coating material reduces the free volume in the coating by blocking water entry into the polymer network [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the epoxy acrylate backbone contains a hydrophobic aromatic nucleus that enhances water resistance through cross-linking. The coating that contains the highest percentage of curing material has the least amount of water absorption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eX‑ray diffraction (XRD) of BMTO cured films\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe XRD patterns of cured BMTO films were studied and are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The distribution and dispersion modality of BMTO cured epoxy within the polymer matrix determine the coating behavior of polymeric materials. The XRD graphs indicate the presence of only one background diffraction peak that ranges from 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18\u0026deg; to 21\u0026deg;. It was observed that all coating formulations, ranging from (A) 0%, (B) 5%, (C) 10%, (D) 15%, and (E) 20% BMTO cured films, were constructed using hybrid materials that formed a strong interpenetrating polymer network. The coating films showed an equivalent degree of crystallinity, indicating that they are completely amorphous after curing. This phenomenon demonstrates that the BMTO curing agent is chemically incorporated into the epoxy molecules, allowing for individual dispersion in the epoxy soft segments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eScanning Electron Microscopy Analysis (SEM)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM images of the coating matrix is shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;9\u003c/strong\u003e where it depicts the morphological nature of coating composites. It shows the smooth and structured surface over the unanimous dispersion of all polymeric matrix over the surface. The nanostructure nature of the polymeric matrix provides the additional strength and finely dispersed composite. As observe the BMTO curing agent increases the additional gratings to the surface and finely dispersed over the matrix. The layer-by-layer structure was arranged with the increasing % of BMTO curing agent into polymeric matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAnticorrosion Performance Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows images of coated samples with reference MPTO-based epoxy coating after 650 hours exposure in a salt spray environment for analysis of anticorrosion performance. The corrosion under the films is reported according to ASTM B117 in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Rusted points, blisters, and film disbanding can be seen on the surface of the reference sample in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. The distinct black shadows visible on the surface of the sample suggest that there has been a diffusion of water through the scribe. This observation can be utilized to gain insights into the material properties and identify potential areas for improvement. Rust and corrosion can damage the Ref sample coating due to the presence of water, oxygen, and corrosive ions like H+, OH\u0026minus;, and Cl\u0026minus;. This can lead to the formation of blisters and rust on the surface of the coating. Samples containing BMTO exhibit improved corrosion resistance due to the formation of a stable oxide layer on the metal surface. This has been previously demonstrated by DSC analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrosion test result according to ASTM B117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No..\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoatings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore salt spray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter salt spry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0% BMTO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5% BMTO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10% BMTO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15% BMTO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20% BMTO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe samples that contain curing agents based on eugenol exhibit a significant improvement in their ability to resist corrosion. The primary reason for this improvement is the formation of a stable oxide layer that occurs on the surface of the metal. This has been demonstrated previously through the use of SEM images. The eugenol-based BMTO curing agent plays a crucial role in the formation of this oxide layer, which is responsible for providing a protective barrier against corrosion. Overall, the use of this curing agent can be an effective strategy for enhancing the corrosion resistance of metal surfaces. Due to increased water permeation in the scratch area, blisters can be observed in the vicinity of the scratch [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the formation of a stable oxide layer and enhanced adhesion of the coating to the metal substrate resulted in fewer blisters in another area of the samples as compared to the 0% BMTO-cured sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAntimicrobial Analysis of Eugenol-Epoxy Resin\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe level of biological activity exhibited by a substance is intricately linked to a range of structural characteristics, including the length of its molecular chain, the number of functional groups present, the degree of hydrophilicity or water-loving properties, the level of cationicity or positive charge, the degree of hydrophobicity or water-repelling properties, as well as other factors that contribute to its overall chemical composition.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe bi-functional nature of epoxy-BMTO curing agents makes them a key factor in the affinity between synthesized curing agents and cell membranes. This research explores the use of a curing agent as a template. The curing agents utilized in this process possess an unconventional and symmetrical sequence. The hydrophobic epoxy segment is used to replace the original amino acids at the N and C termini. The primary aim of this replacement is to inhibit and prevent the growth of various microorganisms. Additionally, the use of this segment also improves the overall hydrophobicity of the final product and enhances its performance in various applications. According to literature, when mono-epoxidized eugenol and di-epoxy resorcinol are combined with an iodonium salt catalyst during a photo-polymerization reaction, it produces epoxy co-network materials. The study aimed to assess the antioxidant potential of phenol. The results showed that eugenol in the co-network enhanced antibacterial properties, effectively reducing bacterial adherence by over 90% [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable: 5\u003c/strong\u003e Antimicrobial disc diffusion assay results of curing agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e, results indicate that a curing agent made up of epoxy acrylates with a symmetrical sequence manifest superior antibacterial characteristic. In particular, when the eugenol-based epoxy with symmetrical sequences interacts with the cell membrane, it is more prone to trigger translocation, which ultimately leads to the destruction of the cell membrane.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the results of the disc diffusion method, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/strong\u003e, we evaluated three types of bacteria and one type of fungus as BMTO-based curing agents. We found that their molecular characteristics differed significantly from the reference standard. The results of the samples indicate that they have tested positively against four types of bacteria, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, E. coli, and C. albicans. Further analysis shows, compared to the blank sample, the coating formulations have demonstrated significant activity against the E. coli bacteria. These findings suggest that the coating formulations may be effective in preventing the growth of bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, a bio-based curing agent made from eugenol was added to epoxy acrylate to investigate the thermal behavior, corrosion resistance, and other coating properties of the resulting epoxy systems. As indicated by gel content and water absorption measurements, the extent of photopolymerization of cured samples was significantly enhanced with increasing curing agents. The XRD spectrum indicates a complete amorphous state after curing, demonstrating the chemical incorporation of the BMTO curing agent into epoxy molecules for individual dispersion in soft segments. Results from the salt spray test showed that the coating formulation with the highest concentration of curing agent had better anti-corrosion properties. In conclusion, growing demands for the development of bio-based curing agents have become attractive to chemical companies, and they can synthesize completely bio-based epoxy networks. Eugenol is a naturally available material in plants that can be converted to bio-based curing agents derived from eugenol, which is simply substituted by aliphatic, aromatic hardeners. These bio-based curing agents are also promising candidates for replacing petroleum-based curing agents and developing an entirely bio-based epoxy network. The combination of epoxy resin with BMTO curing agents results in better film performance, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties compared to commercially available epoxy resins due to different curing mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability: \u003c/strong\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available on within the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration for conflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAP: Experimental investigation, validation, and formal analysis, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing NSP: formal analysis and validation; Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. PM: Recourses and data curation, MT: conceptualization and supervision; KB: conceptualization and supervision; VP: Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing, visualisation and supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e: Vikas Patil is thankful to UGC for his position through Faculty Recharge Program.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrings S, Meinema HA, Van Nostrum CF, Van der Linde R (1998) Organic\u0026ndash;inorganic hybrid coatings for coil coating application based on polyesters and tetraethoxysilane. Prog Org Coat 33(2):126\u0026ndash;130\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYeh J-M, Weng C-J, Liao W-J, Mau Y-W (2006) Anticorrosively enhanced PMMA\u0026ndash;SiO2 hybrid coatings prepared from the sol\u0026ndash;gel approach with MSMA as the coupling agent. 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Mater Today Commun 12:19\u0026ndash;28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 3 and 4 are not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Schemes","content":"\u003cp\u003eSchemes 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Eugenol, Anticorrosion, Curing agent, Antimicrobial, Cross-linking","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5310483/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5310483/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEugenol an active reagent extracted from the plant are being used as one of the composite materials for the preparation of monomer. In a course of successive reaction eugenol was reacted with the 1,4-butandiol diglycidyl ether yields the reactive species 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diylbis (oxy) bis(1-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) propane-2-ol). It contains the two alcoholic hydroxy which further reacted with the epichlorohydrin gives the 2,2'-(3,12-bis((4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methyl)-2,5,10,13-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl) bis (oxirane) (\u003cb\u003eBMTO\u003c/b\u003e). \u003cb\u003eBMTO\u003c/b\u003e is an active monomer consisting of two epoxy functionals at terminal. In the next series of experiments the combination of epoxy acrylate resin with \u003cb\u003eBMTO\u003c/b\u003e in presents of fixed amount of triethyl tetraamine formulated give the polymer composite material. The polymer material formed has an active bio-ingredient eugenol known for its antimicrobial activity over the coating to metal substrate. The final polymer has the tested with the various tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), gel content analysis, water absorption testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) study. The results showed effective nature of eugenol-based epoxy (BMTO). The functionality of the eugenol-based epoxy (BMTO) and structural properties were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH-NMR), and infrared (IR) spectra. The study examined the properties of cured epoxy, focusing on its thermal, mechanical, and anti-corrosion characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis of self-curing bio-based eugenol-epoxy resin an application to metal surface coating","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-25 15:13:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5310483/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-03-20T08:40:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-05T09:34:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"285072957447248786539914898834450932559","date":"2025-01-04T10:23:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"150170686564478690899784767813464014087","date":"2025-01-04T01:10:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-03T22:14:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-10-24T08:36:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-10-23T12:21:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Polymer Bulletin","date":"2024-10-22T09:29:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"62eb9cd2-2889-4d05-a9bb-316f49414632","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-30T16:00:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5310483","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-025-05884-3","journal":{"identity":"polymer-bulletin","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Polymer Bulletin"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-27 15:57:35","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-25 15:13:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05884-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-025-05884-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5310483","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5310483","identity":"rs-5310483","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}