Residual behavior and risk assessment of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole used individually or in combination on strawberry

Residual behavior and risk assessment of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole used individually or in combination on strawberry | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Residual behavior and risk assessment of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole used individually or in combination on strawberry Yanjie Li, Yuqin Luo, Jinhua Jiang, Hongmei He, Changpeng Zhang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2103396/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Apr, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) were used individually or in combination at the maximum recommended dose in greenhouse strawberries to research the dissipation dynamics and dietary risks. A multi-residue analytical method for FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberries using UPLC-MS/MS integrated with QuEChERS approach was develop with a strong linearity (R 2 ≧ 0.9990), accuracy (recoveries of 82.62–107.79%), and precision (relative standard deviations of 0.58–12.73%). The limits of quantification were 0.01 mg kg − 1 . Field results showed that the half-lives of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberry fruits were 11.6–12.4 days, 6.1–6.7 days and 10.9–11.7 days, respectively. The half-lives of the three investigated pesticides showed no significant difference when used individually or in combination. A risk assessment indicated that the dietary intake risks of the three pesticides in grown strawberries were 0.0041–7.63% whether applied alone or joint, which demonstrated that the dietary intake risks of three pesticides in grown strawberries could be negligible for Chinese male and female consumers, and even though pesticides were used in combination, there was no need to be concerned about the safety. This paper serves as a guide for the safe use of FOR, ATP and CAP on greenhouse strawberries. Fluopyram Acetamiprid Chlorantraniliprole Dissipation behavior Risk assessment Strawberry Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Foodstuff intake has a considerable influence on human and environmental health and is closely linked to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. From a global perspective, the food consumption pattern is trending towards high fat and oil, resulting in a threefold increase in the population's obesity rate between 1975 and 2016 (Rodríguez-Mireles et al., 2021). Obesity is frequently associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, and other chronic disorders (Remde et al., 2022). Furthermore, a higher proportion of carbon and nitrogen emissions result from a high fat and oil diet, which is incompatible with the concept of sustainable development (Wang et al., 2022b). Sustainable diets (three indicators: nutrition, environment and health), such as the French dietary guidelines and the Mediterranean diet, which are gaining popularity among huge groups these days (Kesse-Guyot et al., 2020). In other words, dietary changes should seek to decrease meat consumption and raise the intake of vegetables and fruits. Pesticides are unavoidably employed in agricultural production practices to increase product quality and productivity. The indiscriminate, frequent application of pesticides frequently result in pesticide residues in crops exceeding limits, raising the dietary risk to consumers (Balkan and Yılmaz, 2022 ; Khazaal et al., 2022; Nougadère et al., 2012; Tang et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Mehlhorn et al., 2022). Strawberries in greenhouses due to the high temperature and humidity are particularly vulnerable to pests ( Botrytis cinerea , Chaetosiphon fragaefolii , Colletotrichum and Frankliniella occidentalis ) and diseases (gray mold and powdery mildew) (Li et al., 2022a; Van Oystaeyen et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022a; Yan et al., 2021). A survey in Beijing concluded that at least one residue was observed in 26.0% of strawberry samples (Li et al., 2022b). Pesticides were detected in 39.32% of strawberry samples, and multiple pesticide residues were prevalent in strawberries (Chu et al., 2020 ). Pesticide residues in fruits (eaten raw) are relatively persistent due to pesticide fat solubility, particularly eating fruits with skin. Fluopyram (pyridine ethyl benzamide fungicide) has been prevalently used in strawberry production in recent years to control gray mold, powdery mildew and downy mildew caused by pathogenic fungi (Panda et al., 2018). Acetamiprid, which belongs to the nitro methylene heterocyclic compounds, is a broad-spectrum insecticide for touch and stomach poisoning. Aminopyralid supervision of strawberry aphids is an effective factor in strawberry planting in many zones, and it has an efficient control effect (Dara, 2016 ). Chlorantraniliprole is a wide-spectrum insecticide of the anthranilic diamides class that can effectively and specifically stimulate ryanodine receptors to control pests, mainly against lepidopteran pests of various crops (Lahm et al., 2007). The powerful approach in current manufacturing to prevent and control pests and diseases in greenhouse strawberries is to spray multiple pesticides (Sánchez et al., 2019). The mixed contamination of multiple pesticides in the production process occurs frequently, resulting in the dilemma of mixed contamination with numerous pesticide residues in strawberries. Studies on the residue dissipation dynamics of mixed contamination of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries have not been published yet. Besides, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole have not yet been registered for use on strawberries. Therefore, research on the residue dissipation dynamic and dietary risk of mixed contamination of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries is considered necessary. In the present study, owing to the top spot in the Full List of EWG's 2022 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce™ ( https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/full-list.p hp), strawberry was chosen as a representative fruit to explore the residue dissipation and half-life of mixed pesticides under a greenhouse environment. Moreover, the chronic and acute dietary intake risks of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries were evaluated for various groups of Chinese male and female customers. Materials And Methods Chemicals and reagents Reference standards of fluopyram (FOR: purity 99.8%), acetamiprid (ATP: purity 99.75%) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP: purity 97.28%) were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). The commercial formulations of fluopyram (41.7% suspension concentrate, SC, Registration No.: PD20121664), chlorantraniliprole (20% SC, Registration No.: PD20190180) and acetamiprid (20% soluble powder, SP, Registration No.: PD20101762) were purchased from Bayer AG (Leverkusen, Germany), FMC Corporation (Philadelphia, USA) and Nuopuxin Group Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China), respectively. Acetonitrile (ACN) and formic acid of chromatographic grade were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), analytical-grade sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Yida Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China). Three types of QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kits and m-PFC column with different proportions of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ), primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecylsilane (C 18 ) and pesticarb (PC) were purchased from Bonna-Agela Technologies (Tianjin, China). QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kit A: PSA 50 mg + C 18 50 mg + MgSO 4 150 mg, QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kit B: PSA 50 mg + PC 8 mg + C 18 50 mg + MgSO 4 150 mg, QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kit C: PSA 50 mg + PC 50 mg + C 18 50 mg + MgSO 4 150 mg. And the m-PFC with MWCNTs 5 mg + PSA 15 mg + MgSO 4 150 mg was used to test the clean-up of pesticides in strawberry samples. Field trials design and sample collection The strawberry field trials were carried out in April 2020 and guided by the criteria of NY/T 788–2018 (China). This experiment was conducted in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province (latitude 30.30 °N, longitude 119.91 °E). The experimental block was set up as four test plots (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4 ) and a blank control plot (T 0 ). Each treatment (setting three repetitions) was conducted in a plot of 30 m 2 , and the blank control plots were employed without pesticide application. The scheme designs of the experimental trials are listed in Table 1 . Samples were taken from control treatments or tested treatments at intervals of 2 h, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after spraying pesticides for the dissipation of residual FOR, ATP and CAP. Strawberry samples were, at random, gathered at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 d after the last spraying to monitor the final residues of FOR, ATP and CAP. Strawberry samples collected in the field were removed from the stalks and sepals, mixed and reduced according to the quadratic method. After homogenization, all samples were stored frozen at -18°C in a freezer pending determination. Analytical techniques Extraction and purification Five grams of each treated strawberry sample were weighed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube with 10 mL of 1% formic acid acetonitrile by shaking for 10 min. Then 3 g of sodium chloride was added to the centrifuge tube, shaken for 5 min and centrifuged at 5000 r/min for 5 min. For the cleanup of the strawberry supernatant, 1.6 mL of 1% formic acid acetonitrile extract was transferred to a purification tube (2 mL, PSA 50 mg, C 18 50 mg, MgSO 4 150 mg), then vortexed for 1 min, centrifuged at 10000 r/min for 5 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 µm organic membrane for LC-MS/MS analysis. Instrumental parameters Table 1 Field experiment design scheme. Treatments P esticides Dosage (g a.i./ha) Application times Application interval (d) T 1 FOR 97 2 7 T 2 ATP 45 T 3 CAP 39 T 4 FOR+ATP+CAP 97+45+39 Note: FOR, fluopyram. ATP, acetamiprid. CAP, chlorantraniliprole. a.i., active ingredient. Table 2 LC-MS/MS parameters for detection of fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP). Pesticides Precursor ion Product ion Dwell time (msec) Cone voltage (V) Collision energy FOR 397.01 173.02* 2.34 26 30 145.03 26 54 208.03 26 22 ATP 223.04 126.06* 1.78 22 22 56.05 22 16 90.10 22 34 CAP 482.00 451.02* 2.18 16 16 112.03 16 68 283.93 16 22 *: Quantitative ion. Strawberry samples were analyzed on a Waters UPLC/XEVO TQ-MS triple quadrupole liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (Waters, USA). 2.0 µL of sample was injected onto a Waters Acquity UPLC® BEH C 18 column (2.1 mm * 100 mm, 1.7 µm) kept at 40 °C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (100%) (phase A) and formic acid aqueous solution (0.1%) (phase B) with a gradient elution program: 0-1.2 min, 10% A and 90% B; 1.2-3.5 min, 90% A and 10% B; 3.5-4.0 min, 10% A and 90% B. The mobile phase flow rate was 0.25 ml/min. ESI (Electrospray ionization) with a positive ion mode was performed at a capillary voltage of 3.0 kV. The desolvent temperature was set at 800 °C and the desolvent gas flow was at 400 L/Hr. The MS analyses of FOR, ATP and CAP were conducted in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, the detailed mass spectrometric parameters of pesticides (FOR, ATP and CAP) are listed in Table 2. Pesticide analysis Calculation of matrix effect (ME), dissipation kinetics and half-life ME was used to estimate the response of targeted pesticides in the standard solution to processed strawberry sample in accordance with SANTE guideline (EU, 2021). The matrix effect was calculated by the following Eq. (1): ME = ( S ma - S so )/ S so ×100 (1) S so and S ma are the slopes of the calibration curves of the solvent and the matrix, respectively. If the value calculated by equation (1) is positive, which indicates a strong matrix, and if it is negative, which means a weak matrix effect. The dissipation kinetics and half-life (T 1/2 ) for targeted pesticides (FOR, ATP and CAP) in strawberries were calculated using equations (2) and (3) (Li et al., 2021): C t = C 0 e −kt (2) T 1/2 = ln2/k (3) C t and C 0 are the concentrations of pesticide residue (mg kg −1 ) at time t and 0 (day) after spraying, respectively. The k in equation (3) is the degradation rate constant of the corresponding pesticide. Exposure assessment and risk characterization The RQ chronic (chronic risk quotient) and RQ acute (acute risk quotient), which are considered reliable indicators of the dietary risk assessment in fruits, were determined by equations (5) and (7) (Yang et al., 2022) based on the dietary consumption data of Chinese residents of various ages (GEMS, 2021): C (mg kg − 1 ) is the average residual value of the actual monitoring strawberry sample, F (g d − 1 ) represents fruit intake, bw (kg) is the average weight of the population, NEDI (mg kg − 1 d − 1 ) is the national estimated daily intake, ADI is the acceptable daily intake (mg kg − 1 d − 1 ) and the value refers to the national standard (GB-2763, 2021), RQ chronic > 100% means the risk is unacceptable. HC (mg kg − 1 ) is the highest residue, LP is the maximum consumption of fruits, NESTI (mg kg − 1 d − 1 ) is the national estimated short-term intake, ARfD is the acute reference dose (mg kg − 1 d − 1 ) and the value refers to the national standard (GB-2763, 2021). RQ acute < 100% means the risk is acceptable. Statistical analyses The residual experimental data were analyzed by OriginPro 2016 (OriginLab, USA). All the data were the mean that calculated by triplicate samples. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results And Discussion Method optimization and validation After a series of method optimization proceeding, 1% formic acid acidified acetonitrile was selected as the best extraction solvent owing to its highest recoveries (94.37% − 100.29%) with the relative standard deviation (RSD) being between 1.62% and 4.84% (Fig. 1 A). The extraction solvent volume of 10 mL was opted as the best extraction amount since it exhibited a better extraction performance than the other extraction amount (5 mL) with recoveries of 99.28% − 101.01% by purification material npc (Fig. 1 B). Npc was chosen as the purification for pesticides FOR, ATP and CAP from strawberries due to its lower absorption capacity and stronger ability to remove impurities than the other three purification materials (Fig. 1 C). Table 3 Linear equation, determination coefficient (R 2 ), matrix effect (ME), LODs and LOQs of fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in solvent, strawberry samples. Matrix Linearity range (mg/L) Analyte Linear equation R 2 ME (%) LODs (mg/kg) LOQs (mg/kg) acetonitrile 0.002 ~ 0.1 FOR y = 1944219x + 210 0.9993 / / ATP y = 289656x + 82 0.9994 / / CAP y = 71546x + 26 0.9997 / / strawberry 0.002 ~ 0.1 FOR y = 1731324x + 300 0.9996 -10.95 0.002 0.01 ATP y = 257584x-4 0.9997 -11.07 0.002 0.01 CAP y = 66677x-39 0.9990 -6.81 0.002 0.01 strawberry x10 0.002 ~ 0.1 FOR y = 1869814x-581 0.9993 -3.83 0.002 0.01 ATP y = 298217x + 32 0.9999 2.96 0.002 0.01 CAP y = 72391x + 12 0.9993 1.18 0.002 0.01 The linearity examination between the concentrations of tested pesticides and their peak areas revealed that fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole had good linear relations with determination coefficients (R 2 ) ≧ 0.999 in ACN solvent solution and matrix-matched standard solutions (Table 3 ). The strawberry matrix weakened the signals of three examined pesticides since the ME values were less than 1(Table 3 ). As a result, matrix-matched standard solutions were chosen for the quantitative assessment of three examined pesticides in strawberry samples. The LODs and LOQs of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberry were 3.3 µg kg − 1 and 10 µg kg − 1 , respectively. To validate and evaluate the method's accuracy, recoveries of pesticides FOR, ATP and CAP were done at spiked levels of 10, 100 and 1000 mg kg − 1 , with five duplicates examined for each level (Table 4 ). The average recoveries of tested pesticides in strawberries varied from 82.62% (CAP) ~ 107.79% (FOR), with RSDs ranging from 0.58–12.73%. The addition recovery test revealed that the analytical method was linear and accurate, and that it could identify and analyze tested pesticides level in strawberries. Table 4 Recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of pesticides fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberry samples. Analyte Spiked level (µg/kg) Mean recoveries (%) RSDs (%) n = 5 fluopyram 10 107.79 0.58 100 101.31 2.18 1000 103.41 2.13 acetamiprid 10 99.72 4.61 100 97.91 1.00 1000 93.56 2.79 chlorantraniliprole 10 94.60 12.73 100 82.62 3.20 1000 90.84 1.28 Dissipation and terminal residue levels of pesticides fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries Dissipation of fluopyram in strawberries The dissipation curves of fluopyram alone or joint are shown in Fig. 2 A, the dissipation equation and correlation coefficient (R 2 ), as well as the T 1/2 are listed in Table 5 . After carefully examining the R 2 values for the fitting curve of fluopyram, the results showed that the connected first plus first order kinetics is the best match model for capturing the kinetics of pesticide dissipation. The R 2 value for fluopyram dissipation in a alone application (0.9407) is significantly higher than that in a combination application (0.7775). Fluopyram's dissipation half-life in strawberries was 11.6 (alone) and 12.4 (joint), with no significant differences related to application mode. The initial concentrations of fluopyram were 0.245 ± 0.066 mg kg − 1 (alone) and 0.175 ± 0.028 mg kg − 1 (joint) at 2 h after twice spraying. Within 1 to 3 days of alone application and 3 to 5 days of joint application, the residual concentration of pesticides in strawberries increased slightly, indicating that pesticide absorption by strawberries was greater than their own destruction. The residue in strawberries continued to decrease after that, with ultimate residue amounts of 0.108 ± 0.002 mg kg − 1 (alone) and 0.097 ± 0.030 mg kg − 1 (joint), respectively, which was far lower than the MRLs (minimum residue limits) of China (0.4 mg kg − 1 ), the European Union (0.1 mg kg − 1 ) and Australia (1.5 mg kg − 1 ). Table 5 Physicochemical properties, residual kinetics, determination coefficient (R 2 ) and half-life (T 1/2 ) of fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in strawberries under alone and mixed applications. Note: Log K ow : logarithm of octanol−water partion coefficient. Dissipation of acetamiprid (ATP) in strawberries The dissipation of ATP in alone and joint applications in strawberries followed by first order kinetics were illustrated in Fig. 2 B, their half-lives were alike (6.1 days for alone and 6.7 days for joint) (Table 5 ). The R 2 values were in the range of 0.8286 to 0.8676, and showed there was no marked variation whether they were applied alone or joint. The initial concentrations of ATP were 0.089 ± 0.009 mg kg − 1 (alone) and 0.089 ± 0.005 mg kg − 1 (joint) at 2 h after twice spraying. And the dissipation of ATP in strawberries at 1 day was 18.06% by joint, which was remarkable higher than that under alone. The residual concentration of ATP in strawberries increased somewhat after 2 h to 1 day of single application and 3 to 5 days of combined application. The residue in strawberries continued to decrease after that, with ultimate residue amounts of 0.034 ± 0.003 mg kg − 1 (alone) and 0.031 ± 0.009 mg kg − 1 (joint), respectively, which was well below the MRLs of China (1 mg kg − 1 ), Korea (1 mg kg − 1 ) and the United States (1 mg kg − 1 ), and slightly higher than the MRLs of the European Union (0.02 mg kg − 1 ). The final dissipation of ATP in strawberries were 62.47% (alone) and 64.75% (joint). Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in strawberries The concentration curves of CAP were depicted in Fig. 2 C, and the dissipation behaviors were estimated using the first-order kinetics equation, with the kinetics parameters provided in Table 5 . The dissipation curves of CAP in strawberries alone and in the combination of FOR, CAP and ATP matched well, with R 2 values of 0.8666 ~ 0.9041. The residues of CAP were 0.072 ± 0.005 mg kg − 1 (alone) and 0.080 ± 0.007 mg kg − 1 (joint), respectively, with the sampling interval at 2 h after twice spraying. The dissipation of CAP in strawberries were 0.05% (alone) and 17.22% (joint) after 2 h. The residues, on the other hand, can be swiftly eliminated in the first three days, while a portion of the residues are incorporated into cellular components and slowly degraded over time. The final remains of CAP in strawberries were 0.038 ± 0.006 mg kg − 1 (alone) and 0.042 ± 0.003 mg kg − 1 (joint), respectively, which was much lower than the MRLs of CAC (0.5 mg kg − 1 ), China (2 mg kg − 1 ) and the United States (0.6 mg kg − 1 ), and lightly lower than the MRLs of the European Union (0.05 mg kg − 1 ). After 10 days, CAP dissipation in strawberries were reduced by 47.26% (alone) and 47.70% (joint). Comparison of pesticide dissipation in strawberries The initial deposits of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberries were alike when used alone and joint. The concentrations of ATP and CAP under alone application were slightly higher than those of joint application. The FOR, ATP and CAP residues in strawberries decreased to 0.149 ± 0.0001 mg kg − 1 , 0.048 ± 0.002 mg kg − 1 , 0.056 ± 0.004 mg kg − 1 for alone application after 5th day, but increased to 0.135 ± 0.009 mg kg − 1 , 0.054 ± 0.010 mg kg − 1 , 0.060 ± 0.0001 mg kg − 1 for joint application. The dissipation of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberry residues in the beginning were slower than those in the end. The terminal concentrations (after 10th day) of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberries were no significant difference whether used in combination or alone. Besides, the dissipation half-life values in strawberries were 11.6 and 12.4 days for FOR, 6.1 and 6.7 days for ATP, and 11.7 and 10.9 days for CAP at alone and joint application, respectively. The dissipation half-life of combination application increased by 0.07 (FOR) and 0.10 (ATP) times and decreased by 0.07 (CAP) times when compared to alone application. The results showed that differences caused by alone and joint applications in half-life were not statistically significant. The results of this investigation on FOR in pomegranate (Matadha et al., 2021) were consistent with its half-life of 7.3 ~ 15.0 days. Xiao et al. reported the t 1/2 of 5.37 days in ATP in honeysuckle (Xiao et al., 2022), Moreover, the t 1/2 of 5.78 days in pigeonpea (Kansara et al., 2021), 6.50 days in celery (Zhang et al., 2022), and 10.0 days in cabbage(Lee et al., 2019) was stated for CAP. Residues on greenhouse plants peaked in the hours following spraying, then gradually decreased over the next few days, resulting from pesticide degradation (Matadha et al., 2021). Pesticide degradation in plants is primarily influenced by the pesticide's nature, plant metabolic transformation, and microbial degradation (Li et al., 2020). After application, the three pesticides' residues are in the following order: FOR (0.108 ± 0.002 ~ 0.097 ± 0.030 mg kg − 1 ) > CAP (0.038 ± 0.006 ~ 0.042 ± 0.003 mg kg − 1 ) > ATP (0.034 ± 0.003 ~ 0.031 ± 0.009 mg kg − 1 ), respectively. Pesticide dissipation can also be affected by differences in enzymes and microorganisms (Diez et al., 2017; Muñoz-Leoz et al., 2013). The T 1/2 of the tested pesticides also followed the sequence: FOR (11.6 ~ 12.4) > CAP (10.9 ~ 11.7) > ATP (6.1 ~ 6.7), respectively. The T 1/2 orders of the three pesticides in this greenhouse trial were consistent with K ow (Table 5 ). In contrast, FOR has the highest residual and persistent properties that can lead to potential groundwater contamination, and ATP has a lower risk of dissipation than FOR and CAP. For joint application, there are no statistically pronounced variations in the T 1/2 and final residue levels of the three pesticides, which suggests that there is no substantial interaction between the three pesticides, and that the aggregate effect of the three pesticide mixes is solely dependent on individual effects (Xiaoqiang et al., 2008). Dietary risk assessment Chronic dietary exposure assessment In addition to comparing ultimate residue concentrations and MRL values, dietary intake risk assessment could be used to evaluate the safety of FOR, CAP and ATP in strawberries. The ADI values of FOR, ATP and CAP were 0.01, 0.07 and 2 mg (kg b.w.) −1 , respectively. For distinct groups of male and female consumers in China (this chapter selects 10 typical groups), body weights and daily intakes were 17.9–65.0 kg and 75.5–229.1 g/d, respectively (Wang et al., 2021). Tables S1-S3 (Supplementary information) illustrate the RQ c caused by three pesticide residues found on strawberries in distinct age and genders groups. The values of RQ c ranged from 2.06–7.63% after spraying FOR at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days (Table S1). And the RQ chronic values of ATP were between 0.096% and 0.63% (Table S2), the RQ chronic of CAP ranged between 0.0041% and 0.016% (Table S3). For three pesticides, the risk of chronic dietary exposure to strawberry residues was highest in the aged 8 to 12-year-old group. The chronic risks of three pesticides intake were ranked in the order of FOR > ATP > CAP. The chronic risks (low to high) of the different groups were in an order of over 65 year old males < 20–50 year old males < over 65 year old females < 51–65 year old females < 51–65 year old males < 20–50 year old females < 13–19 year old females < 13–19 year old males < 4.5% < 2–7 years old group < 8–12 years old group (FOR used alone after 3 d). FOR had the highest chronic intake risk of the three pesticides, which was primarily attributed to the initial application dose. In the case of ATP and CAP, the lower chronic intake risk for CAP (2 mg (kg bw) −1 ) was mainly due to its much higher ADI than ATP (0.07 mg (kg bw) −1 ). The residual data proved that the greenehouse-cultured strawberries were safe for consumption after being sprayed with three pesticides (FOR, ATP and CAP). Furthermore, no difference was observed between the RQ chronic of pesticides alone and joint application in strawberries gathered from a greenhouse trial. The results revealed that the dietary intake risk of three pesticides in strawberries grown in the greenhouse could be ignored, and the strawberries were safe for Chinese customers even though the tested pesticides were applied in combination and sprayed in the light of the suggested method. Whole diet risk assessment Table 6 The Chinese dietary model and risk probability of fluopyram (alone application) in strawberry and the corresponding MRLs registered by various countries. Food classification Fi (kg) Reference limits (mg/kg) (mg/kg 0 Sources NEDI (mg) ADI (mg) Risk probability (%) Rice and its products 0.2399 ADI×63 Flour and its products 0.1385 Other cereals 0.0233 Tubers 0.0495 0.03 China 0.001485 Dried beans and their products 0.016 0.07 China 0.00112 Dark vegetables 0.0915 2 China 0.183 Light vegetables 0.1837 1 China 0.1837 Pickles 0.0103 Fruits 0.0457 0.145 STMR 5 0.008683 Nuts 0.0039 0.04 China 0.000156 Livestock and poultry 0.0795 Milk and its products 0.0263 Egg and its products 0.0236 Fish and shrimp 0.0301 Vegetable oil 0.0327 1 China 0.0327 Animal oil 0.0087 Sugar, starch 0.0044 0.04 China 0.000176 Salt 0.012 Soy sauce 0.009 0.07 China 0.00063 Total 1.0286 0.40961 0.63 65.02% Note: Fi is the dietary reference intake for a certain kind of food used to plan and assess the nutrient intakes of healthy Chinese people. NEDI is the national estimated daily intake. The average body weight of an adult is 63 kg. STMR 5 is the supervised trial median residue of fluopyram in strawberries with a pre-harvest interval. According to the existing results of FOR with the highest chronic risk, the whole diet risk of FOR was further assessed. Table S4 illustrates the MRLs of three pesticides for strawberries approved by various countries. The reference MRLs for this paper were chosen based on the following sequence: China comes first, followed by the CAC, the EU, Japan, Korea and America. Table 6 shows the Fi and the Chinese dietary model (Li et al., 2021). The food classifications of FOR registered in China contain tubers, dried beans and their products, dark vegetables, light vegetables, fruits, nuts, vegetable oil, sugar, starch and soy sauce. Strawberries are categorized as fruits. The assessment results showed that the risk of dietary FOR intake (alone and mix application) was less than 100% (Table 6 and Table S5). Furthermore, the population meal statistics shown in this dietary risk evaluation came from 2002. However, the public's daily dietary intake may have altered significantly over the years, and the consequences might be undervalued as a matter of fact. Acute diet exposure assessment The WHO (World Health Organization) has ascertained that ARfDs (acute reference doses) for some pesticides, which include CAP, are unnecessary. The ARfDs values of the remaining pesticides, FOR and ATP, were 0.5 and 0.1 mg kg − 1 , respectively. Table S6 exhibits the RQ a of the pesticides FOR and ATP in six consumption groups with body weights of 13.4–61.3 kg and daily intakes of 339.4-510.2 g/d, respectively (Chu et al., 2020 ). The values of RQ acute ranged from 0.32–1.48% after spraying FOR in different groups. And the RQ acute of ATP ranged from 0.77–3.14% in 60–70 year old males and 2–4 year old females, respectively. The acute risks (low to high) of the six groups were in the sequence of 60–70 year old males < 18–30 year old males < 60–70 year old females < 18–30 year old females < 2–4 year old males < 3.0% < 2–4 year old females (ATP used alone). Females were at a slightly higher risk of pesticide exposure from consumed strawberries than males. The RQ acute of FOR and ATP were far less than 100%, which is within the scope of safe consumption. Conclusion In this paper, a multi-residue analytical method for fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries was established that used UPLC-MS/MS combined with the QuEChERS approach by optimizing the extraction solvent, the volume of extraction solvent, the purification technique and the purifying material. The method had average recoveries ranging from 82.62–107.79%, relative standard deviations varying from 0.58–12.73%, and the limits of quantification and detection were 0.01 and 0.002 mg kg − 1 , respectively. To gain an understanding of the residue dissipation trends in various pesticide application combinations on strawberries, the residue dissipation and ultimate residue trials of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole on strawberries were performed in a greenhouse. The half-live of fluopyram was 11.6–12.4 days, acetamiprid was 6.1–6.7 days and chlorantraniliprole was 10.9–11.7 days. The residue dissipation trials revealed no noticeable difference in the residue dissipation traits and half-lives of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole when applied alone or mixed. The residue concentrations on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 won't exceed the Chinese MRLs when the recommended maximum dose was used. The residue trials demonstrated that the greenhouse-grown strawberries were safe for consumers after spraying with three pesticides, and even though pesticides were applied in combination, there was no need to be concerned about the safety. Declarations Supporting Information Table S1: Chronic dietary risk assessment of fluopyram in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Table S2: Chronic dietary risk assessment of acetamiprid in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Table S3: Chronic dietary risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Table S4: MRLs registered of three pesticides in strawberry or berry fruits by various countries. Table S5: The Chinese dietary model and risk probability of fluopyram (mix application) in strawberry and the corresponding MRLs registered by various countries. Table S6: Acute dietary risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole and acetamiprid in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the contributions of all participants in this research. Author contributions Yanjie Li: conceptualization, data analysis, programming, writing-original draft preparation, writing-reviewing and editing. Yuqin Luo: writing- original draft preparation, data analysis. Jinhua Jiang: investigation, writing-reviewing and editing. Hongmei He: sample analysis. Changpeng Zhang: methodology, writing-reviewing and editing, supervision, project administration. Xueping Zhao: funding acquisition. Funding This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFC1605605) and the Basic Public Welfare Project of Zhejiang Province of China (No. LGN21C140006). Data availability The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of the current study are available within the article. Further supplementary data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Code availability Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 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Nat Geosci 14(4), 206-210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5 Van Oystaeyen A, Tuyttens E, Boonen S, De Smedt L, Bellinkx S, Wäckers F, Pekas A (2022) Dual purpose: Predatory hoverflies pollinate strawberry crops and protect them against the strawberry aphid, Chaetospihon fragaefolii. Pest Manag Sci https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6931 Wang H, Ping H, Liu Q, Han P, Guo X (2022a) Determination of pesticide residues in strawberries by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal Method 15(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02102-4 Wang L, Huang W, Zhao C, Hu Y, Cui S (2022b) Exploring the environment-nutrition-obesity effects associated with food consumption in different groups in China. J Environ Manage 317, 115287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115287 Wang Z, Di S, Qi P, Xu H, Zhao H, Wang X (2021) Dissipation, accumulation and risk assessment of fungicides after repeated spraying on greenhouse strawberry. Sci Total Environ 758, 144067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144067 Xiao O, Li M, Chen D, Chen J, Simal-Gandara J, Dai X, Kong Z (2022) The dissipation, processing factors, metabolites, and risk assessment of pesticides in honeysuckle from field to table. J Hazard Mater 431, 128519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128519 Xiaoqiang C, Hua F, Xuedong P, Xiao W, Min S, Bo F, Yunlong Y (2008) Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations. J Environ Sci 20(4), 464-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62080-X Yan S, Hu Q, Jiang Q, Chen H, Wei J, Yin M, Du X, Shen J (2021) Simple osthole/nanocarrier pesticide efficiently controls both pests and diseases fulfilling the need of green production of strawberry. ACS Appl Mater Inter 13(30), 36350-36360. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09887 Yang G, Li J, Lan T, Dou L, Zhang K (2022) Dissipation, residue, stereoselectivity and dietary risk assessment of penthiopyrad and metabolite PAM on cucumber and tomato in greenhouse and field. Food Chem 387, 132875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132875 Zhang C, Li Y, Luo Y, Wang X, He H, Jiang J, Fang N, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wang Q (2022) Residue and risk assessment of imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole in open field and greenhouse celery. J Food Protect 85(5), 835-843. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-402 Supplementary Files Supplementaryinformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Apr, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Nov, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Nov, 2022 Editor invited by journal 27 Oct, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 18 Oct, 2022 First submitted to journal 13 Oct, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2103396","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":148657853,"identity":"ed8f7550-9bbc-40fb-bdfa-caa122b76d2b","order_by":0,"name":"Yanjie 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Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Changpeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":148657858,"identity":"0bce0649-2deb-4faf-80a1-0febecf76f9b","order_by":5,"name":"Xueping Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueping","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-09-26 07:38:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2103396/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2103396/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26544-x","type":"published","date":"2023-04-18T20:30:39+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":28669090,"identity":"9a41d387-38f0-41fc-a47f-a4d0e185d909","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-04 14:23:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptimization of extraction solvent (A), extraction solvent volume under npc and pc8 (B) and purification materials and purification methods (C) in pesticides fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) determination.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2103396/v1/45becb8b6213987f57be1c5f.png"},{"id":28668439,"identity":"5c681a21-8325-4618-9981-e1c4d301ae14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-04 14:15:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDissipation curves of pesticides fluopyram (A), acetamiprid (B) and chlorantraniliprole (C) in strawberry samples after alone and joint application.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2103396/v1/7f5ff477c11226dbc3978b95.png"},{"id":44726507,"identity":"1cd1bbb3-afc8-49dc-9e79-d7e63f6d82c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 20:47:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":650855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2103396/v1/13b5c9b1-2199-4f36-a64c-2d3701adff37.pdf"},{"id":28668441,"identity":"17918bce-0723-4106-8f1f-c7ec03c80f1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-04 14:15:24","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":39104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryinformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2103396/v1/8a26fe26f2ec3b04845eec9b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Residual behavior and risk assessment of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole used individually or in combination on strawberry","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFoodstuff intake has a considerable influence on human and environmental health and is closely linked to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. From a global perspective, the food consumption pattern is trending towards high fat and oil, resulting in a threefold increase in the population's obesity rate between 1975 and 2016 (Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Mireles et al., 2021). Obesity is frequently associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, and other chronic disorders (Remde et al., 2022). Furthermore, a higher proportion of carbon and nitrogen emissions result from a high fat and oil diet, which is incompatible with the concept of sustainable development (Wang et al., 2022b). Sustainable diets (three indicators: nutrition, environment and health), such as the French dietary guidelines and the Mediterranean diet, which are gaining popularity among huge groups these days (Kesse-Guyot et al., 2020). In other words, dietary changes should seek to decrease meat consumption and raise the intake of vegetables and fruits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticides are unavoidably employed in agricultural production practices to increase product quality and productivity. The indiscriminate, frequent application of pesticides frequently result in pesticide residues in crops exceeding limits, raising the dietary risk to consumers (Balkan and Yılmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Khazaal et al., 2022; Nougad\u0026egrave;re et al., 2012; Tang et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Mehlhorn et al., 2022). Strawberries in greenhouses due to the high temperature and humidity are particularly vulnerable to pests (\u003cem\u003eBotrytis cinerea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChaetosiphon fragaefolii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFrankliniella occidentalis\u003c/em\u003e) and diseases (gray mold and powdery mildew) (Li et al., 2022a; Van Oystaeyen et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022a; Yan et al., 2021). A survey in Beijing concluded that at least one residue was observed in 26.0% of strawberry samples (Li et al., 2022b). Pesticides were detected in 39.32% of strawberry samples, and multiple pesticide residues were prevalent in strawberries (Chu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Pesticide residues in fruits (eaten raw) are relatively persistent due to pesticide fat solubility, particularly eating fruits with skin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluopyram (pyridine ethyl benzamide fungicide) has been prevalently used in strawberry production in recent years to control gray mold, powdery mildew and downy mildew caused by pathogenic fungi (Panda et al., 2018). Acetamiprid, which belongs to the nitro methylene heterocyclic compounds, is a broad-spectrum insecticide for touch and stomach poisoning. Aminopyralid supervision of strawberry aphids is an effective factor in strawberry planting in many zones, and it has an efficient control effect (Dara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Chlorantraniliprole is a wide-spectrum insecticide of the anthranilic diamides class that can effectively and specifically stimulate ryanodine receptors to control pests, mainly against lepidopteran pests of various crops (Lahm et al., 2007). The powerful approach in current manufacturing to prevent and control pests and diseases in greenhouse strawberries is to spray multiple pesticides (S\u0026aacute;nchez et al., 2019). The mixed contamination of multiple pesticides in the production process occurs frequently, resulting in the dilemma of mixed contamination with numerous pesticide residues in strawberries. Studies on the residue dissipation dynamics of mixed contamination of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries have not been published yet. Besides, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole have not yet been registered for use on strawberries. Therefore, research on the residue dissipation dynamic and dietary risk of mixed contamination of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries is considered necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, owing to the top spot in the Full List of EWG's 2022 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce\u0026trade; (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ewg.org/foodnews/full-list.p\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/full-list.p\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehp), strawberry was chosen as a representative fruit to explore the residue dissipation and half-life of mixed pesticides under a greenhouse environment. Moreover, the chronic and acute dietary intake risks of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries were evaluated for various groups of Chinese male and female customers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eChemicals and reagents\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference standards of fluopyram (FOR: purity 99.8%), acetamiprid (ATP: purity 99.75%) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP: purity 97.28%) were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). The commercial formulations of fluopyram (41.7% suspension concentrate, SC, Registration No.: PD20121664), chlorantraniliprole (20% SC, Registration No.: PD20190180) and acetamiprid (20% soluble powder, SP, Registration No.: PD20101762) were purchased from Bayer AG (Leverkusen, Germany), FMC Corporation (Philadelphia, USA) and Nuopuxin Group Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetonitrile (ACN) and formic acid of chromatographic grade were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), analytical-grade sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Yida Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree types of QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kits and m-PFC column with different proportions of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecylsilane (C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e) and pesticarb (PC) were purchased from Bonna-Agela Technologies (Tianjin, China). QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kit A: PSA 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 150 mg, QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kit B: PSA 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PC 8 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 150 mg, QuEChERS d-SPE clean-up kit C: PSA 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PC 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e 50 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 150 mg. And the m-PFC with MWCNTs 5 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSA 15 mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 150 mg was used to test the clean-up of pesticides in strawberry samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eField trials design and sample collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe strawberry field trials were carried out in April 2020 and guided by the criteria of NY/T 788\u0026ndash;2018 (China). This experiment was conducted in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province (latitude 30.30 \u0026deg;N, longitude 119.91 \u0026deg;E). The experimental block was set up as four test plots (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and a blank control plot (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e). Each treatment (setting three repetitions) was conducted in a plot of 30 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and the blank control plots were employed without pesticide application. The scheme designs of the experimental trials are listed in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Samples were taken from control treatments or tested treatments at intervals of 2 h, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after spraying pesticides for the dissipation of residual FOR, ATP and CAP. Strawberry samples were, at random, gathered at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 d after the last spraying to monitor the final residues of FOR, ATP and CAP. Strawberry samples collected in the field were removed from the stalks and sepals, mixed and reduced according to the quadratic method. After homogenization, all samples were stored frozen at -18\u0026deg;C in a freezer pending determination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical techniques\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtraction and purification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFive grams of each treated strawberry sample were weighed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube with 10 mL of 1% formic acid acetonitrile by shaking for 10 min. Then 3 g of sodium chloride was added to the centrifuge tube, shaken for 5 min and centrifuged at 5000 r/min for 5 min. For the cleanup of the strawberry supernatant, 1.6 mL of 1% formic acid acetonitrile extract was transferred to a purification tube (2 mL, PSA 50 mg, C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e 50 mg, MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 150 mg), then vortexed for 1 min, centrifuged at 10000 r/min for 5 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 \u0026micro;m organic membrane for LC-MS/MS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstrumental parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Field experiment design scheme.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 86%;border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:16.86%;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:34.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eTreatments\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.78%;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:34.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eesticides\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:15.52%;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:34.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eDosage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003e(g a.i./ha)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:17.02%;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:34.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eApplication times\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:27.78%;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:34.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003eApplication interval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:windowtext;'\u003e(d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:16.86%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.78%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:15.52%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width:17.02%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width:27.78%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:16.86%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.78%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eATP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:15.52%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:16.86%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.78%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCAP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:15.52%;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:11.9pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:16.86%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.78%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFOR+ATP+CAP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:15.52%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.45pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e97+45+39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eNote: FOR, fluopyram. ATP, acetamiprid. CAP, chlorantraniliprole. a.i., active ingredient.\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC-MS/MS parameters for detection of fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePesticides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrecursor ion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProduct ion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDwell time (msec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCone voltage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollision energy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e482.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*: Quantitative ion.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrawberry samples were analyzed on a Waters UPLC/XEVO TQ-MS triple quadrupole liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (Waters, USA). 2.0 \u0026micro;L of sample was injected onto a Waters Acquity UPLC\u0026reg; BEH C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e column (2.1 mm * 100 mm, 1.7 \u0026micro;m) kept at 40 \u0026deg;C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (100%) (phase A) and formic acid aqueous solution (0.1%) (phase B) with a gradient elution program: 0-1.2 min, 10% A and 90% B; 1.2-3.5 min, 90% A and 10% B; 3.5-4.0 min, 10% A and 90% B. The mobile phase flow rate was 0.25 ml/min. ESI (Electrospray ionization) with a positive ion mode was performed at a capillary voltage of 3.0 kV. The desolvent temperature was set at 800 \u0026deg;C and the desolvent gas flow was at 400 L/Hr. The MS analyses of FOR, ATP and CAP were conducted in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, the detailed mass spectrometric parameters of pesticides (FOR, ATP and CAP) are listed in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePesticide analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculation of matrix effect (ME), dissipation kinetics and half-life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME was used to estimate the response of targeted pesticides in the standard solution to processed strawberry sample in accordance with SANTE guideline (EU, 2021). The matrix effect was calculated by the following Eq. (1):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Taba\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME = (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ema\u003c/sub\u003e-\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eso\u003c/sub\u003e)/\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eso\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003eso\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003ema\u003c/sub\u003e are the slopes of the calibration curves of the solvent and the matrix, respectively. If the value calculated by equation (1) is positive, which indicates a strong matrix, and if it is negative, which means a weak matrix effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe dissipation kinetics and half-life (T\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e) for targeted pesticides (FOR, ATP and CAP) in strawberries were calculated using equations (2) and (3) (Li et al., 2021):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabb\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e = C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003ee\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;kt\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e = ln2/k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e and C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e are the concentrations of pesticide residue (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) at time t and 0 (day) after spraying, respectively. The k in equation (3) is the degradation rate constant of the corresponding pesticide.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch3\u003eExposure assessment and risk characterization\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe RQ\u003csub\u003echronic\u003c/sub\u003e (chronic risk quotient) and RQ\u003csub\u003eacute\u003c/sub\u003e (acute risk quotient), which are considered reliable indicators of the dietary risk assessment in fruits, were determined by equations (5) and (7) (Yang et al., 2022) based on the dietary consumption data of Chinese residents of various ages (GEMS, 2021):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) is the average residual value of the actual monitoring strawberry sample, F (g d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) represents fruit intake, bw (kg) is the average weight of the population, NEDI (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) is the national estimated daily intake, ADI is the acceptable daily intake (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and the value refers to the national standard (GB-2763, 2021), RQ\u003csub\u003echronic\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026gt; 100% means the risk is unacceptable.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ3\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ4\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) is the highest residue, LP is the maximum consumption of fruits, NESTI (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) is the national estimated short-term intake, ARfD is the acute reference dose (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and the value refers to the national standard (GB-2763, 2021). RQ\u003csub\u003eacute\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026lt; 100% means the risk is acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe residual experimental data were analyzed by OriginPro 2016 (OriginLab, USA). All the data were the mean that calculated by triplicate samples. Statistical significance was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMethod optimization and validation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter a series of method optimization proceeding, 1% formic acid acidified acetonitrile was selected as the best extraction solvent owing to its highest recoveries (94.37% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;100.29%) with the relative standard deviation (RSD) being between 1.62% and 4.84% (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eA). The extraction solvent volume of 10 mL was opted as the best extraction amount since it exhibited a better extraction performance than the other extraction amount (5 mL) with recoveries of 99.28% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;101.01% by purification material npc (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eB). Npc was chosen as the purification for pesticides FOR, ATP and CAP from strawberries due to its lower absorption capacity and stronger ability to remove impurities than the other three purification materials (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear equation, determination coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), matrix effect (ME), LODs and LOQs of fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in solvent, strawberry samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatrix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinearity range (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalyte\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear equation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLODs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOQs (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacetonitrile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1944219x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;289656x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71546x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estrawberry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1731324x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;257584x-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66677x-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estrawberry x10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1869814x-581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;298217x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72391x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe linearity examination between the concentrations of tested pesticides and their peak areas revealed that fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole had good linear relations with determination coefficients (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;≧\u0026thinsp;0.999 in ACN solvent solution and matrix-matched standard solutions (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The strawberry matrix weakened the signals of three examined pesticides since the ME values were less than 1(Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, matrix-matched standard solutions were chosen for the quantitative assessment of three examined pesticides in strawberry samples. The LODs and LOQs of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberry were 3.3 \u0026micro;g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 10 \u0026micro;g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. To validate and evaluate the method\u0026apos;s accuracy, recoveries of pesticides FOR, ATP and CAP were done at spiked levels of 10, 100 and 1000 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, with five duplicates examined for each level (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The average recoveries of tested pesticides in strawberries varied from 82.62% (CAP)\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;107.79% (FOR), with RSDs ranging from 0.58\u0026ndash;12.73%. The addition recovery test revealed that the analytical method was linear and accurate, and that it could identify and analyze tested pesticides level in strawberries.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of pesticides fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberry samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalyte\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiked level (\u0026micro;g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean recoveries (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRSDs (%) n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efluopyram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003echlorantraniliprole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDissipation and terminal residue levels of pesticides fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDissipation of fluopyram in strawberries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe dissipation curves of fluopyram alone or joint are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA, the dissipation equation and correlation coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), as well as the T\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e are listed in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. After carefully examining the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values for the fitting curve of fluopyram, the results showed that the connected first plus first order kinetics is the best match model for capturing the kinetics of pesticide dissipation. The R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value for fluopyram dissipation in a alone application (0.9407) is significantly higher than that in a combination application (0.7775). Fluopyram\u0026apos;s dissipation half-life in strawberries was 11.6 (alone) and 12.4 (joint), with no significant differences related to application mode. The initial concentrations of fluopyram were 0.245\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.066 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (alone) and 0.175\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (joint) at 2 h after twice spraying. Within 1 to 3 days of alone application and 3 to 5 days of joint application, the residual concentration of pesticides in strawberries increased slightly, indicating that pesticide absorption by strawberries was greater than their own destruction. The residue in strawberries continued to decrease after that, with ultimate residue amounts of 0.108\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (alone) and 0.097\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (joint), respectively, which was far lower than the MRLs (minimum residue limits) of China (0.4 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), the European Union (0.1 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and Australia (1.5 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e Physicochemical properties, residual kinetics, determination coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and half-life (T\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e) of fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in strawberries under alone and mixed applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: Log K\u003csub\u003eow\u003c/sub\u003e: logarithm of octanol\u0026minus;water partion coefficient.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDissipation of acetamiprid (ATP) in strawberries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe dissipation of ATP in alone and joint applications in strawberries followed by first order kinetics were illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB, their half-lives were alike (6.1 days for alone and 6.7 days for joint) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values were in the range of 0.8286 to 0.8676, and showed there was no marked variation whether they were applied alone or joint. The initial concentrations of ATP were 0.089\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (alone) and 0.089\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (joint) at 2 h after twice spraying. And the dissipation of ATP in strawberries at 1 day was 18.06% by joint, which was remarkable higher than that under alone. The residual concentration of ATP in strawberries increased somewhat after 2 h to 1 day of single application and 3 to 5 days of combined application. The residue in strawberries continued to decrease after that, with ultimate residue amounts of 0.034\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (alone) and 0.031\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (joint), respectively, which was well below the MRLs of China (1 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), Korea (1 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and the United States (1 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and slightly higher than the MRLs of the European Union (0.02 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The final dissipation of ATP in strawberries were 62.47% (alone) and 64.75% (joint).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDissipation of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) in strawberries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concentration curves of CAP were depicted in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC, and the dissipation behaviors were estimated using the first-order kinetics equation, with the kinetics parameters provided in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The dissipation curves of CAP in strawberries alone and in the combination of FOR, CAP and ATP matched well, with R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values of 0.8666\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.9041. The residues of CAP were 0.072\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (alone) and 0.080\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (joint), respectively, with the sampling interval at 2 h after twice spraying. The dissipation of CAP in strawberries were 0.05% (alone) and 17.22% (joint) after 2 h. The residues, on the other hand, can be swiftly eliminated in the first three days, while a portion of the residues are incorporated into cellular components and slowly degraded over time. The final remains of CAP in strawberries were 0.038\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (alone) and 0.042\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (joint), respectively, which was much lower than the MRLs of CAC (0.5 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), China (2 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and the United States (0.6 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and lightly lower than the MRLs of the European Union (0.05 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). After 10 days, CAP dissipation in strawberries were reduced by 47.26% (alone) and 47.70% (joint).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of pesticide dissipation in strawberries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe initial deposits of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberries were alike when used alone and joint. The concentrations of ATP and CAP under alone application were slightly higher than those of joint application. The FOR, ATP and CAP residues in strawberries decreased to 0.149\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.048\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.056\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for alone application after 5th day, but increased to 0.135\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.054\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.060\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for joint application. The dissipation of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberry residues in the beginning were slower than those in the end. The terminal concentrations (after 10th day) of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberries were no significant difference whether used in combination or alone. Besides, the dissipation half-life values in strawberries were 11.6 and 12.4 days for FOR, 6.1 and 6.7 days for ATP, and 11.7 and 10.9 days for CAP at alone and joint application, respectively. The dissipation half-life of combination application increased by 0.07 (FOR) and 0.10 (ATP) times and decreased by 0.07 (CAP) times when compared to alone application. The results showed that differences caused by alone and joint applications in half-life were not statistically significant. The results of this investigation on FOR in pomegranate (Matadha et al., 2021) were consistent with its half-life of 7.3\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;15.0 days. Xiao et al. reported the t\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e of 5.37 days in ATP in honeysuckle (Xiao et al., 2022), Moreover, the t\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e of 5.78 days in pigeonpea (Kansara et al., 2021), 6.50 days in celery (Zhang et al., 2022), and 10.0 days in cabbage(Lee et al., 2019) was stated for CAP.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidues on greenhouse plants peaked in the hours following spraying, then gradually decreased over the next few days, resulting from pesticide degradation (Matadha et al., 2021). Pesticide degradation in plants is primarily influenced by the pesticide\u0026apos;s nature, plant metabolic transformation, and microbial degradation (Li et al., 2020). After application, the three pesticides\u0026apos; residues are in the following order: FOR (0.108\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.097\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.030 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;CAP (0.038\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.042\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;ATP (0.034\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.031\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), respectively. Pesticide dissipation can also be affected by differences in enzymes and microorganisms (Diez et al., 2017; Mu\u0026ntilde;oz-Leoz et al., 2013). The T\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e of the tested pesticides also followed the sequence: FOR (11.6\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;12.4)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;CAP (10.9\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;11.7)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;ATP (6.1\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.7), respectively. The T\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e orders of the three pesticides in this greenhouse trial were consistent with K\u003csub\u003eow\u003c/sub\u003e (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, FOR has the highest residual and persistent properties that can lead to potential groundwater contamination, and ATP has a lower risk of dissipation than FOR and CAP. For joint application, there are no statistically pronounced variations in the T\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e and final residue levels of the three pesticides, which suggests that there is no substantial interaction between the three pesticides, and that the aggregate effect of the three pesticide mixes is solely dependent on individual effects (Xiaoqiang et al., 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDietary risk assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic dietary exposure assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn addition to comparing ultimate residue concentrations and MRL values, dietary intake risk assessment could be used to evaluate the safety of FOR, CAP and ATP in strawberries. The ADI values of FOR, ATP and CAP were 0.01, 0.07 and 2 mg (kg b.w.)\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. For distinct groups of male and female consumers in China (this chapter selects 10 typical groups), body weights and daily intakes were 17.9\u0026ndash;65.0 kg and 75.5\u0026ndash;229.1 g/d, respectively (Wang et al., 2021). Tables S1-S3 (Supplementary information) illustrate the RQ\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e caused by three pesticide residues found on strawberries in distinct age and genders groups. The values of RQ\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e ranged from 2.06\u0026ndash;7.63% after spraying FOR at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days (Table S1). And the RQ\u003csub\u003echronic\u003c/sub\u003e values of ATP were between 0.096% and 0.63% (Table S2), the RQ\u003csub\u003echronic\u003c/sub\u003e of CAP ranged between 0.0041% and 0.016% (Table S3). For three pesticides, the risk of chronic dietary exposure to strawberry residues was highest in the aged 8 to 12-year-old group. The chronic risks of three pesticides intake were ranked in the order of FOR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;ATP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;CAP. The chronic risks (low to high) of the different groups were in an order of over 65 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026ndash;50 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;over 65 year old females\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;51\u0026ndash;65 year old females\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;51\u0026ndash;65 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026ndash;50 year old females\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;13\u0026ndash;19 year old females\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;13\u0026ndash;19 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4.5% \u0026lt; 2\u0026ndash;7 years old group\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8\u0026ndash;12 years old group (FOR used alone after 3 d).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFOR had the highest chronic intake risk of the three pesticides, which was primarily attributed to the initial application dose. In the case of ATP and CAP, the lower chronic intake risk for CAP (2 mg (kg bw)\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was mainly due to its much higher ADI than ATP (0.07 mg (kg bw)\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The residual data proved that the greenehouse-cultured strawberries were safe for consumption after being sprayed with three pesticides (FOR, ATP and CAP). Furthermore, no difference was observed between the RQ\u003csub\u003echronic\u003c/sub\u003e of pesticides alone and joint application in strawberries gathered from a greenhouse trial. The results revealed that the dietary intake risk of three pesticides in strawberries grown in the greenhouse could be ignored, and the strawberries were safe for Chinese customers even though the tested pesticides were applied in combination and sprayed in the light of the suggested method.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole diet risk assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab6\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Chinese dietary model and risk probability of fluopyram (alone application) in strawberry and the corresponding MRLs registered by various countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood classification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference limits (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSources\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEDI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADI (mg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk probability (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice and its products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"19\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADI\u0026times;63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlour and its products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther cereals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTubers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDried beans and their products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDark vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePickles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTMR\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNuts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLivestock and poultry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk and its products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg and its products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish and shrimp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetable oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugar, starch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoy sauce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: Fi is the dietary reference intake for a certain kind of food used to plan and assess the nutrient intakes of healthy Chinese people. NEDI is the national estimated daily intake. The average body weight of an adult is 63 kg. STMR\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e is the supervised trial median residue of fluopyram in strawberries with a pre-harvest interval.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the existing results of FOR with the highest chronic risk, the whole diet risk of FOR was further assessed. Table S4 illustrates the MRLs of three pesticides for strawberries approved by various countries. The reference MRLs for this paper were chosen based on the following sequence: China comes first, followed by the CAC, the EU, Japan, Korea and America. Table 6 shows the Fi and the Chinese dietary model (Li et al., 2021). The food classifications of FOR registered in China contain tubers, dried beans and their products, dark vegetables, light vegetables, fruits, nuts, vegetable oil, sugar, starch and soy sauce. Strawberries are categorized as fruits. The assessment results showed that the risk of dietary FOR intake (alone and mix application) was less than 100% (Table 6 and Table S5). Furthermore, the population meal statistics shown in this dietary risk evaluation came from 2002. However, the public\u0026apos;s daily dietary intake may have altered significantly over the years, and the consequences might be undervalued as a matter of fact.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute diet exposure assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe WHO (World Health Organization) has ascertained that ARfDs (acute reference doses) for some pesticides, which include CAP, are unnecessary. The ARfDs values of the remaining pesticides, FOR and ATP, were 0.5 and 0.1 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Table S6 exhibits the RQ\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e of the pesticides FOR and ATP in six consumption groups with body weights of 13.4\u0026ndash;61.3 kg and daily intakes of 339.4-510.2 g/d, respectively (Chu et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The values of RQ\u003csub\u003eacute\u003c/sub\u003e ranged from 0.32\u0026ndash;1.48% after spraying FOR in different groups. And the RQ\u003csub\u003eacute\u003c/sub\u003e of ATP ranged from 0.77\u0026ndash;3.14% in 60\u0026ndash;70 year old males and 2\u0026ndash;4 year old females, respectively. The acute risks (low to high) of the six groups were in the sequence of 60\u0026ndash;70 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18\u0026ndash;30 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;60\u0026ndash;70 year old females\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18\u0026ndash;30 year old females\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026ndash;4 year old males\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3.0% \u0026lt; 2\u0026ndash;4 year old females (ATP used alone). Females were at a slightly higher risk of pesticide exposure from consumed strawberries than males. The RQ\u003csub\u003eacute\u003c/sub\u003e of FOR and ATP were far less than 100%, which is within the scope of safe consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, a multi-residue analytical method for fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole in strawberries was established that used UPLC-MS/MS combined with the QuEChERS approach by optimizing the extraction solvent, the volume of extraction solvent, the purification technique and the purifying material. The method had average recoveries ranging from 82.62\u0026ndash;107.79%, relative standard deviations varying from 0.58\u0026ndash;12.73%, and the limits of quantification and detection were 0.01 and 0.002 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. To gain an understanding of the residue dissipation trends in various pesticide application combinations on strawberries, the residue dissipation and ultimate residue trials of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole on strawberries were performed in a greenhouse. The half-live of fluopyram was 11.6\u0026ndash;12.4 days, acetamiprid was 6.1\u0026ndash;6.7 days and chlorantraniliprole was 10.9\u0026ndash;11.7 days. The residue dissipation trials revealed no noticeable difference in the residue dissipation traits and half-lives of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole when applied alone or mixed. The residue concentrations on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 won't exceed the Chinese MRLs when the recommended maximum dose was used. The residue trials demonstrated that the greenhouse-grown strawberries were safe for consumers after spraying with three pesticides, and even though pesticides were applied in combination, there was no need to be concerned about the safety.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupporting Information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTable S1: Chronic dietary risk assessment of fluopyram in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Table S2: Chronic dietary risk assessment of acetamiprid in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Table S3: Chronic dietary risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole in strawberry under alone and mixed application. Table S4: MRLs registered of three pesticides in strawberry or berry fruits by various countries. Table S5: The Chinese dietary model and risk probability of fluopyram (mix application) in strawberry and the corresponding MRLs registered by various countries. Table S6: Acute dietary risk assessment of chlorantraniliprole and acetamiprid in strawberry under alone and mixed application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors appreciate the contributions of all participants in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eYanjie Li: conceptualization, data analysis, programming, writing-original draft preparation, writing-reviewing and editing. Yuqin Luo: writing- original draft preparation, data analysis. Jinhua Jiang: investigation, writing-reviewing and editing. Hongmei He: sample analysis. Changpeng Zhang: methodology, writing-reviewing and editing, supervision, project administration. Xueping Zhao: funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFC1605605) and the Basic Public Welfare Project of Zhejiang Province of China (No. LGN21C140006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of the current study are available within the article. Further supplementary data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalkan T, Yılmaz \u0026Ouml; (2022) Method validation, residue and risk assessment of 260 pesticides in some leafy vegetables using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. 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J Hazard Mater 431, 128519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128519 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiaoqiang C, Hua F, Xuedong P, Xiao W, Min S, Bo F, Yunlong Y (2008) Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations. J Environ Sci 20(4), 464-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62080-X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYan S, Hu Q, Jiang Q, Chen H, Wei J, Yin M, Du X, Shen J (2021) Simple osthole/nanocarrier pesticide efficiently controls both pests and diseases fulfilling the need of green production of strawberry. ACS Appl Mater Inter 13(30), 36350-36360. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09887\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang G, Li J, Lan T, Dou L, Zhang K (2022) Dissipation, residue, stereoselectivity and dietary risk assessment of penthiopyrad and metabolite PAM on cucumber and tomato in greenhouse and field. Food Chem 387, 132875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132875\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang C, Li Y, Luo Y, Wang X, He H, Jiang J, Fang N, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wang Q (2022) Residue and risk assessment of imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole in open field and greenhouse celery. J Food Protect 85(5), 835-843. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-402\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Fluopyram, Acetamiprid, Chlorantraniliprole, Dissipation behavior, Risk assessment, Strawberry","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2103396/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2103396/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, fluopyram (FOR), acetamiprid (ATP) and chlorantraniliprole (CAP) were used individually or in combination at the maximum recommended dose in greenhouse strawberries to research the dissipation dynamics and dietary risks. A multi-residue analytical method for FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberries using UPLC-MS/MS integrated with QuEChERS approach was develop with a strong linearity (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;≧\u0026thinsp;0.9990), accuracy (recoveries of 82.62\u0026ndash;107.79%), and precision (relative standard deviations of 0.58\u0026ndash;12.73%). The limits of quantification were 0.01 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Field results showed that the half-lives of FOR, ATP and CAP in strawberry fruits were 11.6\u0026ndash;12.4 days, 6.1\u0026ndash;6.7 days and 10.9\u0026ndash;11.7 days, respectively. The half-lives of the three investigated pesticides showed no significant difference when used individually or in combination. A risk assessment indicated that the dietary intake risks of the three pesticides in grown strawberries were 0.0041\u0026ndash;7.63% whether applied alone or joint, which demonstrated that the dietary intake risks of three pesticides in grown strawberries could be negligible for Chinese male and female consumers, and even though pesticides were used in combination, there was no need to be concerned about the safety. This paper serves as a guide for the safe use of FOR, ATP and CAP on greenhouse strawberries.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Residual behavior and risk assessment of fluopyram, acetamiprid and chlorantraniliprole used individually or in combination on strawberry","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-04 14:15:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2103396/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-11-09T01:22:35+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-11-01T15:35:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-10-27T13:48:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-10-18T04:13:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-10-13T21:02:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"34655c62-34a1-4ac6-8a42-eac186cac2da","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 4th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T20:40:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2103396","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26544-x","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2023-04-18 20:30:39","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 18th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-04 14:15:19","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-023-26544-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26544-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2103396","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2103396","identity":"rs-2103396","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}