Effect of P10 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools Subjected to Electromagnetic Coupling Field Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Machined 45 Steel

Effect of P10 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools Subjected to Electromagnetic Coupling Field Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Machined 45 Steel | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of P10 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools Subjected to Electromagnetic Coupling Field Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Machined 45 Steel Fu Zhong, Min Yuan, Dehao Meng, Li Wang, Jie Wang, Jian Liu, Kunlan Huang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-201997/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Reducing the surface roughness of machined workpieces is of great interest owing to its potential for improving the quality of finished items and decreasing the cost of machining processes by reducing the need for post processing. This paper contributes to this research by analyzing the effect of P10 cemented carbide cutting tools subjected to pulsed electromagnetic coupling field processing (EMCFP) treatment on the surface roughness of machined 45 steel workpieces. The effects of untreated and EMCFP-treated cutting tools on workpiece surface roughness, tool lifetime, friction coefficient, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, dislocation density and residual stress are compared. The experimental results demonstrate that EMCFP treatment can reduce the average surface roughness of workpieces by 39.2%, enhance tool lifetime by a factor of 1.92, reduce the friction coefficient by 11.4%, increase the intensities of peak EPR signals, increase the dislocation density by 38% and decrease the residual stress of the tool flank face by 51.4% . This research provides scientific data and technical support for EMCFP technology with important scientific significance. Mechanical Engineering Electromagnetic coupling field Workpiece surface roughness Residual stress Friction coefficient Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1. Introduction The surface quality of machined metal workpieces has a significant influence on the functional behavior and reliability of machine parts. In this regard, the surface roughness of workpieces is one of the most important features reflecting surface quality [1,2]. The surface roughness of workpieces has been demonstrated to be influenced by the cutting tool material, tool geometry, the mechanical properties of the workpiece material, and cutting mode [3]. Among these, the tool material is the primary factor affecting the surface roughness [4]. This has led to the wide-scale development of cutting tools and various conditioning treatments for enhancing their mechanical properties. Among the many proposed tool conditioning treatments, the application of magnetic fields, electric fields, and combined magnetic fields and electric currents, in what is herein denoted as electromagnetic coupling field processing (EMCFP) treatment, has been demonstrated to enhance the mechanical properties of tool materials, improve tool cutting performance, and reduce residual stress. Moreover, the approach has numerous advantages, such as environmental friendliness, fast and economical tool treatment. For example, Dehghani et al. [5] applied a magnetic field to both cutting tool and workpiece simultaneously, and thereby reduced the flank-face wear of the tool by 94%, reduced the cutting force by 66%, and modified the tribology of the tool/workpiece interface. Tharajak et al. [6] deposited poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) coatings on low-carbon steel by thermal spray coating in the presence of a magnetic field. The results indicated that the optimum magnetic field enhanced coating properties, resulting in a reduced friction coefficient and increased wear resistance. Zhang et al. [7] applied a magnetic field during the processing of a titanium alloy, and the tensile stress was observed to be decreased by 24% owing to the homogenization of the residual stress via the excitation of dislocation relaxations by the magnetic field. Xu et al. [8] investigated the influence of pulsed magnetic field treatment on the microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy. The dislocation density was observed to increase about by 10.9% owing to the excitation of the pulsed magnetic field changing the energy state of electrons in the pinning area of dislocations, which led to enhanced dislocation movement and the transformation of the microstructure. Ma et al. [9] investigated the effect of applying pulsed magnetic field treatment to micro-tools on the tool wear, cutting force, and surface roughness of the machined workpiece. The results demonstrated that the surface roughness of the workpiece was reduced when machining ferromagnetic workpiece materials. Song et al. [10] investigated the tribological properties of GCr15 steel under an alternating magnetic field. Microstructural analyses of the magnetic field treated material demonstrated that the substantially improved wear resistance of the treated material was due to increased dislocation density. Similarly, Xi et al. [11] observed substantially increased wear resistance and dislocation density for AISI 1045 steel after the application of a pulsed magnetic field. Xiang et al. [12] investigated the effect of pulsed electric currents on the dislocation density and residual stress of quenched samples. Both drift electrons and Joule heating effects were found to promote the dynamic behavior of dislocations, which decreased the residual stress dramatically. Jung et al. [13] investigated the effect of pulsed electric currents on the growth of fatigue cracks in an aluminum alloy. The results demonstrated that the optimum pulsed electric current treatment increased the fatigue life of aluminum alloy by 55% owing to the repair of fatigue cracks by local melting on the crack surface. Zhang et al. [14] studied the effect of pulse current on the residual stress of quenched steel, and found that the electronic drift had a direct impact on the dislocation motion and contributed to the plastic strain. In addition, the dislocation caused by electronic wind was also found at the position of thermal activation. Under the influence of electron drift, the motion of vacancy and dislocation accelerates the annihilation of dislocation. Liu et al. [15] applied EMCFP treatment to cemented carbide machining tools, and demonstrated that the proposed treatment promoted dislocation movement and decreased the wear loss of the tools by nearly 35%. Yuan et al. [16,17] researched the influences of the electromagnetic coupling field (TEMCP) on the carbide tool life and cutting performance. The experiments reveal that the optimally treated tools exhibit a fracture toughness increased by 18%, an average cutting temperature decreased by 10%, a friction coefficient for the rank face decreased by 7.9%, and that the magnetic intensity is a dominant factor. The above-discussed results demonstrate that the application of magnetic fields, electric fields, and combined magnetic and electric fields increases cutting tool lifetime by improving wear resistance, and the indentation fracture toughness of the tools increased a lot. As such, the application of magnetic and electric fields can be expected to reduce the surface roughness of workpieces by reducing surface irregularities on the flank face of cutting tools and therefore reducing friction at the tool/workpiece interface. Moreover, the macro-residual stress of cutting tools has a close relationship with the quality of machined surfaces [18]. Therefore, the reduced residual stress provided by the application of magnetic and electric fields can be expected to yield further benefits toward reducing the surface roughness of machined workpieces. However, no past studies have investigated the effect of EMCFP treatment on the surface roughness of workpieces. Due to P10 cemented carbide cutting tools mainly used for rough machining and semi-fine addition, it’s a huge consumption. There is great economic value on extended P10 cemented carbide cutting life. 45 steel has the characteristic of low hardness and easy cutting. Therefore, the cutting of 45 steel with P10 carbide tool is a classic combination to study the cutting performance. The present work addresses the effect of EMCFP treatment on the surface roughness of workpieces by analyzing the effect of P10 cemented carbide cutting tools subjected to EMCFP treatment on the surface roughness of machined 45 steel workpieces. The effects of untreated and EMCFP-treated cutting tools on workpiece surface roughness, tool lifetime, friction coefficient, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, dislocation density, and residual stress are compared. This research provides scientific data and technical support for EMCFP technology with important scientific significance. 2. Materials And Methods 2.1 Experiments The cutting experiments were conducted using a 31303C P10 cemented carbide cutting tool on a G-CNC6135 lathe. The cylindrical workpieces were composed of 45 quenched and tempered steel with diameters of 90 mm and lengths of 300 mm. 45 tempered steel is a kind of medium carbon steel. After heat treatment process, it is quenched first and then tempered at high temperature, which enhances its hardness and strength and maintains its good plasticity and toughness. 45 steel is widely processed into structural parts of various machines, and is the most commonly used type of steel in structured steel. Its chemical composition is shown in Table 1. In order to simulate the general rough machining and semi - finish machining state, all experiments employed equivalent cutting parameters, which included a spindle speed of 560 r/min, feed rate of 60 mm/min, and a cutting depth of 1 mm. The wear state of the tools was evaluated after each interval of cutting an equivalent linear length of 95 mm until experiencing tool failure. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the wear on the flank face surfaces of the tools was inspected using a VMS 3020 imaging instrument (DongGuan ZhongLi Instrument Technology Co., Ltd., China). The surface roughness of the workpieces was measured using a Bruker ContourGT optical profiler. Then, the flank face wear (VB) and average surface roughness (Ra) values of the samples were input into a personal computer (PC). Table 1. Standard chemical composition of the 45 steel workpiece material (wt%) Element Fe C Cr Mn Ni P S Si Wt% 97.76–99 0.42～0.50 ≤0.25 0.50～0.80 ≤0.25 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.17～0.37 Friction tests were conducted using the ball-on-block reciprocating friction and wear tester presented in Fig. 2. The ball was composed of 45 steel and the block material was untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide. The load-carrying tests were performed with normal loads of 120 N, and a reciprocation frequency of 3 Hz was applied with a test duration of 3000 cycles. The dislocation densities of the P10 cemented carbide inserts were evaluated before and after EMCFP by analyzing four different XRD peak profiles obtained using diffractometer (Empyrean) based on the Williamson-Hall method, which separates the length and strain stress effects of the various diffraction peaks. First, we estimate the crystallite size t of the P10 cemented carbide inserts as follows: Where B is the FWHM, θ is the diffraction angle, K is a constant with a value of about 1, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray source, and ε is the lattice microstrain which is a quarter fitting slope of line graph ( ). Then, the dislocation density is given as: where b is the Burger vector ( b = 2.61 m for P10 carbide). The room-temperature ESR spectra of the P10 cemented carbide inserts were obtained before and after EMCFP using a JEOL JES-FA200 ESR spectrometer. The inserts were cut for testing by wire cutting to provide specimens with diameters d = 1 mm and lengths L = 5 mm. The microwave power employed was 1 mW, and the sweep width ranged from 0 mT to 800 mT. The residual stress of the tool flank faces was measured before and after EMCFP by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the (2 1 2) diffraction plane using a Proto LXRD residual stress measurement system with an Mn Kα X-ray source. Because the tool flank face directly contacts with the workpiece, the surface residual stress was measured at three points on the tool flank face region illustrated in Fig. 3. 2.2 Equipment and analysis of EMCFP The custom-designed equipment employed for applying EMCFP treatment to P10 cemented carbide cutting tools is illustrated in Fig. 4(a), and consisted mainly of a pulsed magnetic field generator, a pulsed electric field generator, and a water-cooled working chamber within which the carbide inserts are placed at atmospheric pressure for treatment. The pulsed magnetic field generator shown in Fig. 4(a) is composed of a capacitor discharge system and the magnetic induction coil shown in Fig. 4(b). The capacitor discharge system produces a square wave with a frequency of 1–10 Hz that passes through the magnetic induction coil to generate a magnetic field with an intensity ranging from 0–3.5 T. The magnetic flux density of the generated magnetic field is measured by a gaussmeter placed at the center of the magnetic induction coil (Fig. 4(b)). The pulsed electric current generator shown in Fig. 4(a) is composed of a power supply system and a computer numerical controlled (CNC) pulse system. The power supply system converts a 380 V alternating current at 50 Hz to a square wave at a low voltage of 0–10.0 V with a maximum current value of 5000 A. The standard EMCFP parameters employed in all experiments were a magnetic field intensity of 1.5 T and an electric signal amplitude of 1.2 V with a maximum current of 400 A. The magnetic field pulses and electric current pulses are synchronized in all experiments, and the EMCFP treatment is conducted for 1 min. EMCFP treatment is a process in which electric and magnetic fields act on the tool simultaneously. In this process, electric and magnetic fields are coupled. The direction of the electric field is the same as that of the magnetic field. 3. Results And Discussion 3.1 Influence of EMCFP on tool lifetime Figure 5 [17] presents images of P10 cemented carbide tool flank faces at the four standard stages of wear: initial worn, normal worn, acutely worn and tool failure. Because the flank face is predominantly subject to wear during the cutting process, the ISO 8688-1 standard defines tool wear states according to flank face wear (VB) values, and assigns VB values of 0.00–0.10 mm to the initial worn stage, VB values of 0.10–0.20 mm to the normal worn stage, VB values of 0.20–0.30 mm to the acutely worn stage, and VB values greater than 0.3 mm as the tool failure limit. The VB values obtained for three untreated and three EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Fig. 6. We note that all tool lifetime curves obtained conform to a standard tool wear mechanism, where the value of VB increased rapidly in the initial worn stage, increased at a lower rate in an approximately linear fashion during the normal worn stage, and finally increased rapidly again in the acutely worn stage as the tool approached failure. The results indicate that EMCFP treatment increased the average tool lifetime significantly by a factor of 1.92. 3.2 Influence of EMCFP on workpiece surface roughness The workpiece topographies obtained at cutting lengths of 900 mm and 1800 mm when machining with untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Figs. 7(a) and (b), respectively. The results indicate that the surface roughness of the workpieces was significantly reduced when machined by the EMCFP-treated cutting tool owing to the enhanced surface smoothness of the tool. The workpiece topographies obtained at cutting lengths of 2700 mm and 3600 mm when machining with untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Figs. 8(a) and (b), respectively. These results obtained at greater cutting lengths very clearly demonstrate the benefits of employing the proposed EMCFP treatment, where the cutting furrows of the workpiece surface machined by the untreated tool are particularly deep and jagged because the VB value of the tool is greater than 0.2 mm, which is indicative of an acutely worn tool with a very rough surface. Sections of the actual machined workpiece surfaces subjected to cutting lengths of 3600 mm were removed for three-dimensional (3D) imaging using a VHX-2000 optical microscope (Kenyence Corp. of America). The 3D images and corresponding topologies obtained are presented in Figs. 9(a) and (b), respectively. The results clearly reveal that the surface roughness of the machined workpiece was greatly reduced after subjecting the cutting tool to EMCFP treatment, and the profile height decreased by 22.81% to 22 μm relative to the conditions obtained with the untreated tool. The Ra values (μm) of the machined workpieces and the corresponding VB values (mm) of the untreated and EMCFP-treated tools are listed in Table 2 for different cutting lengths. The results indicate that the Ra values of the workpiece machined by the EMCFP-treated tool decreased significantly, particularly at cutting lengths of 1800 mm and 2700 mm. In addition, while the changes in the corresponding VB values of the tools are much less than those of the Ra values of the workpiece at cutting lengths of 1800 mm and 2700 mm, these changes are much greater than those of the Ra values at cutting lengths of 900 mm and 3600 mm. Accordingly, we can conclude that the decreased tool wear leading to an enhanced tool lifetime contributes strongly to the reduced surface roughness of the machined workpieces. Table 2. Comparison of the average surface roughness (Ra) values (nm) of the machined workpieces and the corresponding flank face wear (VB) values (mm) of the untreated and EMCFP-treated tools. Cutting length (mm) Ra -Untreated Ra-EMCFP Difference VB-Untreated VB-EMCFP Difference 900 mm 1051.999 nm 887.989 nm 15.590%↓ 0.100 mm 0.06 mm 40%↓ 1800 mm 1408.746 nm 913.863 nm 35.139%↓ 0.201 mm 0.16 mm 20.40%↓ 2700 mm 1853.088 nm 1125.766 nm 39.249%↓ 0.203 mm 0.18 mm 11.33%↓ 3600 mm 2076.265 nm 1538.121 nm 25.919%↓ 0.290 mm 0.20 mm 31.03%↓ The surface waviness observed over a lateral distance perpendicular to the cutting direction is another important index reflecting the surface roughness of a machined surface. This condition is illustrated schematically in Fig. 10. The waveform in Fig. 10 (b) was obtained from Fig. 10 (a). The extracted wave profiles indicative of wave width W and wave height R for workpieces subjected to machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Fig. 11. Comparing the wave width W and wave height R in Fig. 11, the wave width W obtained with the untreated tool and the treated tool were the same. However, wave height R is different, especially in Fig. 11 (b) and Fig. 11 (c). Additional surface waviness features, including the root mean square deviation (Rq), maximum profile peak height (Rp), and the maximum profile valley depth (Rv) along the lateral x direction are illustrated in Fig. 12, and their corresponding calculation formulas based on the average position of the surface Z ( x ) over the lateral space considered are presented as well. The calculated values of Rq, Rp, and Rv obtained for workpieces machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated tools are listed in Table 3. The results indicate that the values of all features decreased after subjecting the cutting tool to EMCFP treatment, particularly Rv. Accordingly, we can conclude that the waviness of the microstructure of the machined surface was decreased to a large extent after EMCFP, and the cutting process became more stable. Table 3 . Comparison of root mean square deviation (Rq; nm), maximum profile peak height (Rp; nm), and the maximum profile valley depth (Rv; nm) values obtained for workpieces machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated tools. Cutting length (mm) Rq-Untreated Rq-EMCFP Rp-Untreated Rp-EMCFP Rv-Untreated Rv-EMCFP 900 1339.071 1126.44 4467.328 3207.091 3018.959 2356.863 1800 1953.701 1178.258 5628.238 3078.597 3519.171 2374.656 2700 2275.394 1384.879 6295.996 3997.206 4408.783 2586.526 3600 2495.876 2092.815 6596.894 6645.089 4901.345 2942.691 3.3 Influence of EMCFP on the friction coefficient The results of ball-on-block reciprocating friction testing obtained for untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide materials are presented in Fig. 13 according to the mean friction coefficient calculated at each reciprocating cycle of testing. The average friction coefficient obtained over the full 1800 cycles for the untreated sample was 0.583, while this value decreased by 11.4% to 0.516 after EMCFP treatment. Moreover, we note from the results that the mean friction coefficient values obtained at each testing cycle for the treated sample were more uniform over the full number of cycles compared with those of the untreated sample. 3.4 Influence of EMCFP on the ERP spectra of cutting tools The effect of EMCFP treatment on the ERP spectra of P10 cemented carbide samples is shown in Fig. 15. Here, an increased EPR signal intensity represents a larger number of unpaired electrons in the sample. We note that the peak values of the EPR spectra increased by 7.28% at the signal crest and 29% at the signal trough after EMCFP treatment. Magnetic field can increase the number of unpaired electrons which can change the state of free radical form (Singlet) S to (Triplet) T [7,19]. The combine energy of electron pair is strong in S state, but weak in T state. In T state, the force of dislocation and pinning centers is weak, even depinning and move. The dislocation multiply lead the plasticity improvement 3.5 Influence of EMCFP on the dislocation density of cutting tools The full XRD patterns and the four individual diffraction peaks (WC (001), TiC (100), TiC (200), and WC (101)) of untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide samples are presented in Figs. 14(a) and (b), respectively. The four individual XRD peaks are observed to have shifted toward lower diffraction angles after EMCFP treatment, which is indicative of reduced residual stress [20]. The dislocation densities were calculated using Eqs. (1) and (2), and the results are listed in Table 4. We note that the dislocation density increased by 38% after EMCFP treatment. Under the combined impacts of the electro-plastic effect [21,22] and the magnetostriction effect [23], the EMCFP treatment increased dislocation mobility by decreasing the activation energy of dislocation movement, which promoted internal stress release. In addition, the EMCFP process provides the necessary energy for dislocation motions to occur, resulting in the homogenization of the dislocation distribution in the material [7]. Simultaneously, applied electric fields reduce entanglement between dislocations, which removes obstacles toward dislocation slippage, so that the material exhibits higher plasticity [24]. Table 4 . Comparison of dislocation density values obtained for untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools Untreated Treated Dislocation density (×10 15 ) 1.4527 2.0101 3.6 Influence of EMCFP on the surface residual stress of cutting tools The residual stress values obtained at the same three points on the flank face surfaces of P10 cemented carbide tools before and after EMCFP treatment are listed in Table 5. The results indicate that residual stress values at all three points of the flank face surfaces decreased significantly after EMCFP treatment, and the average residual stress value of the three points was reduced by 51.4% compared with that of the untreated tool. The decreased residual stress can improve the mechanical properties of tool [25] and improve the tool wear resistance, thus decrease the workpiece surface roughness. Accordingly, we can conclude that EMCFP treatment can reduce the workpiece surface roughness significantly due to reduced residual stress of the flank face surface. Table 5 . Residual stress values of three points on the flank face regions illustrated in Fig. 13 of P10 cemented carbide tools before and after EMCFP treatment. Measurement point Untreated (MPa) Treated (MPa) Difference 1 −129 −74 43%↓ 2 −146 −70 52%↓ 3 −150 −64 57%↓ Average value −142 −69 51.4%↓ 3.7 The relationship of tool lifetime, workpiece surface roughness, the friction coefficient, the dislocation density, and residual stress Dislocation, as a crystal defect, produces a special stress field. EMCFP can effectively increase the dislocation density and make the dislocation more uniform. Dislocation homogenization can affect the tool friction coefficient and residual stress. Dislocation homogenization can reduce the lattice distortion and thus reduce the tool friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of tools directly affects the workpiece surface roughness. When the friction coefficient of the tool is reduced, the flank face wear can be directly reduced, thus improving the life of the tool. Dislocation homogenization can also reduce tool residual stress and improve tool life[26]. Fig. 16 showed the relationship between tool lifetime, workpiece surface roughness, the friction coefficient, the dislocation density, and residual stress. 4. Conclusions This work investigated the effect of pulsed EMCFP treatment applied to P10 cemented carbide tools on the surface roughness of machined workpieces for the first time. The effects of untreated and EMCFP-treated cutting tools on the surface roughness of 45 steel workpieces, tool lifetime, friction coefficient, EPR spectra, dislocation density, and residual stress were compared. The extensive experimental results support the following conclusions. The average surface roughness of workpieces machined using the EMCFP-treated cutting tool decreased by 39.2%, and the values of four surface waviness indexes were significantly decreased as well. The EMCFP treatment increased tool lifetime by a factor of 1.92. Accordingly, EMCFP increased the wear resistance of the tools and reduced surface irregularities on the tool cutting surface. The average friction coefficient at the cutting tool/workpiece interface decreased by 11.4% after applying EMCFP treatment. Accordingly, the tribological properties of P10 cemented carbide were improved. The intensity of EPR signal peaks was enhanced due to the increased dislocation density obtained after the EMCFP treatment. The dislocation density of the tool material increased by 38% after EMCFP treatment. Accordingly, EMCFP can increase dislocation mobility by decreasing the activation energy, while providing the necessary energy for dislocation motions to occur, resulting in the homogenization of the dislocation distribution in the material. The residual stress on the flank face surfaces of cutting tools deceased by 51.4% after EMCFP treatment. Accordingly, EMCFP is a potential method for enhancing the mechanical properties of metals. These results collectively demonstrate that the proposed EMCFP treatment is a fast, economical, environmentally friendly, and effective metal-enhancement technology that can reduce the surface roughness of workpiece materials significantly, reduce the residual stress of cutting tools, and extend cutting tool lifetimes. Accordingly, EMCFP represents a highly beneficial means of supporting the sustainable manufacturing of machined parts. The paper has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the publisher. Declarations The statement of authors’ contributions: Fu Zhong: Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing - Review & Editing. Min Yuan: Conceptualization, Writing - Original Draft. Dehao Meng: Resources, Data Curation. Li Wang: Conceptualization. Jie Wang: Project administration. Jian Liu: Methodology. Kunlan Huang: Funding acquisition. Yankang Tian: Supervision. Funding information The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (no.51705348), Sichuan science and technology program (no.2019YFG0361) and the Research Funds for the Central University (no.2019SCUH0013). 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Materials Science and Engineering: A 799:140143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140143 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-201997","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":11476353,"identity":"a024f686-5fb1-4088-8822-46a4da26a83c","order_by":0,"name":"Fu Zhong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fu","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhong","suffix":""},{"id":11476354,"identity":"32117b2f-a14f-48da-b26a-a4589a2c6441","order_by":1,"name":"Min Yuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Min","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuan","suffix":""},{"id":11476355,"identity":"1a86e9be-b365-4d81-9c7e-2c6eccfa96e5","order_by":2,"name":"Dehao Meng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chengdu, Sichuan 610065","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dehao","middleName":"","lastName":"Meng","suffix":""},{"id":11476356,"identity":"d07f151a-dc84-4d0d-aeb8-6fbceadbf862","order_by":3,"name":"Li Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":11476357,"identity":"55f3a06c-79f7-404a-b3d6-9758bef7e258","order_by":4,"name":"Jie Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan 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Strathclyde","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yankang","middleName":"","lastName":"Tian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-02-03 22:32:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-201997/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-201997/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":6064574,"identity":"86d11f31-cc15-498f-b8be-28a51536e648","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:54:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Setup employed for the experimental testing","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/676bcc85fa7d0b9638b05402.png"},{"id":6064570,"identity":"2393e71c-195d-4842-a562-92cd8013ee80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:54:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":213629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematic (left) illustrating the processing of the ball-on-block reciprocating friction and wear tester unit (right) employed for evaluating the friction coefficients of untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools.","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/19a184b38cc161fcda65bc24.jpeg"},{"id":6064399,"identity":"ab344c38-0d38-4f9d-b606-69bab868af14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematic illustrating the flank face region of P10 cemented carbide tools employed for residual stress testing","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/6757ce71316e1b37e3007bf7.jpg"},{"id":6064410,"identity":"1008b01f-d09d-4b8f-8fed-3665c156409a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Illustration of the equipment and the working chamber employed for EMCFP (a). Details regarding the coil and monitoring equipment installed with the carbide tool insert (b).","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/c25cfc8cb665f983491a60e3.jpg"},{"id":6064824,"identity":"b142ceb0-6416-4e8e-9b1e-9f1714b5a6e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:57:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Images of P10 cemented carbide tools at the four standard states of progressive tool wear","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/2c5dd5ef9a079285761ac209.jpeg"},{"id":6064822,"identity":"4e65a4d8-f3c2-4547-a4a5-0e0b49a8b151","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:57:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":179247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Experimental flank wear (VB) values indicative of the tool wear process obtained with respect to cutting time for three untreated and three EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools.","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/88332b2f7bcb1b09be5ffa21.jpg"},{"id":6064577,"identity":"49b81bd5-4393-418e-8c5a-6bd7567d47ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:54:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":327199,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Workpiece topologies obtained at cutting lengths of 900 mm and 1800 mm when machining with untreated (a) and EMCFP-treated (b) P10 cemented carbide tools.","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/380fa8406797eae7ff17b930.jpg"},{"id":6064573,"identity":"4261ba74-7989-4255-907a-b0a960d04fce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:54:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":333612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Workpiece topologies obtained at cutting lengths of 2700 mm and 3600 mm when machining with untreated (a) and EMCFP-treated (b) P10 cemented carbide tools.","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/ac0020696dc1fcaa6691f1bd.jpg"},{"id":6064408,"identity":"22544f1d-8751-4f02-9443-d5f620e5833b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":419222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging results of workpiece surfaces subjected to cutting lengths of 3600 mm by untreated (a) and EMCFP-treated (b) P10 cemented carbide tools.","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/4e15de690f1cebc783aa8cb7.jpg"},{"id":6064411,"identity":"270fb9b3-6f12-4556-9aaf-c509a0fced16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:39","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":276827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematic illustrating the lateral waviness perpendicular to the cutting direction on the surfaces of machined workpieces.","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/e6d7e094214d9e6bb30cbf41.png"},{"id":6064401,"identity":"b480f6e8-de19-4477-9762-4082c44edd1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":874347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Wave heights R with respect to lateral displacement along the workpiece surfaces machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools.","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/e5e36bc70c4ca38c41048c87.jpg"},{"id":6064409,"identity":"c8590617-c34a-4972-82e6-882921bb27b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schematic illustrating surface waviness features along the lateral x direction and their corresponding calculation formulas based on the average position of the surface Z(x) over the lateral space considered.","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/7360351728dd349999bef3e7.jpg"},{"id":6064405,"identity":"1dcb9d33-2866-4dbf-bd28-371bf7911061","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:38","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Results of ball-on-block reciprocating friction testing obtained for untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide materials in terms of the mean friction coefficient calculated at each reciprocating cycle of testing.","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/10fa70ee4c21d5ff8500ff2e.png"},{"id":6064571,"identity":"b5b8077c-6310-4a71-a3fa-6ac1d67d29f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:54:38","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effect of EMCFP treatment on the ERP spectra of P10 cemented carbide samples","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/be1a9dd679bbf2d383e714d0.png"},{"id":6064823,"identity":"b1cee327-5796-48ea-ae2e-23cfca1cbfc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:57:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":267789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"XRD patterns obtained for P10 cemented carbide samples before and after EMCFP treatment: (a) full diffraction patterns; (b) four individual diffraction peaks.","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/0be979f6a262ac931654f4ae.jpg"},{"id":6064413,"identity":"5203867f-f349-445c-bbcf-be625424ba3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-17 19:51:39","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The relationship between tool lifetime, workpiece surface roughness, the friction coefficient, the dislocation density, and residual stress.","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/2f46fe09fbf5b6fc7bdec316.png"},{"id":13660742,"identity":"13ee6d58-ca2f-4072-853d-cf1b50c733ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 10:26:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2289113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-201997/v1/2c2f3ad3-86dc-4825-b04d-7601657325e1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of P10 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools Subjected to Electromagnetic Coupling Field Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Machined 45 Steel\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe surface quality of machined metal workpieces has a significant influence on the functional behavior and reliability of machine parts. In this regard, the surface roughness of workpieces is one of the most important features reflecting surface quality [1,2]. The surface roughness of workpieces has been demonstrated to be influenced by the cutting tool material, tool geometry, the mechanical properties of the workpiece material, and cutting mode [3]. Among these, the tool material is the primary factor affecting the surface roughness [4]. This has led to the wide-scale development of cutting tools and various conditioning treatments for enhancing their mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the many proposed tool conditioning treatments, the application of magnetic fields, electric fields, and combined magnetic fields and electric currents, in what is herein denoted as electromagnetic coupling field processing (EMCFP) treatment, has been demonstrated to enhance the mechanical properties of tool materials, improve tool cutting performance, and reduce residual stress. Moreover, the approach has numerous advantages, such as environmental friendliness, fast and economical tool treatment. For example, Dehghani et al. [5] applied a magnetic field to both cutting tool and workpiece simultaneously, and thereby reduced the flank-face wear of the tool by 94%, reduced the cutting force by 66%, and modified the tribology of the tool/workpiece interface. Tharajak et al. [6] deposited poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) coatings on low-carbon steel by thermal spray coating in the presence of a magnetic field. The results indicated that the optimum magnetic field enhanced coating properties, resulting in a reduced friction coefficient and increased wear resistance. Zhang et al. [7] applied a magnetic field during the processing of a titanium alloy, and the tensile stress was observed to be decreased by 24% owing to the homogenization of the residual stress via the excitation of dislocation relaxations by the magnetic field. Xu et al. [8] investigated the influence of pulsed magnetic field treatment on the microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy. The dislocation density was observed to increase about by 10.9% owing to the excitation of the pulsed magnetic field changing the energy state of electrons in the pinning area of dislocations, which led to enhanced dislocation movement and the transformation of the microstructure. Ma et al. [9] investigated the effect of applying pulsed magnetic field treatment to micro-tools on the tool wear, cutting force, and surface roughness of the machined workpiece. The results demonstrated that the surface roughness of the workpiece was reduced when machining ferromagnetic workpiece materials. Song et al. [10] investigated the tribological properties of GCr15 steel under an alternating magnetic field. Microstructural analyses of the magnetic field treated material demonstrated that the substantially improved wear resistance of the treated material was due to increased dislocation density. Similarly, Xi et al. [11] observed substantially increased wear resistance and dislocation density for AISI 1045 steel after the application of a pulsed magnetic field. Xiang et al. [12] investigated the effect of pulsed electric currents on the dislocation density and residual stress of quenched samples. Both drift electrons and Joule heating effects were found to promote the dynamic behavior of dislocations, which decreased the residual stress dramatically. Jung et al. [13] investigated the effect of pulsed electric currents on the growth of fatigue cracks in an aluminum alloy. The results demonstrated that the optimum pulsed electric current treatment increased the fatigue life of aluminum alloy by 55% owing to the repair of fatigue cracks by local melting on the crack surface. Zhang et al. [14] studied the effect of pulse current on the residual stress of quenched steel, and found that the electronic drift had a direct impact on the dislocation motion and contributed to the plastic strain. In addition, the dislocation caused by electronic wind was also found at the position of thermal activation. Under the influence of electron drift, the motion of vacancy and dislocation accelerates the annihilation of dislocation. Liu et al. [15] applied EMCFP treatment to cemented carbide machining tools, and demonstrated that the proposed treatment promoted dislocation movement and decreased the wear loss of the tools by nearly 35%. Yuan et al. [16,17] researched the influences of the electromagnetic coupling field (TEMCP) on the carbide tool life and cutting performance. The experiments reveal that the optimally treated tools exhibit a fracture toughness increased by 18%, an average cutting temperature decreased by 10%, a friction coefficient for the rank face decreased by 7.9%, and that the magnetic intensity is a dominant factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe above-discussed results demonstrate that the application of magnetic fields, electric fields, and combined magnetic and electric fields increases cutting tool lifetime by improving wear resistance, and the indentation fracture toughness of the tools increased a lot. As such, the application of magnetic and electric fields can be expected to reduce the surface roughness of workpieces by reducing surface irregularities on the flank face of cutting tools and therefore reducing friction at the tool/workpiece interface. Moreover, the macro-residual stress of cutting tools has a close relationship with the quality of machined surfaces [18]. Therefore, the reduced residual stress provided by the application of magnetic and electric fields can be expected to yield further benefits toward reducing the surface roughness of machined workpieces. However, no past studies have investigated the effect of EMCFP treatment on the surface roughness of workpieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to P10 cemented carbide cutting tools mainly used for rough machining and semi-fine addition, it\u0026rsquo;s a huge consumption. There is great economic value on extended P10 cemented carbide cutting life. 45 steel has the characteristic of low hardness and easy cutting. Therefore, the cutting of 45 steel with P10 carbide tool is a classic combination to study the cutting performance. The present work addresses the effect of EMCFP treatment on the surface roughness of workpieces by analyzing the effect of P10 cemented carbide cutting tools subjected to EMCFP treatment on the surface roughness of machined 45 steel workpieces. The effects of untreated and EMCFP-treated cutting tools on workpiece surface roughness, tool lifetime, friction coefficient, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, dislocation density, and residual stress are compared. This research provides scientific data and technical support for EMCFP technology with important scientific significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1 Experiments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cutting experiments were conducted using a 31303C P10 cemented carbide cutting tool on a G-CNC6135 lathe. The cylindrical workpieces were composed of 45 quenched and tempered steel with diameters of 90 mm and lengths of 300 mm. 45 tempered steel is a kind of medium carbon steel. After heat treatment process, it is quenched first and then tempered at high temperature, which enhances its hardness and strength and maintains its good plasticity and toughness. 45 steel is widely processed into structural parts of various machines, and is the most commonly used type of steel in structured steel. Its chemical composition is shown in Table 1. In order to simulate the general rough machining and semi - finish machining state, all experiments employed equivalent cutting parameters, which included a spindle speed of 560 r/min, feed rate of 60 mm/min, and a cutting depth of 1 mm. The wear state of the tools was evaluated after each interval of cutting an equivalent linear length of 95 mm until experiencing tool failure. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the wear on the flank face surfaces of the tools was inspected using a VMS 3020 imaging instrument (DongGuan ZhongLi Instrument Technology Co., Ltd., China). The surface roughness of the workpieces was measured using a Bruker ContourGT optical profiler. Then, the flank face wear (VB) and average surface roughness (Ra) values of the samples were input into a personal computer (PC).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Standard chemical composition of the 45 steel workpiece material (wt%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"46\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCr \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMn \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNi \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSi \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWt%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.76\u0026ndash;99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42～0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"46\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50～0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"47\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026le;0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"53\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"83\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.17～0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriction tests were conducted using the ball-on-block reciprocating friction and wear tester presented in Fig. 2. The ball was composed of 45 steel and the block material was untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide. The load-carrying tests were performed with normal loads of 120 N, and a reciprocation frequency of 3 Hz was applied with a test duration of 3000 cycles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dislocation densities of the P10 cemented carbide inserts were evaluated before and after EMCFP by analyzing four different XRD peak profiles obtained using diffractometer (Empyrean) based on the Williamson-Hall method, which separates the length and strain stress effects of the various diffraction peaks. First, we estimate the crystallite size \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e of the P10 cemented carbide inserts as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" /\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e is the FWHM, \u0026theta;\u0026nbsp;is the diffraction angle, \u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e is a constant with a value of about 1, \u0026lambda;\u0026nbsp;is the wavelength of the X-ray source, and \u0026epsilon;\u0026nbsp;is the lattice microstrain which is a quarter fitting slope of line graph (\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" /\u003e). Then, the dislocation density is given as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" /\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e is the Burger vector (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e = 2.61 m for P10 carbide).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe room-temperature ESR spectra of the P10 cemented carbide inserts were obtained before and after EMCFP using a JEOL JES-FA200 ESR spectrometer. The inserts were cut for testing by wire cutting to provide specimens with diameters \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e = 1 mm and lengths \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e = 5 mm. The microwave power employed was 1 mW, and the sweep width ranged from 0 mT to 800 mT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe residual stress of the tool flank faces was measured before and after EMCFP by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the (2 1 2) diffraction plane using a Proto LXRD residual stress measurement system with an Mn K\u0026alpha; X-ray source. Because the tool flank face directly contacts with the workpiece, the surface residual stress was measured at three points on the tool flank face region illustrated in Fig. 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2 Equipment and analysis of EMCFP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe custom-designed equipment employed for applying EMCFP treatment to P10 cemented carbide cutting tools is illustrated in Fig. 4(a), and consisted mainly of a pulsed magnetic field generator, a pulsed electric field generator, and a water-cooled working chamber within which the carbide inserts are placed at atmospheric pressure for treatment. The pulsed magnetic field generator shown in Fig. 4(a) is composed of a capacitor discharge system and the magnetic induction coil shown in Fig. 4(b). The capacitor discharge system produces a square wave with a frequency of 1\u0026ndash;10 Hz that passes through the magnetic induction coil to generate a magnetic field with an intensity ranging from 0\u0026ndash;3.5 T. The magnetic flux density of the generated magnetic field is measured by a gaussmeter placed at the center of the magnetic induction coil (Fig. 4(b)). The pulsed electric current generator shown in Fig. 4(a) is composed of a power supply system and a computer numerical controlled (CNC) pulse system. The power supply system converts a 380 V alternating current at 50 Hz to a square wave at a low voltage of 0\u0026ndash;10.0 V with a maximum current value of 5000 A. The standard EMCFP parameters employed in all experiments were a magnetic field intensity of 1.5 T and an electric signal amplitude of 1.2 V with a maximum current of 400 A. The magnetic field pulses and electric current pulses are synchronized in all experiments, and the EMCFP treatment is conducted for 1 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEMCFP treatment is a process in which electric and magnetic fields act on the tool simultaneously. In this process, electric and magnetic fields are coupled. The direction of the electric field is the same as that of the magnetic field.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.1\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInfluence of EMCFP on tool lifetime\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 5 [17] presents images of P10 cemented carbide tool flank faces at the four standard stages of wear: initial worn, normal worn, acutely worn and tool failure. Because the flank face is predominantly subject to wear during the cutting process, the ISO 8688-1 standard defines tool wear states according to flank face wear (VB) values, and assigns VB values of 0.00\u0026ndash;0.10 mm to the initial worn stage, VB values of 0.10\u0026ndash;0.20 mm to the normal worn stage, VB values of 0.20\u0026ndash;0.30 mm to the acutely worn stage, and VB values greater than 0.3 mm as the tool failure limit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe VB values obtained for three untreated and three EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Fig. 6. We note that all tool lifetime curves obtained conform to a standard tool wear mechanism, where the value of VB increased rapidly in the initial worn stage, increased at a lower rate in an approximately linear fashion during the normal worn stage, and finally increased rapidly again in the acutely worn stage as the tool approached failure. The results indicate that EMCFP treatment increased the average tool lifetime significantly by a factor of 1.92.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2 Influence of EMCFP on workpiece surface roughness\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe workpiece topographies obtained at cutting lengths of 900 mm and 1800 mm when machining with untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Figs. 7(a) and (b), respectively. The results indicate that the surface roughness of the workpieces was significantly reduced when machined by the EMCFP-treated cutting tool owing to the enhanced surface smoothness of the tool.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe workpiece topographies obtained at cutting lengths of 2700 mm and 3600 mm when machining with untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Figs. 8(a) and (b), respectively. These results obtained at greater cutting lengths very clearly demonstrate the benefits of employing the proposed EMCFP treatment, where the cutting furrows of the workpiece surface machined by the untreated tool are particularly deep and jagged because the VB value of the tool is greater than 0.2 mm, which is indicative of an acutely worn tool with a very rough surface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSections of the actual machined workpiece surfaces subjected to cutting lengths of 3600 mm were removed for three-dimensional (3D) imaging using a VHX-2000 optical microscope (Kenyence Corp. of America). The 3D images and corresponding topologies obtained are presented in Figs. 9(a) and (b), respectively. The results clearly reveal that the surface roughness of the machined workpiece was greatly reduced after subjecting the cutting tool to EMCFP treatment, and the profile height decreased by 22.81% to 22 \u0026mu;m relative to the conditions obtained with the untreated tool.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ra values (\u0026mu;m) of the machined workpieces and the corresponding VB values (mm) of the untreated and EMCFP-treated tools are listed in Table 2 for different cutting lengths. The results indicate that the Ra values of the workpiece machined by the EMCFP-treated tool decreased significantly, particularly at cutting lengths of 1800 mm and 2700 mm. In addition, while the changes in the corresponding VB values of the tools are much less than those of the Ra values of the workpiece at cutting lengths of 1800 mm and 2700 mm, these changes are much greater than those of the Ra values at cutting lengths of 900 mm and 3600 mm. Accordingly, we can conclude that the decreased tool wear leading to an enhanced tool lifetime contributes strongly to the reduced surface roughness of the machined workpieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Comparison of the average surface roughness (Ra) values (nm) of the machined workpieces and the corresponding flank face wear (VB) values (mm) of the untreated and EMCFP-treated tools.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCutting length (mm) \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-Untreated\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRa-EMCFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVB-Untreated\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVB-EMCFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e900 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1051.999 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e887.989 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.590%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.100 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1800 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1408.746 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e913.863 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.139%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.201 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.16 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.40%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2700 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1853.088 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1125.766 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.249%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.203 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.33%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3600 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2076.265 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1538.121 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.919%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.290 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.03%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface waviness observed over a lateral distance perpendicular to the cutting direction is another important index reflecting the surface roughness of a machined surface. This condition is illustrated schematically in Fig. 10. The waveform in Fig. 10 (b) was obtained from Fig. 10 (a). The extracted wave profiles indicative of wave width \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e and wave height \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e for workpieces subjected to machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools are presented in Fig. 11. Comparing the wave width \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e and wave height \u003cem\u003eR \u003c/em\u003ein Fig. 11, the wave width \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e obtained with the untreated tool and the treated tool were the same. However, wave height \u003cem\u003eR \u003c/em\u003eis different, especially in Fig. 11 (b) and Fig. 11 (c).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional surface waviness features, including the root mean square deviation (Rq), maximum profile peak height (Rp), and the maximum profile valley depth (Rv) along the lateral \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e direction are illustrated in Fig. 12, and their corresponding calculation formulas based on the average position of the surface \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e) over the lateral space considered are presented as well. The calculated values of Rq, Rp, and Rv obtained for workpieces machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated tools are listed in Table 3. The results indicate that the values of all features decreased after subjecting the cutting tool to EMCFP treatment, particularly Rv. Accordingly, we can conclude that the waviness of the microstructure of the machined surface was decreased to a large extent after EMCFP, and the cutting process became more stable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Comparison of root mean square deviation (Rq; nm), maximum profile peak height (Rp; nm), and the maximum profile valley depth (Rv; nm) values obtained for workpieces machined by untreated and EMCFP-treated tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCutting length (mm) \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRq-Untreated\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRq-EMCFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRp-Untreated\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRp-EMCFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"97\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRv-Untreated\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRv-EMCFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1339.071\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1126.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4467.328\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3207.091\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"97\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3018.959\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2356.863\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1800\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1953.701\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1178.258\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5628.238\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3078.597\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"97\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3519.171\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2374.656\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2700\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2275.394\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1384.879\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6295.996\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3997.206\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"97\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4408.783\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2586.526\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2495.876\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2092.815\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6596.894\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6645.089\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"97\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4901.345\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2942.691\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3 Influence of EMCFP on the \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efriction coefficient\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eThe results of ball-on-block reciprocating friction testing obtained for untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide materials are presented in Fig. 13 according to the mean friction coefficient calculated at each reciprocating cycle of testing. The average friction coefficient obtained over the full 1800 cycles for the untreated sample was 0.583, while this value decreased by 11.4% to 0.516 after EMCFP treatment. Moreover, we note from the results that the mean friction coefficient values obtained at each testing cycle for the treated sample were more uniform over the full number of cycles compared with those of the untreated sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.4 Influence of EMCFP on the ERP spectra of cutting tools\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of EMCFP treatment on the ERP spectra of P10 cemented carbide samples is shown in Fig. 15. Here, an increased EPR signal intensity represents a larger number of unpaired electrons in the sample. We note that the peak values of the EPR spectra increased by 7.28% at the signal crest and 29% at the signal trough after EMCFP treatment. Magnetic field can increase the number of unpaired electrons which can change the state of free radical form (Singlet) S to (Triplet) T [7,19]. The combine energy of electron pair is strong in S state, but weak in T state. In T state, the force of dislocation and pinning centers is weak, even depinning and move. The dislocation multiply lead the plasticity improvement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.5 Influence of EMCFP on the dislocation density of cutting tools\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe full XRD patterns and the four individual diffraction peaks (WC (001), TiC (100), TiC (200), and WC (101)) of untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide samples are presented in Figs. 14(a) and (b), respectively. The four individual XRD peaks are observed to have shifted toward lower diffraction angles after EMCFP treatment, which is indicative of reduced residual stress [20]. The dislocation densities were calculated using Eqs. (1) and (2), and the results are listed in Table 4. We note that the dislocation density increased by 38% after EMCFP treatment. Under the combined impacts of the electro-plastic effect [21,22] and the magnetostriction effect [23], the EMCFP treatment increased dislocation mobility by decreasing the activation energy of dislocation movement, which promoted internal stress release. In addition, the EMCFP process provides the necessary energy for dislocation motions to occur, resulting in the homogenization of the dislocation distribution in the material [7]. Simultaneously, applied electric fields reduce entanglement between dislocations, which removes obstacles toward dislocation slippage, so that the material exhibits higher plasticity [24].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Comparison of dislocation density values obtained for untreated and EMCFP-treated P10 cemented carbide tools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDislocation density (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4527\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0101\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.6 Influence of EMCFP on the surface residual stress of cutting tools\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eThe residual stress values obtained at the same three points on the flank face surfaces of P10 cemented carbide tools before and after EMCFP treatment are listed in Table 5. The results indicate that residual stress values at all three points of the flank face surfaces decreased significantly after EMCFP treatment, and the average residual stress value of the three points was reduced by 51.4% compared with that of the untreated tool. The decreased residual stress can improve the mechanical properties of tool [25] and improve the tool wear resistance, thus decrease the workpiece surface roughness. Accordingly, we can conclude that EMCFP treatment can reduce the workpiece surface roughness significantly due to reduced residual stress of the flank face surface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. Residual stress values of three points on the flank face regions illustrated in Fig. 13 of P10 cemented carbide tools before and after EMCFP treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurement point\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUntreated (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreated (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;129\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;146\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;150\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;142\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.4%\u0026darr;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.7 The relationship of tool lifetime, workpiece surface roughness, the \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efriction coefficient,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e the dislocation density, and residual stress\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDislocation, as a crystal defect, produces a special stress field. EMCFP can effectively increase the dislocation density and make the dislocation more uniform. Dislocation homogenization can affect the tool friction coefficient and residual stress. Dislocation homogenization can reduce the lattice distortion and thus reduce the tool friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of tools directly affects the workpiece surface roughness. When the friction coefficient of the tool is reduced, the flank face wear can be directly reduced, thus improving the life of the tool. Dislocation homogenization can also reduce tool residual stress and improve tool life[26]. Fig. 16 showed the relationship between tool lifetime, workpiece surface roughness, the friction coefficient, the dislocation density, and residual stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis work investigated the effect of pulsed EMCFP treatment applied to P10 cemented carbide tools on the surface roughness of machined workpieces for the first time. The effects of untreated and EMCFP-treated cutting tools on the surface roughness of 45 steel workpieces, tool lifetime, friction coefficient, EPR spectra, dislocation density, and residual stress were compared. The extensive experimental results support the following conclusions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col type=\"i\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe average surface roughness of workpieces machined using the EMCFP-treated cutting tool decreased by 39.2%, and the values of four surface waviness indexes were significantly decreased as well.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe EMCFP treatment increased tool lifetime by a factor of 1.92. Accordingly, EMCFP increased the wear resistance of the tools and reduced surface irregularities on the tool cutting surface.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe average friction coefficient at the cutting tool/workpiece interface decreased by 11.4% after applying EMCFP treatment. Accordingly, the tribological properties of P10 cemented carbide were improved.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe intensity of EPR signal peaks was enhanced due to the increased dislocation density obtained after the EMCFP treatment.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe dislocation density of the tool material increased by 38% after EMCFP treatment. Accordingly, EMCFP can increase dislocation mobility by decreasing the activation energy, while providing the necessary energy for dislocation motions to occur, resulting in the homogenization of the dislocation distribution in the material.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe residual stress on the flank face surfaces of cutting tools deceased by 51.4% after EMCFP treatment. Accordingly, EMCFP is a potential method for enhancing the mechanical properties of metals.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results collectively demonstrate that the proposed EMCFP treatment is a fast, economical, environmentally friendly, and effective metal-enhancement technology that can reduce the surface roughness of workpiece materials significantly, reduce the residual stress of cutting tools, and extend cutting tool lifetimes. Accordingly, EMCFP represents a highly beneficial means of supporting the sustainable manufacturing of machined parts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paper has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the publisher.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe statement of authors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFu Zhong:\u003c/strong\u003e Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eMin Yuan: \u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Writing - Original Draft. \u003cstrong\u003eDehao Meng: \u003c/strong\u003eResources, Data Curation. \u003cstrong\u003eLi Wang: \u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization. \u003cstrong\u003eJie Wang:\u003c/strong\u003e Project administration. \u003cstrong\u003eJian Liu:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology. \u003cstrong\u003eKunlan Huang: \u003c/strong\u003eFunding acquisition. \u003cstrong\u003eYankang Tian:\u003c/strong\u003e Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors wish to acknowledge the financial support by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (no.51705348), Sichuan science and technology program (no.2019YFG0361) and the Research Funds for the Central University (no.2019SCUH0013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interest statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paper does not contain material which has been published previously, by the current authors or by others, of which the source is not explicitly cited in the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpon acceptance of an article by the journal, the author(s) will be asked to transfer the copyright of the article to the publisher. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu G, Huang C, Zhu H, Liu Z, Liu Y, Li C (2017) The modified surface properties and fatigue life of Incoloy A286 face-milled at different cutting parameters. Materials Science and Engineering: A 704:1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.072\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlam Z, Jha S (2017) Reprint of \u0026lsquo;\u0026lsquo;Modeling of surface roughness in ball end magnetorheological finishing (BEMRF) process\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;. 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Xiyou Jinshu Cailiao Yu Gongcheng/Rare Metal Materials and Engineering 48 (4):1036-1045\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu X-L, Zheng G-G, Wang H-D, Wang T (2017) Research progress on the application of electro-plastic effect in materials processing. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2012.2017.06.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdoos M, Bose B, Rawal S, Arif AFM, Veldhuis SC (2020) The influence of residual stress on the properties and performance of thick TiAlN multilayer coating during dry turning of compacted graphite iron. Wear 454-455:203342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203342\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShao Q, Wang G, Wang H, Xing Z, Fang C, Cao Q (2021) Improvement in uniformity of alloy steel by pulsed magnetic field treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A 799:140143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140143\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Electromagnetic coupling field, Workpiece surface roughness, Residual stress, Friction coefficient","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-201997/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-201997/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eReducing the surface roughness of machined workpieces is of great interest owing to its potential for improving the quality of finished items and decreasing the cost of machining processes by reducing the need for post processing. This paper contributes to this research by analyzing the effect of P10 cemented carbide cutting tools subjected to pulsed electromagnetic coupling field processing (EMCFP) treatment on the surface roughness of machined 45 steel workpieces. The effects of untreated and EMCFP-treated cutting tools on workpiece surface roughness, tool lifetime, friction coefficient, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, dislocation density and residual stress are compared. The experimental results demonstrate that EMCFP treatment can reduce the average surface roughness of workpieces by 39.2%, enhance tool lifetime by a factor of 1.92, reduce the friction coefficient by 11.4%, increase the intensities of peak EPR signals, increase the dislocation density by 38% and decrease the residual stress of the tool flank face by 51.4% . This research provides scientific data and technical support for EMCFP technology with important scientific significance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of P10 Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools Subjected to Electromagnetic Coupling Field Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Machined 45 Steel","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-02-17 19:51:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-201997/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"463e8a1e-7c2b-4a27-b918-fa5797278c0c","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 17th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":2459717,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-05-13T02:52:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-02-17 19:51:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-201997","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-201997","identity":"rs-201997","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"ehx78VzkSd0WSzXnipQa-","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}