Maturity assessment of grid-scale flexibility and energy storage services towards a decarbonized Europe

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Abstract

Background: The work evaluates the maturity of grid-scale flexibility services, essential for Europe's transition to a decarbonized economy. Conducted under the Horizon-Europe SINNOGENES project, it dives into energy storage and utility-scale flexibility technologies, examines the current national regulatory frameworks, and gathers stakeholders’ perspectives, making the point on services’ current status and future trends. Methods The methodology followed in this work comprises three phases. Firstly, the most significant grid-scale energy storage and flexibility technologies, including Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, are reviewed. Secondly, the regulatory framework for flexibility services at the EU transmission systems level are assessed, analysing key EU directives and national regulations from Spain, Portugal, Germany, Cyprus, and Switzerland. Thirdly, stakeholders’ perspectives are gathered through a survey conducted on forty-four stakeholders in the European energy sector and bilateral interviews. Results The study identifies three main findings. Firstly, lithium-ion batteries and pumped hydro storage stand out as the most mature grid-scale flexibility technologies (TRL 8–9), although a complementary portfolio is required to cover the full spectrum of system needs. Secondly, regulatory analysis reveals persistent barriers, including fragmented national implementation of EU directives, lengthy permitting procedures, and the lack of long-term price signals, all of which hinder investment and market integration. Thirdly, stakeholder engagement confirms a strong and growing demand for flexibility (77% of respondents already use or need it), but also highlights perceived cost–benefit imbalances, IT security concerns, and a preference for decentralised ownership models. Electrochemical storage and demand response emerge as the most relevant flexibility sources. Conclusions Overall, achieving grid-scale flexibility in Europe cannot rely on a single dominant solution but requires a complementary mix of technologies. Near-term deployment should prioritise commercially mature solutions such as lithium-ion batteries and demand response, while research, demonstration, and investment must accelerate for alternative battery chemistries, hydrogen-based systems, and long-duration storage. At the regulatory level, harmonised frameworks, streamlined authorisation processes, and explicit market recognition of storage and demand-side resources are essential to unlock investment. Stakeholder insights underscore that, alongside technology and regulation, building trust through IT security and cost-effective ownership models will be decisive for large-scale adoption.
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europepmc
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