Design Considerations for Vacuum Insulating Glass under Thermal Actions

Design Considerations for Vacuum Insulating Glass under Thermal Actions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design Considerations for Vacuum Insulating Glass under Thermal Actions Franz Paschke, Miriam Schuster, Michael Kraus, Matthias Seel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9470031/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Vacuum insulating glass (VIG) enables high-performance façades, but its broad implementation requires standardized design methods. In addition to wind, snow, and self-weight, VIG is exposed to thermal actions governed by climatic boundary conditions. Ambient air temperatures, external heat transfer coefficients, and solar irradiance generate temperature gradients across the assembly that induce deformations and stresses. The thermal effects of these boundary conditions were experimentally reproduced in a temperature test stand by imposing temperature gradients ( \(\:\varDelta\:T\) ) on 350×350 mm² annealed float glass VIG specimens under unconstrained ('free-edge') support conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that thermal actions alone can result in thermally induced fracture at the edge of the warm glass pane once a specific temperature difference threshold is exceeded. This threshold is evaluated against critical climatic conditions applicable to insulating glass. A design-compatible superposition of thermal actions with other loads is proposed, and the structural resistance applicable to the thermal action case is discussed. Furthermore, an analytical model is provided to derive the thermal actions on the VIG arising from varying climatic boundary conditions, alongside a discussion on the limits of existing stress calculation methods and a complete verification procedure. Finally, the paper reviews the standards governing thermal actions ( DIN 18008-1 , 2020; EN 1991-1-5 , 2010; EN 19100-1 , 2024) and contextualizes the proposed design concept within existing frameworks to support a harmonized VIG design. Vacuum Insulating Glass Thermal action Design Concept Glass fracture Thermal breakage Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 17 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 21 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 20 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9470031","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":628656520,"identity":"37738b6f-142a-4417-902e-dc6b9b61ae45","order_by":0,"name":"Franz Paschke","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABJklEQVRIie2RMUvDQBiGv3BwLmezppTav1AJJBZDf8uFwmVpQOjo0IJgl6Brf4ZBcDVwYAYTup5ksYPp4hDoEic9UxUKR3V0uGe694OH7/04AI3mn4IggSMsH1YTk+3UmAH09yn2VqHfCgUj+kXxZ39W3IN0tTnLvODKfPSFUXNopflL/FYPu/eA4meFMojGdmchWHhphbcnQDm0s8ApCB3ZEeCJak0/GWNEKi6VwztZjE9vEoYLoMiPgDiWSlmuS6m8B9jMG0VOSvxU0+mn4tYqRVAHEZFQDOGXIhgWhPJmi+r8weLV7pBsdNzcQlkAbVHigrDUjjieqIq5ZrDakIdhr3edx6LyTqG1ZLKYd96dzy/iSlVsJ9GdhFS19vyvRqPRaH74AAlaZzmOre1TAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"TU Darmstadt","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Franz","middleName":"","lastName":"Paschke","suffix":""},{"id":628656521,"identity":"34e3ffe8-9b04-4dbf-8e48-82fde35a5cea","order_by":1,"name":"Miriam Schuster","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU Darmstadt","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miriam","middleName":"","lastName":"Schuster","suffix":""},{"id":628656522,"identity":"f81d1dd4-92a8-43e6-ae58-625592a3d6aa","order_by":2,"name":"Michael Kraus","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU Darmstadt","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Kraus","suffix":""},{"id":628656524,"identity":"2d99e2bc-ad40-4576-9dd3-3b3c5ef79fe0","order_by":3,"name":"Matthias Seel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU Darmstadt","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matthias","middleName":"","lastName":"Seel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-20 09:38:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9470031/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9470031/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108145295,"identity":"d2cac44f-8198-436f-9167-40eec5672307","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-29 20:54:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1004604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GSECGC10Paper.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9470031/v1_covered_b8600add-5821-4520-8781-f1607ed274f1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design Considerations for Vacuum Insulating Glass under Thermal Actions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"glass-structures-and-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"glas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Glass Structures \u0026 Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/40940)","snPcode":"40940","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40940/3","title":"Glass Structures \u0026 Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Vacuum Insulating Glass, Thermal action, Design Concept, Glass fracture, Thermal breakage","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9470031/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9470031/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eVacuum insulating glass (VIG) enables high-performance fa\u0026ccedil;ades, but its broad implementation requires standardized design methods. In addition to wind, snow, and self-weight, VIG is exposed to thermal actions governed by climatic boundary conditions. Ambient air temperatures, external heat transfer coefficients, and solar irradiance generate temperature gradients across the assembly that induce deformations and stresses. The thermal effects of these boundary conditions were experimentally reproduced in a temperature test stand by imposing temperature gradients (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\varDelta\\:T\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) on 350\u0026times;350 mm\u0026sup2; annealed float glass VIG specimens under unconstrained ('free-edge') support conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that thermal actions alone can result in thermally induced fracture at the edge of the warm glass pane once a specific temperature difference threshold is exceeded. This threshold is evaluated against critical climatic conditions applicable to insulating glass. A design-compatible superposition of thermal actions with other loads is proposed, and the structural resistance applicable to the thermal action case is discussed. Furthermore, an analytical model is provided to derive the thermal actions on the VIG arising from varying climatic boundary conditions, alongside a discussion on the limits of existing stress calculation methods and a complete verification procedure. 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