Susceptibility of approved rice varieties in Punjab, Pakistan to Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its impact on nutritional contents of rice grains

Susceptibility of approved rice varieties in Punjab, Pakistan to Sitophilus oryzae L. 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(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its impact on nutritional contents of rice grains Muhammad Rizwan, Ammara Nasiba, Muhammad Tahir, Bilal Atta, Arshed Makhdoom Sabir, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4192967/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Rice is an important cereal crop commonly infested by stored grain insects, including Sitophilus oryzae L. This study evaluated the varietal resistance and nutritional composition of different rice varieties following infestation by S. oryzae . The research was carried out using completely randomized design (CRD) with 11 treatments (varieties) and 3 replications. The rice varieties PK 1121 Aromatic, Kissan Basmati, and KSK 434 were found to be more susceptible to S. oryzae, with the highest weight loss at 45 days following infestation. Infestation by S. oryzae decreased amylose and increased protein contents. The highest amylose contents were found in PK 386, KSK 133, and KS 282, whereas the highest protein contents were in PK 1121 Aromatic, Kissan Basmati, and Basmati 515. The faster larval development in S. oryzae occurs on Kissan Basmati, PK 1121 Aromatic and Punjab Basmati. The adult lifespan was longer on Kissan Basmati, PK 1121 Aromatic, and Punjab Basmati. The results indicate that the least affected rice varieties (KS 282, Basmati 515, Super Basmati, and PK 386) have potential to be included in integrated pest management program to control S. oryzae . Sitophilus oryzae insect development nutrition losses rice varieties pest management stored grains Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Rice Oryzae sativa L. (Poaceae) is an important global food resource cultivated in different ecological zones, including Pakistan (Wasim 2002 ; Shah et al. 2020 ). Asia is responsible for producing about 90.6% of the rice consumed in the world (FAOSTAT 2021). According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), China and India lead the paddy production in the world with an annual production of 120–148 million MT, while Pakistan and USA also contribute with 7.2–7.6 million MT (USDA, 2021 ). Rice is the second most important crop, following wheat, totaling 11% of the cultivated area in Pakistan (USDA 2023 ). Many insect pests attack the rice crop in the field and as stored grains, resulting in quantitative and qualitative losses (Hettiarachchi et al. 2020a , b ). The important stored grain insect pests of rice include rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Hettiarachchi et al. 2020a ), red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (Husain et al. 2017 ), lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) (Arthur et al. 2012 ; Astuti et al. 2013 ), khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (Barzin et al. 2019 ), rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (St.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Karunarathne et al. 2020 ), tropical warehouse moth Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Hettiarachchi et al. 2020b ; Karunarathne et al. 2020 ; Sammani et al. 2020;), and angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). S. oryzae is widespread and destructive among these (Nwaubani et al. 2014 ). Most of the damage is caused by S. oryzae larvae, which feed on almost whole seed endosperm (Throne and Weaver 2013 ; Hettiarachchi et al. 2020a ; Majd-Marani et al. 2023 ; Khan et al. 2023 ; Doherty et al. 2023 ), decreasing the grain weight, nutritional value, and germination rate, associated with secondary infestation by mites and fungi (Attia et al. 2020 ; Doherty et al. 2023 ; Cao et al. 2023 ; Tian et al. 2023 ). The population of S.oryzae in stored products is managed with some contact insecticides such as deltamethrin and spinosad (Arthur 2012 ; Vélez et al. 2017 ; Trostanetsky et al. 2023 ), fumigants such as methyl bromide (Athanassiou et al. 2015 ), phosphine (Ratnasekera et al. 2022 ), carbon dioxide (Kumar et al. 2022 ), ozone (Boopathy et al. 2022 ), and methyl benzoate (Morrison et al. 2019 ), controlled atmosphere (Hasaranga et al. 2018 ) and modified atmosphere (Wijayaratne et al. 2009 ), use of high temperature (Wijerathne et al. 2018 ; Mason and Strait 2019 ) and low temperature (Wijayaratne et al. 2018 ), diatomaceous earth (Shah and Khan 2014 ; Rigopoulou et al. 2023 ), and plant extracts (Rajapakse 2006 ; Ali et al. 2017 ). Fumigants such as methyl bromide and phosphine have remained excellent for the management of stored-grain pests, but their excessive use has selected some resistant insect populations in addition to damages the atmosphere's ozone layer (Ribeiro et al. 2003 ; Corrêa et al. 2011 ; Agrafioti et al. 2020 ; Machuca-Mesa et al. 2023 ). The development of resistance, health risks, and increasing demand for insecticide residue-free food led to the search for alternative control strategies against stored insects (Lee et al. 2001 ; Ribeiro et al. 2013 ; Ali et al. 2017 ; Rizwan et al. 2019 ). Integrated pest management (IPM) with the use of plant resistant to the pest may reduce the population density of the insect below the economic injury level without any incremental economic cost since it is compatible with other pest control methods (Lara 1991 ; Eigenbrode and Trumble 1994 ; Seifi et al. 2013 ). Resistance to stored insect pests can be expressed as antibiosis, affecting insect reproduction, longevity, and mortality, as well as antixenosis, affecting the pest behavior and decreasing feeding and oviposition (Lara 1991 ; Smith 2005 ). Amylose inhibitors and lipids are plant compounds that induce resistance to stored grain insect pests. These compounds have been claimed to prolong stored grain pests' life cycle and induce resistance in rice grains (Marsaro Júnior et al. 2005 ; Jalaeian et al. 2021 ). The use of rice resistant varieties for the control of S. oryzae and other stored grain insect pests has also been reported (Sousa et al. 2010 ; Bottega et al. 2012 ; da Silva Costa et al. 2016 ; Doherty et al. 2023 ). The rice variety Cica 09 is resistant to S. oryzae and S. zeamais (Fontes et al. 2003 ), whereas the varieties Agulha and Nenenzinho are resistant to S. oryzae (Sousa et al. 2010 ; da Silva Costa et al. 2016 ). However, those rice varieties are cultivated in South America, and information on rice varieties resistant to S. oryzae in Pakistan is poor. This study was carried out to evaluate the resistance in some stored rice varieties against S. oryzae following its infestation. Moreover, we investigated the effects upon nutritional composition of different rice varieties being cultivated in Pakistan due to the infestation by S. oryzae during storage. Materials and methods Experimental site and insect culture The experiment was conducted at Entomology Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku Sheikhupura Punjab, Pakistan (31.7250° N; 74.2677° E). Insect culture was maintained at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Insects were reared on whole rice grains in 3 L plastic jars covered with muslin cloth in a Peltier-Kühlgerät insect growth chamber (Model MEM-170-24-D/TEA-AA-170-24, Memmert GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany), at 28 ± 2°C temperature, 65 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 h (light:dark) photoperiod. The insect culture was periodically sieved, and the insects were transferred to fresh grains in plastic jars. Rice varieties Eleven rice varieties including coarse rice (KSK 133, KSK 434, and KS 282), fine rice (PK 386), and aromatic rice (Super Basmati, Basmati 515, Kissan Basmati, Basmati 385, PK 1121 Aromatic, Punjab Basmati, and Chenab Basmati) were used in this study. Rice varieties were obtained from the plant breeding section of Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Pakistan. Paddy obtained from the breeding section was milled. Two kg paddy of each rice variety was milled with a Paddy Husker (Model SATAKE THU-35A, Satake Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan) at the same institute's Food Science and Technology Laboratory to obtain polished rice for the bioassays. Data collection The experiment was conducted in 250 mL plastic jars covered with muslin cloth placed in a growth chamber at 28 ± 2°C temperature, 65 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 h (light: dark) photoperiod. Each jar initially had 20 g polished rice of each variety. The grains were stored in LVS Signature horizontal freezer (Model 91997-H, Dawlance, Karachi, Pakistan) at -20ºC for seven days (d) to disinfect grains. After seven days, rice grains were removed from the freezer and spread on a muslin cloth at room temperature for 72 hours. Grain moisture The water content of the grain was determined with a Grain Moisture Tester (Model RICETER f505, Kett Electrical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan). The average grain moisture of sample varieties determined was 11.7%. Resistance of rice varieties Ten pairs of newly-emerged S. oryzae adults were released in each jar containing 20 g disinfected rice grain of each variety in three replicates for each rice variety to see how S. oryzae infestation impacts different varieties. The resistance of stored rice varieties was evaluated at 15, 30, and 45 d after the initial infestation. At 15 d, rice grains were poured onto the paper sheet to count dead and alive insects, and the remaining grains were weighed using Electronic Weighing Scale (Model NAPCO JA-410, Napco Precision Instruments Company Ltd. Shenzhen, China) with 0.001 g accuracy. The number of holes and damaged grains were recorded. Dead insects were removed, and the remaining insects and grains were re-introduced in plastic jars for data recording at the next time intervals (30 d and 45 d). Nutritional value The grains were analyzed at 0 d and 45 d post-insect infestation to determine their nutritional value. Amylose and protein contents were determined in the different rice varieties infested by S. oryzae through Auto grain Analyzer (Model AN900, Kett, Santiago Boulevard, California, USA) (Riaz et al., 2018 ) using near-infrared light spectra (720–1100 nm). The case was filled with rice grains and inserted back into the machine at the top of Auto Grain Analyzer. The measurements were displayed on the large digital screen in less than 30 s, and the reading was recorded on the computer. Data were collected thrice (sample replication) for amylose and protein contents. There were eleven treatments (varieties) and three replications (n) in a completely randomized design for each 0 d and 45 d post-insect infestation. Insect development time Twenty-five pairs of 7d old S. oryzae were transferred to plastic jars containing 50g of each polished rice variety for mating. The insects were allowed to oviposit, and after 72 h of oviposition, insects were removed, and infested seeds were transferred to Petri dishes according to rice variety. The samples were observed daily with Stereozoom Microscope (magnification 20X to 70X) with fluorescent light (Model RZ-48411-35, Cole-Parmer 625 East Bunker Court Vernon Hills, IL 60061 USA) to verify the adult emergence and to estimate the larval period. The emerged adults were paired according to the survival rate of emergence and transferred to another Petri dish containing 100 g of the same polished rice variety. The data on adult longevity were recorded until the death of the last insect. The experimental conditions were 28 ± 2°C temperature, 65 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 h (light: dark) photoperiod. Statistical analysis Data on larval development period and adult longevities of S. oryzae upon different rice varieties were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while data related to grain damage, percent weight loss, and amylose and protein contents, were submitted to factorial two-way ANOVA and means were compared post-hoc with Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test at 5% of significance level with the computer program Statistix 8.1 (Anonymous 2005 ). To find an association between dependent variable (Y) [weight loss (%)] and independent variables (X) (number of damaged grains and holes), the analysis was done by using simple linear regression model in MS-Excel with the help of equation Y = a + b × X, where a is the y-intersect of the line, and b is its slope called regression co-efficient. This regression model also estimated the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) (Schneider et al. 2010 ). Results Percent weight loss and grain damage Percent weight loss caused by S. oryzae infestation was significantly different among rice varieties (F = 27.54, df = 10, 98, P < 0.0001), as well as over time (F = 50.93, df = 2, 98, P < 0.0001), and interaction among varieties × time (F = 3.24, df = 20, 98, P < 0.001). Among fine rice varieties, PK 1121 Aromatic (58.49%), Kissan Basmati (58.44%), Chenab Basmati (31.32%), and Punjab Basmti (27.72%) showed higher weight loss due to infestation by S. oryzae while among coarse rice varieties, weight loss was highest for KSK 434 (49.63%) and KSK 133 (38.14%). Rice grains from PK 386 (5.21%), Super Basmati (9.67%), Basmati 515 (9.67%), KS 282 (12.38%), and Basmati 385 (22.65%) presented lower weight loss after infestation by S. oryzae in comparison with other tested varieties (Fig. 1 ). During three evaluation periods, the rice varieties KSK 434, KSK 133, Punjab Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Kissan basmati, and PK 1121 Aromatic showed high rates of grain damage after infestation by S.oryzae . In contrast, PK 386, Super Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, and KS 282 presented moderate grain damage (Fig. 2 ). Weight loss (%) was highly correlated with the number of damaged grains; their R 2 value was 0.87. However, weight loss (%) and the number of holes in grains were little correlated, and their R 2 value was 0.34 (Figs. 3 a and b). Impact on nutritional composition Amylose content The infestation by S. oryzae decreased the amylose contents significantly (F = 60.03, df = 10, 65, P < 0.0001) among the different rice varieties tested, as well as over time (F = 1690.73, df = 1, 65, P < 0.0001) and interaction among varieties × time (F = 36.80, df = 10, 65, P < 0.0001). Among tested rice varieties, the highest amylose contents were found in KS 282 (29.97%), KSK 434 (28.97%), and KSK 133 (27.97%), whereas the lowest with PK 386 (21.17%), Kissan Basmati (21.97%), and Basmati 385 (22.83%) before their infestation to S. oryzae . However, 45 days post-infestation, the amylose contents decreased to 21.17%, 20.87%, 20.2%, 20.2%, 20.1%, 19.93%, 19.67%, 19.13%, 19.00%, 18.73%, and 18.13% in PK 386, KSK 133, KSK 282, KSK 434, PK 1121 Aromatic, Super Basmati, Kissan Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, and Punjab Basmati, respectively (Fig. 4 ). Protein content Protein content increased according to the infestation among the rice varieties (F = 18.22, df = 10, 65, P < 0.0001), with time (F = 173.08, df = 1, 65, P < 0.0001), and interaction among varieties × time (F = 4.29, df = 10, 65, P < 0.001). Among tested rice varieties, the highest protein contents were found in Basmati 515 (8.13%), Punjab Basmati (8.07%), and Super Basmati (8.00%), and the lowest in KSK 434 (7.07%), KSK 133 (7.17%), and KS 282 (7.47%) before the insect infestation. After 45 days of infestation by S. oryzae , the protein contents increased to 9.87%, 9.63%, 9.40%, 8.87%, 8.87%, 8.77%, 8.67%, 8.30%, 8.13%, 7.90% and 7.50% in PK 1121 Aromatic, Kissan Basmati, Basmati 515, Punjab Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Basmati 385, Super Basmati, KSK 434, KS 282, PK 386, and KSK 133, respectively (Fig. 5 ). Developmental duration of S. oryzae Table 1 summarizes the developmental duration of S. oryzae on all tested rice varieties. The results showed that the total developmental time (F = 185.26, df = 10, 846, P < 0.01) and the adult longevity (F = 48.32, df = 10, 396, P < 0.01 for females and F = 72.35, df = 10, 403, P < 0.01 for males), of S. oryzae varied on the different cultivars. The longest immature development time (days) for female and male occurred on Super Basmati (44.2 ± 0.5) followed by PK 386 (40.2 ± 0.2), Basmati 515 (40.2 ± 0.1), Chenab Basmati (37.3 ± 0.2), KS 282 (37.2 ± 0.4), KSK 133 (37.1 ± 0.2), Basmati 385 (36.5 ± 0.1), KSK 434 (36.3 ± 0.3), Punjab Basmati (34.5 ± 0.3), PK 1121 Aromatic (34.2 ± 0.2), and Kissan Basmati (33.40 ± 0.3), respectively. The maximum female and male adult longevity (days) was found on Kissan Basmati (102.2 ± 2.3 and 75.2 ± 1.3, respectively), whereas the lower one, for both males and females, was found on Super Basmati (72.8 ± 1.4 and 55.2 ± 1.3, respectively). Table 1 Mean duration (± SE) of total immature stages and adults' longevity of Sitophilus oryzae on different rice cultivars. Rice cultivars N Duration of immature stages N Adult female longevity N Adult male longevity KS 282 65 37.2 ± 0.4 c 35 80.1 ± 1.2 g 30 60.5 ± 1.5 d KSK 434 70 36.3 ± 0.3 cd 35 93.5 ± 0.8c 35 74.2 ± 1.2ab KSK 133 55 37.1 ± 0.2c 28 93.7 ± 1.4 cd 27 75.3 ± 1.4 a PK 386 52 40.2 ± 0.2 b 27 77.5 ± 1.5 h 25 56.4 ± 0.8 e Super Basmati 63 44.2 ± 0.5 a 33 72.8 ± 1.4i 30 55.2 ± 1.3 e Basmati 515 58 40.2 ± 0.1 b 30 85.9 ± 2.7 f 28 69.4 ± 1.4 c Kissan Basmati 50 33.40 ± 0.3 e 24 102.2 ± 2.3 a 26 75.2 ± 1.3 a Basmati 385 45 36.5 ± 0.1 cd 25 88.6 ± 2.5ef 20 68.3 ± 1.1 c PK 1121 Aromatic 56 34.20 ± 0.2 e 30 98.3 ± 1.5 b 26 73.2 ± 1.4 b Punjab Basmati 60 34.5 ± 0.3 e 26 97.4 ± 1.6bc 34 72.3 ± 1.8 b Chenab Basmati 63 37.3 ± 0.2 c 30 87.2 ± 1.2 e 33 72.2 ± 1.3 b Discussion The results of this study show that high rates of grain damage and weight losses found in the rice varieties KSK 434, KSK 133, Punjab Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Kissan Basmati and PK 1121 Aromatic were proved highly susceptible to S.oryzae attack. The PK 386, Super Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, and KS 282 indicate they are moderately susceptible to S.oryzae . The number of damaged grains showed a strong relationship (R 2 =0.87) with percent weight loss mainly in PK 1121 Aromatic and Kissan Basmati which are extra-long, fine grain varieties with less head rice recovery and broken rice, which results in the presence of fissure rendering them more susceptible to insect pest attack. Resistance in rice genotypes to S. zeamais and S. oryzae has been negatively associated with fissure in the grains (Link et al. 1971; Ribeiro et al. 2012). In our study, amylose contents were significantly reduced due to S. oryzae infestation in rice grains. Similar to our findings, Majd-Marani et al. (2023) reported a decrease in starch contents in three rice cultivars and promising lines following infestation by S. oryzae . Kumar et al. (2020) found that five different genotypes of stored paddy rice attacked by Sitotroga cereallela had reduced amylose contents. Wong and Lee (2011) also reported a negative correlation between stored grains infested by T. castaneum and carbohydrate contents. Jood et al. (1996) reported a decrease in carbohydrates of wheat, maize, and sorghum grains with 75% infestation level by T. granarium and R. dominica . Similarly, depletion of carbohydrates in infested seeds of dry Egyptian common bean Phaseolus vulgaris by dry bean beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Gad, 2019), and stored cashew kernels and maize flour by T. castaneum (Prabhakumary and Sini 2008; Mehmood et al. 2018) were also reported. Conversely to starch content, our findings reveal that the rice varieties infested by S. oryzae increase the protein contents. Our results agree with Jood et al. (1996), who reported that insect infestation in wheat, sorghum, and maize increases protein content. A positive correlation between insect infestation and protein contents in flours (Rani et al. 2001; Gujral and Pathak 2002; Ortiz-Monasterio et al. 2007; Wong and Lee 2011) has also been reported. The high protein contents in infested stored seeds and flours might be associated with accumulating insect body fragments that are sources of harmful proteins. Moreover, the depletion of seed carbohydrate contents in insect-infested grains might also increase protein levels (Gad 2019). The fastest development of S. oryzae larvae occurs on Kissan Basmati and PK 1121 Aromatic, and Punjab Basmati rice varieties here evaluatd. These results agree with previous studies showing that high protein content positively impacts the development of S. oryzae . The macronutrients, especially protein and carbohydrates are the main factors in insect pest development because Kissan Basmati and PK 1121 Aromatic varieties have low amylose contents. The longer development time of S. oryzae immature stages on other rice varieties tested (Basmati 385, Chenab Basmati, Basmati 515, Super Basmati, PK 386, KSK 133, KSK 434 and KS 282) may be due to higher levels of protein inhibitors, which need futher studies to be evaluated. The fastest development of S. oryzae shows the varietal fitness to insect pests. Hence, more prolonged adult survival was found on Punjab Basmati, Kissan Basmati, and PK 1121 Aromatic compared to the other rice varieties. This may be because rice varieties are suitable for S. oryzae development. This may also be related to the digestive physiology of S. oryzae , as reported in other studies (Swamynarayana et al. 2014; Jalaeian et al. 2021; Mehta et al. 2021; Majd-Marani et al. 2023). In summary, our results showed that different rice varieties had different susceptibility and suitability for S. oryzae . Protein contents had an impact on development time and adult longevity. This character may render rice varieties susceptible to this pest. On the other hand, our findings illustrate that some of the rice varieties suffered significantly less weight loss, moderate grain damage and induced longer developmental duration in immatures of S. oryzae (PK 386, Super Basmati, Basmati 515, and KS 282), may be used in the breeding program due to their fewer susceptibilities for developing resistance characters in these varieties to manage stored grain losses by S. oryzae . Declarations Author’s contribution Muhammad Rizwan: Conceptualization, methodology, resources, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft. Ammara Nasiba: Conceptualization, methodology , investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft. Muhammad Tahir: Conceptualization, methodology. Bilal Atta: Conceptualization, methodology. Arshed Makhdoom Sabir: Conceptualization, methodology, resources . Umair Sagheer: Conceptualization, Methodology. Neelam Shahzadi: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation . Muhammad Sabar: Conceptualization, methodology . Ansa Banazeer: Writing-original draft. Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal: Formal analysis, writing-review & editing. Ammad Ahmad: Methodology. Tahir Hussain Awan: Conceptualization, methodology. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The authors highly thank Prof. Dr. José Eduardo Serrão from Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil to read the manuscript for improvement in English language and sense. References Agrafioti P, Sotiroudas V, Kaloudis E, Bantas S, Athanassiou CG (2020) Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities. J Stored Prod Res 89:101726 Anonymous (2005) Statistix for Windows. 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CAB Publishers, New Delhi, pp 101–102 Husain M, Sukirno S, Mehmood K, Tufail M, Rasool KG, Alwaneen WS, Aldawood AS (2017) Effectiveness of carbon dioxide against different developmental stages of Cadra cautella and Tribolium castaneum . Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:12787–12795 Jalaeian M, Mohammadzadeh M, Mohammadzadeh M, Borzoui E (2021) Rice cultivars affect fitness-related characteristics and digestive physiology of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Stored Prod Res 93:101821 Jood S, Kapoor AC, Singh R (1996) Chemical composition of cereal grains as affected by storage and insect infestation. Trop Agric 73:161–164 Karunarathne EVUP, Dissanayaka DMSK, Wijayaratne LKW (2020) Development and evaluation of diets for rearing Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using readily-available materials. Rajarata Uni J 5:79–85 Khan T, Khan HAA, Anwar W, Khan MR, Umer M (2023) Natural occurrence of fungal species on the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Trop Insect Sci 43:1741–1748 Kumar A, Gowda GB, Sah RP, Sahu C, Biswal M, Nayak S, Kumar S, Swain P, Sharma S (2020) Status of glycemic index of paddy rice grain ( Oryza sativa L.) on infestation by storage pest Sitotroga cerealella . J Stored Prod Res 89:101697 Kumar H, Vijay VK, Subbarao PM, Chandra R (2022) Studies on the application of bio-carbon dioxide as controlled atmosphere on pest management in wheat grain storage. J Stored Prod Res 95:101911 Lara FM (1991) Princípios de Resistência de Plantasaos Insetos, 2nd Edition. Ícone, São Paulo, Brazil. Lee SE, Lee BH, Choi WS, Park BS, Kim JG, Campbell BC (2001) Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L). 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Neotrop Entomol 34:433–450 Mason LJ, Strait CA (2019) Stored product integrated pest management with extreme temperatures. In Temperature sensitivity in insects and application in integrated pest management (pp. 141-177). CRC Press. Mehmood K, Hussain M, Aulakh AM, Aslam M, Shaheen FA, Ahmedani MS (2018) Changes in the nutritional composition of maize flour due to Tribolium castaneum infestation and application of carbon dioxide to manage this pest. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:18540–18547 Mehta V, Kumar S, Jayaram CS (2021) Damage potential, effect on germination, and development of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat grains in Northwestern Himalayas. J Insect Sci 21:1–7 Morrison WR, Larson NL, Brabec D, Zhang A (2019) Methyl benzoate as a putative alternative, environmentally friendly fumigant for the control of stored product insects. J Econ Entomol 112:2458–2468 Nwaubani SI, Opit GP, Otitodun GO, Adesida MA (2014) Efficacy of two Nigeria derived diatomaceous earths against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on wheat. J Stored Prod Res 59:9–16 Ortiz-Monasterio JI, Palacios-Rojas N, Meng E, Pixley K, Trethowan R, Pena RJ (2007) Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding. J Cereal Sci 46:293–307 Prabhakumary C, Sini A (2008) Biochemical changes of stored cashew kernels due to infestation by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Curr Biotech 2:244–248 Rajapakse RHS (2006) The potential of plants and plant products in stored insect pest management. J Agric Sci 2:11–21 Rani KU, Rao UP, Leelavathi K, Rao PH (2001) Distribution of enzymes in wheat flour mill streams. J Cereal Sci 34:233–242 Ratnasekera D, Kudagamage C, Rajapakse R, Wijayaratne LKW (2022) Recent advances and current status in the rice pest management in Sri Lanka. In: Askary, T. H. (Ed.), Pest Management: Methods, Applications and Challenges. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, USA. Pp. 97-125. ISBN: 979-8-88697-268-9. Riaz M, Akhter M, Iqbal M, Ali S, Khan RAR, Raza M, Shamim F, Shahzadi N (2018) Estimation of amylose, protein and moisture content stability of rice in multi locations. Afr J Agric Res 13:1213–1219. Ribeiro BM, Guedes RNC, Oliveira EE, Santos JP (2003) Insecticide resistance and synergism in Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Stored Prod Res 39:21–31 Ribeiro CSN, Martins GV, Guimarães JFR, Silva EF (2012) Resistência de genótipos de arroz a pragas de grãos armazenados. Caatinga 25:183–187 Ribeiro LP, Vendramim JD, Bicalho KU, Andrade MS, Fernandes JB, Moral RA, Demetrio CGB (2013) Annona mucosa Jacq. (Annonaceae): a promising source of bioactive compounds against Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Stored Prod Res 55:6–14 Rigopoulou M, Baliota GV, Athanassiou CG (2023) Persistence and efficacy of diatomaceous earth against stored product insects in semi-field trials. Crop Protect 174: (106416). Rizwan M, Atta B, Rizwan M, Sabir AM, Shah ZU, Hussain M (2019) Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana , combined with diatomaceous earth on the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera). Egyp J Biol Pest Con 29:1–6 Schneider A, Hommel G, Blettner M (2010) Linear regression analysis: part 14 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int 107:776 Seifi A, Visser RGF, Bai Y (2013) How to effectively deploy plant resistances to pests and pathogens in crop breeding. Euphytica 190:321–334 Shah MA, Khan AA (2014) Use of diatomaceous earth for the management of stored-product pests. Int J Pest Manage 60:100–113 Shah MAA, Özel G, Chesneau C, Mohsin M, Jamal F, Bhatti MF (2020) A statistical study of the determinants of rice crop production in Pakistan. Pak J Agric Res 33:97–105 Smith CM (2005) Plant resistance to arthropods: molecular and conventional approaches. Springer, Berlin, Germany. Sousa JR, Barrigossi JAF, Boiça Junior AL, Gonçalves KKM, Torres ERS, Mondego JM (2010) Avaliação de resistência em variedades de arroz ( Oryza sativa L.) ao ataque do Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus, 1763 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Núcleos 7:259–266 Swamynarayana KC, Mutthuraja GP, Jagadeesh E (2014) Biology of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) on stored maize grains. Curr Biol 8:76–81 Throne JE, Weaver DK (2013) Impact of temperature and relative humidity on life history parameters of adult Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Stored Prod Res 55:128–133 Tian X, Wu F, Zhou G, Guo J, Liu X, Zhang T (2023) Potential volatile markers of brown rice infested by the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Food Chem X 17:100540 Trostanetsky A, Quinn E, Rapaport A, Harush A, Gottlieb D (2023) Efficacy of deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate against stored-product insects. J Stored Prod Res101:102072 USDA (2023) Pakistan Rice Area, Yield and Production. Available online:https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/countrysummary/?id=PK&crop=Rice. USDA (2021) World Rice Production 2021/2022. Available online:http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com/crops/rice.aspx/ (accessed on 1 September 2021) . Vélez M, Barbosa WF, Quintero J, Chediak M, Guedes RNC (2017) Deltamethrin- and spinosad-mediated survival, activity and avoidance of the grain weevils Sitophilus granarius and S. zeamais . J Stored Prod Res 74:56–65 Wasim MP (2002) A study of rice in the major growing countries of the world their growth instability and world share. Pak Econ Soc Rev 2:153–183 Wijerathne KBTT, Dissanayaka DMSK, Wijayaratne LKW (2018) Spinosad affects heat tolerance and heat acclimation of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) adults. Trop Agric Res Ext 21(3 & 4):33–40 Wijayaratne LKW, Fernando MD, Palipane KB (2009) Control of insect pests under ware- house conditions using smoke generated from partial combustion of rice (paddy) husk. J Nat Sci Found 37:125–134 Wijayaratne LKW, Arthur FH, Whyard S (2018) Methoprene and control of stored-product insects. J Stored Prod Res 76:161–169 Wong N, Lee CY (2011) Relationship between population growth of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and protein and carbohydrate content in flour and starch. J Econ Entomol 104:2087–2094 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ammara","middleName":"","lastName":"Nasiba","suffix":""},{"id":298387343,"identity":"f8fb70a1-b8cb-47a7-aebe-90f240512f21","order_by":2,"name":"Muhammad Tahir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Tahir","suffix":""},{"id":298387344,"identity":"d12ecc94-2df4-4723-a1c4-3c208fb989f9","order_by":3,"name":"Bilal Atta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bilal","middleName":"","lastName":"Atta","suffix":""},{"id":298387345,"identity":"1f62a532-db7b-4eaf-af20-e04708f6f5fe","order_by":4,"name":"Arshed Makhdoom Sabir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arshed","middleName":"Makhdoom","lastName":"Sabir","suffix":""},{"id":298387346,"identity":"77dff44e-c079-46d9-841f-8a4e1347c1df","order_by":5,"name":"Umair Sagheer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Punjab Food Department","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Umair","middleName":"","lastName":"Sagheer","suffix":""},{"id":298387348,"identity":"a04d41bc-0f7d-49cb-ad96-48983b15d55a","order_by":6,"name":"Neelam Shahzadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neelam","middleName":"","lastName":"Shahzadi","suffix":""},{"id":298387349,"identity":"8996562a-9f88-431a-a7e7-1476b33e5f62","order_by":7,"name":"Muhammad Sabar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupra, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Sabar","suffix":""},{"id":298387350,"identity":"0293603d-2776-4da8-b7ea-7630aa2933f0","order_by":8,"name":"Ansa Banazeer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beekeeping and Hill Fruit Pests Research Station, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ansa","middleName":"","lastName":"Banazeer","suffix":""},{"id":298387351,"identity":"fe6bf47a-6b15-4af6-9c1e-fa08e297f4b4","order_by":9,"name":"Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQY2IMnMYMDAA6R//JMDCR54QLQWxp4DxmAtCcTbwnYgsQEkik+L/OzmZw9/1FgzmLOfPfi5gudO+vywww+BttjJ6TZg12Jw55i5gcSxdAbLnrxkyTMWz3I33k4zAGpJNjY7gEOLRIKZhAHbYQaDAzkGkg08zLkbZyeAtBxI3IZDi/yM9G8SCf+AWs6/Mf7ZwMacbjg7/QNeLQw3cswkDrYBtQAZkg1shxPkpXPw2wJUWSbZ2JfOYznjXZplY0+a4QbpnIIDCQa4/QJ02DbJH9+s5cz5cw/fbPhhIy8/O33zhw8VdnK4tMAAD8JesEoD/MrR7G0gRfUoGAWjYBSMBAAAGNhjT6gyyWoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-1769","institution":"Bahauddin Zakariya University Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Babar Shahzad","lastName":"Afzal","suffix":""},{"id":298387352,"identity":"402875d2-7e97-46e4-aad7-f62ce5aa472e","order_by":10,"name":"Ammad Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beekeeping and Hill Fruit Pests Research Sub-station, Murree,Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":298387353,"identity":"f2d51b38-43b5-4538-9325-d880f3cc885f","order_by":11,"name":"Tahir Hussain Awan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tahir","middleName":"Hussain","lastName":"Awan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-30 16:24:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4192967/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4192967/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56169792,"identity":"b97e733e-197b-4bed-acba-a384693d55af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 11:29:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercent weight loss of rice varieties estimated at 15\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 30\u003csup\u003eth \u003c/sup\u003eand post-45 days following infestation by \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae \u003c/em\u003e(number of replicates, n = 3) using factorial two-way ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4192967/v1/0be0c7ef74b08d61a61a8e87.jpg"},{"id":56169853,"identity":"f3ab65b0-6bbe-4c71-a897-3938c64e73b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 11:29:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of damaged grains of different stored rice varieties estimated at 15\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 30\u003csup\u003eth \u003c/sup\u003eand post-45 days following infestation by \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae \u003c/em\u003e(number of replicates, n = 3) using factorial two-way ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4192967/v1/716aaefb526b9dda35361b59.jpg"},{"id":56169848,"identity":"5ef83b25-56fb-4d66-a38e-fe0f8020001d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 11:29:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38403,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssociation analysis of damaged grains and holes to percent weight loss of rice varieties.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4192967/v1/ec66fc7a45e46c79bfd791e7.jpg"},{"id":56169860,"identity":"23e8d51f-0f3f-460b-b969-59d3e0652546","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 11:29:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in amylose content (%) in rice grains of different tested varieties after 45 days infestation period by \u003cem\u003eSitophulus oryzae \u003c/em\u003e(number of replications, n = 3) determined using factorial two-way ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4192967/v1/4aa34dcd19ce68445c5760a0.jpg"},{"id":56169819,"identity":"bce70ed9-6f4e-4495-80d5-48cbb46f72fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 11:29:33","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in protein contents (%) in rice grains of different tested varieties after 45 days infestation period by \u003cem\u003eSitophulus oryzae \u003c/em\u003e(number of replications, n = 3) determined using factorial two-way ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4192967/v1/91cb06f214507a35277cc613.jpg"},{"id":72925267,"identity":"efe338d2-7694-42f2-94d0-c3e119b3ed56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 19:04:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":838098,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4192967/v1/9c505c3e-35ca-4888-847a-bb10f37016f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Susceptibility of approved rice varieties in Punjab, Pakistan to Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its impact on nutritional contents of rice grains","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRice \u003cem\u003eOryzae sativa\u003c/em\u003e L. (Poaceae) is an important global food resource cultivated in different ecological zones, including Pakistan (Wasim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Shah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Asia is responsible for producing about 90.6% of the rice consumed in the world (FAOSTAT 2021). According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), China and India lead the paddy production in the world with an annual production of 120\u0026ndash;148\u0026nbsp;million MT, while Pakistan and USA also contribute with 7.2\u0026ndash;7.6\u0026nbsp;million MT (USDA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Rice is the second most important crop, following wheat, totaling 11% of the cultivated area in Pakistan (USDA \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany insect pests attack the rice crop in the field and as stored grains, resulting in quantitative and qualitative losses (Hettiarachchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020a\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e). The important stored grain insect pests of rice include rice weevil \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Hettiarachchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020a\u003c/span\u003e), red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (Husain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), lesser grain borer \u003cem\u003eRhyzopertha dominica\u003c/em\u003e (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) (Arthur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Astuti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), khapra beetle \u003cem\u003eTrogoderma granarium\u003c/em\u003e Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (Barzin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), rice moth \u003cem\u003eCorcyra cephalonica\u003c/em\u003e (St.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Karunarathne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), tropical warehouse moth \u003cem\u003eCadra cautella\u003c/em\u003e (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Hettiarachchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020b\u003c/span\u003e; Karunarathne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sammani et al. 2020;), and angoumois grain moth \u003cem\u003eSitotroga cerealella\u003c/em\u003e (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e is widespread and destructive among these (Nwaubani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Most of the damage is caused by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e larvae, which feed on almost whole seed endosperm (Throne and Weaver \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hettiarachchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020a\u003c/span\u003e; Majd-Marani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Doherty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), decreasing the grain weight, nutritional value, and germination rate, associated with secondary infestation by mites and fungi (Attia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Doherty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Cao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Tian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population of \u003cem\u003eS.oryzae\u003c/em\u003e in stored products is managed with some contact insecticides such as deltamethrin and spinosad (Arthur \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; V\u0026eacute;lez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Trostanetsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), fumigants such as methyl bromide (Athanassiou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), phosphine (Ratnasekera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), carbon dioxide (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), ozone (Boopathy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and methyl benzoate (Morrison et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), controlled atmosphere (Hasaranga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and modified atmosphere (Wijayaratne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), use of high temperature (Wijerathne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mason and Strait \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and low temperature (Wijayaratne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), diatomaceous earth (Shah and Khan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Rigopoulou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and plant extracts (Rajapakse \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Fumigants such as methyl bromide and phosphine have remained excellent for the management of stored-grain pests, but their excessive use has selected some resistant insect populations in addition to damages the atmosphere's ozone layer (Ribeiro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Corr\u0026ecirc;a et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Agrafioti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Machuca-Mesa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The development of resistance, health risks, and increasing demand for insecticide residue-free food led to the search for alternative control strategies against stored insects (Lee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Ribeiro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rizwan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Integrated pest management (IPM) with the use of plant resistant to the pest may reduce the population density of the insect below the economic injury level without any incremental economic cost since it is compatible with other pest control methods (Lara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Eigenbrode and Trumble \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Seifi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Resistance to stored insect pests can be expressed as antibiosis, affecting insect reproduction, longevity, and mortality, as well as antixenosis, affecting the pest behavior and decreasing feeding and oviposition (Lara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmylose inhibitors and lipids are plant compounds that induce resistance to stored grain insect pests. These compounds have been claimed to prolong stored grain pests' life cycle and induce resistance in rice grains (Marsaro J\u0026uacute;nior et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Jalaeian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The use of rice resistant varieties for the control of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and other stored grain insect pests has also been reported (Sousa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Bottega et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; da Silva Costa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Doherty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The rice variety Cica 09 is resistant to \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. zeamais\u003c/em\u003e (Fontes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), whereas the varieties Agulha and Nenenzinho are resistant to \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (Sousa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; da Silva Costa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). However, those rice varieties are cultivated in South America, and information on rice varieties resistant to \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e in Pakistan is poor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out to evaluate the resistance in some stored rice varieties against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e following its infestation. Moreover, we investigated the effects upon nutritional composition of different rice varieties being cultivated in Pakistan due to the infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e during storage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental site and insect culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted at Entomology Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku Sheikhupura Punjab, Pakistan (31.7250\u0026deg; N; 74.2677\u0026deg; E). Insect culture was maintained at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Insects were reared on whole rice grains in 3 L plastic jars covered with muslin cloth in a Peltier-K\u0026uuml;hlger\u0026auml;t insect growth chamber (Model MEM-170-24-D/TEA-AA-170-24, Memmert GmbH\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany), at 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C temperature, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, and 12:12 h (light:dark) photoperiod. The insect culture was periodically sieved, and the insects were transferred to fresh grains in plastic jars.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRice varieties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEleven rice varieties including coarse rice (KSK 133, KSK 434, and KS 282), fine rice (PK 386), and aromatic rice (Super Basmati, Basmati 515, Kissan Basmati, Basmati 385, PK 1121 Aromatic, Punjab Basmati, and Chenab Basmati) were used in this study. Rice varieties were obtained from the plant breeding section of Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura, Pakistan. Paddy obtained from the breeding section was milled. Two kg paddy of each rice variety was milled with a Paddy Husker (Model SATAKE THU-35A, Satake Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan) at the same institute's Food Science and Technology Laboratory to obtain polished rice for the bioassays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted in 250 mL plastic jars covered with muslin cloth placed in a growth chamber at 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C temperature, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, and 12:12 h (light: dark) photoperiod. Each jar initially had 20 g polished rice of each variety. The grains were stored in LVS Signature horizontal freezer (Model 91997-H, Dawlance, Karachi, Pakistan) at -20\u0026ordm;C for seven days (d) to disinfect grains. After seven days, rice grains were removed from the freezer and spread on a muslin cloth at room temperature for 72 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrain moisture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water content of the grain was determined with a Grain Moisture Tester (Model RICETER f505, Kett Electrical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan). The average grain moisture of sample varieties determined was 11.7%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResistance of rice varieties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTen pairs of newly-emerged \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e adults were released in each jar containing 20 g disinfected rice grain of each variety in three replicates for each rice variety to see how \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e infestation impacts different varieties. The resistance of stored rice varieties was evaluated at 15, 30, and 45 d after the initial infestation. At 15 d, rice grains were poured onto the paper sheet to count dead and alive insects, and the remaining grains were weighed using Electronic Weighing Scale (Model NAPCO JA-410, Napco Precision Instruments Company Ltd. Shenzhen, China) with 0.001 g accuracy. The number of holes and damaged grains were recorded. Dead insects were removed, and the remaining insects and grains were re-introduced in plastic jars for data recording at the next time intervals (30 d and 45 d).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNutritional value\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grains were analyzed at 0 d and 45 d post-insect infestation to determine their nutritional value. Amylose and protein contents were determined in the different rice varieties infested by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e through Auto grain Analyzer (Model AN900, Kett, Santiago Boulevard, California, USA) (Riaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) using near-infrared light spectra (720\u0026ndash;1100 nm). The case was filled with rice grains and inserted back into the machine at the top of Auto Grain Analyzer. The measurements were displayed on the large digital screen in less than 30 s, and the reading was recorded on the computer. Data were collected thrice (sample replication) for amylose and protein contents. There were eleven treatments (varieties) and three replications (n) in a completely randomized design for each 0 d and 45 d post-insect infestation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsect development time\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty-five pairs of 7d old \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e were transferred to plastic jars containing 50g of each polished rice variety for mating. The insects were allowed to oviposit, and after 72 h of oviposition, insects were removed, and infested seeds were transferred to Petri dishes according to rice variety. The samples were observed daily with Stereozoom Microscope (magnification 20X to 70X) with fluorescent light (Model RZ-48411-35, Cole-Parmer 625 East Bunker Court Vernon Hills, IL 60061 USA) to verify the adult emergence and to estimate the larval period. The emerged adults were paired according to the survival rate of emergence and transferred to another Petri dish containing 100 g of the same polished rice variety. The data on adult longevity were recorded until the death of the last insect. The experimental conditions were 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C temperature, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, and 12:12 h (light: dark) photoperiod.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData on larval development period and adult longevities of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e upon different rice varieties were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while data related to grain damage, percent weight loss, and amylose and protein contents, were submitted to factorial two-way ANOVA and means were compared post-hoc with Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test at 5% of significance level with the computer program Statistix 8.1 (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). To find an association between dependent variable (Y) [weight loss (%)] and independent variables (X) (number of damaged grains and holes), the analysis was done by using simple linear regression model in MS-Excel with the help of equation Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b \u0026times; X, where a is the y-intersect of the line, and b is its slope called regression co-efficient. This regression model also estimated the coefficient of determination (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) (Schneider et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePercent weight loss and grain damage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent weight loss caused by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e infestation was significantly different among rice varieties (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.54, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 98, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), as well as over time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50.93, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 98, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and interaction among varieties \u0026times; time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.24, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20, 98, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Among fine rice varieties, PK 1121 Aromatic (58.49%), Kissan Basmati (58.44%), Chenab Basmati (31.32%), and Punjab Basmti (27.72%) showed higher weight loss due to infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e while among coarse rice varieties, weight loss was highest for KSK 434 (49.63%) and KSK 133 (38.14%). Rice grains from PK 386 (5.21%), Super Basmati (9.67%), Basmati 515 (9.67%), KS 282 (12.38%), and Basmati 385 (22.65%) presented lower weight loss after infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e in comparison with other tested varieties (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring three evaluation periods, the rice varieties KSK 434, KSK 133, Punjab Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Kissan basmati, and PK 1121 Aromatic showed high rates of grain damage after infestation by \u003cem\u003eS.oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. In contrast, PK 386, Super Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, and KS 282 presented moderate grain damage (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Weight loss (%) was highly correlated with the number of damaged grains; their R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value was 0.87. However, weight loss (%) and the number of holes in grains were little correlated, and their R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value was 0.34 (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea and b).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImpact on nutritional composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAmylose content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e decreased the amylose contents significantly (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60.03, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 65, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) among the different rice varieties tested, as well as over time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1690.73, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, 65, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) and interaction among varieties \u0026times; time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36.80, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 65, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). Among tested rice varieties, the highest amylose contents were found in KS 282 (29.97%), KSK 434 (28.97%), and KSK 133 (27.97%), whereas the lowest with PK 386 (21.17%), Kissan Basmati (21.97%), and Basmati 385 (22.83%) before their infestation to \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. However, 45 days post-infestation, the amylose contents decreased to 21.17%, 20.87%, 20.2%, 20.2%, 20.1%, 19.93%, 19.67%, 19.13%, 19.00%, 18.73%, and 18.13% in PK 386, KSK 133, KSK 282, KSK 434, PK 1121 Aromatic, Super Basmati, Kissan Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, and Punjab Basmati, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProtein content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein content increased according to the infestation among the rice varieties (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.22, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 65, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), with time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173.08, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, 65, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and interaction among varieties \u0026times; time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.29, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 65, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Among tested rice varieties, the highest protein contents were found in Basmati 515 (8.13%), Punjab Basmati (8.07%), and Super Basmati (8.00%), and the lowest in KSK 434 (7.07%), KSK 133 (7.17%), and KS 282 (7.47%) before the insect infestation. After 45 days of infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, the protein contents increased to 9.87%, 9.63%, 9.40%, 8.87%, 8.87%, 8.77%, 8.67%, 8.30%, 8.13%, 7.90% and 7.50% in PK 1121 Aromatic, Kissan Basmati, Basmati 515, Punjab Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Basmati 385, Super Basmati, KSK 434, KS 282, PK 386, and KSK 133, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDevelopmental duration of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the developmental duration of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e on all tested rice varieties. The results showed that the total developmental time (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;185.26, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 846, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and the adult longevity (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.32, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 396, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 for females and F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72.35, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 403, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 for males), of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e varied on the different cultivars. The longest immature development time (days) for female and male occurred on Super Basmati (44.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5) followed by PK 386 (40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2), Basmati 515 (40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1), Chenab Basmati (37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2), KS 282 (37.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4), KSK 133 (37.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2), Basmati 385 (36.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1), KSK 434 (36.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3), Punjab Basmati (34.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3), PK 1121 Aromatic (34.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2), and Kissan Basmati (33.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3), respectively. The maximum female and male adult longevity (days) was found on Kissan Basmati (102.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3 and 75.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3, respectively), whereas the lower one, for both males and females, was found on Super Basmati (72.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 and 55.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean duration (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) of total immature stages and adults' longevity of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e on different rice cultivars.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice cultivars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of immature stages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult female longevity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult male longevity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKS 282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKSK 434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKSK 133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePK 386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuper Basmati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasmati 515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKissan Basmati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasmati 385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePK 1121 Aromatic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePunjab Basmati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChenab Basmati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that high rates of grain damage and weight losses found in the rice varieties KSK 434, KSK 133, Punjab Basmati, Chenab Basmati, Kissan Basmati and PK 1121 Aromatic were proved highly susceptible to \u003cem\u003eS.oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eattack. The PK 386, Super Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, and KS 282 indicate they are moderately susceptible to \u003cem\u003eS.oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. The number of damaged grains showed a strong relationship (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.87) with percent weight loss mainly in PK 1121 Aromatic and Kissan Basmati which are extra-long, fine grain varieties with less head rice recovery and broken rice, which results in the presence of fissure rendering them more susceptible to insect pest attack. Resistance in rice genotypes to \u003cem\u003eS. zeamais\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehas been negatively associated with fissure in the grains (Link et al. 1971; Ribeiro et al. 2012).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, amylose contents were significantly reduced due to \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e infestation in rice grains.\u0026nbsp;Similar to our findings, Majd-Marani et al. (2023) reported a decrease in starch contents in three rice cultivars and promising lines following infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Kumar et al. (2020) found that five different genotypes of stored paddy rice attacked by \u003cem\u003eSitotroga cereallela\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehad reduced amylose contents. Wong and Lee (2011) also reported a negative correlation between stored grains infested by \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and carbohydrate contents. Jood et al. (1996) reported a decrease in carbohydrates of wheat, maize, and sorghum grains with 75% infestation level by \u003cem\u003eT. granarium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eR. dominica\u003c/em\u003e. Similarly, depletion of carbohydrates in infested seeds of dry Egyptian common bean \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eby dry bean beetle \u003cem\u003eAcanthoscelides obtectus\u003c/em\u003e (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Gad, 2019), and stored cashew kernels and maize flour by\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (Prabhakumary and Sini 2008; Mehmood et al. 2018) were also reported.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConversely to starch content, our findings reveal that the rice varieties infested by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eincrease the protein contents. Our results agree with Jood et al. (1996), who reported that insect infestation in wheat, sorghum, and maize increases protein content. A positive correlation between insect infestation and protein contents in flours (Rani et al. 2001; Gujral and Pathak 2002; Ortiz-Monasterio et al. 2007; Wong and Lee 2011) has also been reported. The high protein contents in infested stored seeds and flours might be associated with accumulating insect body fragments that are sources of harmful proteins. Moreover, the depletion of seed carbohydrate contents in insect-infested grains might also increase protein levels (Gad 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fastest development of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elarvae occurs on Kissan Basmati and PK 1121 Aromatic, and Punjab Basmati rice varieties here evaluatd. These results agree with previous studies showing that high protein content positively impacts the development of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. The macronutrients, especially protein and carbohydrates are the main factors in insect pest development because Kissan Basmati and PK 1121 Aromatic varieties have low amylose contents. The longer development time of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eimmature stages on other rice varieties tested (Basmati 385, Chenab Basmati, Basmati 515, Super Basmati, PK 386, KSK 133, KSK 434 and KS 282) may be due to higher levels of protein inhibitors, which need futher studies to be evaluated.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fastest development of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eshows the varietal fitness to insect pests. Hence, more prolonged adult survival was found on Punjab Basmati, Kissan Basmati, and PK 1121 Aromatic compared to the other rice varieties. This may be because rice varieties are suitable for \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003edevelopment. This may also be related to the digestive physiology of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, as reported in other studies (Swamynarayana et al. 2014; Jalaeian et al. 2021; Mehta et al. 2021; Majd-Marani et al. 2023). In summary, our results showed that different rice varieties had different susceptibility and suitability for \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Protein contents had an impact on development time and adult longevity. This character may render rice varieties susceptible to this pest. On the other hand, our findings illustrate that some of the rice varieties suffered significantly less weight loss, moderate grain damage and induced longer developmental duration in immatures of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(PK 386, Super Basmati, Basmati 515, and KS 282), may be used in the breeding program due to their fewer susceptibilities for developing resistance characters in these varieties to manage stored grain losses by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad Rizwan:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology, resources, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft. \u003cstrong\u003eAmmara Nasiba:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003einvestigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad Tahir:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eBilal Atta:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eArshed Makhdoom Sabir:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology, resources\u003cstrong\u003e. Umair Sagheer:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Methodology.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eNeelam Shahzadi:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation\u003cstrong\u003e. Muhammad Sabar:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology\u003cstrong\u003e. Ansa Banazeer:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting-original draft.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFormal analysis, writing-review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAmmad Ahmad:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMethodology.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTahir Hussain Awan:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors highly thank Prof. Dr. Jos\u0026eacute; Eduardo Serr\u0026atilde;o from Department of General Biology, Federal University of Vi\u0026ccedil;osa, Brazil to read the manuscript for improvement in English language and sense.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgrafioti P, Sotiroudas V, Kaloudis E, Bantas S, Athanassiou CG (2020) Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities. 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Pak Econ Soc Rev 2:153\u0026ndash;183\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWijerathne KBTT, Dissanayaka DMSK, Wijayaratne LKW (2018) Spinosad affects heat tolerance and heat acclimation of \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (Herbst) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) and \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae \u003c/em\u003eL. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) adults. Trop Agric Res Ext 21(3 \u0026amp; 4):33\u0026ndash;40\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWijayaratne LKW, Fernando MD, Palipane KB (2009) Control of insect pests under ware- house conditions using smoke generated from partial combustion of rice (paddy) husk. J Nat Sci Found 37:125\u0026ndash;134\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWijayaratne LKW, Arthur FH, Whyard S (2018) Methoprene and control of stored-product insects. J Stored Prod Res 76:161\u0026ndash;169\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWong N, Lee CY (2011) Relationship between population growth of the red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and protein and carbohydrate content in flour and starch. J Econ Entomol 104:2087\u0026ndash;2094 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sitophilus oryzae, insect development, nutrition losses, rice varieties, pest management, stored grains","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4192967/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4192967/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRice is an important cereal crop commonly infested by stored grain insects, including \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae \u003c/em\u003eL. This study evaluated the varietal resistance and nutritional composition of different rice varieties following infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. The research was carried out using completely randomized design (CRD) with 11 treatments (varieties) and 3 replications. The rice varieties PK 1121 Aromatic, Kissan Basmati, and KSK 434 were found to be more susceptible to \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae, \u003c/em\u003ewith the highest weight loss at 45 days following infestation. Infestation by \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae \u003c/em\u003edecreased amylose and increased protein contents. The highest amylose contents were found in PK 386, KSK 133, and KS 282, whereas the highest protein contents were in PK 1121 Aromatic, Kissan Basmati, and Basmati 515. The faster larval development in \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae \u003c/em\u003eoccurs on Kissan Basmati, PK 1121 Aromatic and Punjab Basmati. The adult lifespan was longer on Kissan Basmati, PK 1121 Aromatic, and Punjab Basmati. The results indicate that the least affected rice varieties (KS 282, Basmati 515, Super Basmati, and PK 386) have potential to be included in integrated pest management program to control \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Susceptibility of approved rice varieties in Punjab, Pakistan to Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its impact on nutritional contents of rice grains","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-09 11:24:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4192967/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"faba8cd1-cbd1-4b73-968d-238d917967b0","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-03T18:56:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-09 11:24:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4192967","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4192967","identity":"rs-4192967","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}