Impact of Preoperative Inflammatory Indices and Postoperative Pneumonia on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study

Impact of Preoperative Inflammatory Indices and Postoperative Pneumonia on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of Preoperative Inflammatory Indices and Postoperative Pneumonia on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study Yingding Ruan, Jianwei Han, Aiming Yang, Qingguo Ding, Ting Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3892525/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Pulmonary Medicine → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative inflammatory indices and postoperative pneumonia (POP) on postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary resection at our hospital (January 2016-October 2019) were enrolled. Preoperative inflammatory indices, demographic data, surgical details, and postoperative conditions were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with POAF were also conducted. Results: Among the 382 patients included in the study, 32 (8.38%) developed POAF. Approximately 31 patients (96.9%) developed atrial fibrillation within three days after surgery. The POAF group had a significantly greater mean age (68 years) than did the non-POAF group (62 years) (P=0.002). Additionally, compared with non-POAF patients, POAF patients exhibited an increased number of mediastinal lymph nodes (P<0.001) and mediastinal lymph node stations (P<0.001). The POAF group also had a greater intraoperative blood volume (P=0.006), longer surgical duration (P=0.022), greater incidence of POP (P=0.09), and greater drainage volume (P=0.003). TNM stage (P<0.001) and type of lung resection (P=0.049) were also associated with POAF. Compared to those in the non-POAF group, the POAF group had longer postoperative hospital stays (10.54 days vs. 9 days; P=0.001) and longer drainage times (7 days vs. 5 days; P=0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed age, POP grade, and TNM stage as independent predictors of POAF in NSCLC patients. Conclusion: Preoperative inflammatory indices were not significantly associated with POAF, but age, POP, and TNM stage were identified as independent predictors. Early-stage NSCLC patients may have a greater susceptibility to POAF than early-stage patients, although further validation is needed. Additionally, POAF was linked to a longer postoperative hospital stay. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pulmonary Surgery Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Preoperative Inflammatory Indices Postoperative Pneumonia. Figures Figure 1 Introduction Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common cardiac complication after lung cancer surgery, the reported incidence of which ranges from 3.5–8.6% [ 1 – 4 ] . It can result in life-threatening events such as cardiopulmonary complications, including heart failure, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and fatality, leading to prolonged hospitalization, heightened mortality, and unfavorable prognosis [ 5 ] . Therefore, investigating the risk factors for POAF following lung cancer surgery is crucial. Previous studies have linked the occurrence of POAF after lung surgery to factors such as age, type of lung resection, sex, clinical stage, history of coronary artery disease, and lymph node dissection [ 1 – 7 ] . However, the relationships between POAF development and preoperative and intraoperative risk factors have not yet been firmly established. Moreover, there is limited research on the impact of preoperative inflammatory indices and postoperative pneumonia (POP) on POAF. Therefore, it is important to re-evaluate the risk factors for POAF in recent lung cancer surgeries. The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of preoperative inflammatory indices, mediastinal lymph node status, and POP on the development of POAF in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study primarily analyzed patients who underwent pulmonary resection at our hospital from January 2016 to October 2019. All pulmonary resections were performed by the same thoracic surgical team throughout the study. The inclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (1) had pulmonary resection and (2) had a postoperative pathological diagnosis of NSCLC. Exclusion criteria included: (1) repeat surgery; (2) benign pathology; (3) nonprimary lung tumors; (4) antibiotics or hormone therapy; (5) preoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or other treatments; (6) consecutive surgeries within one month; (7) transfer to another hospital; (8) history of atrial fibrillation; (9) stage IV or palliative surgery. Blood samples were collected from all patients before surgery for inflammatory index evaluation. All patients were restaged according to the eighth edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification of lung cancer established by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) [ 8 ] . The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First People’s Hospital of Jiande. Due to the retrospective nature of the data used in this study and because the patient's name was not available, there was no issue infringing on patient privacy; therefore, the study was exempted from the Ethics Committee. Data collection Demographics, clinicopathologic features and operative details of the patients, including sex, age, BMI, smoking history, medical history (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), surgical approach, TNM stage, resection sites and type of lung resection, electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring, number of mediastinal lymph nodes retrieved and nodal stations explored, surgical duration, intraoperative bleeding volume, drainage time and volume, postoperative hospital stay, POP, pathological types and TNM stages, were retrospectively collected. The preoperative inflammatory indices evaluated in this study included the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII), calculated as follows: SII = platelet * neutrophil/lymphocyte. These indices were used to assess the patients' preoperative systemic inflammatory status. Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring All patients were obligated to undergo ECG monitoring for 24 to 72 hours after surgery. In the case of arrhythmias or if patients experience symptoms such as palpitations or chest tightness, bedside electrocardiography will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Definition of POAF POAF was defined as the occurrence of new-onset atrial fibrillation confirmed by an ECG at least once between the thoracic procedure and discharge from the hospital [ 9 ] . The diagnosis of POAF is based on an ECG assessment. Definition of POP A diagnosis of POP met at least three of the following criteria: (1) Chest plain film or chest CT showing lung exudation and consolidation; (2) Temperature > 38°C; (3) WBC > 10000/mm 3 or < 3000/mm 3 ; (4) Pathogens were detected in sputum, or purulent secretions were detected via bronchoscopy. Statistical analysis The data are presented as the mean and standard deviation or median (P25, P75). Student’s t test was used for normally distributed data, while the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for nonnormally distributed data. The frequency (%) was calculated for categorical data and was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the binary logistic regression model. Variables with P < 0.1 in the single factor analysis were included in the multiple factor analysis, and P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all the data analyses. Results Demographic and baseline characteristics Between January 2016 and October 2019, approximately 585 pulmonary resections were performed at our hospital. After excluding 203 patients, 382 patients remained for analysis (Figure 1). A total of 199 females and 183 males were included. The median age was 65 years (range: 57-70), and the median body mass index (BMI) was 22.7 kg/m² (range: 20.9-24.9). The average preoperative inflammatory markers were as follows: pSII, 431.76 (range: 292.73-623.18); PLR, 128.71 (range: 97.27-172.78); NLR, 2.57 (range: 1.84-3.46); and LMR, 4 (range: 3-5.21). The median surgical duration was 138 minutes (range: 99-180), and the average intraoperative bleeding volume was 100 ml (range: 50-100). Among the patients, 316 had adenocarcinoma, 47 had squamous cell carcinoma, and 19 had other rare NSCLC subtypes. Postoperative TNM stages were as follows: IA1 (31.9%), ⅠA2 (35.9%), ⅠA3 (16.2%), ⅠB (4.2%), ⅡA (1.0%), ⅡB (4.2%), ⅢA (5.3%), and ⅢB (1.2%). Pulmonary resections included pneumonectomy (1.3%), wedge resection (17.8%), segmental resection (18.1%), and lobectomy (62.8%). The median mediastinal lymph node and node station counts were 5 (range: 0-10) and 2 (range: 0-3), respectively. The median drainage time and postoperative hospital stay were 5 days (range: 3.2-9) and 9.4 days (range: 6.4-12.4), respectively. POP was the most common postoperative complication and affected approximately 66 patients. The detailed data are available in Table 1. POAF outcome Among the 382 NSCLC patients, 32 (8.4%) developed POAF. No in-hospital POAF-related deaths occurred. POAF symptoms developed within a median of 1 day (range: 1-3) postsurgery and lasted approximately 1 day on average. Approximately 65.6% of the POAF patients exhibited symptoms on the first postoperative day. Symptoms improved with treatment, and 90.6% of the patients returned to a normal rhythm. At discharge, 3 patients still had POAF and were prescribed anticoagulants. Among these patients, 3 reported palpitations and chest discomfort, while the others were asymptomatic. Blood flow dynamics were normal across all patients. Comparison of clinical data between the POAF and non-POAF groups The study revealed differences in factors between the POAF and non-POAF groups. The average age was greater in the POAF group than in the non-POAF group (68.94±7.808 years vs. 63.00±10.435 years, P = 0.002). More mediastinal lymph nodes and stations were retrieved in the POAF group [median nodes: 9.5 (5.5, 14) vs. 4 (0, 9), P<0.001; average node stations: (3.28±2.004) vs. (1.94±1.766), P<0.001]. Furthermore, the duration of surgery (P=0.022), intraoperative bleeding volume (P=0.006), postoperative hospital stay (P= 0.001), drainage volume (P=0.003), and drainage time (P=0.004) were significantly greater in patients with POAF than in patients without POAF. Additionally, TNM stage (P<0.001) and the type of lung resection (P=0.049) differed between the two groups. However, there were no differences in preoperative inflammatory factor levels, such as the pSII, PLR, NLR, or LMR, between the two groups. Similarly, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema had minimal impacts on POAF, and these two conditions were not significantly different between the groups. Smoking status and BMI were also not significantly different (P>0.05). Other factors, including sex, pathological type, type of lung resection, surgical approach, left atrial size, ejection fraction, antibiotics, and preoperative and postoperative ALB concentrations, also did not exhibit substantial variation (P>0.05). The detailed results are available in Table 2 and Table 3. Risk factor analysis for POAF We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the clinical data. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.1) in age, TNM stage, mediastinal lymph node stations and nodes, surgery duration, drainage volume and time, postoperative hospitalization, type of lung resection, and POP. Importantly, multivariate logistic regression analysis (P<0.1) revealed that age (OR=0.938, 95% CI=0.889–0.99, p=0.021), TNM stage (OR=0.747, 95% CI=0.602–0.928, p=0.008), and POP (OR=2.627, 95% CI=1.038–6.649, p=0.042) were found to be independent predictors of POAF in patients with NSCLC (Tables 4 and 5). Discussion Despite ongoing efforts to reduce POAF, it remains a significant complication after pulmonary resection. Our study revealed an 8.4% incidence of NSCLC, supporting the prevalence of POAF [ 1 – 4 ] . While research on POAF has decreased in recent years, this topic remains important. By analyzing preoperative inflammatory markers, POP incidence, and other risk factors, we found that POP incidence, age, and TNM stage were significant factors affecting POAF. These findings validate the findings of previous research and provide guidance for prevention and treatment. Previous studies have suggested that local inflammation is a risk factor for POAF [ 9 – 11 ] . Earlier research has linked the occurrence of POAF to interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein [ 11 – 13 ] . Boons et al. [ 10 ] reported associations between prolonged ventilation and pneumonia combined with POAF in cardiothoracic surgery patients. Preventive measures such as low-flow oxygen inhalation may reduce the incidence of POAF, although this remains controversial [ 14 ] . In our study, POP accounted for the highest proportion of complications, approximately 55.5% (66/119). Additionally, a greater proportion of POP was observed in the POAF group than in the non-POAF group (28.1% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.09), indicating a correlation between POP and POAF occurrence. Through multivariate analysis, we obtained preliminary evidence that POP is indeed an independent risk factor for POAF (P = 0.042). On the other hand, preoperative inflammatory markers, such as white blood cell count, are widely recognized as predictive factors for POAF [ 15 – 16 ] . However, related research on the impact of preoperative inflammatory indices on the development of POAF following lung cancer surgery is rare. In this study, the main preoperative inflammatory indices used were the pSII, PLR, NLR, and LMR. To some extent, they represent the preoperative inflammatory level in patients. Additionally, there is evidence that these indices can predict the occurrence of POP [ 17 ] . Although this study revealed no impact of inflammatory indices on POAF, further research is needed to determine whether these indices can predict the occurrence of POP, which in turn may affect the development of POAF. Age has consistently emerged as the most significant factor influencing POAF incidence, with its incidence increasing with age. In 2002, Amar's study emphasized that the incidence of POAF increases with age in patients aged > 60 years who underwent thoracic surgery, identifying this age group as a risk factor [ 18 ] . In our study, the average age of patients in the POAF group (68 years) was significantly greater than that of patients in the non-POAF group (63 years) (p < 0.002). The results of the multivariate analysis further corroborated the impact of age on POAF, which was consistent with the findings of previous research [ 1 , 5 , 7 , 18 ] . In 2014, a study conducted by Jelena Ivanovic et al. [ 19 ] revealed that out of 274 patients, 43 had atrial fibrillation. Based on the 2009 AJCC 7th edition staging system, patients were categorized into stages IA/IB, IIA/IIB, IIIA/IIIB, and IV. The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference among the patients in the stage IV subgroup (P < 0.05). In 2010, Onaitis et al. [ 20 ] conducted a study utilizing the Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database, focusing on patients with lung cancer who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Patients were categorized based on TNM staging into those with pathological stages less than stage II and those with pathological stages greater than stage II. Multivariate analysis indicated that patients with higher-stage or larger tumors were more prone to developing POAF. Thus, TNM staging is indeed related to POAF. In our study, we also found a relationship between TNM stage and POAF (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that TNM staging is an independent risk factor for POAF. However, it is quite peculiar that early-stage lung cancer patients were more prone to developing POAF than advanced-stage patients were among those with stages I to III. Upon analyzing the data, we believe that this discrepancy may be attributed to selection bias, as stage I patients accounted for 88.2% of the sample. Therefore, the data distribution in our study is inconsistent. Nevertheless, we can conclude that TNM staging does have an impact on POAF. However, further research is needed to understand the specific circumstances involved. Research has suggested that the volume of the resected lung may affect POAF. One study [ 3 ] revealed that the incidence of POAF was lower in patients who underwent segmental resection (1.4%) than in those who underwent lobectomy resection (2.8%). Furthermore, early studies [ 2 , 21 ] identified pulmonary resection surgery as an independent risk factor for POAF. Several studies have proposed a potential association between tissue loss during pulmonary resection, postoperative reduction in lung function, myocardial hypoxia, and POAF [ 4 , 7 ] . In our study, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the POAF and non-POAF groups (P = 0.049). However, multivariate analysis revealed that the type of lung resection was not an independent risk factor for POAF. Interestingly, no patients in the POAF group underwent pneumonectomy. Only 5 (1.3%) of the included patients underwent left-sided pneumonectomy. However, pneumonectomy has been reported as a risk factor for POAF [ 19 ] . Therefore, the type of lung resection may impact the occurrence of POAF, but the limited number of patients who underwent pneumonectomy restricts this comparison. Mediastinal lymph node dissection may cause direct damage to the cardiac nerve plexus at the aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation, thereby affecting the incidence of POAF. Some experts [ 1 , 2 , 22 ] have hypothesized that mediastinal lymph node dissection could trigger atrial fibrillation, increasing the risk of POAF. However, a study [ 23 ] argued that there is no significant association between them. We separately analyzed the number of mediastinal lymph nodes and the number of lymph node stations explored. The POAF group had a significantly greater median number of mediastinal lymph nodes (9 vs 4) and average number of detected lymph node stations (3 vs 2) than did the non-POAF group (P < 0.05). However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the impact of the number of lymph nodes and the number of explored lymph node stations on POAF was minimal. Therefore, further research is still needed to investigate whether omitting mediastinal lymph node dissection reduces the occurrence of POAF. Both the type of lung resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection can influence the duration of surgery. Previous research has indicated an increased incidence of POAF when the surgical duration exceeds 180 minutes [ 24 ] . In our study, the average surgical durations for the POAF and non-POAF groups were approximately 166 minutes and 141 minutes, respectively. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.022), multivariate analysis showed that it had no impact on POAF. This finding is consistent with the aforementioned research since the average surgical duration in both groups did not exceed 180 minutes. Therefore, we still recommend attempting to maintain the surgical duration within 180 minutes whenever possible. Previous studies have consistently reported a correlation between POAF and prolonged postoperative hospital stay [ 2 ] . Our research revealed that patients who developed POAF had a median postoperative hospital stay of approximately 11 days, whereas patients who did not develop POAF had a median hospital stay of 9 days (p = 0.001). Additionally, the drainage time in the POAF group was significantly prolonged, and the drainage volume was greater. Univariate analysis also demonstrated correlations between postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.001), drainage time (P < 0.001), drainage volume (P < 0.001), and POAF. Although multivariate analysis did not reveal drainage time or volume to be independent risk factors for POAF, prolonged drainage time and increased drainage volume during hospitalization can lead to a longer hospital stay, which can also have an impact on POAF incidence. Therefore, further multicenter data collection and prospective studies are necessary. Previous studies have consistently indicated that POAF often occurs within three days after surgery [ 1 – 2 ] . Our research revealed that the incidence of POAF was highest on the first day after surgery (65.6%), with 31 out of 32 cases occurring within three days after surgery. This early occurrence may be exacerbated by increased sputum production within 24–72 hours after surgery, potentially leading to acute hypoxemia. Pain and anesthesia directly affect respiratory and cough reflexes, increasing the incidence of POAF. Notably, POAF typically diminishes over time and is usually transient after pulmonary resection surgery. It is often caused by surgical trauma, hypoxemia, or other stressors rather than organic heart disease. Therefore, POAF following pulmonary resection surgery is typically transient. Amiodarone and digoxin have been recommended by researchers for the effective management of POAF [ 9 ] . Our study assessed the efficacy of these agents in the treatment of POAF. Among the 26 patients treated with amiodarone or digoxin, clinical improvement was observed in all patients. Of the 32 patients, 29 had a restored sinus rhythm before discharge, while 3 continued to have atrial fibrillation and received anticoagulant therapy after discharge. Some patients reported symptoms of palpitations and chest discomfort, but all patients maintained hemodynamic stability and did not experience significant discomfort. This study has several strengths. First, there is limited research on preoperative inflammatory indices, and this study innovatively incorporated preoperative inflammatory indices into the analysis. Although the results showed no correlation with POAF, the inclusion of preoperative inflammatory indices opens up a new avenue for future research as our understanding of inflammatory indices deepens. Second, this study included anti-inflammatory drugs as a variable of interest, providing further insights into the management of these drugs. This study has several limitations. First, due to the retrospective enrollment of patients from a single center, there is a possibility of selection bias, potentially resulting in the exclusion or underdetection of patients with POAF. Second, incomplete data were collected for outcomes such as lung function and pain, limiting their examination. Third, the sample size was small, and the incidence of POAF was limited, which affected the comprehensive analysis of risk factors. Fourth, for the indicators of anti-inflammatory drugs, we did not conduct further detailed analysis, such as the type, dosage, or duration of treatment. Therefore, in our future work, we will delve into these aspects to gain a better understanding of their impact on postoperative recovery. In summary, the results of this study demonstrated no significant association between preoperative inflammatory indices and the POA. However, TNM stage, age, and POP were identified as independent predictors of POAF. Preliminary findings regarding TNM staging suggest that early-stage NSCLC patients may be more prone to developing POAF than early-stage patients, but further validation is needed. Additionally, POAF was found to be associated with prolonged hospital stays. Abbreviations POAF, postoperative arterial fibrillation; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; BMI, body mass index; POP, postoperative pneumonia; pSII, preoperative systemic immune inflammation index; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; TNM, tumor, node, and metastasis; IASLC, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer; ECG, electrocardiography. Declarations Ethical approval The Ethics Committee of The First People’s Hospital of Jiande approved this study, and the human data used were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was waived by the First People’s Hospital of Jiande. Consent for publication Written informed consent was obtained from the patient or her family for the publication of this report and any accompanying images. AI and AI-assisted Technologies In the preparation of this work, the authors did not utilize any AI technology for editing the manuscript. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the publication. CRediT authorship contribution statement Yingding Ruan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing– original draft, writing– review & editing. Jianwei Han: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Aiming Yang: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. Qingguo Ding: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. Ting Zhang: Conceptualization, supervision, writing – review & editing. Declaration of competing interests The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose. Funding This research was supported by the Jiande Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, including Grant No. 2023YW05 and Grant No. 2023SJZX22. Availability of Data Any researchers interested in this study could contact us to request the data. Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing None References Muranishi Y, Sonobe M, Menju T, et al. 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Perioperative risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients underwent uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) pneumonectomy versus open thoracotomy: single center experience. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021 Mar;69(3):487-496. Zhang YK,Li B,Liu J,et al. Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in lung cancer patients undergoing thoracoscopic segmentectomy or lobectomy[J]. J Cancer Control Treat,2021,34（9）：798 - 804. Tables Table 1：Patient Characteristics, Incidence of POAF,[n(%),M(QR)] Characteristics Date Incidence of POAF(n, %) 32(8.4) Time of incidence(d) 1(1,3) Sex(n,%) Male 183(47.5) Female 199(52.5) Age(years) 65(57, 70) BMI(kg/m2) 22.7(20.3, 24.9) Postoperative hospital stay(days) 9.4(6.4, 12.4) Smoking(n,%) 122(31.9) Comorbidities(n,%) Hypertension 92(24.1) Diabetes 6(1.6) Coronary heart disease 4(1.0) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 21(5.5) Comorbidities of Hypertension, Diabetes, Cardiac History, and Pulmonary History 35(9.2) Pathologic staging*(n,%) Stage IA1 122(31.9) Stage IA2 137(35.9) Stage IA3 62(16.2) Stage IB 16(4.2) Stage IIA 4(1.0) Stage IIB 16(4.2) Stage IIIA 20(5.3) Stage IIIB 5(1.2) Approaches(n,%) U-VATS 212(55.5) M-VATS 159(41.6) Thoracotomy 11(2.9) Type of lung resection(n,%) Lobectomy 240(62.8) Segmental 69(18.1) Wedge 68(17.8) Pneumonectomy 5(1.3) Resection Site(n,%) Right upper 122(31.9) Right middle 26(6.8) Right lower 76(19.9) Left upper 91(23.8) Left lower 62(16.2) Pneumonectomy(n,%) 5(1.3) Duration of surgery (min) 138(99, 180) Intraoperative bleeding volume (mL) 100(50, 100) Pathological Types(n,%) Adenocarcinoma 316(82.7) Squamous Cell Carcinoma 47(12.3) Rare NSCLC 19(5.0) Number of Mediastinal lymph nodes retrieved 5(0, 10) Mediastinal lymph node stations explored 2(0, 3) Postoperative Complications(n, %) 119(31.2) Drainage volume (ml) 860(527.5, 1417.5) Drainage time (days) 5(3.2,9) Antibiotics(%) 338(88.5) pSII 431.76(292.73,623.18) PLR 128.71(97.27,172.78) NLR 2.57(1.84,3.46) LMR 4.00(3.00,5.21) preoperative albumin level 43.15(39.8,46.5) postoperative albumin level 33.80(30.6, 36.6) Echocardiography ejection fraction(%) 67.7(63.38, 73) Echocardiography left atrial size(mm) 31.5(28.7, 35.7) Postoperative Pneumonia(%) 66(17.3) U-VATS, Uniportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery; M-VATS, Multiportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery; pSII, Preoperative Systemic Immune Inflammation indices; NLR, Meutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; PLR, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; LMR, Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio; Table 2: Categorical data analysis of the two groups Categorical data POAF(n=32) non-POAF(n=350) P Value Sex (n, %) 0.537 Male 17(53.1) 166(47.4) Female 15(46.9) 184(52.6) Smoking (n, %) 0.271 Yes 13(40.6) 109(31.3) No 19(59.4) 241(68.9) TNM Stage*(n, %) <0.001 Stage IA1 2(6.3) 120(34.3) Stage IA2 12(37.5) 125(35.7) Stage IA3 4(12.5) 58(16.6) Stage IB 4(12.5) 12(3.4) Stage IIA 0(0.0) 4(1.1) Stage IIB 2(6.3) 14(4.0) Stage IIIA 6(18.8) 14(4.0) Stage IIIB 2(6.3) 3(0.9) Pathological types(n, %) 0.755 Adenocarcinoma 26(81.3) 290(82.9) Squamous cell carcinoma 5(15.6) 42(12.0) Rare NSCLC 1(3.1) 18(5.1) Lobectomy(n, %) 0.648 Right upper 11(34.4) 111(31.7) Right middle 4(12.5) 22(6.3) Right lower 4(12.5) 72(20.6) Left upper 7(21.9) 84(24.0) Left lower 6(18.8) 56(16.0) Pneumonectomy 0（0.0） 5(1.4) Type of lung resection 0.049 Lobectomy 27(84.4) 213(60.9) Segmental 4(12.5) 65(18.6) Wedge 1(3.1) 67(19.1) Pneumonectomy 0(0.0) 5(1.4) Approach 0.144 U-VATS 13(40.6) 199(56.9) M-VATS 17(53.1) 142(40.6) Thoracotomy 2(6.3) 9(2.5) Comorbidities 0.774 Yes 14(43.8) 144(41.1) No 18(56.3) 206(59.9) Antibiotics 0.447 Yes 27(84.4) 311(88.9) No 5(15.6) 39(11.1) Postoperative Pneumonia 0.09 Yes 9(28.1) 57(16.3) No 23(71.9) 293(83.7) *8th edition TNM stage grouping; Table 3: Patient Characteristics, Incidence of Intraoperative Atrial Fibrillation, and Statistical Analysis[mean±standard deviation,M(P25,P75)] Continuous Data POAF(n=32) non-POAF(n=350) t/Z P Value Age(years) 68.94±7.808 63.00±10.435 3.138 0.002 *BMI(kg/m2) 22.23±3.867 22.79±3.571 -0.849 0.397 Duration of surgery 166.22±61.458 141.23±58.363 2.309 0.022 Mediastinal lymph node stations explored 3.28±2.004 1.94±1.766 4.073 <0.001 LMR 4.42±1.906 4.26±1.778 0.489 0.625 preoperative albumin level 41.73±6.148 43.15±4.488 -1.647 0.213 postoperative albumin level 32.80±3.664 33.76±4.309 -1.223 0.222 Echocardiography ejection fraction(%) 67.13±8.749 68.48±7.134 -0.999 0.318 Echocardiography left atrial size(mm) 32.98±4.651 31.85±5.519 1.125 0.261 Intraoperative bleeding volume (mL) 100(100, 200) 100(50, 100) -2.745 0.006 Postoperative hospital stay(days) 10.54(8.44, 15.36) 9(5.91, 12.40) -3.293 0.001 Number of Mediastinal lymph nodes retrieved 9.5(5.5, 14) 4(0, 9) -3.873 <0.001 Drainage volume (ml) 1150(791.25, 2192.50) 820(543.75, 1400) -2.977 0.003 Drainage time (days) 7(5, 10.75) 5(3.03, 9) -2.865 0.004 pSII 368.24(225.37, 599.49) 436.15(303.05, 624.03) -1.507 0.132 PLR 118.86(92.57, 158.21) 129.21(97.27, 174.72) -0.835 0.404 NLR 2.47(1.75, 3.31) 2.57(1.86, 3.47) -0.553 0.58 *BMI:Body Mass Index Table 4:Results of univariate logistic regression analyses for POAF 95%Exp(B) CI Variables B SE Wald P Exp(B) Down Up Sex 0.228 0.37 0.38 0.538 1.256 0.608 2.595 Age -0.071 0.023 9.52 0.002 0.931 0.89 0.974 Pathological Types 0.015 0.357 0.002 0.966 1.015 0.505 2.042 Pathologic staging* -0.374 0.084 19.799 <0.001 0.688 0.583 0.811 BMI 0.045 0.053 0.723 0.395 1.046 0.943 1.162 Intraoperative bleeding volume -0.001 0.001 5.371 0.02 0.999 0.998 1 Duration of surgery -0.007 0.003 5.151 0.023 0.993 0.988 0.999 Postoperative hospital stay -0.092 0.028 11.276 0.001 0.912 0.864 0.962 Resection Site 0.053 0.121 0.194 0.66 1.055 0.832 1.337 Type of lung resection 0.934 0.369 6.4 0.011 2.544 1.234 5.245 Approach -0.609 0.317 3.694 0.055 0.544 0.293 1.012 Comorbidities -0.056 0.372 0.023 0.88 0.945 0.456 1.96 Number of Mediastinal lymph nodes retrieved -0.088 0.024 13.605 <0.001 0.916 0.874 0.96 Mediastinal lymph node stations explored -0.376 0.099 14.358 <0.001 0.687 0.565 0.834 Postoperative Pneumonia 0.699 0.419 2.782 0.095 2.011 0.885 4.572 Drainage volume 0 0 7.402 0.007 1 0.999 1 Drainage time -0.068 0.031 4.844 0.028 0.934 0.879 0.993 pSII 0 0 0.567 0.451 1 0.999 1.001 PLR 0.002 0.003 0.491 0.483 1.002 0.996 1.008 NLR 0.105 0.12 0.757 0.384 1.11 0.877 1.406 LMR -0.049 0.1 0.24 0.624 0.952 0.782 1.159 preoperative albumin level 0.063 0.039 2.681 0.102 1.065 0.988 1.149 postoperative albumin level 0.052 0.043 1.492 0.222 1.053 0.969 1.145 Smoking -0.414 0.378 1.199 0.273 0.661 0.315 1.387 Antibiotics -0.39 0.516 0.572 0.45 0.677 0.246 1.86 Echocardiography ejection fraction 0.026 0.026 0.999 0.317 1.026 0.975 1.08 Echocardiography left atrial size -0.038 0.034 1.263 0.261 0.963 0.902 1.028 Table 5:Results of multivariable logistic regression analyses for POAF 95%Exp(B) CI Variables B SE Wald P Exp(B) Down Up Age -0.064 0.027 5.365 0.021 0.938 0.889 0.99 Pathologic staging* -0.291 0.11 6.956 0.008 0.747 0.602 0.928 Intraoperative bleeding volume -0.001 0.001 0.454 0.5 0.999 0.998 1.001 Duration of surgery 0.002 0.005 0.163 0.687 1.002 0.993 1.011 Type of lung resection 0.363 0.323 1.261 0.261 1.438 0.763 2.709 Approach 0.137 0.38 0.13 0.719 1.147 0.544 2.417 Number of Mediastinal lymph nodes retrieved -0.054 0.034 2.495 0.114 0.948 0.887 1.013 Mediastinal lymph node stations explored -0.094 0.149 0.399 0.528 0.91 0.68 1.218 Postoperative Pneumonia 0.966 0.474 4.154 0.042 2.627 1.038 6.649 Drainage volume 0 0 0.318 0.573 1 1 1 Drainage time 0.008 0.048 0.025 0.874 1.008 0.918 1.106 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Pulmonary Medicine → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 13 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jan, 2024 Editor invited by journal 24 Jan, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3892525","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269540531,"identity":"a3fda2ce-b0c6-4c76-9bf4-4818e295df2b","order_by":0,"name":"Yingding Ruan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First People’s Hospital of Jiande","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yingding","middleName":"","lastName":"Ruan","suffix":""},{"id":269540532,"identity":"cf079c86-523b-43c4-a5e6-baa9f114e410","order_by":1,"name":"Jianwei Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First People’s Hospital of Jiande","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":269540533,"identity":"b74678c2-5756-4817-b65e-758cc3d1f732","order_by":2,"name":"Aiming Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First People’s Hospital of Jiande","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aiming","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":269540534,"identity":"e626a392-348e-48ad-9783-e7520b83caba","order_by":3,"name":"Qingguo Ding","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First People’s Hospital of Jiande","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qingguo","middleName":"","lastName":"Ding","suffix":""},{"id":269540535,"identity":"57cb15b2-7604-48a8-a9b1-ce66522d3cca","order_by":4,"name":"Ting Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNgaGCgZmEEuCeC0HzpCs5WAbhEWcFvn29mePP86rYzc4wHzwNg+DXR5BLYw9B9INDm5jYzY4wJZszcOQXExQC7NEwjGJg9t4gFp4zKR5GA4kNhDSwib/sE3i4BwJoBb+b8Rp4ZFgZpM42GAAsoWNOC0SPGlsEmeOJTBLHmYztpxjkExYi3z78WcSFTV1yXzHmx/eeFNhR1gLDCRDItOAWPVAYEeC2lEwCkbBKBhpAAA0pzOvDB5IMgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ting","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-24 01:44:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3892525/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3892525/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03174-8","type":"published","date":"2024-07-23T00:27:19+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50330353,"identity":"993ebc08-71f5-48b2-b771-60aa14bc6c4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-29 21:39:44","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow diagram showing the schema of study selection for patients with NSCLC (POAF, postoperative atrial fibrillation).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3892525/v1/2688ef6051a9b1624a8cdfb9.png"},{"id":60948499,"identity":"dea2ab89-115a-4069-b77e-86659d1f7d73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-24 00:27:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":957129,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3892525/v1/468c1e34-8696-4b45-98bd-931acded488f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Preoperative Inflammatory Indices and Postoperative Pneumonia on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePostoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common cardiac complication after lung cancer surgery, the reported incidence of which ranges from 3.5\u0026ndash;8.6%\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. It can result in life-threatening events such as cardiopulmonary complications, including heart failure, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and fatality, leading to prolonged hospitalization, heightened mortality, and unfavorable prognosis\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, investigating the risk factors for POAF following lung cancer surgery is crucial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have linked the occurrence of POAF after lung surgery to factors such as age, type of lung resection, sex, clinical stage, history of coronary artery disease, and lymph node dissection\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the relationships between POAF development and preoperative and intraoperative risk factors have not yet been firmly established. Moreover, there is limited research on the impact of preoperative inflammatory indices and postoperative pneumonia (POP) on POAF. Therefore, it is important to re-evaluate the risk factors for POAF in recent lung cancer surgeries. The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of preoperative inflammatory indices, mediastinal lymph node status, and POP on the development of POAF in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis retrospective cohort study primarily analyzed patients who underwent pulmonary resection at our hospital from January 2016 to October 2019. All pulmonary resections were performed by the same thoracic surgical team throughout the study. The inclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (1) had pulmonary resection and (2) had a postoperative pathological diagnosis of NSCLC. Exclusion criteria included: (1) repeat surgery; (2) benign pathology; (3) nonprimary lung tumors; (4) antibiotics or hormone therapy; (5) preoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or other treatments; (6) consecutive surgeries within one month; (7) transfer to another hospital; (8) history of atrial fibrillation; (9) stage IV or palliative surgery. Blood samples were collected from all patients before surgery for inflammatory index evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll patients were restaged according to the eighth edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification of lung cancer established by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Jiande. Due to the retrospective nature of the data used in this study and because the patient's name was not available, there was no issue infringing on patient privacy; therefore, the study was exempted from the Ethics Committee.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographics, clinicopathologic features and operative details of the patients, including sex, age, BMI, smoking history, medical history (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), surgical approach, TNM stage, resection sites and type of lung resection, electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring, number of mediastinal lymph nodes retrieved and nodal stations explored, surgical duration, intraoperative bleeding volume, drainage time and volume, postoperative hospital stay, POP, pathological types and TNM stages, were retrospectively collected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preoperative inflammatory indices evaluated in this study included the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII), calculated as follows: SII\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;platelet * neutrophil/lymphocyte. These indices were used to assess the patients' preoperative systemic inflammatory status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eElectrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll patients were obligated to undergo ECG monitoring for 24 to 72 hours after surgery. In the case of arrhythmias or if patients experience symptoms such as palpitations or chest tightness, bedside electrocardiography will be performed to confirm the diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDefinition of POAF\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOAF was defined as the occurrence of new-onset atrial fibrillation confirmed by an ECG at least once between the thoracic procedure and discharge from the hospital\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The diagnosis of POAF is based on an ECG assessment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDefinition of POP\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA diagnosis of POP met at least three of the following criteria:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Chest plain film or chest CT showing lung exudation and consolidation;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Temperature\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;38\u0026deg;C;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) WBC\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10000/mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e or \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3000/mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Pathogens were detected in sputum, or purulent secretions were detected via bronchoscopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data are presented as the mean and standard deviation or median (P25, P75). Student\u0026rsquo;s t test was used for normally distributed data, while the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for nonnormally distributed data. The frequency (%) was calculated for categorical data and was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the binary logistic regression model. Variables with P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1 in the single factor analysis were included in the multiple factor analysis, and P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all the data analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic and baseline characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween January 2016 and October 2019, approximately 585 pulmonary resections were performed at our hospital. After excluding 203 patients, 382 patients remained for analysis (Figure 1). A total of 199 females and 183 males were included. The median age was 65 years (range: 57-70), and the median body mass index (BMI) was 22.7 kg/m\u0026sup2; (range: 20.9-24.9). The average preoperative inflammatory markers were as follows: pSII, 431.76 (range: 292.73-623.18); PLR, 128.71 (range: 97.27-172.78); NLR, 2.57 (range: 1.84-3.46); and LMR, 4 (range: 3-5.21). The median\u0026nbsp;surgical duration\u0026nbsp;was 138 minutes (range: 99-180), and the average intraoperative bleeding volume was 100 ml (range: 50-100).\u0026nbsp;Among the patients, 316 had adenocarcinoma, 47 had squamous cell carcinoma, and 19 had other rare NSCLC subtypes. Postoperative TNM stages were as follows: IA1 (31.9%), ⅠA2 (35.9%), ⅠA3 (16.2%), ⅠB (4.2%), ⅡA (1.0%), ⅡB (4.2%), ⅢA (5.3%), and ⅢB (1.2%). Pulmonary resections included pneumonectomy (1.3%), wedge resection (17.8%), segmental resection (18.1%), and lobectomy (62.8%). The median mediastinal lymph node and node station counts were 5 (range: 0-10) and 2 (range: 0-3), respectively. The median drainage time and\u0026nbsp;postoperative hospital stay\u0026nbsp;were 5 days (range: 3.2-9) and 9.4 days (range: 6.4-12.4), respectively. POP was the most common postoperative complication and affected approximately 66 patients. The detailed data are available in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePOAF outcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 382 NSCLC patients, 32 (8.4%) developed POAF. No in-hospital POAF-related deaths occurred. POAF symptoms developed within a median of 1 day (range: 1-3) postsurgery and lasted approximately 1 day on average. Approximately 65.6% of the POAF patients exhibited symptoms on the first postoperative day. Symptoms improved with treatment, and 90.6% of the patients returned to a normal rhythm. At discharge, 3 patients still had POAF and were prescribed anticoagulants. Among these patients, 3 reported palpitations and chest discomfort, while the others were asymptomatic. Blood flow dynamics were normal across all patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of clinical data between the POAF and non-POAF groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed differences in factors between the POAF and non-POAF groups. The average age was greater in the POAF group than in the non-POAF group (68.94\u0026plusmn;7.808 years vs. 63.00\u0026plusmn;10.435 years, P = 0.002). More mediastinal lymph nodes and stations were retrieved in the POAF group [median nodes: 9.5 (5.5, 14) vs. 4 (0, 9), P\u0026lt;0.001; average node stations: (3.28\u0026plusmn;2.004) vs. (1.94\u0026plusmn;1.766), P\u0026lt;0.001]. Furthermore, the duration of surgery (P=0.022), intraoperative bleeding volume (P=0.006), postoperative hospital stay (P= 0.001), drainage volume (P=0.003), and drainage time (P=0.004) were significantly greater in patients with POAF than in patients without POAF. Additionally, TNM stage (P\u0026lt;0.001) and the type of lung resection (P=0.049) differed between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, there were no differences in preoperative inflammatory factor levels, such as the pSII, PLR, NLR, or LMR, between the two groups. Similarly, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema had minimal impacts on POAF, and these two conditions were not significantly different between the groups. Smoking status and BMI were also not significantly different (P\u0026gt;0.05). Other factors, including sex, pathological type, type of lung resection, surgical approach, left atrial size, ejection fraction, antibiotics, and preoperative and postoperative ALB concentrations, also did not exhibit substantial variation (P\u0026gt;0.05). The detailed results are available in Table 2 and Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisk factor analysis for POAF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the clinical data. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences (P\u0026lt;0.1) in age, TNM stage, mediastinal lymph node stations and nodes, surgery duration, drainage volume and time, postoperative hospitalization, type of lung resection, and POP. Importantly, multivariate logistic regression analysis (P\u0026lt;0.1) revealed that age (OR=0.938, 95% CI=0.889\u0026ndash;0.99, p=0.021), TNM stage (OR=0.747, 95% CI=0.602\u0026ndash;0.928, p=0.008), and POP (OR=2.627, 95% CI=1.038\u0026ndash;6.649, p=0.042) were found to be independent predictors of POAF in patients with NSCLC (Tables 4 and 5).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite ongoing efforts to reduce POAF, it remains a significant complication after pulmonary resection. Our study revealed an 8.4% incidence of NSCLC, supporting the prevalence of POAF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. While research on POAF has decreased in recent years, this topic remains important. By analyzing preoperative inflammatory markers, POP incidence, and other risk factors, we found that POP incidence, age, and TNM stage were significant factors affecting POAF. These findings validate the findings of previous research and provide guidance for prevention and treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have suggested that local inflammation is a risk factor for POAF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Earlier research has linked the occurrence of POAF to interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Boons et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported associations between prolonged ventilation and pneumonia combined with POAF in cardiothoracic surgery patients. Preventive measures such as low-flow oxygen inhalation may reduce the incidence of POAF, although this remains controversial\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In our study, POP accounted for the highest proportion of complications, approximately 55.5% (66/119). Additionally, a greater proportion of POP was observed in the POAF group than in the non-POAF group (28.1% vs. 16.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09), indicating a correlation between POP and POAF occurrence. Through multivariate analysis, we obtained preliminary evidence that POP is indeed an independent risk factor for POAF (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, preoperative inflammatory markers, such as white blood cell count, are widely recognized as predictive factors for POAF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, related research on the impact of preoperative inflammatory indices on the development of POAF following lung cancer surgery is rare. In this study, the main preoperative inflammatory indices used were the pSII, PLR, NLR, and LMR. To some extent, they represent the preoperative inflammatory level in patients. Additionally, there is evidence that these indices can predict the occurrence of POP\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Although this study revealed no impact of inflammatory indices on POAF, further research is needed to determine whether these indices can predict the occurrence of POP, which in turn may affect the development of POAF.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge has consistently emerged as the most significant factor influencing POAF incidence, with its incidence increasing with age. In 2002, Amar's study emphasized that the incidence of POAF increases with age in patients aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60 years who underwent thoracic surgery, identifying this age group as a risk factor\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In our study, the average age of patients in the POAF group (68 years) was significantly greater than that of patients in the non-POAF group (63 years) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002). The results of the multivariate analysis further corroborated the impact of age on POAF, which was consistent with the findings of previous research\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2014, a study conducted by Jelena Ivanovic et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e revealed that out of 274 patients, 43 had atrial fibrillation. Based on the 2009 AJCC 7th edition staging system, patients were categorized into stages IA/IB, IIA/IIB, IIIA/IIIB, and IV. The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference among the patients in the stage IV subgroup (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In 2010, Onaitis et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e conducted a study utilizing the Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database, focusing on patients with lung cancer who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Patients were categorized based on TNM staging into those with pathological stages less than stage II and those with pathological stages greater than stage II. Multivariate analysis indicated that patients with higher-stage or larger tumors were more prone to developing POAF. Thus, TNM staging is indeed related to POAF. In our study, we also found a relationship between TNM stage and POAF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that TNM staging is an independent risk factor for POAF. However, it is quite peculiar that early-stage lung cancer patients were more prone to developing POAF than advanced-stage patients were among those with stages I to III. Upon analyzing the data, we believe that this discrepancy may be attributed to selection bias, as stage I patients accounted for 88.2% of the sample. Therefore, the data distribution in our study is inconsistent. Nevertheless, we can conclude that TNM staging does have an impact on POAF. However, further research is needed to understand the specific circumstances involved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has suggested that the volume of the resected lung may affect POAF. One study\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e revealed that the incidence of POAF was lower in patients who underwent segmental resection (1.4%) than in those who underwent lobectomy resection (2.8%). Furthermore, early studies\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e identified pulmonary resection surgery as an independent risk factor for POAF. Several studies have proposed a potential association between tissue loss during pulmonary resection, postoperative reduction in lung function, myocardial hypoxia, and POAF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In our study, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the POAF and non-POAF groups (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.049). However, multivariate analysis revealed that the type of lung resection was not an independent risk factor for POAF. Interestingly, no patients in the POAF group underwent pneumonectomy. Only 5 (1.3%) of the included patients underwent left-sided pneumonectomy. However, pneumonectomy has been reported as a risk factor for POAF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, the type of lung resection may impact the occurrence of POAF, but the limited number of patients who underwent pneumonectomy restricts this comparison.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediastinal lymph node dissection may cause direct damage to the cardiac nerve plexus at the aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation, thereby affecting the incidence of POAF. Some experts\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e have hypothesized that mediastinal lymph node dissection could trigger atrial fibrillation, increasing the risk of POAF. However, a study\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e argued that there is no significant association between them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe separately analyzed the number of mediastinal lymph nodes and the number of lymph node stations explored. The POAF group had a significantly greater median number of mediastinal lymph nodes (9 vs 4) and average number of detected lymph node stations (3 vs 2) than did the non-POAF group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the impact of the number of lymph nodes and the number of explored lymph node stations on POAF was minimal. Therefore, further research is still needed to investigate whether omitting mediastinal lymph node dissection reduces the occurrence of POAF.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth the type of lung resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection can influence the duration of surgery. Previous research has indicated an increased incidence of POAF when the surgical duration exceeds 180 minutes\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In our study, the average surgical durations for the POAF and non-POAF groups were approximately 166 minutes and 141 minutes, respectively. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022), multivariate analysis showed that it had no impact on POAF. This finding is consistent with the aforementioned research since the average surgical duration in both groups did not exceed 180 minutes. Therefore, we still recommend attempting to maintain the surgical duration within 180 minutes whenever possible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have consistently reported a correlation between POAF and prolonged postoperative hospital stay\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Our research revealed that patients who developed POAF had a median postoperative hospital stay of approximately 11 days, whereas patients who did not develop POAF had a median hospital stay of 9 days (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). Additionally, the drainage time in the POAF group was significantly prolonged, and the drainage volume was greater. Univariate analysis also demonstrated correlations between postoperative hospital stay (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), drainage time (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), drainage volume (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and POAF. Although multivariate analysis did not reveal drainage time or volume to be independent risk factors for POAF, prolonged drainage time and increased drainage volume during hospitalization can lead to a longer hospital stay, which can also have an impact on POAF incidence. Therefore, further multicenter data collection and prospective studies are necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have consistently indicated that POAF often occurs within three days after surgery\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Our research revealed that the incidence of POAF was highest on the first day after surgery (65.6%), with 31 out of 32 cases occurring within three days after surgery. This early occurrence may be exacerbated by increased sputum production within 24\u0026ndash;72 hours after surgery, potentially leading to acute hypoxemia. Pain and anesthesia directly affect respiratory and cough reflexes, increasing the incidence of POAF. Notably, POAF typically diminishes over time and is usually transient after pulmonary resection surgery. It is often caused by surgical trauma, hypoxemia, or other stressors rather than organic heart disease. Therefore, POAF following pulmonary resection surgery is typically transient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmiodarone and digoxin have been recommended by researchers for the effective management of POAF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study assessed the efficacy of these agents in the treatment of POAF. Among the 26 patients treated with amiodarone or digoxin, clinical improvement was observed in all patients. Of the 32 patients, 29 had a restored sinus rhythm before discharge, while 3 continued to have atrial fibrillation and received anticoagulant therapy after discharge. Some patients reported symptoms of palpitations and chest discomfort, but all patients maintained hemodynamic stability and did not experience significant discomfort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths. First, there is limited research on preoperative inflammatory indices, and this study innovatively incorporated preoperative inflammatory indices into the analysis. Although the results showed no correlation with POAF, the inclusion of preoperative inflammatory indices opens up a new avenue for future research as our understanding of inflammatory indices deepens. Second, this study included anti-inflammatory drugs as a variable of interest, providing further insights into the management of these drugs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, due to the retrospective enrollment of patients from a single center, there is a possibility of selection bias, potentially resulting in the exclusion or underdetection of patients with POAF. Second, incomplete data were collected for outcomes such as lung function and pain, limiting their examination. Third, the sample size was small, and the incidence of POAF was limited, which affected the comprehensive analysis of risk factors. Fourth, for the indicators of anti-inflammatory drugs, we did not conduct further detailed analysis, such as the type, dosage, or duration of treatment. Therefore, in our future work, we will delve into these aspects to gain a better understanding of their impact on postoperative recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the results of this study demonstrated no significant association between preoperative inflammatory indices and the POA. However, TNM stage, age, and POP were identified as independent predictors of POAF. Preliminary findings regarding TNM staging suggest that early-stage NSCLC patients may be more prone to developing POAF than early-stage patients, but further validation is needed. Additionally, POAF was found to be associated with prolonged hospital stays.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePOAF, postoperative arterial fibrillation; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; BMI, body mass index; POP, postoperative pneumonia; pSII, preoperative systemic immune inflammation index; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; TNM, tumor, node, and metastasis; IASLC, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer; ECG, electrocardiography.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ethical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ethics Committee of The First People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Jiande approved this study, and the human data used were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was waived by the First People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Jiande.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient or her family for the publication of this report and any accompanying images.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAI and AI-assisted Technologies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the preparation of this work, the authors did not utilize any AI technology for editing the manuscript. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYingding Ruan:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing\u0026ndash; original draft, writing\u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eJianwei Han:\u003c/strong\u003e Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAiming Yang:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, Investigation, Data curation.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eQingguo Ding:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, Investigation, Data curation.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTing Zhang:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, supervision, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Jiande Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, including Grant No. 2023YW05 and Grant No. 2023SJZX22.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAny researchers interested in this study could contact us to request the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of generative AI in scientific writing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMuranishi Y, Sonobe M, Menju T, et al. 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Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Aug;90(2):368-74.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCrispi V, Isaac E, Abah U, et al. Surgical factors associated with new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation after lung resection: the EPAFT multicenter study. Postgrad Med J. 2022 Mar;98(1157):177-182.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCiriaco P, Mazzone P, Canneto B, et al. Supraventricular arrhythmia following lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer and its treatment with amiodarone. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000;18:12\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl Sawalhi S, Ding J, Vannucci J, et al. Perioperative risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients underwent uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) pneumonectomy versus open thoracotomy: single center experience. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021 Mar;69(3):487-496.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang YK,Li B,Liu J,et al. Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in lung cancer patients undergoing thoracoscopic segmentectomy or lobectomy[J]. J Cancer Control Treat,2021,34（9）：798 - 804.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"606\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1：Patient Characteristics, Incidence of POAF,[n(%),M(QR)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncidence of POAF(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime of incidence(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(57, 70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI(kg/m2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7(20.3, 24.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative hospital stay(days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4(6.4, 12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComorbidities(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronary heart disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComorbidities of Hypertension, Diabetes, Cardiac History, and Pulmonary History\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathologic staging*(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IA1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IA2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IA3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApproaches(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU-VATS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212(55.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-VATS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159(41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.51485148514851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThoracotomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.48514851485149%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of lung resection(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lobectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240(62.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSegmental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWedge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResection Site(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight upper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight middle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight lower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft upper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft lower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonectomy(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of surgery (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138(99, 180)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative bleeding volume (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(50, 100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathological Types(n,%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdenocarcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316(82.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquamous Cell Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRare NSCLC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Mediastinal \u0026nbsp;lymph nodes retrieved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(0, 10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediastinal lymph node stations explored\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0, 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative Complications(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860(527.5, 1417.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage time (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(3.2,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338(88.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epSII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e431.76(292.73,623.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.71(97.27,172.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57(1.84,3.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00(3.00,5.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epreoperative albumin level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.15(39.8,46.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epostoperative albumin level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.80(30.6, 36.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEchocardiography ejection fraction(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.7(63.38, 73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEchocardiography \u0026nbsp;left atrial size(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5(28.7, 35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative Pneumonia(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU-VATS, Uniportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery; M-VATS, Multiportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery; pSII, Preoperative Systemic Immune Inflammation indices; NLR, Meutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; PLR, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; LMR, Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"552\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 2: Categorical data analysis of the two groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorical data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOAF(n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enon-POAF(n=350)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.271\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(59.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241(68.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNM Stage*(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IA1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120(34.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IA2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IA3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(16.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage IIIB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathological types(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Adenocarcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(81.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290(82.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Squamous cell carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRare NSCLC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobectomy(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight upper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111(31.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight middle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight lower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(20.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft upper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(24.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft lower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of lung resection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lobectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213(60.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSegmental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWedge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApproach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU-VATS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199(56.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-VATS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThoracotomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(43.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206(59.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311(88.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative Pneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(28.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.52802893309222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.050632911392405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(71.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.231464737793853%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293(83.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.189873417721518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*8th edition TNM stage grouping;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"548\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 3: Patient Characteristics, Incidence of Intraoperative Atrial Fibrillation, and Statistical Analysis[mean\u0026plusmn;standard deviation,M(P25,P75)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.05828779599271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContinuous Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.95446265938069%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOAF(n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.497267759562842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enon-POAF(n=350)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.47176684881603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et/Z\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.018214936247723%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP Value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.94\u0026plusmn;7.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.00\u0026plusmn;10.435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*BMI(kg/m2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.23\u0026plusmn;3.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.79\u0026plusmn;3.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166.22\u0026plusmn;61.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141.23\u0026plusmn;58.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediastinal lymph node stations explored\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u0026plusmn;2.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026plusmn;1.766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u0026plusmn;1.906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026plusmn;1.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epreoperative albumin level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.73\u0026plusmn;6.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.15\u0026plusmn;4.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epostoperative albumin level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.80\u0026plusmn;3.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.76\u0026plusmn;4.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEchocardiography ejection fraction(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.13\u0026plusmn;8.749\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.48\u0026plusmn;7.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEchocardiography \u0026nbsp;left atrial size(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.98\u0026plusmn;4.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.85\u0026plusmn;5.519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative bleeding volume (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(100, 200)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(50, 100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative hospital stay(days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.54(8.44, 15.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(5.91, 12.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Mediastinal \u0026nbsp;lymph nodes retrieved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5(5.5, 14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0, 9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1150(791.25, 2192.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e820(543.75, 1400)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage time (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(5, 10.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(3.03, 9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epSII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368.24(225.37, 599.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436.15(303.05, 624.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.86(92.57, 158.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.21(97.27, 174.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47(1.75, 3.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57(1.86, 3.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*BMI:Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"626\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 4:Results of \u0026nbsp;univariate logistic regression analyses for POAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.97129186602871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.250398724082935%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.88835725677831%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.207336523125997%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.36682615629984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.54385964912281%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%Exp(B) CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.97129186602871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.250398724082935%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.88835725677831%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.207336523125997%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.36682615629984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.293460925039872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.250398724082935%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathological Types\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathologic staging*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative bleeding volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative hospital stay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResection Site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of lung resection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApproach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Mediastinal \u0026nbsp;lymph nodes retrieved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediastinal lymph node stations explored\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative Pneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epSII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epreoperative albumin level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epostoperative albumin level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEchocardiography ejection fraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEchocardiography \u0026nbsp;left atrial size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"559\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 5:Results of \u0026nbsp;multivariable logistic regression analyses for POAF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.857142857142854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.642857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.642857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.642857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.642857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.892857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.678571428571427%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%Exp(B) CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.79857397504456%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.62566844919786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.62566844919786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.62566844919786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.62566844919786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.87344028520499%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73440285204991%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathologic staging*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative bleeding volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of lung resection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApproach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Mediastinal \u0026nbsp;lymph nodes retrieved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediastinal lymph node stations explored\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative Pneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pulmonary-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pulm","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pulmonary Medicine](http://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pulm/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Surgery, Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation, Preoperative Inflammatory Indices, Postoperative Pneumonia.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3892525/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3892525/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative inflammatory indices and postoperative pneumonia (POP) on postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eAll consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary resection at our hospital (January 2016-October 2019) were enrolled. Preoperative inflammatory indices, demographic data, surgical details, and postoperative conditions were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with POAF were also conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eAmong the 382 patients included in the study, 32 (8.38%) developed POAF. Approximately 31 patients (96.9%) developed atrial fibrillation within three days after surgery. The POAF group had a significantly greater mean age (68 years) than did the non-POAF group (62 years) (P=0.002). Additionally, compared with non-POAF patients, POAF patients exhibited an increased number of mediastinal lymph nodes (P\u0026lt;0.001) and mediastinal lymph node stations (P\u0026lt;0.001). The POAF group also had a greater intraoperative blood volume (P=0.006), longer surgical duration (P=0.022), greater incidence of POP (P=0.09), and greater drainage volume (P=0.003). TNM stage (P\u0026lt;0.001) and type of lung resection (P=0.049) were also associated with POAF. Compared to those in the non-POAF group, the POAF group had longer postoperative hospital stays (10.54 days vs. 9 days; P=0.001) and longer drainage times (7 days vs. 5 days; P=0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed age, POP grade, and TNM stage as independent predictors of POAF in NSCLC patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003ePreoperative inflammatory indices were not significantly associated with POAF, but age, POP, and TNM stage were identified as independent predictors. Early-stage NSCLC patients may have a greater susceptibility to POAF than early-stage patients, although further validation is needed. Additionally, POAF was linked to a longer postoperative hospital stay.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Preoperative Inflammatory Indices and Postoperative Pneumonia on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-29 21:39:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3892525/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-02-21T09:56:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-02-14T01:34:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"60feae99-0eac-4cdd-a6d9-83ca13c7cc45","date":"2024-02-05T10:48:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-01-27T03:28:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"d074d745-d84e-4e29-a13e-a6338e58f236","date":"2024-01-25T22:39:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-24T15:23:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-24T12:51:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-24T10:01:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-01-24T09:59:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","date":"2024-01-24T01:36:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pulmonary-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pulm","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pulmonary Medicine](http://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pulm/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2c24907b-07f0-47ce-855e-f80b218dbaf2","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-24T00:27:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3892525","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03174-8","journal":{"identity":"bmc-pulmonary-medicine","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine"},"publishedOn":"2024-07-23 00:27:19","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 23rd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-29 21:39:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12890-024-03174-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03174-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3892525","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3892525","identity":"rs-3892525","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}