Knowledge and Practice of Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and Associated factor among nurses in public hospitals, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia

Knowledge and Practice of Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and Associated factor among nurses in public hospitals, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge and Practice of Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and Associated factor among nurses in public hospitals, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia Misra Nure, Abebe Dechasa, Meseret Ifa, Jemal Bedane This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1983637/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Catheter-related urinary tract infection is an infection related to imported pathogens, which affects the urinary tract of patients with a urinary catheter. Catheter associated urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection. Determining the catheter related urinary tract infections knowledge and practice of nurses, and the factors associated has paramount importance for improving the catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention practice, as well as efficiency and quality of care. Objective To assess the knowledge and practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and its associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2021. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted and to select 408 study participants a simple random sampling technique was used. A Structured self-administered questionnaire and observational check list were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential analysis was done. Variable with p-value < 0.05 with 95% CI was declared statistically significant. Result From the distributed questionnaires 408 participants returned with their response which gives 96.7% response rate. Out of respondents, 63.5%, had adequate knowledge, but only 34.6% of study participants have good practice on Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. Having in-service training on infection prevention, working in intensive care unit and having access to infection prevention guide line were significantly associated with both the nurses’ adequate knowledge and good practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention while age and year of experience, were factors significantly associated with nurses good practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. Conclusions The finding of this study revealed that more than half nurses have adequate knowledge on catheter-related infection prevention, but around one-third of them had good practice, which suggests difference between knowledge and practice. In-service training on infection prevention, the current unit of working, and the presence of a guide line were significantly associated with both the knowledge and practice of nurses toward catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. There is a need of improving knowledge and practice of nurses towards catheter related urinary tract infection prevention through in-service training and use of guideline at working units. Knowledge Practice Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention Oromia Background Healthcare-acquired infections were a major health problem in the world; it is occurring in a hospitalized patient that was not present at admission or incubating at the time of admission. In the world, one in every 25 patients admitted to the health care setting will be infected by one or more Healthcare-acquired infections (HCAIs) [ 1 ]. Catheter-related urinary tract infection (CRUTIs) is the most frequent and preventable type of infection by simple measures like hand washing [ 2 ]. The prevention mechanism of CRUTIs was developed by Center for Communicable Disease prevention and Control (CDC) that set multi-intervention. These included that, maintaining a closed drainage system, hand washing before and after the procedure, cleaning meatus, maintaining unobstructed urinary flow, securing the catheter, and the drainage catheter [ 3 ]. Hence nurses are required to have adequate knowledge and skill about CRUTIs prevention. Knowledge and skill of using basic preventive measures like hand hygiene, changing gloves before and after patient contact, adherence to a sterile and closed urinary drainage system have been shown to markedly decrease the risk of acquiring catheter-related urinary tract infection [ 4 ]. Globally, there was an estimated 1 million CRUTIs per year [ 5 ]. UTIs account for around 40% of all healthcare-associated infections in each year and 70–80% of these UTIs are attributed to the use of indwelling urinary catheters [ 6 , 7 ]. In American hospitals alone, HCAIs account for 1.7 million infections and 100,000 associated deaths each year, 32% of these infections are UTIs. CRUTIs are the second common type of healthcare-associated infection [ 3 , 8 ]. Although, healthcare-associated infection was underestimated in developing countries due to a lack of investigation and surveillance systems for health care-associated infections [ 9 ]. CRUTIs are associated with serious infections such as sepsis, acute pyelonephritis, and other adverse outcomes such as prolonged hospital stay, financial costs for hospitalization, increased morbidity, and mortality [ 10 , 11 ]. Also Nurses have a responsibility to minimize its occurrence by using different preventive measures, especially by putting guidelines into practice, taking in-service training towards CRUTI prevention control, and educating the staff on evidence-based practices that have an impact on decreasing CRUTI rates [ 10 , 11 ]. However, the infection continues to rise due to inadequate knowledge and poor practice of catheter-related infection prevention, especially among nurses. So, improving nurses' knowledge and skill can promote quality of health care which is safe and helpful prevention of CRUTI on the utilization of nursing practices within the health care setting [ 12 ]. Despite all programs, policies, and standards in health care settings, there are still alarming CRUTI cases among hospitals, and a urinary catheter is considered as the single biggest risk factor for acquired UTIs [ 13 ]. This implies nurses require further updated information or evidence-based practice and training about the prevention of CRUTI which can solve this problem [ 14 ]. Unfortunately, in Ethiopia, as far as our knowledge there is no published evidence regarding the knowledge and practices of CRUTIs prevention and associated factors among nurses. Thus, this study was aimed to assess knowledge, practices, and associated factors on catheter-related urinary tract infection among nurses in public hospitals in Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods Study design, type and Study setting An institution-based cross-sectional study which is quantitative and used both self-administered and observational data collection method was conducted in public hospitals found in West Shao zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, from August 01 to 30/2021. The administrative city of west shoa is Ambo town which is located 114km away from the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Currently, there are 8 Public Hospitals in west shoa zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia, where 629 nurses are working during the time . Population All nurses who were working at public hospitals in West Shoa zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia were source of population from which 422 nurses were randomly selected to participate in the study. Sample size determination and sampling procedure The sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula. The proportion of knowledge, and practice on catheter-related urinary tract infection, is not known in Ethiopia, so that, 50 % proportion was used for the level of adequate knowledge and good practices, a margin of sampling error 5% at 95% confidence interval was used to determine sample size, by considering 10% non-response, the final sample size was 422. The simple random sampling (SRS) technique was used to select the study participants. A list of nurses from each hospital was inserted into the computer separately to prepare a sampling frame then the participants were selected by computer generated random sampling. The sample size for observation (practice) was determined based on the pre-survey done in one week before data collection to determine case flow in selected four hospitals. Thirty percent (30%) of procedures done during the data collection period were observed [15] to verify the data collected through a self-administered questionnaire from the participants. The total estimated case (catheterized patient) in the selected hospitals during the data collection period was 170. The 30% of the cases was 51 and it was distributed to each hospital based on their number of procedures done. Variable of the study and Measurements The dependent variables of the study were knowledge and practice of CRUTIs prevention. Both Knowledge and practice were measured through self-administered questionnaires (19 knowledge questions and 13 practice questions). Participants who scored greater than or equal to 70% of knowledge questions are considered to have adequate knowledge [16] while those who scored greater than or equal to 60k2% of the practice questions were considered to have good CRUTI prevention practice [13]. The independent variables were socio-demographic (age, gender, current working unit, level of education, marital status, and year of experience), Organizational-related factors (Training on infection prevention, presence of guidelines, availability of hand washing facility, Availability of Personal Protective Equipment, Availability of internet access, and availability of library and attitude). Attitude is also measured by using 9 items labeled with a five-point measurement scale that ranges from 1, strongly disagree to 5, strongly agree. Participants responded correctly above or equal to mean score from the total of attitude items were regarded as having favorable attitude [10]. Data Collection tool, Procedures, and Data quality assurance A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was adapted from previous studies with modifications [4, 10, 17]. It had five parts. Socio-Demographic, Knowledge-related question, Attitude-related question on CRUTIs prevention, Practices-related question on CRUTI and Organizational-related factor. A pre-test was conducted on 5% [18] of the sample size to evaluate the clarity, completeness, applicability, and to estimate the time needed to fill in the research tools. The reliability of the tool was calculated by using Cronbach alpha which identified 0.844 that was found to be in the acceptable range. The data facilitators were trained for one day before data collection on ethical aspects and handling of the tools and collected data. An observation was done before the self-administered questionnaire to control information bias. The variability or similarity between self-reported results and real situations in the clinical practice was observed. Participatory observation was conducted to decreases observational bias. Training was given for observers at each hospital to ensure the validity of the observation. Discussion was mad with observers regarding the aim of the study, how to objectively record the findings and minimize nurses social desired bias on their practice. The collected data were checked for completeness on daily basis. Data processing and analysis All collected data were cross-checked for completeness and consistency, coded, and double-entered to Epi-Data 3.1 and exported to SPSS 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution and percentage were done. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were transferred in to in multivariable logistic regression model. For all statistical tests, significance was declared at p-value < 0.05 at 95% C.I. The goodness of fitness of the models was checked by using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p=0.566), the model was good fitted. Multicollinearity was checked between all independent variables, using variance inflation factor (VIF) or tolerance test. Thus the VIF of all predictors was less than two, which indicate that there was no Multicollinearity. The result was described by adjusted odds ratio and confidence intervals and finally, the result was described and presented by using text and tables. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants A total of 408 respondents filled and returned the questionnaire which makes a response rate of 96.7% (Table1). Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of nurses working at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n= 408) Variable Frequency Percentage (%) Gender Female Male 187 221 45.8 54.2 Age 20-24 25-29 30-34 35 or above 39 165 129 75 9.6 40.4 31.6 18.4 Religion Protestant Orthodox Muslim Other* 256 112 23 17 62.7 27.5 5.6 4.2 Marital status Single Married Other** 209 184 15 51.2 45.2 3.6 The current level of education Diploma First degree Masters and above 32 357 19 7.8 87.5 4.7 Total year of experience 6 month-2years 3years -6years 7 years -10years greater than 10 years 80 186 80 62 19.6 45.6 19.6 15.2 Current working area Surgical ward Gyn ward Pediatric ICU OR OPD Emergency ward Others Medical ward 60 41 43 40 60 42 41 16 65 14.8 10 10.6 9.9 14.8 10.2 10 4 16 Other*(Catholic, wakefata and Jehovah witness), Other** (Divorced, Separated and Widowed) Knowledge of nurses towards catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention Out of study participants, 259 (63.5%), had adequate knowledge towards CRUTI prevention. Most, 330(80.9%) of the study participants, correctly responded that routine use of antiseptic lubricants decreases the risk of infection during urinary catheterization while 360 (88.2%) and 312(76.5%) know hand washing before and after handling urinary catheterization decrease catheter-related urinary tract infection respectively (Table 2). Table 2: Distribution of knowledge of CRUTI of nurses working at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n=408) Variables Category Frequency Percentage (%) Routine use of antiseptic lubricants decreases the risk of infection during urinary catheterization Yes No Don’t know 330 68 10 80.9 16.6 2.5 Maintaining Urinary catheters is important to use Closed Drainage System Yes No Don’t know 340 57 11 83.3 14.0 2.7 Hand hygiene before handling catheterization is important to prevent catheter-related infection. Yes No Don’t know 360 41 7 88.2 10.0 1.8 Wearing pair of the surgical glove during the procedure handling decrease the risk of infection Yes No Don’t know 340 60 8 83.3 14.7 2.0 Hygiene of the urethral meatus is important before inserting catheterization Yes No Don’t know 336 58 14 82.4 14.2 3.4 Hand hygiene After Handling the urinary catheter is decreased catheter-related urinary tract infections Yes No Don’t know 312 81 15 76.5 19.9 3.6 Catheterization is done under the sterile procedure Yes No Don’t know 352 41 15 86.3 10.0 3.7 Securing an indwelling catheter properly after insertion can prevent movement and urethral traction Yes No Don’t know 334 53 21 81.9 13.0 5.1 During catheterization Adequate fixation is important Yes No Don’t know 334 36 38 81.9 8.8 9.3 Unless contraindicated, the use of the smallest bore catheter size is better than the largest bore Yes No Don’t know 278 92 38 68.2 22.5 9.3 Bladder irrigation, installation, or washout using an antiseptic or antimicrobial agent is beneficial to prevent Catheter-related urinary tract infection Yes No Don’t know 302 83 23 74.0 20.0 5.6 The practice of nurses on catheter-related- urinary tract infection prevention From the total nurses participated in the study, 141 (34.6%) had good practice towards CRUTI prevention. This finding is almost not analogous with the result of the observational study, which identified14 (27.5%) good practice (Table 3 ) . Table 3: Distribution of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention practice among nurse in public hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n= 408) Practice related question Never Rarely Sometimes Most of the time Always N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) Washing hands before inserting a urinary catheter 33 (8.1) 64(15.7) 36 (8.8) 126(30.9) 149 (36.5) Cleaning the urethra with an antiseptic solution before inserting a urinary catheter 170(41.7) 30 (7.4) 53 (13) 126(30.9) 29 (7.1) Washing hands after insertion of a urinary catheter 23 (5.6) 40 (9.8) 44(10.8) 89 (21.8) 212 (52) Secure indwelling catheter after insertion to prevent movement and urethral traction 25 (6.6) 30 (7.4) 37 (9.1) 120(29.4) 196 (48.0) Protecting the catheter and collecting tube from kinking 19 (4.7) 41(10.0) 32 (7.8) 119(29.2) 197 (48.3) Document catheter insertion date and expected date of removal 30 (7.4) 46(11.3) 42(10.3) 122(29.9) 168 (41.2) Keep the collecting bag below the bladder level 22 (5.4) 26 (6.4) 26 (6.4) 100(24.5) 234 (57.4) Keep the urine collecting bag out off the floor 47 (11.5) 34 (8.3) 54(13.2) 128(31.4) 145 (35.5) Protecting yourself from cross-contamination during catheter removal 13 (3.2) 51(12.5) 16 (3.9) 105(25.7) 223 (54.7) Use standard precautions when handling the catheter or collecting system 13 (3.2) 47(11.5) 31 (7.6) 135(33.1) 182 (44.6) Record date of catheter removal 45(11.0) 58(14.2) 33(8.1) 101(24.8) 171(41.9) Distribution of nurses’ attitude towards catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention Out of the total participants, 277(67.9%) had a favorable attitude towards CRUTI prevention. accordingly, 163(40%) and 178(43.5%) agreed and strongly agree that wearing gloves and gowns can decrease the incidence of catheter-related urinary tract infection during any manipulation of the catheter or collecting bag respectively (Table 4). Table 4: Distribution of nurses' attitudes regarding catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n=408). Variable Response Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) Training about basic catheter care helps to prevent catheter related urinary tract infections 24 (5.9) 15 (3.7) 18 (4.4) 144 (35.3) 207 (50.73) Catheter-related urinary tract infection is not a very serious disease 179 (43.9) 164 (40.2) 27 (6.6) 29 (7.1) 9 (2.2) It helps to reduce Catheter-related urinary tract infections if catheter-related infection prevention is on the high priority list in hospitals 30 (7.4) 35 (8.6) 21 (5.1) 148 (36.4) 174 (42.64) Catheter-related infection is a common problem and almost impossible to prevent. 150 (36.8) 152 (37.3) 23 (5.6) 44 (10.8) 39 (9.6) Maintaining a closed drainage system prevents Catheter-related infection 29 (7.1) 25 (6.1) 45 (11) 138 (33.8) 171 (41.9) Aseptic precautions may not be needed for removing the urinary catheterization 160 (39.2) 166 (40.7) 16 (3.9) 32 (7.8) 34 (8.3) The catheter can be inserted when it is convenient for the healthcare provider (HCP) 125 (30.6) 99 (24.3) 24 (5.9) 97 (23.8) 63 (15.44) Adequate fixation of a urinary catheter is important during catheterization 22 (5.4) 21 (5.1) 28 (6.9) 135 (33.1) 202 (49.5) From the study participants, 305(74.5%) reported that their hospital has a hand washing facility near to or inside wards, 336 (82.4%) have accessed infection prevention guidelines in their working departments and 209 (51.2%) have taken in-service training on urinary catheter procedures or related infection prevention. Factors associated with knowledge of study participants on Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention Before and after an adjustment was made, age, current working unit, in-service training on CRUTI prevention, marital status, accessibility of internet, presence of infection prevention guideline, and library were found to be significantly associated with the knowledge of participants on CRUTI prevention. In the current study, respondents whose ages were between 30 and 34 were about 2.8 times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those 20-24 years old [aOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.15-6.65]. Respondents whose age is greater than or equal to 35 years old were three times more likely to be adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those 20-24 years old [AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.20-8.18]. This study revealed that nurses working in the intensive care unit (ICU) are three times more likely to have adequate knowledge on CRUTI prevention than those who had worked in the Medical ward [AOR:3.15,95% CI:1.13-8.75]. Those nurses who had taken in-service training are two times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who do not have taken training [AOR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.11-3.14]. Those nurses, who have infection prevention guidelines in their working department were near to three times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who don’t have [AOR: 2.78,95% CI: 1.50-5.16]. Those participants, who responded that they have a library in their working setting were almost three times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who don’t have [AOR: 2.97,95% CI: 1.78-4.96]. Those participants who are single in their marital status are 2.4 times more likely to have adequate knowledge than those ever married [AOR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.51-3.96]. The participants who have favorable attitude towards CRUTI prevention were more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who do have unfavorable attitude [AOR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.20-8.18] (Table 5). Table 5: Bivariate and Multivariate analysis for factors associated with knowledge of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention among Nurses at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia (n =408) Variable Level of knowledge on CRUT prevention COR (95%, CI) AOR (95%, CI) P-value Adequate (%) Inadequate (%) Gender Female 125(66.8) 62(33.2) 1.31(0.87-1.96) 1.51(0.885-2.587) 0.135 Male 134(60.6) 87(39.4) 1 1 Marital status Single 151(72.2) 58(27.8) 2.19(1.45-3.31) 2.442(1.51-3.96) 0.001* Ever married 108(54.3) 91(45.7) 1 1 Age 20-24 years 19(48.7) 20(51.3) 1 1 25-29 years 89(53.9) 76(46.1) 1.23(0.613-2.479) 1.28(0.561-2.931) 0.555 30-34 years 95(73.6) 34(26.4) 2.94(1.403-6.165) 2.78(1.158-6.656) 0.022* ≥35 years 56(74.7) 19(25.3) 3.10(1.373-7.013) 3.14(1.204-8.181) 0.019* Experience 6month-2years 43(53.8) 37(46.2) 1 1 3-6years 122(65.6) 64(34.4) 1.64(0.962-2.797) 1.70(0.866-3.349) 0.123 7-10years 53(66.2) 27(33.8) 1.69(0.892-3.199) 1.10(0.478-2.507) 0.831 >10 years 41(66.1) 21(33.9) 1.68(0.847-3.334) 1.06(0.441-2.551) 0.895 Current working area Surgical ward 36(60) 24(40%) 1.29(0.632-2.616) 1.97(0.829-4.664) 0.125 Gyn ward 26(63.4) 15(36.6%) 1.49(0.667-3.361) 1.47(0.588-3.653) 0.412 Pediatric 27(62.8%) 16(37.2%) 1.45(0.658-3.179) 1.80(0.707-4.639) 0.223 ICU 30(75%) 10(25%) 2.57(1.082-6.113) 3.15(1.133-8.752) 0.028* OR 50(83.3%) 10(16.7%) 4.29(1.858-9.887) 2.73(1.073-6.939) 0.035* OPD 25(59.5%) 17(40.5%) 1.26(0.574-2.766) 1.13(0.476-2.885) 0.792 Emergency 20(48.8%) 21(51.2%) 0.82(0.373-1.786) 1.21(0.49-2.988) 0.68 Others 10(62.5%) 6(37.5%) 1.43(0.464-4.394) 1.62(0.425-6.144) 0.489 Medical ward 35(53.8%) 30(46.2%) 1 1 Availability of hand washing facility Yes 174(67.4) 84(32.6) 1.58(1.046-2.398) 0.81(0.456-1.444) 0.477 No 85(56.7) 65(43.3) 1 1 Availability of Guideline Yes 235(69.9) 101(30.1) 4.65(2.705-8.007) 2.78(1.495-5.164) 0.001* No 24(33.3) 48(66.7) 1 1 Availability of Library Yes 184(76.7) 56(23.3) 4.07(2.659-6.242) 2.97(1.778-4.956) 0.001* No 75(44.6) 93(55.4) 1 1 Training (in-service training) Yes 160(76.6) 49(23.4) 3.30(2.159-5.039) 1.86(1.106-3.135) 0.019* No 99(49.7) 100(50.3) 1 1 Availability of internet Yes 207(66.6) 104(33.4) 1.72(1.084-2.738) 1.92(1.085-3.386) 0.025* No 52(53.6) 45(46.4) 1 1 Attitude Favorable 195(70.4) 82(29.6) 2.49(1.621-3.823) 2.10(1.204-8.181) 0.003* Un Favorable 64(48.9) 67(51.1) 1 1 Factors associated with the practice of nurses towards catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention After controlling for possible confounding factors, age, year of experience, availability of infection prevention guidelines, accessibility of internet, ever taking in-service training, and favorable attitude on CRUTIs prevention were found to be significantly associated with good practice catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. Accordingly, nurses whose age is within a range of 30 and 34 years were about three times more likely to have a good practice of CRUTI prevention activities than those aged 20-24 years [AOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.1-8.65] while those greater than or equal to 35 years old were more than three times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention activities than those aged 20-24 years [AOR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.18-10.15]. Nurses who have work experience of greater than 10 years had more than three times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention activity than those who had work experience of between six months and two years [AOR: 3.65,95% CI: 1.48-9.10]. Nurses who were working in operation room were three times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention than participants who are working in the medical ward [AOR: 3.02, 95% CI: [1.21-7.56]. Nurses who had taken in-service training on catheter related or any infection prevention were about two times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention than those who hadn’t take training on CRUTI prevention [AOR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.21-3.24]. Those nurses who have infection prevention guidelines in their working department were about two times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI infection prevention than those who don’t have [AOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.08-5.19]. Those nurses who have favorable attitudes were about two times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention than those who have unfavorable attitudes [AOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.07-3.15] (Table 6). Table 6: Bivariate and multivariate analysis on factors associated to the practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention among Nurses in public hospitals of West Shoa zone, Oromia, 2021 (n =408). Variable Level of practice on CRUTI Prevention COR CI (95%) AOR CI (95%) P-value Good practice Poor practice Age 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years ≥35 years 7(17.9%) 29(16.6%) 66(51.2%) 39(52%) 32 (82.1%) 136 (82.4%) 63 (48.8%) 36 (48%) 1 0.98 (0.392-2.424) 4.79 (1.971-11.63) 4.95 (1.944-12.61) 1 0.98 (0.346-2.75) 3.09(1.1-8.649) 3.46(1.181-10.15) 0.965 0.032* 0.024 * Year of Experience 6month-2 years 3-6 years 7-10 years >10 year 15(18.8%) 45(24.2%) 45(56.2%) 36(58.1%) 65(81.2%) 141(75.8%) 35 (43.8%) 26 (41.9%) 1 1.383 (0.719-2.66) 5.57 (2.727-11.382) 6 (2.821-12.763) 1 1.36 (0.628-2.943) 3.63 (1.55-8.47) 3.653 (1.48-9.101) 0.436 0.003* 0.005 * The current level of education Diploma BSc Masters and above 8(25%) 225(35%) 8(42.1%) 24(75%) 232(65%) 11(57.9%) 1 1.62 (0.705-3.704) 2.18 (0.649-7.33) 1 2.46 (0.56-10.797) 2.47 (0.86-7.012) 0.233 0.09 Current working unit Medical ward Surgical ward Gyn ward Pediatric ICU/NICU Operation room OPD Emergency ward Others* 15(23.1%) 11(18.3%) 11(26.8%) 13(30.2%) 18(45%) 39 (65%) 13 (31%) 14 (34.1%) 7 (43.8%) 50(76.9%) 49(81.7%) 30(73.2%) 30(69.8%) 22(55%) 21(35%) 29(69%) 27(65.9%) 9(56.2%) 1 0.75 (0.313-1.790) 1.22 (0.497-3.007) 0.44 (0.605-3.447) 2.73 (1.167-6.375) 6.19 (2.827-13.556) 1.49 (0.625-3.575) 1.73 (0.727-4.108) 2.59 (0.826-8.138) 1 0.55 (0.206-1.479) 0.88 (0.312-2.495) 1.08 (1.385-3.046) 1.58 (0.38-4.286) 3.02 (1.205-7.56) 1.01(0.364-2.82) 2.37 (0.865-6.538) 1.79 (0.488-6.542) 0.23 0.814 0.881 0.372 0.018* 0.979 0.097 0.38 Availability of hand washing facility Yes No 98 (38%) 43 (28.7%) 160 (62%) 107 (71.3%) 1.52 (0.987-2.353) 1 1.30 (1.729-2.308) 1 0.376 Availability of guideline Yes No 129 (38.4%) 12 (16.7%) 207 (61.6%) 60 (83.3%) 3.12 (1.614-6.014) 2.37 (1.081-5.191) 0.031 * Availability of library Yes No 93 (38.8%) 48 (28.6%) 147 (61.2%) 120 (71.4%) 1.58 (1.035-2.416) 1 0.94 (0.515-1.702) 1 0.828 Availability of internet Yes No 130(41.8%) 11(11.3%) 181(58.2%) 86(88.7%) 5.61(2.882-10.939) 1 5.82(2.446-11.295) 1 0.001* Attitude Favorable Unfavorable 109(39.4%) 32(24.4%) 168(60.8%) 99(75.6%) 2.007(1.260-3.198) 1 1.893(1.07-3.147) 1 0.028* Discussion In the current study, 63.5% of study participants had adequate knowledge of CRUTIs prevention. This is lower when compared with that of a study conducted in Kenya [19], which reported 71.6% and India, which reported (71%) [20] . This difference might be due to variations in sample size and different study settings. However, it is higher than studies conducted in Egypt (37.23%) [13], India in Nellore city (46.7%) [18], and Pakistan (3.13%) [21]. This discrepancy might be due to the fact that almost more than half (51.2%) of the current study participants had taken in-service training. Training is very effective to improve nurses knowledge and practice of infection prevention that help to fight against the spread of infection in the healthcare setting [22]. The current study also revealed that, 34.6% of the study participants had a good practice towards CRUTIs prevention. This is in line with the study conducted in Iloilo city in the Philippines (33.3%) [4], higher than a study conducted in Egypt (16.1%) [13] but, lower than a study conducted in Nepal (64.38%) [23]. This discrepancy might be attributed to differences in the study setting, time and socio-economic characteristics of study population. In line with other studies [23-25], those nurses whose ages were ≥35 years were more likely knowledgeable on catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention when compared to those aged between 20 and 24 years old. This might be due to participants getting older being more likely to be adequate knowledgeable through their repeated exposure to infection prevention activity. This study revealed that nurses, who are working in the intensive care unit, were more likely knowledgeable on CRUTIs prevention than those who were working in the medical ward. This is almost in line with the findings of the study done in Turkey [26] and Nepal [23]. This may be attributed to the nature of nursing care in the ICU. Furthermore it is possible in that, since the urgent conditions of patients who are hospitalized in intensive care is critical nurses need to have great professional knowledge and experience, so that may have an exposure to high-quality critical care, high technical equipment, and worked with great clinical competence staff to facilitate critically ill patients’ recovery [27]. ICU nurses have sufficient knowledge on applications needed to pay attention during urinary catheters and have better knowledge scores than the nurses that work in other units [26]. Consistent with other studies [23, 26], nurses who had taken in-service training were more likely to be knowledgeable training on catheter-related infection prevention. This might be due the fact that those who have ever taken in-service training have updated information and knowledge than those who hadn’t taken the training. In line with other studies[20, 28], the CRUTI prevention was more likely practiced among nurses who had work experience greater than 10 years than those who had working experience between six months and two years. This might be because, as the year of service and age increases, the participants are more likely to advance their skills through their experience. Also, nurses who have accessed infection prevention guidelines or protocols in their working department were more likely to practice CRUTI prevention than their counterparts. This finding is supported by a study done by Vallah, Amritsar [28]. This might be attributed to nurses who have infection prevention guidelines in their working department will refer as guidance to improve their practice of infection prevention. In addition, nurse who had taken infection/ CRUTI prevention in-service training on infection prevention were more likely to practice CRUTI prevention. This was supported by the study conducted in Egypt [29]. This might be due to the fact that those who have ever taken in-service training would be more likely to get updated information, knowledge, and skill. Also, training is the core component of infection prevention and control program and training nurses are effective to reduce healthcare-related infection [30]. Moreover, nurses who were working in the operation room were more likely to have good practice on CRUTI prevention activities than those who were working in the Medical ward . This is in line with the study conducted in Iran and Egypt [13]. This is possible in that, operation room nurses adhere to standards and need a high level of technical and non-technical skills, and follows different guidelines to deliver high-quality care [31]. Besides, this could be due to differences in infection prevention training among working units [32]. Strength of the Study Observation of catheterization procedure was made to verify the practice obtained through self-reporting of nurses. Limitation of the Study The study did not include all health professionals as the catheterization procedure can also be carried out by others. It didn’t determine the cause and effects as a result of study design. Conclusions And Recommendation The current study finding revealed that more than half of nurses working in public hospitals of west shao zone in Oromia region have adequate knowledge on catheter-related infection prevention but near to two-third of study participants had poor practice on catheter-related infection prevention. In-service training on infection prevention, age, the current working unit, and the presence of a guideline was significantly associated with both the knowledge and practice of nurses toward catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. Hospitals administrative and other concerned bodies should ensure the provision of training, and provide infection prevention guidelines for nurses. Abbreviations And Acronym AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio CRUTIs Catheter-Related Urinary Tract Infection COR Crude Odds Ratio HCAI Health Care-Acquired Infection ICU Intensive Care Unit OPD Out of Patient Department SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences WHO World Health organization Declarations Ethical and legal consideration Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Ambo University College of Medicine and Health Sciences (Ref. No: PGC/150/2021). Informed consent was obtained from each study participant after providing adequate information and explaining the aim and the importance of the study regarding the observation, administrative bodies from each hospital have been informed about the aim, procedure and scope of the data collection and permission was obtained officially from administrative bodies. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Acknowledgment We would like to thank managers of all hospitals for facilitation of the study in their respective hospitals. We also thanks study participants. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare they have no competing interests. Funding This study was funded by Salale University as part of MSC study by MN. The funding body has no role in the design, data collection, and analysis process. Authors' contribution MN, AD, MI, JB, designed the study, supervised the data collection, and analyzed the data. MN write up the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Authors details 1 Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia. 2 Department of Nursing, College of medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia. 3 Department of Public health, College of medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia. 4 Department of Midwifery College of Health Science, Madda Walabu university, Shashamane campus, Shashamane, Ethiopia. References Cowan TE: Healthcare acquired infection (HAIs): a deadly problem that is preventable: UV can help, what’s holding it back? In: Light-Based Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases: 2018 : International Society for Optics and Photonics; 2018: 104791A. Sobeih H, Nasr M: Indwelling urinary catheter management: Effect of an interactive workshop on nurses’ practice and perception . New York Science Journal 2015, 8 (5):117-126. Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P: Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America . Clinical infectious diseases 2010, 50 (5):625-663. Opiña MLF, Oducado RMF: Infection control in the use of urethral catheters: Knowledge and practices of nurses in a private hospital in Iloilo city . Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences 2014, 1 (5):93-100. Clarke K, Tong D, Pan Y, Easley KA, Norrick B, Ko C, Wang A, Razavi B, Stein J: Reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections by bundling interventions . International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2013, 25 (1):43-49. Gabriel KB: Healthcare-associated urinary tract infection in the Surgery Department at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital: Deciphering risk factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated bacteria . Kamuzu University of Health Sciences; 2021. Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Bakar MA: Health care-associated infections–an overview . Infection and drug resistance 2018, 11 :2321. Pérez E, Uyan B, Dzubay DP, Fenton SH: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: challenges and opportunities for the application of systems engineering . Health Systems 2017, 6 (1):68-76. Talaat M, El-Shokry M, El-Kholy J, Ismail G, Kotb S, Hafez S, Attia E, Lessa FC: National surveillance of health care–associated infections in Egypt: developing a sustainable program in a resource-limited country . American journal of infection control 2016, 44 (11):1296-1301. Mukakamanzi J: Knowledge, attitude and practices of nurses towards the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in selected Referral Hospitals in Rwanda . University of Rwanda; 2017. Solomkin J, Egger M, De Jonge S, Latif A, Loke YK, Berenholtz S, Allegranzi B: World Health Organization responds to concerns about surgical site infection prevention recommendations . Anesthesiology 2018, 128 (1):221-222. Connor B: Best practices: CAUTI prevention . American Nurses Association 2018. Algarni SS, Sofar SSS, Wazqar DY: NURSES’KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES TOWARD PREVENTION OF CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION AT KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL . Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing 2019, 4 (1):50-73. Banks H, Abdella R, Willmann Y: Nursing Interventions Aimed at Reducing the Incidence of Hospital Acquired Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections . 2016. 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Latif NAK, Ninuk DK, Ika NP: Nurses’ Compliance with the Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention Bundle . International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 2020, 24 (7):7942-7948. Balu P, Ravikumar D, Somasunder VM, Suga SSD, Sivagnanam P, Jeyasheelan VP: Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) among Health Care Professionals Working in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital . Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2021, 15 (1):335-346. Shehzadi A, Ali A, Bhatti MR: Saudi Journal of Nursing and Health Care ISSN: 2616-7921 (Print) . 2018. Farotimi AA, Ajao EO, Nwozichi CU, Ademuyiwa IY: Effect of training on knowledge, perception and risk reduction regarding infection control among nurses in selected teaching hospitals in Nigeria . Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2018, 23 (6):471. Rashmi K, Dhakal B: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Prevention of Catheter-Associated UTI among Nurses of a Tertiary Care Hospital . Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 2021, 17 (1). Sarani H, Balouchi A, Masinaeinezhad N, Ebrahimitabs E: Knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses about standard precautions for hospital-acquired infection in teaching hospitals affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences (2014) . Global journal of health science 2016, 8 (3):193. Benny AM, Idiculla AS, Kunjumon A, George A, Sequera SK: Nurses’ Knowledge on Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in a Selected Hospital of Mangaluru . Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 2020, 10 (03):128-131. Kose Y, Leblebici Y, Akdere SS, Cakmakci H, Otunctemur S, Egici MT, Bektemur G: Level of knowledge of the nurses work in a public hospital about the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infections . mortality 2016, 4 :5. Esfandani K, Aliyari S, Pishgooei AH, Ebadi A: Promoting critical care nurses’ information literacy through an evidence-based practice workshop: a quasi-experimental study . نشریه پرستاری و مراقبت های ویژه 2017, 10 (2):0-0. Kaur J, Kumar CN: Adoption of guidelines on knowledge and practice regarding care of urinary catheter in situ among staff nurses . Int J Health Sci Res 2017, 7 (10):152-157. M Abdelmoaty A, A Sabry H, H ElSebaie E, M Kenawy A: Indwelling Urinary Catheter: Effect of Training on Nurses Knowledge and Skills . The Egyptian Family Medicine Journal 2020, 4 (1):144-157. Organization WH: Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes at the national and acute health care facility level : World Health Organization; 2016. Kelvered M, Öhlén J, Gustafsson BÅ: Operating theatre nurses’ experience of patient ‐ related, intraoperative nursing care . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2012, 26 (3):449-457. Assefa J, Diress G, Adane S: Infection prevention knowledge, practice, and its associated factors among healthcare providers in primary healthcare unit of Wogdie District, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study . Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 2020, 9 (1):1-9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files questionariestoolsfinal.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1983637","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":132114682,"identity":"8a2ef4fc-92fa-44f0-b34b-95a1f71762c8","order_by":0,"name":"Misra Nure","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZhiDvbHhQEIFSIS5gUgtPIcPHvhwBiTCSEALHEikJR+c2QZiEdCi287+7MPPHYfz+RlyDA7zzquN5m8HavlRsQ2nFrPDPMYze88ctpzZcAaoZdvx3BmHGRsYe87cxqeFmYG37bCBwcEekJZjuQ1ALcyMbfi0sD9m/AvUYn+YB6hlzrHc+YS1MBgzg21hY0s4OLOhJncDYS08xsyybekGEmeYDxz4cOxA7kagloN4/XL++GPGt23WBvzzHzZ/SKipy513/vDBBz8qcGtBB4fB5AGi1QNBHSmKR8EoGAWjYIQAAEs2YMvBKJcqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Salale Univerity","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Misra","middleName":"","lastName":"Nure","suffix":""},{"id":132114684,"identity":"c9232eb6-19a3-4e41-a800-4af46048b600","order_by":1,"name":"Abebe Dechasa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ambo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebe","middleName":"","lastName":"Dechasa","suffix":""},{"id":132114687,"identity":"1a145159-d321-42fe-a267-aecf3fc1006b","order_by":2,"name":"Meseret Ifa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ambo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meseret","middleName":"","lastName":"Ifa","suffix":""},{"id":132114690,"identity":"f9dfe138-055d-4120-afed-33cc677de6aa","order_by":3,"name":"Jemal Bedane","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madawalabu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jemal","middleName":"","lastName":"Bedane","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-08-21 15:59:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1983637/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1983637/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":29714825,"identity":"15117b9a-4826-498c-b6fe-6ca5e0a0337d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-30 11:59:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1432556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1983637/v1/4a9e7098-9206-42af-832e-44023b2af5ff.pdf"},{"id":25854604,"identity":"29290998-a019-4e65-9234-95ebd5c40de4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-30 16:57:48","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":36324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"questionariestoolsfinal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1983637/v1/4c69971d07354458ead0c9b9.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge and Practice of Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and Associated factor among nurses in public hospitals, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealthcare-acquired infections were a major health problem in the world; it is occurring in a hospitalized patient that was not present at admission or incubating at the time of admission. In the world, one in every 25 patients admitted to the health care setting will be infected by one or more Healthcare-acquired infections (HCAIs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Catheter-related urinary tract infection (CRUTIs) is the most frequent and preventable type of infection by simple measures like hand washing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevention mechanism of CRUTIs was developed by Center for Communicable Disease prevention and Control (CDC) that set multi-intervention. These included that, maintaining a closed drainage system, hand washing before and after the procedure, cleaning meatus, maintaining unobstructed urinary flow, securing the catheter, and the drainage catheter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence nurses are required to have adequate knowledge and skill about CRUTIs prevention. Knowledge and skill of using basic preventive measures like hand hygiene, changing gloves before and after patient contact, adherence to a sterile and closed urinary drainage system have been shown to markedly decrease the risk of acquiring catheter-related urinary tract infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, there was an estimated 1\u0026nbsp;million CRUTIs per year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. UTIs account for around 40% of all healthcare-associated infections in each year and 70\u0026ndash;80% of these UTIs are attributed to the use of indwelling urinary catheters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In American hospitals alone, HCAIs account for 1.7\u0026nbsp;million infections and 100,000 associated deaths each year, 32% of these infections are UTIs. CRUTIs are the second common type of healthcare-associated infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Although, healthcare-associated infection was underestimated in developing countries due to a lack of investigation and surveillance systems for health care-associated infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRUTIs are associated with serious infections such as sepsis, acute pyelonephritis, and other adverse outcomes such as prolonged hospital stay, financial costs for hospitalization, increased morbidity, and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Also Nurses have a responsibility to minimize its occurrence by using different preventive measures, especially by putting guidelines into practice, taking in-service training towards CRUTI prevention control, and educating the staff on evidence-based practices that have an impact on decreasing CRUTI rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the infection continues to rise due to inadequate knowledge and poor practice of catheter-related infection prevention, especially among nurses. So, improving nurses' knowledge and skill can promote quality of health care which is safe and helpful prevention of CRUTI on the utilization of nursing practices within the health care setting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite all programs, policies, and standards in health care settings, there are still alarming CRUTI cases among hospitals, and a urinary catheter is considered as the single biggest risk factor for acquired UTIs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. This implies nurses require further updated information or evidence-based practice and training about the prevention of CRUTI which can solve this problem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Unfortunately, in Ethiopia, as far as our knowledge there is no published evidence regarding the knowledge and practices of CRUTIs prevention and associated factors among nurses. Thus, this study was aimed to assess knowledge, practices, and associated factors on catheter-related urinary tract infection among nurses in public hospitals in Oromia region, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design, type and Study setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn institution-based cross-sectional study which is quantitative and used both self-administered and observational data collection method was conducted in public hospitals found in West Shao zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, from August 01 to 30/2021. The administrative city of west shoa is Ambo town which is located 114km away from the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Currently, there are 8 Public Hospitals in west shoa zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia, where 629 nurses are working during the time\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll nurses who were working at public hospitals in West Shoa zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia were source of population from which 422 nurses were randomly selected to participate in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size determination and sampling procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula. The proportion of knowledge, and practice on catheter-related urinary tract infection, is not known in Ethiopia, so that, 50 % proportion was used for the level of adequate knowledge and good practices, a margin of sampling error 5% at 95% confidence interval was used to determine sample size, by considering 10% non-response, the final sample size was 422. The simple random sampling (SRS) technique was used to select the study participants. \u0026nbsp;A list of nurses from each hospital was inserted into the computer separately to prepare a sampling frame then the participants were selected by computer generated random sampling.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size for observation (practice) was determined based on the pre-survey done in one week before data collection to determine case flow in selected four hospitals. Thirty percent (30%) of procedures done during the data collection period were observed\u0026nbsp;[15]\u0026nbsp;to verify the data collected through a self-administered questionnaire from the participants.\u0026nbsp;The total estimated case (catheterized patient) in the selected hospitals during the data collection period was 170. The 30% of the cases was 51 and it was distributed to each hospital based on their number of procedures done.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable of the study and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variables of the study were knowledge and practice of CRUTIs prevention. Both Knowledge and practice were measured through self-administered questionnaires (19 knowledge questions and 13 practice questions). Participants who scored greater than or equal to 70% \u0026nbsp; of knowledge questions are considered to have adequate knowledge\u0026nbsp;[16]\u0026nbsp;while those who scored greater than or equal to 60k2% of the practice questions were considered to have good CRUTI prevention practice\u0026nbsp;[13]. The independent variables were socio-demographic (age, gender, current working unit, level of education, marital status, and year of experience), Organizational-related factors (Training on infection prevention, presence of guidelines, availability of hand washing facility, Availability of Personal Protective Equipment, Availability of internet access, and availability of library and attitude).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAttitude is also measured by using 9 items labeled with a five-point measurement scale that ranges from 1, strongly disagree to 5, strongly agree.\u0026nbsp;Participants responded correctly above or equal to mean score from the total of attitude items were regarded as having favorable attitude\u0026nbsp;[10].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etool, Procedures, and Data quality assurance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was adapted from previous studies with modifications\u0026nbsp;[4, 10, 17]. It had five parts. Socio-Demographic, Knowledge-related question, Attitude-related question on CRUTIs prevention, Practices-related question on CRUTI and Organizational-related factor.\u0026nbsp;A pre-test was conducted on 5%\u0026nbsp;[18]\u0026nbsp;of the sample size to evaluate the clarity, completeness, applicability, and to estimate the time needed to fill in the research tools. The reliability of the tool was calculated by using Cronbach alpha which identified 0.844 that was found to be in the acceptable range.\u0026nbsp;The data facilitators were trained for one day before data collection on ethical aspects and handling of the tools and collected data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn observation was done before the self-administered questionnaire to control information bias. The variability or similarity between self-reported results and real situations in the clinical practice was observed.\u0026nbsp;Participatory observation was conducted to decreases observational bias. Training was given for observers at each hospital to\u0026nbsp;ensure the validity of the observation. Discussion was mad with observers regarding the aim of the study, how to objectively record the findings and minimize nurses social desired bias on their practice.\u0026nbsp;The collected data were checked for completeness on daily basis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll collected data were cross-checked for completeness and consistency, coded, and double-entered to Epi-Data 3.1 and exported to SPSS 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution and percentage were done. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done. Variables with a p-value \u0026le; 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were transferred in to in multivariable logistic regression model. For all statistical tests, significance was declared at p-value \u0026lt; 0.05 at 95% C.I. The goodness of fitness of the models was checked by using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p=0.566), the model was good fitted. Multicollinearity was checked between all independent variables, using variance inflation factor (VIF) or tolerance test. Thus the VIF of all predictors was less than two, which indicate that there was no Multicollinearity. The result was described by adjusted odds ratio and confidence intervals and finally, the result was described and presented by using text and tables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the study participants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 408 respondents filled and returned the questionnaire which makes a response rate of 96.7% (Table1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1: Sociodemographic characteristics of nurses working at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n= 408)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 or above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe current level of education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMasters and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal year of experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 month-2years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3years -6years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 years -10years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egreater than 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"43.689320388349515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent working area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyn ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedical ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"28.155339805825243%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther*(Catholic, wakefata and \u0026nbsp; Jehovah witness), Other** (Divorced, Separated and Widowed)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of nurses towards catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of study participants, 259 (63.5%), had adequate knowledge towards CRUTI prevention.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMost, 330(80.9%) of the study participants, correctly responded that routine use of antiseptic lubricants decreases the risk of infection during urinary catheterization while 360 (88.2%) and 312(76.5%) know hand washing before and after handling urinary catheterization decrease catheter-related urinary tract infection respectively (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: \u0026nbsp; Distribution of knowledge of CRUTI of nurses working at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n=408)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4604%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoutine use of antiseptic lubricants decreases the risk of infection during urinary catheterization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4604%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaintaining Urinary catheters is important to use Closed Drainage System\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4604%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand hygiene before handling catheterization is important to prevent catheter-related infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4604%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWearing pair of the surgical glove during the procedure handling decrease the risk of infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4604%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47.99426934097421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHygiene of the urethral meatus is important before inserting catheterization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9.646%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand hygiene After Handling the urinary catheter is decreased catheter-related urinary tract infections\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.3756%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatheterization is done under the sterile procedure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.3756%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecuring an indwelling catheter properly after insertion can prevent movement and urethral traction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.3756%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring catheterization Adequate fixation is important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.3756%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnless contraindicated, the use of the smallest bore catheter size is better than the largest bore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.3756%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 26.7495%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.99713467048711%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBladder irrigation, installation, or washout using an antiseptic or antimicrobial agent is beneficial to prevent Catheter-related urinary tract infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 11.1051%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.91404011461318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.7006%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.753581661891117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.3756%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.335243553008596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe practice of nurses on catheter-related- urinary tract infection prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the total nurses participated in the study, 141 (34.6%) had good practice towards CRUTI prevention. This finding is almost not analogous with the result of the observational study, which identified14 (27.5%) good practice (Table 3\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Distribution of \u0026nbsp;catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention practice among nurse in public hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n= 408)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractice related question\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNever \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRarely \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSometimes \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMost of the time \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashing hands before inserting a urinary catheter \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCleaning the urethra with an antiseptic solution before inserting a urinary catheter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWashing hands after insertion of a urinary catheter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (21.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecure indwelling catheter after insertion to prevent movement and urethral traction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtecting the catheter and collecting tube from kinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119(29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocument catheter insertion date and expected date of removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(29.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeep the collecting bag below the bladder level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeep the urine collecting bag out off the floor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128(31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtecting yourself from cross-contamination during catheter removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223 (54.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse standard precautions when handling the catheter or collecting system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135(33.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (44.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecord date of catheter removal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(24.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171(41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution of nurses\u0026rsquo; attitude towards catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of the total participants, 277(67.9%) had a favorable attitude towards CRUTI prevention. accordingly, 163(40%) and 178(43.5%) agreed and strongly agree that wearing gloves and gowns can decrease the incidence of catheter-related urinary tract infection during any manipulation of the catheter or collecting bag respectively (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Distribution of nurses\u0026apos; attitudes regarding catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia (n=408).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Variable \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67.13483146067416%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrongly\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisagree \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Disagree \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neutral \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Agree \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Strongly agree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.0836820083682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.0836820083682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.899581589958158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.0836820083682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.84937238493724%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining about basic catheter care helps to prevent catheter related urinary tract infections\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (50.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatheter-related urinary tract infection is not a very serious disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179 (43.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (40.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt helps to reduce Catheter-related urinary tract infections if catheter-related infection prevention is on the high priority list in hospitals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174 (42.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Catheter-related infection is a common problem and almost impossible to prevent.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (37.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaintaining a closed drainage system prevents Catheter-related infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAseptic precautions may not \u0026nbsp;be needed for removing the urinary catheterization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (39.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (40.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe catheter can be inserted when it is convenient for the healthcare provider (HCP)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (15.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"32.86516853932584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdequate fixation of a urinary catheter is important during catheterization \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.674157303370787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.48314606741573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (33.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.01123595505618%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the study participants, 305(74.5%) reported that their hospital has a hand washing facility near to or inside wards, 336 (82.4%) have accessed infection prevention guidelines in their working departments and 209 (51.2%) have taken in-service training on urinary catheter procedures or related infection prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with knowledge of study participants on Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore and after an adjustment was made, age, current working unit, in-service training on CRUTI prevention, marital status, accessibility of internet, presence of infection prevention guideline, and library were found to be significantly associated with the knowledge of participants on CRUTI prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, respondents whose ages were between 30 and 34 were about 2.8 times more likely to have \u0026nbsp;adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those 20-24 years old [aOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.15-6.65]. Respondents whose age is greater than or equal to 35 years old were three times more likely to be adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those 20-24 years old [AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.20-8.18].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that nurses working in the intensive care unit (ICU)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eare three times more likely to have adequate knowledge on CRUTI prevention than those who had worked in the Medical ward [AOR:3.15,95% CI:1.13-8.75]. Those nurses who had taken in-service training are two times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who do not have taken training [AOR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.11-3.14]. Those nurses, who have infection prevention guidelines in their working department were near to three times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who don\u0026rsquo;t have [AOR: 2.78,95% CI: 1.50-5.16]. Those participants, who responded that they have a library in their working setting were almost three times more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who don\u0026rsquo;t have [AOR: 2.97,95% CI: 1.78-4.96]. Those participants who are single in their marital status are 2.4 times more likely to have adequate knowledge than those ever married [AOR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.51-3.96]. The participants who have favorable attitude towards CRUTI prevention were more likely to have adequate knowledge about CRUTI prevention than those who do have unfavorable attitude [AOR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.20-8.18] (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBivariate and Multivariate analysis for factors associated with knowledge of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention among Nurses at public hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia (n =408)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"32.01754385964912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of knowledge on\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRUT prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(95%, CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(95%, CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.63636363636363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdequate (%) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"51.36363636363637%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInadequate (%) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125(66.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31(0.87-1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51(0.885-2.587)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134(60.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87(39.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151(72.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19(1.45-3.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.442(1.51-3.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-24 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(51.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(53.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(46.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23(0.613-2.479)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28(0.561-2.931)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95(73.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94(1.403-6.165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78(1.158-6.656)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56(74.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10(1.373-7.013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14(1.204-8.181)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperience\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6month-2years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-6years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122(65.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64(0.962-2.797)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70(0.866-3.349)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-10years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(66.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69(0.892-3.199)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10(0.478-2.507)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(66.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(33.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68(0.847-3.334)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06(0.441-2.551)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent working area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Surgical ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29(0.632-2.616)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97(0.829-4.664)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyn ward\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(36.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49(0.667-3.361)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47(0.588-3.653)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatric\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(62.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(37.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45(0.658-3.179)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80(0.707-4.639)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57(1.082-6.113)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15(1.133-8.752)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29(1.858-9.887)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73(1.073-6.939)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(59.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(40.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26(0.574-2.766)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13(0.476-2.885)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(48.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(51.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82(0.373-1.786)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21(0.49-2.988)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43(0.464-4.394)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62(0.425-6.144)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.686131386861312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedical ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.620437956204379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.496350364963504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.854014598540147%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.708029197080293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.635036496350365%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of hand washing facility \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174(67.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58(1.046-2.398)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81(0.456-1.444)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(56.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Guideline \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235(69.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65(2.705-8.007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78(1.495-5.164)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Library \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07(2.659-6.242)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97(1.778-4.956)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75(44.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93(55.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraining (in-service training) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160(76.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30(2.159-5.039)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86(1.106-3.135)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(49.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100(50.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of internet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207(66.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72(1.084-2.738)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92(1.085-3.386) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFavorable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195(70.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49(1.621-3.823)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10(1.204-8.181)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.71345029239766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUn Favorable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2793%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.76608187134503%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.875%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.251461988304094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(51.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17.125%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.883040935672515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.649122807017545%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with the practice of nurses towards catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter controlling for possible confounding \u003cstrong\u003efactors,\u003c/strong\u003e age, year of experience, availability of infection prevention guidelines, accessibility of internet, ever taking in-service training, and favorable attitude on CRUTIs prevention were found to be significantly associated with good practice catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccordingly, nurses whose age is within a range of 30 and 34 years were about three times more likely to have a good practice of CRUTI prevention activities than those aged 20-24 years [AOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.1-8.65] while those greater than or equal to 35 years old were more than three times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention activities than those aged 20-24 years [AOR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.18-10.15]. Nurses who have work experience of greater than 10 years had more than three times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention activity than those who had work experience of between six months and two years [AOR: 3.65,95% CI: 1.48-9.10].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNurses who were working in operation room were three times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention than participants who are working in the medical ward [AOR: 3.02, 95% CI: [1.21-7.56]. Nurses who had taken in-service training on catheter related or any infection prevention were about two times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention than those who hadn\u0026rsquo;t take training on CRUTI prevention [AOR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.21-3.24]. Those nurses who have infection prevention guidelines in their working department were about two times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI infection prevention than those who don\u0026rsquo;t have [AOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.08-5.19]. Those nurses who have favorable attitudes were about two times more likely to have good practice of CRUTI prevention than those who have unfavorable attitudes [AOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.07-3.15] (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Bivariate and multivariate analysis on factors associated to the practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention among Nurses in public hospitals of West Shoa zone, Oromia, 2021\u0026nbsp;(n =408).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"27.876106194690266%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of practice on CRUTI Prevention\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR CI (95%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR CI (95%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood practice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor practice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-24 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(16.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(51.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (82.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (82.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (48.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.392-2.424)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79 (1.971-11.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95 (1.944-12.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.346-2.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09(1.1-8.649) 3.46(1.181-10.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.024\u003c/strong\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear of Experience\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6month-2 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-6 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10 year\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(56.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(58.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(81.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141(75.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (43.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.383 (0.719-2.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.57 (2.727-11.382)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.821-12.763)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.628-2.943)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63 (1.55-8.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.653 (1.48-9.101)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe current level of education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSc\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMasters and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225(35%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(42.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232(65%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(57.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62 (0.705-3.704)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18 (0.649-7.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46 (0.56-10.797)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47 (0.86-7.012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent working unit\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedical ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyn ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatric\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU/NICU\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperation room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency ward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(30.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(45%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (34.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (43.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(76.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(81.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(73.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(69.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(55%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(35%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(69%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(65.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(56.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.313-1.790)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (0.497-3.007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44 (0.605-3.447)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73 (1.167-6.375)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19 (2.827-13.556)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49 (0.625-3.575)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73 (0.727-4.108)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59 (0.826-8.138)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.206-1.479)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88 (0.312-2.495)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08 (1.385-3.046)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58 (0.38-4.286)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02 (1.205-7.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01(0.364-2.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37 (0.865-6.538)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79 (0.488-6.542)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.018*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of hand washing facility\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (28.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (71.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52 (0.987-2.353)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30 (1.729-2.308)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eguideline \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;No\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (38.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (61.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12 (1.614-6.014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37 (1.081-5.191)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.031\u003c/strong\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of library\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (38.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (61.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (71.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58 (1.035-2.416)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.515-1.702)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of internet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130(41.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181(58.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(88.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61(2.882-10.939)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82(2.446-11.295)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.58407079646018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFavorable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfavorable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.15929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109(39.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(24.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.716814159292035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168(60.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(75.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.68141592920354%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.007(1.260-3.198)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.123893805309734%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.893(1.07-3.147)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.734513274336283%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.028*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, 63.5% of study participants had adequate knowledge of CRUTIs prevention. This is lower when compared with that of a study conducted in Kenya\u0026nbsp;[19], which reported 71.6% and India, which reported (71%)\u0026nbsp;[20]\u0026nbsp;.\u0026nbsp;This difference might be due to variations in sample size and different study settings. However, it is higher than studies conducted in Egypt (37.23%)\u0026nbsp;[13], India in Nellore city (46.7%)\u0026nbsp;[18], and Pakistan (3.13%)\u0026nbsp;[21]. This discrepancy might be due to the fact that almost more than half (51.2%) of the current study participants had taken in-service training. Training is very effective to improve nurses knowledge and practice of infection prevention that help to fight against the spread of infection in the healthcare setting\u0026nbsp;[22]. The current study also revealed that, 34.6% of the study participants had a good practice towards CRUTIs prevention.\u0026nbsp;This is in line with the study conducted in Iloilo city in the Philippines (33.3%)\u0026nbsp;[4], higher than a study conducted in Egypt (16.1%)\u0026nbsp;[13]\u0026nbsp;but, lower than a study conducted in Nepal (64.38%)\u0026nbsp;[23]. This discrepancy might be attributed to differences in the study setting, time and socio-economic characteristics of study population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn line with other studies\u0026nbsp;[23-25], those nurses whose ages were \u0026ge;35 years were more likely knowledgeable on catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention when compared to those aged between\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e20 and 24 years old. This might be due to participants getting older being more likely to be adequate knowledgeable through their repeated exposure to infection prevention activity. This study revealed that nurses, who are working in the intensive care unit, were more likely knowledgeable on CRUTIs prevention than those who were working in the medical ward. This is almost in line with the findings of the study done in Turkey\u0026nbsp;[26]\u0026nbsp;and Nepal\u0026nbsp;[23]. This may be attributed to the nature of nursing care in the ICU. Furthermore it is possible in that, since the urgent conditions of patients who are hospitalized in intensive care is \u0026nbsp;critical nurses need to have great professional knowledge and experience, so that may have an exposure to high-quality critical care, high technical equipment, and worked with great clinical competence staff to facilitate critically ill patients\u0026rsquo; recovery\u0026nbsp;[27]. ICU nurses have sufficient knowledge on applications needed to pay attention during urinary catheters and have better knowledge scores than the nurses that work in other units\u0026nbsp;[26]. Consistent with other studies\u0026nbsp;[23, 26], nurses who had taken in-service training were more likely to be knowledgeable training on catheter-related infection prevention. This might be due the fact that those who have ever taken in-service training have updated information and knowledge than those who hadn\u0026rsquo;t taken the training.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn line with other studies[20, 28], the CRUTI prevention was \u0026nbsp;more likely practiced among nurses who had work experience greater than 10 years than those who had working experience between six months and two years. This might be because, as the year of service and age increases, the participants are more likely to advance their skills through their experience. Also, nurses who have accessed infection prevention guidelines or protocols in their working department were more likely to practice CRUTI prevention than their counterparts. This finding is supported by a study done by Vallah, Amritsar\u0026nbsp;[28]. This might be attributed to nurses\u0026nbsp;who have infection prevention guidelines in their working department will refer as guidance to improve their practice of infection prevention.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, nurse who had taken infection/ CRUTI prevention in-service training on infection prevention were more likely to practice CRUTI prevention. This was supported by the study conducted in Egypt\u0026nbsp;[29]. This might be due to the fact that those who have ever taken in-service training would be more likely to get updated information, knowledge, and skill. Also, training is the core component of infection prevention and control program and training nurses are effective to reduce healthcare-related infection\u0026nbsp;[30]. Moreover, nurses who were working in the operation room were more likely to have good practice on CRUTI prevention activities than those who were working in the Medical ward\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e This is in line with the study conducted in Iran and Egypt\u0026nbsp;[13]. This is possible in that, operation room nurses adhere to standards and need a high level of technical and non-technical skills, and follows different guidelines to deliver high-quality care\u0026nbsp;[31].\u0026nbsp;Besides, this could be due to differences in infection prevention training among working units\u0026nbsp;[32].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrength of the Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObservation of catheterization procedure was made to verify the practice obtained through self-reporting of nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitation of the Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study did not include all health professionals as the catheterization procedure can also be carried out by others. It didn\u0026rsquo;t determine the cause and effects as a result of study design.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions And Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study finding revealed that more than half of nurses working in public hospitals of west shao zone in Oromia region have adequate knowledge on catheter-related infection prevention but near to two-third of study participants had poor practice on catheter-related infection prevention. In-service training on infection prevention, age, the current working unit, and the presence of a guideline was significantly associated with both the knowledge and practice of nurses toward catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. Hospitals administrative and other concerned bodies should ensure the provision of training, and provide infection prevention guidelines for nurses.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations And Acronym ","content":"\u003cp\u003eAOR \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Adjusted Odds Ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCRUTIs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Catheter-Related Urinary Tract Infection \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOR \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Crude Odds Ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHCAI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Health Care-Acquired Infection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eICU \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Intensive Care Unit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Out of Patient Department\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; World Health organization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical\u0026nbsp;and legal\u0026nbsp;consideration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for the study was obtained from\u0026nbsp;the Institutional Review \u0026nbsp; Board of Ambo University College of Medicine and Health Sciences (Ref. No: PGC/150/2021). Informed consent was obtained from each study participant after providing adequate information and explaining the aim and the importance of the study regarding the observation, administrative bodies from each hospital have been informed about the aim, procedure and scope of the data collection and permission was obtained officially from administrative bodies. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eto thank managers of all hospitals for facilitation of the study in their respective hospitals.\u0026nbsp;We also thanks study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by Salale University as part of MSC study by MN. The funding body has no role in the design, data collection, and analysis process. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN, AD, MI, JB,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003edesigned the study, supervised the data collection, and analyzed the data. MN \u0026nbsp;write up the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors details\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Nursing, College of Health Science, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia. \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Nursing, College of medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Public health, College of medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia. \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Midwifery College of Health Science, Madda Walabu university, Shashamane campus, Shashamane, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCowan TE: \u003cstrong\u003eHealthcare acquired infection (HAIs): a deadly problem that is preventable: UV can help, what\u0026rsquo;s holding it back?\u003c/strong\u003e In: \u003cem\u003eLight-Based Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases: 2018\u003c/em\u003e: International Society for Optics and Photonics; 2018: 104791A.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSobeih H, Nasr M: \u003cstrong\u003eIndwelling urinary catheter management: Effect of an interactive workshop on nurses\u0026rsquo; practice and perception\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eNew York Science Journal \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(5):117-126.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P: \u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eClinical infectious diseases \u003c/em\u003e2010, \u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e(5):625-663.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOpi\u0026ntilde;a MLF, Oducado RMF: \u003cstrong\u003eInfection control in the use of urethral catheters: Knowledge and practices of nurses in a private hospital in Iloilo city\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAsia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e(5):93-100.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClarke K, Tong D, Pan Y, Easley KA, Norrick B, Ko C, Wang A, Razavi B, Stein J: \u003cstrong\u003eReduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections by bundling interventions\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal for Quality in Health Care \u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(1):43-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGabriel KB: \u003cstrong\u003eHealthcare-associated urinary tract infection in the Surgery Department at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital: Deciphering risk factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated bacteria\u003c/strong\u003e. 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2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKelvered M, \u0026Ouml;hl\u0026eacute;n J, Gustafsson B\u0026Aring;: \u003cstrong\u003eOperating theatre nurses\u0026rsquo; experience of patient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e‐\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erelated, intraoperative nursing care\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eScandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences \u003c/em\u003e2012, \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(3):449-457.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssefa J, Diress G, Adane S: \u003cstrong\u003eInfection prevention knowledge, practice, and its associated factors among healthcare providers in primary healthcare unit of Wogdie District, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance \u0026amp; Infection Control \u003c/em\u003e2020, \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knowledge, Practice, Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention, Oromia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1983637/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1983637/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatheter-related urinary tract infection is an infection related to imported pathogens, which affects the urinary tract of patients with a urinary catheter. Catheter associated urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection. Determining the catheter related urinary tract infections knowledge and practice of nurses, and the factors associated has paramount importance for improving the catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention practice, as well as efficiency and quality of care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the knowledge and practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and its associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitution-based cross-sectional study was conducted and to select 408 study participants a simple random sampling technique was used. A Structured self-administered questionnaire and observational check list were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential analysis was done. Variable with p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 with 95% CI was declared statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the distributed questionnaires 408 participants returned with their response which gives 96.7% response rate. Out of respondents, 63.5%, had adequate knowledge, but only 34.6% of study participants have good practice on Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. Having in-service training on infection prevention, working in intensive care unit and having access to infection prevention guide line were significantly associated with both the nurses\u0026rsquo; adequate knowledge and good practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention while age and year of experience, were factors significantly associated with nurses good practice of catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding of this study revealed that more than half nurses have adequate knowledge on catheter-related infection prevention, but around one-third of them had good practice, which suggests difference between knowledge and practice. In-service training on infection prevention, the current unit of working, and the presence of a guide line were significantly associated with both the knowledge and practice of nurses toward catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention. There is a need of improving knowledge and practice of nurses towards catheter related urinary tract infection prevention through in-service training and use of guideline at working units.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and Practice of Catheter-related urinary tract infection prevention and Associated factor among nurses in public hospitals, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-30 16:57:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1983637/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"47a828be-c8d0-4fc3-9120-3cf1892aa926","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 30th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-11-30T11:59:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-30 16:57:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1983637","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1983637","identity":"rs-1983637","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"ApUGefWb6u5IBVtyqm6d5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}