Outdoor thermal comfort of university students and space design strategies for alleviation: A case study in Xi’an

Outdoor thermal comfort of university students and space design strategies for alleviation: A case study in Xi’an | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Outdoor thermal comfort of university students and space design strategies for alleviation: A case study in Xi’an Yujuan Liu, Di Wu, Pengfei Yan, Shaobo Ning, Xinjiang Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282226/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The rapid expansion of university scales and the growth in numbers of students make the health of university students increasingly significant. Students' health has been reported to be adversely affected by the lack of outdoor activities that were critically determined by thermal comfort . This study explores the thermal comfort of students in outdoor spaces at university in Xi'an, China, using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) to evaluate their thermal environment and suggest bioclimatic design interventions for these spaces. Four main findings were obtained 1) The significant meteorological influences on students' thermal sensations differ across different campus open spaces. In HB (Hongqiao sinking space) spaces, relative humidity (RH) and air temperature (Ta) are key influences; in CS(College Activity Square) spaces, solar radiation (G), globe temperature (Tg), and wind speed (Va) are predominant; in JG(Jinqiao space) spaces, Ta, Tg, and Va are crucial; and in SH (Sport hall square) spaces, the combination of Ta, Tg, Va, and RH are dominant. 2) During the summer, there is a notable variation in thermal comfort benchmarks across the campus areas. The Neutral UTCI (NUTCI) recorded are 20.34℃ for HB, 23.61℃ for CS, 26.13℃ for JG, and 17.11℃ for SH. Corresponding NUTCI ranges (NUTCIR) are 15.21-25.47℃ for HB, 18.31-28.91℃ for CS, 21.27-30.98℃ for JG, and 12.94-21.27℃ for SH, respectively. 3) Variability in thermal sensations exists even within the same climatic zone across different campus spaces, necessitating tailored designs for thermal comfort. 4) We propose bioclimatic design solutions such as the introduction of vegetation, shading structures, sprinkler systems, and improved paving to enhance comfort in these outdoor settings. These proposals are aimed at guiding planners and landscape architects in optimizing the design of these spaces, thereby enhancing students' outdoor activity levels and promoting their physical and mental health. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Health sciences/Health care University open space Thermal comfort Thermal Adaptation Optimization design strategy Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files supplementmaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7282226","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":520387895,"identity":"ddf624b8-ab72-43db-bcb4-07a2781835e8","order_by":0,"name":"Yujuan Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi'an FANYI University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yujuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":520387896,"identity":"ce4315b7-077f-4d62-a10e-08dacf196e27","order_by":1,"name":"Di Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi'an FANYI 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Students' health has been reported to be adversely affected by the lack of outdoor activities that were critically determined by thermal comfort . This study explores the thermal comfort of students in outdoor spaces at university in Xi'an, China, using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) to evaluate their thermal environment and suggest bioclimatic design interventions for these spaces. Four main findings were obtained 1) The significant meteorological influences on students' thermal sensations differ across different campus open spaces. In HB (Hongqiao sinking space) spaces, relative humidity (RH) and air temperature (Ta) are key influences; in CS(College Activity Square) spaces, solar radiation (G), globe temperature (Tg), and wind speed (Va) are predominant; in JG(Jinqiao space) spaces, Ta, Tg, and Va are crucial; and in SH (Sport hall square) spaces, the combination of Ta, Tg, Va, and RH are dominant. 2) During the summer, there is a notable variation in thermal comfort benchmarks across the campus areas. The Neutral UTCI (NUTCI) recorded are 20.34℃ for HB, 23.61℃ for CS, 26.13℃ for JG, and 17.11℃ for SH. Corresponding NUTCI ranges (NUTCIR) are 15.21-25.47℃ for HB, 18.31-28.91℃ for CS, 21.27-30.98℃ for JG, and 12.94-21.27℃ for SH, respectively. 3) Variability in thermal sensations exists even within the same climatic zone across different campus spaces, necessitating tailored designs for thermal comfort. 4) We propose bioclimatic design solutions such as the introduction of vegetation, shading structures, sprinkler systems, and improved paving to enhance comfort in these outdoor settings. These proposals are aimed at guiding planners and landscape architects in optimizing the design of these spaces, thereby enhancing students' outdoor activity levels and promoting their physical and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Outdoor thermal comfort of university students and space design strategies for alleviation: A case study in Xi’an","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-26 13:02:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7282226/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cdee71b-d1c3-405c-a6ef-eb2c31b89903","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55311715,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences"},{"id":55311716,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":55311717,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences"},{"id":55311718,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-20T07:25:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-26 13:02:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7282226","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7282226","identity":"rs-7282226","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}