Eco-Friendly Drilling of AA 5052-H32 Alloy: Influence of Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid on Surface Quality and Burr Formation

Eco-Friendly Drilling of AA 5052-H32 Alloy: Influence of Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid on Surface Quality and Burr Formation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Eco-Friendly Drilling of AA 5052-H32 Alloy: Influence of Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid on Surface Quality and Burr Formation Muhammad Yasir, Amar ul Hassan Khawaja, Mubashir Gulzar, Muhammad Saad Khan, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5791600/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aerospace and automotive sectors are increasingly emphasizing sustainable production, requiring environmentally benign methods for machining activities. This study examines a biodegradable cutting fluid composed of 85% jasmine oil and 15% organic petroleum-based additives as an eco-friendly substitute for traditional lubricants in the drilling of AA 5052-H32 aluminum alloy, a material widely utilized in structural applications. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to examine the impacts of cutting speed and feed rate on surface quality, burr development, and temperature, based on 27 experimental observations across three lubrication conditions: dry, 90 − 10% water-to-oil, and 80 − 20% water-to-oil mixes. Findings indicate that increased cutting speeds and appropriate feed rates markedly improve surface quality, attaining a minimal surface roughness of 7.3 µm at 6370 rpm and 2867 mm/min under the 80 − 20% coolant condition. This lubrication regime exhibited the least burr height of 0.07 mm and the most efficient cooling, with a lowest temperature of 33.8°C. In comparison, dry drilling demonstrated subpar performance, characterized by heightened burr height and surface roughness resulting from raised tool temperatures and material deformation. Also, jasmine-based cutting fluid enhances machining performance by improving temperature and lubricating characteristics, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting sustainability in precision drilling operations. This research emphasizes the significance of parameter optimization for attaining enhanced hole quality while advocating for a shift towards ecologically sustainable production processes. Future research is advised to investigate the prolonged impacts of biodegradable lubricants on tool longevity and their compatibility with various machining processes and materials. Biodegradable Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid AA 5052-H32 alloy Burr height Drilling Surface roughness Temperature Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction Aluminum alloys serve great importance in the global market due to their abundance, lower weights, high strengths, elevated thermal conductivities, corrosion-resisting, and damage-tolerating properties. Generally, structural components made of aluminum are widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries [1, 2]. Specifically, in aerospace applications, aluminum alloys cover almost 80% of the weight of the whole aircraft. The reason lies in its durability and low structural weight, which leads to a lower overall aircraft weight, thus increasing fuel efficiency. Aluminum alloys withstand the varying static weight of aircraft due to heavy cargo or fuel tanks. Additional loads related to taxing, takeoff, maneuvering, landing, and bearing the static weight of the aircraft. The other key feature is the ability of the material to endure such extreme conditions as high temperature, humidity, as well as high UV-radiation levels [3]. Currently, automotive and aerospace industries for instance, have implemented massive use of ‘high-performance materials’ including composites and lightweight alloys with a view of attaining enhanced fuel economy and minimizing impacts on nature. As a result, there is a great demand to create new materials with efficient manufacturing strategies and performance modeling. For instance, Wang et al. [4] have gone a long way in the utilization of machine learning to design fatigued metamaterials for AM, as evidenced by the strong indications towards the computational practices in material design. Chai et al. [5] covered all possible methods for reducing simulation costs and the cost of LCM process optimization and discussed them all in terms of applicability, efficiency, and suitability, for different situations focusing on the fact that, while trying to reduce costs, one should not compromise on the results’ accuracy. These changes in material science, modeling and the technology used in machining opened new frontiers in terms of efficiency and production sustainability in the automotive and aerospace industries. Nevertheless, the development of these techniques has had many years of research, and it seems that future investigations are needed to focus on the practical use of these techniques on a particular material or a specific technological process, for example, on the drilling of aerospace aluminum alloys. To produce these components, machining processes have been utilized, such as milling, turning, and drilling. The drilling process is widely used in aerospace, automotive, and many other manufacturing industries. Despite the introduction of various metal cutting processes such as electron-beam machining, electrolytic machining, abrasive jet machining, among others, drilling remains one of the most prominent machining processes due to its economic benefits [6, 7]. However, numerous considerations are needed for a properly drilled hole. The extent of drilling quality is associated with the surface integrity of the hole produced using drilling process, with a focus on minimizing burr height [8]. Feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and tool type are some of the dominant factors that affect the overall surface quality of the drilled hole [9]. Drilling parameters for a smooth surface finish can vary from material to material. For this reason, several numerical and experimental studies are made to understand and predict the optimum parameters that impart positive effects on the drilling process and hole accuracy. Thus, maintaining a good hole quality by carefully adjusting the parameters can cause a huge reduction in vibrations due to the rough surface. The vibrations produced because of the rough surface can cause crack initiation in or around the hole, and crack propagation is then unstoppable and spreads to the whole component, causing the structure to collapse [3]. Due to wide applications in the manufacturing industry, numerous studies have been made on hole surface quality in the last two decades. Davim, Sreejith, Gomes, and Peixoto found that surface roughness as a result of dry drilling was less as compared to MQL and flooded lubrication conditions. This can be due to the fact that high temperatures at the cutting zone cause easy chip formation and increase the flowability of the work material [6]. Son and Nguyen [10] concluded that surface roughness values will decrease with an increase in cutting speed, a decrease in feed rate, and a depression in the tool angle. Moreover, he also deduced that feed rate is the most dominant factor, while cutting speed is the least dominant factor that can affect the surface finish. Köklü et al. [11] stated that cutting speed is the most dominant factor for surface roughness in aluminum alloys, while feed rate has a significant effect on burr height. Nouari et al. [12] stated that large point angles and large helix angles assist in reducing burr height. Liu, Tang, and Cong preferred 15-hole drills for machining due to their availability, low cost, and toughness. Nshoff and Denkena mentioned that continuous chips are formed as a result of high cutting speeds, low feed rates, sharp tool angles, and ductile materials. Kurt et al. [13] concluded that increasing cutting parameters shows an increase in surface roughness because of tool vibrations and chatter. Moreover, an increased feed rate increases the metal removal rate, which increases the surface roughness. Yaşar et al. [14] found that cutting surface integrity is greatly affected by the cutting speed. The lubrication technique adopted by Lugscheider et al. [15] concluded that using the lubricant reduces the tool wear caused by cutting forces, which reduces the surface roughness. They also mentioned that many lubricants used today are harmful for the environment due to toxic chemicals. Gupta et al. emphasized cooling-lubrication techniques such as dry, nitrogen, N 2 MQL (nitrogen minimum quantity lubrication), RHVT N 2 MQL and turnings operation concerning topography, wear and chip. The studies revealed that R-N 2 MQL enhances the surface quality and the tool life by an extent of 77% improvement in surface roughness and by an extent of 118% improvement in tool wear. Further, a new chip management model was also proposed and it was proved that R-N 2 MQL is more favorable for cleaner manufacturing due to the higher recyclability and remanufacturing of the chips [16]. In addition, Balaji et al. concentrated on sustainable machining strategies for aluminium alloys and these covered both the problems and innovations of the topic. The paper probably compares and analyzes different environmentally friendly machining processes like dry machining, MQL, and the application of bio-degradable cutting fluid in the context of environmental impact and machining performance. Thus, the last part of the review is likely to discuss the best sustainable machining strategies for aluminum alloys and point out the directions for further research and development in this significant aspect of manufacturing sustainability [17]. The work by Patra et al. aimed at comparing the efficiency of using different types of cutting fluids by analyzing their effects on the aspect of productivity in the drilling of aerospace aluminum alloys while keeping sustainable manufacturing principles into consideration. The authors of the discussed work investigated several types of cutting fluids, traditional and non-hazardous, analyzing their effectiveness with regard to tool wear as well as the surface quality and drilling productivity of the aerospace aluminum alloys. Finally, the paper provided guidelines on the two and three-dimensional selection of cutting fluids that enhanced productivity while maintaining sustainability in the aerospace manufacturing industry [18]. Muaz et al. [19] proposed a solution to replace harmful lubricants with natural green lubricants. Moreover, natural oils are not suitable for machining purposes, but after proper modifications, they can work way better than conventional petroleum-based lubricants. Shokrani et al. [20] aimed at implementing a two-pallet cooling-lubrication strategy that incorporated cryogenic cooling with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for turning of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. It is also possible that the researchers investigated the impact of the combined system on different machining responses consisting of tool life, surface finish, cutting forces, and chip formation with reference to the traditional cooling systems and the independent cryogenic or MQL applications. It is likely that the paper ended with an evaluation of the hybrid cryogenic MQL method in relation to enhancing the machinability and sustainability of titanium alloys in aerospace and other high-performance sectors. Amir et al. [21] studied aluminum 2024 and found that uncoated carbide drills created less than merged RPF at low spindle speeds while TiCN-coated drills were found to created less than merged RPF but at high spindle speeds, TiSiN-coated carbide drills create the greatest number of merged RPF and surface damage. The ANOVA results pointed out that tool type has the most effect on the hole quality. Moreover, the rough drilled surface contributes to the heat created during the dry drilling process. To overcome the problem, various lubricants were employed to reduce heat generation [6]. Several conventional lubricants in use today have serious impacts on the environment due to their damaging and harmful chemical constituents [22]. Conventional lubricants can be effectively replaced by natural lubricants called sustainable or green lubricants. In the past two decades, the demand for green lubricants has increased exponentially due to their eco-friendly properties like non-toxicity and biodegradability [23]. In some cases, this natural oil showed better lubricating properties than petroleum-based oils. The most common and conventional method of lubrication in machining is the flood lubrication method, in which lubricant is impinged on the cutting zone. The jet of lubrication not only helps in bringing down the temperature of the cutting zone but also assists in forcing the chips away from the hole and reducing the surface roughness [24, 25]. From literature information, the use of environmentally friendly cutting fluids in drilling aerospace materials such as AA 5052-H32 has not yet been fully investigated. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap in this area. For this aim, this research provides an account of the development of a non-conventional cutting fluid, derived from jasmine oil at 85% and a combination of organic petroleum at 15% for use drilling operations with specific consideration to the environment. In addition, this investigation presents the effect of setting the cutting parameters and using environment-friendly cutting fluid on the multiple hole quality characteristics of the AA 5052-H32 alloy, which is extensively used for aerospace applications. Another feature that brings innovation to the research is the investigation of the effects of variations in the water-oil ratios in the jasmine-based cutting fluid for improving its cooling and lubricant effects. Finally, this work combines sustainability index with machining metrics in drilling operations of aerospace-grade aluminum alloys and supports progress in efficient manufacturing with lower ecological impact. 2. Experimental and Measurement Design Procedures The material selected for that study was aluminum alloy AA 5052-H32 plate with a thickness of 20 mm. The contents of aluminum alloys were changed by specific proportions of alloying elements to improve the material properties. For illustration, AA 5052-H32 has 97.25% aluminum, 2.5% magnesium, and 0.25% chromium as its density is 2.68 g/cm 3 (0.0968 lb/in 3 ). In general, AA 5052 possesses superior strength to the 3003-aluminum group of alloys which can be partly attributed to the nonexistence of copper in its basic composition, which ultimately results in the enhancement of its corrosion resistance ability. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the AA 5052-H32 while the mechanical and thermal properties are illustrated in Table 2 . Table 1 Chemical composition of AA 5052-H32 by percentage Mn Fe Mg Si Zn Cr Others Al 0.1 0.4 2.4 0.25 0.10 0.35 0.15 96 Table 2 Mechanical and thermal properties of AA 5052-H32 Mechanical Properties Tensile strength 228 MPa Yield strength 193 MPa70.3 GPa Modulus of elasticity 70.3 GPa Thermal Properties Coefficient of thermal expansion at 20–100 ºC 23.8 um/m-C Thermal conductivity 138 W/m-k The uncoated twist drill bit of high-speed steel (HSS) was used for this research and is known under the trademark Presto Steam Tempered HSS DIN 338 118°. The cutting tool specifications are shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Cutting tool specifications No. of Flutes Flute length Overall length Diameter 2 57 mm 93 mm 6 mm The drilling process was carried out on a YCM MV106A vertical CNC machine with a minimum cutting speed of 8000 rpm and a power of about 18.5 kW. High-speed steel (HSS) material drill bits with a diameter of 6 mm and 2 flutes were used for the experiment. A rectangular plate of Al 5052-H32 with a thickness of 20 mm was used. An eco-friendly, biodegradable natural coolant was formulated for the process. Nine combinations of drilling parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) were utilized for the experiment using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) [6, 13, 27–29]. It was the most suitable method according to this research work because it was required to find the optimal surface quality by considering the effect of three factors: cutting speed, axial depth of cut, and feed rate on surface roughness (response variable). It was also economical to get results with fewer runs. This method had the ability to further reduce the experimental runs for optimal results. The input parameters were rearranged for applying Design Expert and were recorded as shown in Table 4 . Table 4 Machining parameters for experimentation Cutting speed (N) Feed rate, Vf (mm/min) 3185 478 4777 1433 6370 2867 The experiment was divided into twenty-seven holes and three scenarios. In the first scenario, nine holes were made using the dry drilling process. Then, the other nine holes were created using the flooded lubrication technique of cutting oil with 90% water and 10% oil (base oil + additive) at standard temperature and pressure. The next nine holes were produced using cutting oil in proportions of 80% water and 20% oil (base oil + additive). Temperature measurements were conducted using a UNI-T UT325 Contact Type Thermometer for T1 and T2, with an accuracy of ± (0.2% + 0.6), while UT71C was used for T3 testing, with an accuracy of ± (1% + 30). Then, the material was cut into two parts to measure the surface roughness. The purpose of the research work was to optimize the surface quality and finish. Each sample was inspected using a surfcorder to find the average roughness (Ra), and the surface topography was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain micrographs for further analysis. Surface topography provided the authenticity of Ra values. Roughness average was considered a response/output parameter. The analysis was conducted using Design Expert, and the regression model was determined. After analyzing the regression model, the results were obtained. In the current research, lubrication was carried out using base oil extracted from herbs, comprising 85% jasmine oil extracted from the jasmine plant and 15% organic petroleum-based products as additives in the base oil. This mixture formed an oil that could be blended in specific concentrations with water, resulting in a milky white solution that functioned as cutting oil. The resultant product was a soluble-in-water, biodegradable fluid; however, it tended to separate from water after a certain time. It exhibited non-reactivity with materials, particularly aluminum in our case, along with good thermal conductivity, anti-wear properties, high pressure resistance, and safety in use. Various properties of the tested oil and cutting oil on machining were examined, along with many fluid properties, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . A water sample, a petroleum product-based additive sample, a jasmine oil sample, and an 85% jasmine oil and 15% additive sample were combined to make cutting oil. Then, a 10% cutting oil and 90% water cutting fluid solution sample, as well as a 20% cutting oil and 80% water cutting fluid solution sample, were created. Subsequently, samples D, E, and F were mixed using a magnetic stirrer at a certain rpm, and their properties were tested and added. The drilling process was conducted on a YCM MV106A vertical CNC machine, boasting a maximum cutting speed of 8000 rpm and a power of approximately 18.5 kW. It could operate with various parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut with the utmost precision. To assess the hole surface finish, morphology, and other internal parameters, the plate was cut using wire-cut EDM of type DK7725A. After the drilling process, the burr height was measured by a digital height gauge with a minimum count of 0.001 mm. Burr height was measured at five different points, and the average of all was noted as burr height. The workpiece was cut using an EDM wire cut machine to study the internal surface roughness and microstructure properties of the drilled hole. The cut specimens are shown in Fig. 2 . The internal drilled hole topography was studied using electron microscopy (SEM) model, Hitachi SU5001 using ASTM E3-11 standard. Similarly, the surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface profilometer (SV-3000) (ISO 4287). The cut-off length for each sample was kept at 3 mm and the measuring length was 8 mm. Lengths for evaluation were derived from the roughness profile obtained, and the necessary roughness parameters, Ra was then measured. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Surface analysis Experimentations were performed to get quantitative results regarding the surface roughness, morphology and temperature effect on the AA 5052-H32 and to determine the effects of dry and flooded lubrication conditions on surface integrity during drilling. The form of the surface roughness of a drilled hole, directly or indirectly, influences the product’s features like friction, wear and tear, heat transfer, lubricity and the loading of painting coats. Therefore, existing conditions of machining along with cooling strategies must be employed to produce a sufficient quality of the machined surface. At the same time, an important particle for the AA 5052-H32 alloy component is surface roughness. The performance of such high-end blends is commonly used in the most demanding industries where these are identified with tighter tolerances. Figure 3 depicts the surface roughness produced during different experimental runs. It is evident from the results that an increase in cutting speed from 3185 to 6370 rpm decreased the surface roughness of the drilled hole; however, the surface roughness for dry drilling was highest (Ra = 23.9 µm) for low cutting speed and high feed rate. Dry drilling is responsible for producing wear and tear and a built-up edge that decreases the tool life [25]. Consequently, predicating the roughness of the through hole surface implies many difficulties. As the feed rate increased at the higher speed of 6370 rpm, the surface roughness reduced, but the trend changed to an increase when the speed of the spindle was 3185 rpm. Observing a very high cutting speed, the manuscript noted that when feed rate was increased, the surface roughness decreased, a phenomenon contrary to general findings as discovered by Ramulu et al. [30] who recorded a common increase in roughness as feed rate increased. On the other hand, at low cutting speeds the observation that an increase in feed rate results in high surface roughness aligns with the existing normal trends as the previous works indicating Nouari et al. [28]. The identification of the highest surface roughness during dry drilling (Ra = 23.9 µm) also matches with the findings of Bhowmick et al. (2010) [31] looking into the fact that better surface finish is achieved with lubrication. However, the value of this roughness is significantly higher than the similar ones stated in many other investigations on aluminum alloys like Nouari et al. [28] where the Ra values ranged from 0.54 to 2.4 µm for Al-2024 alloy. These distinctions clearly show that the process of drilling is very complicated and it is necessary to take into account the alloy’s characteristics as well as the special conditions of drilling. Figure 4 demonstrates the micrographs of the drilled holes of the AA 5052-H32 alloy with dry and submerged lubrication. The micrographs showed that the damage and deformation grew with spindle speed (N) and feed (Vf) intensity. In this case, it is thought that it is caused by the increased vibration levels, which in turn disturb the holes' geometric tolerances. On the other hand, it may also be affected by increased static deformation of the workpiece due to the high feed resulting in a rise in cutting temperature with the increase of spindle speed [32, 33]. Figure 4 (a, b) produced more Built-up-edge (BUE) while performing dry drilling. While machined with strong cutting parameters the temperature rises sharply to a level that is enough to cause a phase transformation in the cutting tool. Thus, the elevated temperature and local deformation squeezed the workpiece material to get plastically deformed and get softer. Therefore, gradually the working end of the tool is covered with waste material and chips, resulting in too much build-up of material on the cutting edges of the tool. Overcoming this edge, coupled with redistribution of heat and permanent deformation, is incorrect; it is more difficult to perform, and the outcome is poor surface quality. From Fig. 4 (c, d), there are regions marked as "adhesive debris" meaning the area on the floor that is due to submersion. The adhesive surface debris caused by the drilling processes is frequent as they possess high temperatures, pressures, and deformations that may result in the loosely attached item sticking to the surface of the cutting tool [29, 34]. The stream "side spill" that is denoted with the dot-dash line looks like material that was dislocated, and it first disappeared at the top of the scanned sample, but it could be seen again once it was processed. Land wear is a common effect that can manifest itself on many different surfaces processed by machines using cutter tools. This effect is caused by the torque that is exerted on the tool and the workpiece material by the cutting operation [35, 36]. The overall surface texture produced because of flooded lubrication has a comparatively smoother surface as compared to dry machining which is in line with the results of the surface roughness. Giasin et al. [37] stated that as the cutting speeds and feed rates increased, the level of surface imperfections and deformation as shown in SEM images also increased. The generation of built-up edge (BUE) during dry drilling has also been found to agree with the observations made by Yarar et al. [38] on the drilling of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. They also concluded that cryogenic BUE formation was less than that under dry conditions which corresponds to this work where cryogenic submerged lubrication is less than dry lubrication. Also, considering the underwater lubrication and the deposits of the adhesive debris is rather intriguing. A similar observation was made while drilling Al6061-T6 with MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication) as revealed by Ashok et al. [39]. They attributed this to the chemical reactions of the cutting fluid with the workpiece material at high temperatures and pressures. The kind of material dislocation at the ‘side spill’ described in the SEM images discussed here is similar to the chip adhesion described by Li et al. [40] in their analysis of high-speed drilling of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. They also realized that chip adhesion rises with rising cutting speed; this could be the reason for material dislocation as observed in the present study. 3.2 Hole diameter analysis Figure 5 displays a bar graph of the mean deviation of each hole diameter of AA 5052-H32. The analysis aims to test out the relationship between the thrust force and dimensional accuracy achieved in the drilling holes (diameter deviation) at various levels of load. The knowledge of this relationship gives a valuable outlook for achieving dimension accuracy and component quality in drilling practices by tuning the drilling parameters. However, for most cutting speeds tested where the check holes were undersized, only three conditions at 0.15 mm/rev show obvious oversizing from the figure below. The diameter discrepancies were naturally within the acceptable limit for the most part (with the limit being 50 µm in view). Although not demonstrated here, most of the perforations look similar, with the holes having a barrel-type shape where the diameter is maximum at the middle part and the diameter of the hole keeps tapering downwards. The fact that the drilling tends to deviate at the start of the process when it goes on the upper edge of the AA 5052-H32 workpiece is most likely to be accredited to this characteristic [41]. Not only in any of the cutting parameters but very prominently in the first pairs of specimen materials, it was noticed that the dimension of the holes was more variable. The appreciating differences in diameters between the top and bottom sections of the holes could be explained due to the mechanical properties of AA 5052-H32. Moreover, according to the present literature, AA 5052-H32 is highly prone to bending due to its large elongation percentage. 3.3 Effect of cutting parameters on responses 3.3.1 Effect of cutting speed on burr height under dry condition Table 5 shows the change in exit burr height with respect to cutting speed and feed rate. It can be seen that higher cutting speeds increase the burr height. During burr formation, the extension of the material occurs when it is ductile enough leading to a considerable burr height and burr volume. The final burr geometry, determined by the amount of plastic deformation, is determined by the ductility of the material, represented by elongation [42]. With the feed and cutting speed boosting, the material becomes more breakable, tearing suddenly and severe pieces of shoulders, beams or petals as result. The higher the cutting speed, the more friction is produced from the interaction between the tool and the hole surface rods which in turn leads to an increase in temperature. The hot confrontation within the shaft, as well as the basic fact that aluminum is rather ductile, enables the easy deformation of the material [43]. Thus, the burr size increases due to the easy flow of material at higher temperatures, as shown in Fig. 6 . Table 5 shows that the material displays a minimum burr height of 0.20 mm at a minimum cutting speed of 3185 rpm and a feed rate of 1433 mm/min. However, if the cutting speed is increased to 4777 rpm by keeping the feed rate constant, the burr height will increase to 2.71 mm, which is 1255% of the minimum burr height value. At a maximum cutting speed of 6370 rpm, burr height again elevates to 3.59 mm, which is 32.47% more than the second burr height value. Furthermore, burrless with low cutting speed is one of the most essential factors that allows manufacturers to lower the cost of subsequent procedures aimed at removing burrs. All previous investigations on aluminum and composite material drilling have found that burr removal is the most difficult technical obstacle in terms of planned hole quality [44]. 3.3.2 Effect of cutting speed on burr height under flooded lubrication condition The application of cutting oil causes a reduction in burr height. The reason for this reduction in burr height is due to the reduction in plastic deformation of material due to the cooling nature of the cutting fluid. There are two major functions of cutting fluid. During the machining process, the cutting fluid has two functions: it cools and lubricates. The cutting speed regime determines which of these two functions is more dominant. The cooling effect takes the stage at higher cutting speeds, whereas the lubricating action usually becomes more noticeable at lower speeds. By changing the workpiece material's plastic deformation behavior, each of these activities has the potential to have a substantial impact on the burr development process [45]. Figure 6 concludes that the burr height follows the same increasing trend of dry drilling as the cutting speed increases; However, the burr height was predicted to be substantially lower than that attained using the dry drilling approach. But no significant change in burr height was observed. The possible reason for this behavior may be due to the lower proportion of oil in the cutting fluid. Due to their viscous nature, oils have more capability to absorb heat and drilling stresses. Water, on the other hand, due to its lower viscosity, flows immediately without absorbing enough heat from the cutting region. Moreover, water produces a layer of negligible thickness between the tool and the drilled surface. This causes an increase in the compressive stresses [46]. So, an increased amount of base oil in the cutting fluid has a positive impact on the cutting properties of the fluid. Figure 6 shows a similar trend for cutting speeds. The burr height keeps on increasing as the cutting speed increases; however, the burr height values are relatively lower than the first two cutting conditions (dry and 90–10% water–oil ratio). As discussed in the previous case, the quantity of base oil is crucial to determine as it greatly affects the chilled behavior of the cutting fluid. Results show that for a minimum cutting speed of 3185 rpm and a feed rate of 1433 mm/min, the burr height was reduced by 10% of the burr height in dry conditions. At a maximum cutting speed of 6370 rpm, the burr height depreciated by 8.6% of the burr height in dry drilling conditions. The significant decrease in burr height indicates that the increased proportion of base oil increased the heat-absorbing and stress-resisting properties of the cutting fluid. Consequently, the burr height decreased for the same combination of parameters [46]. The results are supported by the results of Dahnel et al. [47] who studied the burr height during drilling of AA 7075 aluminum alloy. Their results showed a 10% decrease in the burr height for flooded lubrication as compared to dry drilling. Table 5 Burr height values for different drilling parameters and coolant types Sr No. Cutting Speed (rpm) Feed Rate (mm/ min) Burr Height (mm) Plate 1 Burr Height (mm) Plate 2 Burr Height (mm) Plate 3 Mean Burr Height (mm) Standard Deviation (mm) Standard Error (mm) 1 3185 478 1.80 0.52 0.52 0.95 0.74 0.43 2 3185 1433 0.20 0.52 0.18 0.30 0.19 0.11 3 3185 2867 0.89 0.22 0.07 0.39 0.43 0.25 4 4777 478 3.54 2.94 2.69 3.06 0.43 0.25 5 4777 1433 2.71 2.70 2.39 2.60 0.18 0.10 6 4777 2867 2.96 2.64 2.84 2.81 0.16 0.09 7 6370 478 3.59 3.59 3.28 3.49 0.18 0.10 8 6370 1433 3.56 3.24 3.48 3.43 0.17 0.10 9 6370 2867 3.11 3.37 3.08 3.19 0.16 0.09 3.3.3 Effect of feed rate on burr height under dry condition Figure 8 shows fluctuations in the burr height at different feed rates. At a constant low cutting speed of 3185 rpm, we can observe a discontinuous variation in burr height. Firstly, burr height started decreasing to 0.20 mm at 1433 mm/min, and then it started to increase again at the highest feed rate value, i.e., 2867 mm/min. The feed rate has a direct effect on the thrust force, which in turn has a significant impact on the burr height. Aside from thrust force, other factors determine burr height. In the absence of a filter, data collected from numerous elements is prone to fluctuation. This explains why the statistics differ so greatly [48]. For higher cutting speeds of 4777 and 6370 rpm, the material showed a linear decrease in burr height as the feed rate increased. In particular, the increase in burr size with the feed rate is higher when the cutting speed is higher [26]. For instance, the burr height recorded at 3185 rpm and 478 mm/min is 1.80. As the cutting speed increases to 4777 and 6370 rpm, burr height reaches 3.54 and 3.59, respectively. Figure 7 shows that the minimum burr height is obtained at the lowest cutting speed of 3185 rpm with the highest feed rate of 2867 mm/min for all three cutting plates. Maximum burr height is achieved at a cutting speed of 6370 rpm and 478 mm/min of feed rate. In a similar examination, Bahce et al. [45] found that at a 15° exit surface angle, 2300 rpm spindle speed, and 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, the lowest burr height was recorded [49]. 3.3.4 Effect of feed rate on burr height under flooded lubrication condition When cutting fluid is utilized, the material shows prominent variations in burr height for different values of feed rate. Unlike dry drilling, burr height showed a decline in burr formation under the flooded lubricant condition. As discussed in previous sections, cutting fluids affect the plastic deformation characteristics of material, thus decreasing the burr height. The purpose of cutting fluid depends on the circumstances of the machining; it might help with lubrication or remove swarf. Low cutting speed more obviously reveals the lubricating capacity of the fluid, while the cooling evacuation at high speed is more prominent [6, 25, 26]. Through modifying the workpiece material's plastic deformation behavior, these two concrete activities are useful in the correlation between the burr process. The cutting fluid's comparable characteristics as a coolant could help lower the ductile workpiece, which could be expressed as a smaller size. However, due to the vigorous wear of the tool's flanks because of dry cutting it may be possible that the cutting edges will get spoiled too quickly which consequently shortens the tool’s life. 3.3.5 Effect of cutting speed on temperature variations under dry condition Table 6 depicts that as the speed increases in the cutting zone, it causes a noticeable rise in the cutting temperature ratio. Increased cutting speed induces friction, and temperatures in the deformation region likewise rise. Significantly, with the increase in cutting speed from 3185 to 6370 rpm there is a rapid growth of the cutting temperature throughout the whole tested range. Despite that, during the metal cutting process, temperature distribution is a critical element related to the speed of cutting. This increase in temperature causes the plastic to deform in the cutting region [12]. The softened aluminum then easily produces burrs due to its ductile nature. This is why burr height is also at its maximum in high-temperature zones. Hamzawy et al. showed that higher temperatures were caused by larger tool cone angles, higher rotational speeds, and lower feed rates, which also increased surface roughness in the drilled holes [50]. Table 6 Variation of temperature values at varying drilling parameters (Dry) Sr. No Cutting Speed (rpm) Feed Rate (mm/min) Temperature 01 ( o C) Temperature 02 ( o C) Temperature 03 ( o C) Mean Temperature ( o C) Standard Deviation ( o C) Standard Error ( o C) 1 3185 478 40.1 38.9 37.5 38.8 31.3 0.75 2 3185 1433 40 38.8 37.2 38.67 1.40 0.81 3 3185 2867 40.2 38.9 37.5 38.87 1.35 0.78 4 4777 478 41.1 39.6 37.0 39.23 2.07 2.07 5 4777 1433 40.8 39.3 37.7 39.27 1.55 1.55 6 4777 2867 41.1 39.9 37.9 39.63 1.61 0.93 7 6370 478 41.8 39.3 37.7 39.60 2.06 1.19 8 6370 1433 42.3 39.1 37.5 39.63 2.43 1.40 9 6370 2867 43.9 39.8 37.5 40.40 3.22 1.86 3.3.6 Effect of cutting speed on temperature variations under flooded lubrication condition Machining heat generation is mainly attributed to the increased feed rates and cutting speeds which consequently cause high material removal rates. Table 7 displays the temperature results of the drilling operation with regard to the cutting speeds (3185–6370 rpm) and feed rates (478–2867 mm/min), which are also presented in this work. The modes of material removal under these conditions are associated with increased values of the coefficients of friction, increased energy consumption, high strain rates and short cooling times leading to higher temperatures in the cutting zone. In general, with increasing cutting speeds, the temperatures are higher, but for the feed rates the effects are not very distinct. Thus, the least mean temperature of 33.20°C is recorded with the lowest speed and feed rate while the greatest mean temperature of 40.13°C is obtained at the highest speed with the lowest feed rate [51, 52]. To control such thermal effects, the use of flood cooling is typical. This cooling method operates by providing a vast amount of coolant to the zone of cutting, which also has the function of a lubricant between the tool and the workpiece, thus minimizing the amount of heat created. Nonetheless, cutting fluids significantly affect the safety of operations especially when interacting with magnesium alloys in that it is hazardous to immerse the cuttings in water due to possibility of hydrogen gas explosion owing to a reaction between the two. Notably, corresponding temperature fluctuations are recorded both in dry and in-lubricated machining, although the temperature levels are generally lower in flood conditions [53]. Temperature relationships with cutting parameters are found to be quite counterintuitive. For example, at the maximum cutting speed of 6370 rpm, the temperature of the workpiece initially increases but it starts to decline when the feed rate is at its maximum. An increased fluctuation of the temperature is observed at high velocity and low feed rate which has a maximum standard deviation of 5.34°C. Furthermore, when comparing the drilled depth to the temperature parameters it was identified that the mean temperature of the holes will increase with the depth and the rate of temperature variation between the phases may also vary [54]. A comparable study found that drilling depth had a substantial influence on temperature, with deeper holes often producing higher temperatures. The rate of increase in temperature varied between phases [55]. Table 7 Variation of temperature values against drilling parameters (90 − 10%) Sr. No Cutting Speed (rpm) Feed Rate (mm/min) Temperature 01 ( o C) Temperature 02 ( o C) Temperature 03 ( o C) Mean Temperature ( o C) Standard Deviation ( o C) Standard Error ( o C) 1 3185 478 34.6 32.7 32.3 33.20 1.23 0.71 2 3185 1433 38.2 34.9 34.5 35.87 2.04 1.18 3 3185 2867 37.2 35 34.4 35.53 1.47 0.85 4 4777 478 37.2 35.1 34.3 35.53 1.50 0.87 5 4777 1433 36.4 35.3 34.3 35.33 1.05 0.61 6 4777 2867 39.2 35.7 34.3 36.40 2.55 1.47 7 6370 478 46.2 38.2 36 40.13 5.34 3.08 8 6370 1433 44.1 37.8 34.3 38.73 4.97 2.87 9 6370 2867 40.9 34.6 34.5 36.67 3.67 2.12 It can also be observed that using a relatively high volume of base oil increases the heat-absorbing characteristics of the coolant. Table 8 shows a reduction in cutting temperature as we move from a coolant having a 90 − 10% proportion to a coolant having an 80 − 20% proportion of water and base oil. Oils with higher thermal conductivity are more effective at dissipating heat energy. Additionally, oils with greater specific heat capacity experience smaller temperature increases for the same amount of absorbed heat energy [56]. The predicted rising temperature trend encapsulated both dry and flooded machining environments, and the increase in cutting time and feed rates was observed systematically. This observation implies that the basic energy-input-and-friction picture for the case of more vigorous removal still applies, whatever the cooling process happens to be; it is intrinsic to the machining process itself. Moreover, the effect of the machining characteristics on the temperature rise was noticeably less substantial when hassle-free lubrication was utilized. We can point toward many reasons why mitigation of this heat generation occurs, and they include effective cooling of the cutting fluid as well as less friction that is encountered between both the tool and workpiece and the latter being lubricated by the cutting fluid. This could be interpreted as meaning that, though we would observe the persistence of such a trend, often the temperature values will be considerably lower under the flooded machining conditions than during the dry ones. Table 8 Variation of temperature values at varying drilling parameters (80 − 20%) Sr. No. Cutting Speed (rpm) Feed Rate (mm/min) Temperature 01 ( o C) Temperature 02 ( o C) Temperature 03 ( o C) Mean Temperature ( o C) Standard Deviation ( o C) Standard Error ( o C) 1 3185 478 36.3 35.4 34.5 35.40 0.90 0.52 2 3185 1433 36.4 35.8 35.5 35.90 0.46 0.27 3 3185 2867 36.4 36.3 36 36.23 0.21 0.12 4 4777 478 36.4 35.5 34.3 35.40 1.05 0.61 5 4777 1433 36.8 35.9 34.3 35.67 1.27 0.73 6 4777 2867 38.9 36.8 33.8 36.50 2.57 1.48 7 6370 478 41 37.6 35.3 37.97 2.90 1.67 8 6370 1433 42.5 39.3 36 39.27 3.25 1.88 9 6370 2867 41 36 34.8 37.27 3.26 1.88 3.3.7 Effect of feed rate on temperature variations under dry condition Based on the data, it has been noticed that there is a direct correlation between the increase in feed rate and the rise in cutting temperature. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that when the feed rate is high, a larger amount of material is removed every revolution. As a result, the cross-sectional area of the chip is increased, leading to an increase in the amount of contact between the tool and the workpiece, specifically through rubbing. This results in an increase in the contact pressure within the shear zone where the chip is formed, leading to a corresponding increase in friction. Nevertheless, as the cutting speed rises, the cutting temperature also escalates as a result of heightened friction between the tool and workpiece, and reduced time for heat dissipation between consecutive cuts. By combining both the feed rate and cutting speed, the resulting temperature will progressively increase [57]. For dry conditions, the highest temperature reached is 43.9°C at the maximum cutting parameters of cutting speed and feed rate. It means an increase in temperature is caused by an increase in both cutting speeds and feed rate. Low feed rate and cutting speeds are necessary to reduce the generated heat, which in turn causes plastic deformation of ductile materials [42]. In the literature there are many studies which describe specific examples of these linkages. In their study regarding the temperature analysis during AISI 420 steel machining, Rafighi et al. [58] focused on the role of the setting parameters. They discovered that the maximum temperature was roughly 420°C with a cutting speed of 100 m/min and feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev. The temperature rose to almost 520°C when the feed rate was increased to 0.2 mm/rev at the same cutting speed. The temperature rose to almost 680°C when they raised the feed rate to 0.2 mm/rev and the cutting speed to 200 m/min. These findings unequivocally show that feed rate and cutting speed have a major effect on cutting temperature. 3.3.8 Effect of feed rate on temperature variations under flooded condition (90 − 10% water-oil ratio) The cutting operation involves both thermal and mechanical elements, causing the workpiece material to undergo strong plastic deformation before separating into the main and waste parts. Owing to high strain rates, friction, and workpiece interaction, this industriously rigid deformation process produces a lot of heat [43]. Metallurgical cutting involves both mechanical and thermal heating, which can lead to various uncontrollable and unfavorable situations during the metal cutting process. If superheating is not under control, the tool wears out faster and the surface of the workpiece breaks down faster; in addition, the mechanical properties of the component that has been obtained will change. It is no doubt crucial to consider and manage the heat-conducting and dissipating means to minimize metal cutting and ensure the expected quality and performance [59]. Compared to dry drilling, the average burr height was 10% lower when cutting fluid was present. The only drilling with a maximum cutting speed of 66 m/min in both dry and cutting fluid showed an increasing trend with an increasing number of holes [47]. 3.3.9 Effect of feed rate on temperature variations under flooded condition (80 − 20% water-oil ratio) The correlation between the cutting temperature and the surface finish is quite clear, with the lower cutting temperatures producing a better-quality surface finish. This is because there is low thermal deformation, low tool wear, and better material properties of the workpiece retained as compared to conventional cutting. The research carried out on the composition of cutting fluid indicated that 80–20% water to oil was the most efficient in cooling the drilling temperature. This optimal ratio balances the heat absorption capabilities that oil has, its use in the removal of the chips and as a lubricant [45]. The oil part generates a very thin layer, which is between the tool and workpiece, and the effect of reducing the friction coefficient is that heat construction drops. Also, exploring the machining of Inconel 625, a difficult superalloy material, showed substantial advancements when applying naf-mdf1 as an additive to minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Thus, this highly developed method utilizing a small portion of the nanoparticle-cooled cutting fluid supplied a significant decrease in cutting temperature during the drilling process. The advantages were observed as increased surface finish and reduced rate of tool usage degradation. Thus, the findings emphasize the significance of temperature management in machining especially for hard-to-cut materials and the fact that new forms of lubrication have significantly improved machining results. Through proper control of the ingredients in the cutting fluids and applying them in the best ways that are recommended, manufacturers can improve product quality, create long enduring tools and possibly raise efficiency in their operations. 4. Conclusions The present study investigated the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) and lubrication conditions (dry, 10% oil + 90% water, and 20% oil + 80% water) on the quality of drilled holes in the aluminum alloy AA 5052-H32. The work carried out aimed at establishing the interaction between cutting speed, feed rate and resultant surface roughness, burr height, and temperature while using an environmentally friendly cutting fluid formed by jasmine oil together with organic agents, thus capturing the ever-rising trend in green manufacturing. The results showed that the smallest value of the surface roughness of the order of 7.3μm was achieved at a high cutting speed of 6370 rpm and a high feed rate of 2867 mm/min with the WC-Co cutter when the coolant was 80% water and 20% oil. A minimal burr height of 0.07 mm was recorded with the same cooling fluid mixture at a lower cutting speed of 3185 rpm and a higher feed rate of 2867 mm/min. This was substantiated by temperature measurements showing the greater cooling capability of the 80-20% water-oil mixture, with the lowest temperature of 33.8°C at a moderate cutting speed and high feed rate being observed. Through the selection of appropriate cutting parameters and the use of environmentally friendly coolants, the manufacture of drills can improve operations to produce holes of high standards for the automotive and aerospace industries without incurring a negative impact on the environment. Some future research studies that can be suggested are an analysis of the long-term performance of the biodegradable cutting fluid on tool wear and tear and research on the effect of this cutting fluid on a wide range of materials and the process of machining. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement Muhammad Yasir : Original manuscript, Review and editing, Validation, Supervision. Amar ul Hassan Khawaja: Resources, Review, Project administration. Muhammad Saad Khan: Writing – review & editing. Imtiaz Ali : Writing – review & editing. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5791600","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401855661,"identity":"257364a7-f4ff-4266-9c8d-6c187ef8524b","order_by":0,"name":"Muhammad 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Hassan","lastName":"Khawaja","suffix":""},{"id":401855663,"identity":"c320008e-c425-47ff-8345-a289edae5485","order_by":2,"name":"Mubashir Gulzar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UET: University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mubashir","middleName":"","lastName":"Gulzar","suffix":""},{"id":401855664,"identity":"34de2db5-fd95-4510-8ff3-8f1f44921828","order_by":3,"name":"Muhammad Saad Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Fahd University of Petroleum \u0026 Minerals","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Saad","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":401855665,"identity":"7205295a-d74f-4694-990e-b5d7ed8f04f7","order_by":4,"name":"Imtiaz Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"BUITEMS: Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Imtiaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":401855666,"identity":"c94f81e7-674f-496d-973b-f47c57058793","order_by":5,"name":"Shahid Iqbal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wah Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahid","middleName":"","lastName":"Iqbal","suffix":""},{"id":401855667,"identity":"1cfffd3e-8527-46c9-b832-f6aa209e503d","order_by":6,"name":"Murat Sarikaya","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6100-0731","institution":"SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Murat","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarikaya","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-08 19:53:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5791600/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5791600/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73864008,"identity":"036c90ca-0a29-4bf4-ba95-259bc3240f95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":305355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCutting fluids prepared for this research\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/a1e116ac34bbc6ebfd0a8933.png"},{"id":73864004,"identity":"98b3c669-68c0-4952-83b1-94fe926b6292","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDM wire cut specimen\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/6c6704a052b678c70bb7ee19.png"},{"id":73864000,"identity":"dcde46b8-ffbe-455b-93da-7ac72cf7f979","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSurface roughness against various drilling parameters\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/b953caee318ed74337ce8684.png"},{"id":73864001,"identity":"510ecdaa-249b-498c-98f4-0964e8d9420a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":707176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM micrographs of the drilled doles at (a, b) N = 4777 rpm and Vf = 2867 mm/min (c,d) N = 6370 rpm and Vf = 437 mm/min\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/913dbb17abf9d7f90c980616.png"},{"id":73864028,"identity":"92b374f6-1551-4400-a7f6-406882ea8e2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDrilled Hole diameter deviation against the drilling parameters\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/53b0cc1414007adcd720b948.png"},{"id":73864010,"identity":"7295e660-f323-47cc-8b4a-14233f2c7671","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a,b,c) Burr height at varying cutting speeds (constant feed rate)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/99458c32be21503cac4bd4b6.png"},{"id":73865194,"identity":"91bc2963-5c19-4ec5-a718-5a6e63be8602","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":137280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Maximum burr height (for parameter 3), (b) Minimum burr height (for parameter 7)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/9764f985ef6bdaa3ebe4b67f.png"},{"id":73865193,"identity":"fd49e595-5403-4436-b0d9-20ea10baeeef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 11:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a,b,c) Burr heights at different feed rates (constant cutting speeds)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/7fbd981797e54c6dbaf95b7e.png"},{"id":75365390,"identity":"91898106-fcc5-4e12-bcf8-068a3f08b7de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 19:06:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3744119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5791600/v1/61bbf0ea-8164-4dfd-9381-ac6765000bec.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Eco-Friendly Drilling of AA 5052-H32 Alloy: Influence of Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid on Surface Quality and Burr Formation","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAluminum alloys serve great importance in the global market due to their abundance, lower weights, high strengths, elevated thermal conductivities, corrosion-resisting, and damage-tolerating properties. Generally, structural components made of aluminum are widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries [1, 2]. Specifically, in aerospace applications, aluminum alloys cover almost 80% of the weight of the whole aircraft. The reason lies in its durability and low structural weight, which leads to a lower overall aircraft weight, thus increasing fuel efficiency. Aluminum alloys withstand the varying static weight of aircraft due to heavy cargo or fuel tanks. Additional loads related to taxing, takeoff, maneuvering, landing, and bearing the static weight of the aircraft. The other key feature is the ability of the material to endure such extreme conditions as high temperature, humidity, as well as high UV-radiation levels [3].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, automotive and aerospace industries for instance, have implemented massive use of \u0026lsquo;high-performance materials\u0026rsquo; including composites and lightweight alloys with a view of attaining enhanced fuel economy and minimizing impacts on nature. As a result, there is a great demand to create new materials with efficient manufacturing strategies and performance modeling. For instance, Wang et al. [4] have gone a long way in the utilization of machine learning to design fatigued metamaterials for AM, as evidenced by the strong indications towards the computational practices in material design. Chai et al. [5] covered all possible methods for reducing simulation costs and the cost of LCM process optimization and discussed them all in terms of applicability, efficiency, and suitability, for different situations focusing on the fact that, while trying to reduce costs, one should not compromise on the results\u0026rsquo; accuracy. These changes in material science, modeling and the technology used in machining opened new frontiers in terms of efficiency and production sustainability in the automotive and aerospace industries. Nevertheless, the development of these techniques has had many years of research, and it seems that future investigations are needed to focus on the practical use of these techniques on a particular material or a specific technological process, for example, on the drilling of aerospace aluminum alloys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo produce these components, machining processes have been utilized, such as milling, turning, and drilling. The drilling process is widely used in aerospace, automotive, and many other manufacturing industries. Despite the introduction of various metal cutting processes such as electron-beam machining, electrolytic machining, abrasive jet machining, among others, drilling remains one of the most prominent machining processes due to its economic benefits [6, 7]. However, numerous considerations are needed for a properly drilled hole. The extent of drilling quality is associated with the surface integrity of the hole produced using drilling process, with a focus on minimizing burr height [8]. Feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and tool type are some of the dominant factors that affect the overall surface quality of the drilled hole [9].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrilling parameters for a smooth surface finish can vary from material to material. For this reason, several numerical and experimental studies are made to understand and predict the optimum parameters that impart positive effects on the drilling process and hole accuracy. Thus, maintaining a good hole quality by carefully adjusting the parameters can cause a huge reduction in vibrations due to the rough surface. The vibrations produced because of the rough surface can cause crack initiation in or around the hole, and crack propagation is then unstoppable and spreads to the whole component, causing the structure to collapse [3]. Due to wide applications in the manufacturing industry, numerous studies have been made on hole surface quality in the last two decades. Davim, Sreejith, Gomes, and Peixoto found that surface roughness as a result of dry drilling was less as compared to MQL and flooded lubrication conditions. This can be due to the fact that high temperatures at the cutting zone cause easy chip formation and increase the flowability of the work material [6]. Son and Nguyen [10] concluded that surface roughness values will decrease with an increase in cutting speed, a decrease in feed rate, and a depression in the tool angle. Moreover, he also deduced that feed rate is the most dominant factor, while cutting speed is the least dominant factor that can affect the surface finish. K\u0026ouml;kl\u0026uuml; et al. [11] stated that cutting speed is the most dominant factor for surface roughness in aluminum alloys, while feed rate has a significant effect on burr height. Nouari et al. [12] stated that large point angles and large helix angles assist in reducing burr height. Liu, Tang, and Cong preferred 15-hole drills for machining due to their availability, low cost, and toughness. Nshoff and Denkena mentioned that continuous chips are formed as a result of high cutting speeds, low feed rates, sharp tool angles, and ductile materials. Kurt et al. [13] concluded that increasing cutting parameters shows an increase in surface roughness because of tool vibrations and chatter. Moreover, an increased feed rate increases the metal removal rate, which increases the surface roughness. Yaşar et al. [14] found that cutting surface integrity is greatly affected by the cutting speed. The lubrication technique adopted by Lugscheider et al. [15] concluded that using the lubricant reduces the tool wear caused by cutting forces, which reduces the surface roughness. They also mentioned that many lubricants used today are harmful for the environment due to toxic chemicals. Gupta et al. emphasized cooling-lubrication techniques such as dry, nitrogen, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMQL (nitrogen minimum quantity lubrication), RHVT N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMQL and turnings operation concerning topography, wear and chip. The studies revealed that R-N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMQL enhances the surface quality and the tool life by an extent of 77% improvement in surface roughness and by an extent of 118% improvement in tool wear. Further, a new chip management model was also proposed and it was proved that R-N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMQL is more favorable for cleaner manufacturing due to the higher recyclability and remanufacturing of the chips [16]. In addition, Balaji et al. concentrated on sustainable machining strategies for aluminium alloys and these covered both the problems and innovations of the topic. The paper probably compares and analyzes different environmentally friendly machining processes like dry machining, MQL, and the application of bio-degradable cutting fluid in the context of environmental impact and machining performance. Thus, the last part of the review is likely to discuss the best sustainable machining strategies for aluminum alloys and point out the directions for further research and development in this significant aspect of manufacturing sustainability [17]. The work by Patra et al. aimed at comparing the efficiency of using different types of cutting fluids by analyzing their effects on the aspect of productivity in the drilling of aerospace aluminum alloys while keeping sustainable manufacturing principles into consideration. The authors of the discussed work investigated several types of cutting fluids, traditional and non-hazardous, analyzing their effectiveness with regard to tool wear as well as the surface quality and drilling productivity of the aerospace aluminum alloys. Finally, the paper provided guidelines on the two and three-dimensional selection of cutting fluids that enhanced productivity while maintaining sustainability in the aerospace manufacturing industry [18]. Muaz et al. [19] proposed a solution to replace harmful lubricants with natural green lubricants. Moreover, natural oils are not suitable for machining purposes, but after proper modifications, they can work way better than conventional petroleum-based lubricants. Shokrani et al. [20] aimed at implementing a two-pallet cooling-lubrication strategy that incorporated cryogenic cooling with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for turning of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. It is also possible that the researchers investigated the impact of the combined system on different machining responses consisting of tool life, surface finish, cutting forces, and chip formation with reference to the traditional cooling systems and the independent cryogenic or MQL applications. It is likely that the paper ended with an evaluation of the hybrid cryogenic MQL method in relation to enhancing the machinability and sustainability of titanium alloys in aerospace and other high-performance sectors. Amir et al. [21] studied aluminum 2024 and found that uncoated carbide drills created less than merged RPF at low spindle speeds while TiCN-coated drills were found to created less than merged RPF but at high spindle speeds, TiSiN-coated carbide drills create the greatest number of merged RPF and surface damage. The ANOVA results pointed out that tool type has the most effect on the hole quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the rough drilled surface contributes to the heat created during the dry drilling process. To overcome the problem, various lubricants were employed to reduce heat generation [6]. Several conventional lubricants in use today have serious impacts on the environment due to their damaging and harmful chemical constituents [22]. Conventional lubricants can be effectively replaced by natural lubricants called sustainable or green lubricants. In the past two decades, the demand for green lubricants has increased exponentially due to their eco-friendly properties like non-toxicity and biodegradability [23]. In some cases, this natural oil showed better lubricating properties than petroleum-based oils. The most common and conventional method of lubrication in machining is the flood lubrication method, in which lubricant is impinged on the cutting zone. The jet of lubrication not only helps in bringing down the temperature of the cutting zone but also assists in forcing the chips away from the hole and reducing the surface roughness [24, 25].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom literature information, the use of environmentally friendly cutting fluids in drilling aerospace materials such as AA 5052-H32 has not yet been fully investigated. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap in this area. For this aim, this research provides an account of the development of a non-conventional cutting fluid, derived from jasmine oil at 85% and a combination of organic petroleum at 15% for use drilling operations with specific consideration to the environment. In addition, this investigation presents the effect of setting the cutting parameters and using environment-friendly cutting fluid on the multiple hole quality characteristics of the AA 5052-H32 alloy, which is extensively used for aerospace applications. Another feature that brings innovation to the research is the investigation of the effects of variations in the water-oil ratios in the jasmine-based cutting fluid for improving its cooling and lubricant effects. Finally, this work combines sustainability index with machining metrics in drilling operations of aerospace-grade aluminum alloys and supports progress in efficient manufacturing with lower ecological impact.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental and Measurement Design Procedures","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe material selected for that study was aluminum alloy AA 5052-H32 plate with a thickness of 20 mm. The contents of aluminum alloys were changed by specific proportions of alloying elements to improve the material properties. For illustration, AA 5052-H32 has 97.25% aluminum, 2.5% magnesium, and 0.25% chromium as its density is 2.68 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (0.0968 lb/in\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e). In general, AA 5052 possesses superior strength to the 3003-aluminum group of alloys which can be partly attributed to the nonexistence of copper in its basic composition, which ultimately results in the enhancement of its corrosion resistance ability. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the chemical composition of the AA 5052-H32 while the mechanical and thermal properties are illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of AA 5052-H32 by percentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical and thermal properties of AA 5052-H32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMechanical Properties\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228 MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 MPa70.3 GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulus of elasticity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.3 GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThermal Properties\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient of thermal expansion at 20\u0026ndash;100 \u0026ordm;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 um/m-C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal conductivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 W/m-k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe uncoated twist drill bit of high-speed steel (HSS) was used for this research and is known under the trademark Presto Steam Tempered HSS DIN 338 118\u0026deg;. The cutting tool specifications are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutting tool specifications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of Flutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlute length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe drilling process was carried out on a YCM MV106A vertical CNC machine with a minimum cutting speed of 8000 rpm and a power of about 18.5 kW. High-speed steel (HSS) material drill bits with a diameter of 6 mm and 2 flutes were used for the experiment. A rectangular plate of Al 5052-H32 with a thickness of 20 mm was used. An eco-friendly, biodegradable natural coolant was formulated for the process. Nine combinations of drilling parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) were utilized for the experiment using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) [6, 13, 27\u0026ndash;29]. It was the most suitable method according to this research work because it was required to find the optimal surface quality by considering the effect of three factors: cutting speed, axial depth of cut, and feed rate on surface roughness (response variable). It was also economical to get results with fewer runs. This method had the ability to further reduce the experimental runs for optimal results. The input parameters were rearranged for applying Design Expert and were recorded as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMachining parameters for experimentation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutting speed (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed rate, Vf (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was divided into twenty-seven holes and three scenarios. In the first scenario, nine holes were made using the dry drilling process. Then, the other nine holes were created using the flooded lubrication technique of cutting oil with 90% water and 10% oil (base oil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;additive) at standard temperature and pressure. The next nine holes were produced using cutting oil in proportions of 80% water and 20% oil (base oil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;additive). Temperature measurements were conducted using a UNI-T UT325 Contact Type Thermometer for T1 and T2, with an accuracy of \u0026plusmn; (0.2% + 0.6), while UT71C was used for T3 testing, with an accuracy of \u0026plusmn; (1% + 30).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThen, the material was cut into two parts to measure the surface roughness. The purpose of the research work was to optimize the surface quality and finish. Each sample was inspected using a surfcorder to find the average roughness (Ra), and the surface topography was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain micrographs for further analysis. Surface topography provided the authenticity of Ra values. Roughness average was considered a response/output parameter. The analysis was conducted using Design Expert, and the regression model was determined. After analyzing the regression model, the results were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current research, lubrication was carried out using base oil extracted from herbs, comprising 85% jasmine oil extracted from the jasmine plant and 15% organic petroleum-based products as additives in the base oil. This mixture formed an oil that could be blended in specific concentrations with water, resulting in a milky white solution that functioned as cutting oil. The resultant product was a soluble-in-water, biodegradable fluid; however, it tended to separate from water after a certain time. It exhibited non-reactivity with materials, particularly aluminum in our case, along with good thermal conductivity, anti-wear properties, high pressure resistance, and safety in use. Various properties of the tested oil and cutting oil on machining were examined, along with many fluid properties, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA water sample, a petroleum product-based additive sample, a jasmine oil sample, and an 85% jasmine oil and 15% additive sample were combined to make cutting oil. Then, a 10% cutting oil and 90% water cutting fluid solution sample, as well as a 20% cutting oil and 80% water cutting fluid solution sample, were created. Subsequently, samples D, E, and F were mixed using a magnetic stirrer at a certain rpm, and their properties were tested and added.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe drilling process was conducted on a YCM MV106A vertical CNC machine, boasting a maximum cutting speed of 8000 rpm and a power of approximately 18.5 kW. It could operate with various parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut with the utmost precision. To assess the hole surface finish, morphology, and other internal parameters, the plate was cut using wire-cut EDM of type DK7725A.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the drilling process, the burr height was measured by a digital height gauge with a minimum count of 0.001 mm. Burr height was measured at five different points, and the average of all was noted as burr height. The workpiece was cut using an EDM wire cut machine to study the internal surface roughness and microstructure properties of the drilled hole. The cut specimens are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The internal drilled hole topography was studied using electron microscopy (SEM) model, Hitachi SU5001 using ASTM E3-11 standard. Similarly, the surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface profilometer (SV-3000) (ISO 4287). The cut-off length for each sample was kept at 3 mm and the measuring length was 8 mm. Lengths for evaluation were derived from the roughness profile obtained, and the necessary roughness parameters, Ra was then measured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Surface analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimentations were performed to get quantitative results regarding the surface roughness, morphology and temperature effect on the AA 5052-H32 and to determine the effects of dry and flooded lubrication conditions on surface integrity during drilling. The form of the surface roughness of a drilled hole, directly or indirectly, influences the product\u0026rsquo;s features like friction, wear and tear, heat transfer, lubricity and the loading of painting coats. Therefore, existing conditions of machining along with cooling strategies must be employed to produce a sufficient quality of the machined surface. At the same time, an important particle for the AA 5052-H32 alloy component is surface roughness. The performance of such high-end blends is commonly used in the most demanding industries where these are identified with tighter tolerances. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts the surface roughness produced during different experimental runs. It is evident from the results that an increase in cutting speed from 3185 to 6370 rpm decreased the surface roughness of the drilled hole; however, the surface roughness for dry drilling was highest (Ra\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.9 \u0026micro;m) for low cutting speed and high feed rate. Dry drilling is responsible for producing wear and tear and a built-up edge that decreases the tool life [25]. Consequently, predicating the roughness of the through hole surface implies many difficulties. As the feed rate increased at the higher speed of 6370 rpm, the surface roughness reduced, but the trend changed to an increase when the speed of the spindle was 3185 rpm. Observing a very high cutting speed, the manuscript noted that when feed rate was increased, the surface roughness decreased, a phenomenon contrary to general findings as discovered by Ramulu et al. [30] who recorded a common increase in roughness as feed rate increased. On the other hand, at low cutting speeds the observation that an increase in feed rate results in high surface roughness aligns with the existing normal trends as the previous works indicating Nouari et al. [28]. The identification of the highest surface roughness during dry drilling (Ra\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.9 \u0026micro;m) also matches with the findings of Bhowmick et al. (2010) [31] looking into the fact that better surface finish is achieved with lubrication. However, the value of this roughness is significantly higher than the similar ones stated in many other investigations on aluminum alloys like Nouari et al. [28] where the Ra values ranged from 0.54 to 2.4 \u0026micro;m for Al-2024 alloy. These distinctions clearly show that the process of drilling is very complicated and it is necessary to take into account the alloy\u0026rsquo;s characteristics as well as the special conditions of drilling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the micrographs of the drilled holes of the AA 5052-H32 alloy with dry and submerged lubrication. The micrographs showed that the damage and deformation grew with spindle speed (N) and feed (Vf) intensity. In this case, it is thought that it is caused by the increased vibration levels, which in turn disturb the holes' geometric tolerances. On the other hand, it may also be affected by increased static deformation of the workpiece due to the high feed resulting in a rise in cutting temperature with the increase of spindle speed [32, 33].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e (a, b) produced more Built-up-edge (BUE) while performing dry drilling. While machined with strong cutting parameters the temperature rises sharply to a level that is enough to cause a phase transformation in the cutting tool. Thus, the elevated temperature and local deformation squeezed the workpiece material to get plastically deformed and get softer. Therefore, gradually the working end of the tool is covered with waste material and chips, resulting in too much build-up of material on the cutting edges of the tool. Overcoming this edge, coupled with redistribution of heat and permanent deformation, is incorrect; it is more difficult to perform, and the outcome is poor surface quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e (c, d), there are regions marked as \"adhesive debris\" meaning the area on the floor that is due to submersion. The adhesive surface debris caused by the drilling processes is frequent as they possess high temperatures, pressures, and deformations that may result in the loosely attached item sticking to the surface of the cutting tool [29, 34]. The stream \"side spill\" that is denoted with the dot-dash line looks like material that was dislocated, and it first disappeared at the top of the scanned sample, but it could be seen again once it was processed. Land wear is a common effect that can manifest itself on many different surfaces processed by machines using cutter tools. This effect is caused by the torque that is exerted on the tool and the workpiece material by the cutting operation [35, 36]. The overall surface texture produced because of flooded lubrication has a comparatively smoother surface as compared to dry machining which is in line with the results of the surface roughness. Giasin et al. [37] stated that as the cutting speeds and feed rates increased, the level of surface imperfections and deformation as shown in SEM images also increased. The generation of built-up edge (BUE) during dry drilling has also been found to agree with the observations made by Yarar et al. [38] on the drilling of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. They also concluded that cryogenic BUE formation was less than that under dry conditions which corresponds to this work where cryogenic submerged lubrication is less than dry lubrication. Also, considering the underwater lubrication and the deposits of the adhesive debris is rather intriguing. A similar observation was made while drilling Al6061-T6 with MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication) as revealed by Ashok et al. [39]. They attributed this to the chemical reactions of the cutting fluid with the workpiece material at high temperatures and pressures. The kind of material dislocation at the \u0026lsquo;side spill\u0026rsquo; described in the SEM images discussed here is similar to the chip adhesion described by Li et al. [40] in their analysis of high-speed drilling of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. They also realized that chip adhesion rises with rising cutting speed; this could be the reason for material dislocation as observed in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Hole diameter analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e displays a bar graph of the mean deviation of each hole diameter of AA 5052-H32. The analysis aims to test out the relationship between the thrust force and dimensional accuracy achieved in the drilling holes (diameter deviation) at various levels of load. The knowledge of this relationship gives a valuable outlook for achieving dimension accuracy and component quality in drilling practices by tuning the drilling parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, for most cutting speeds tested where the check holes were undersized, only three conditions at 0.15 mm/rev show obvious oversizing from the figure below. The diameter discrepancies were naturally within the acceptable limit for the most part (with the limit being 50 \u0026micro;m in view). Although not demonstrated here, most of the perforations look similar, with the holes having a barrel-type shape where the diameter is maximum at the middle part and the diameter of the hole keeps tapering downwards. The fact that the drilling tends to deviate at the start of the process when it goes on the upper edge of the AA 5052-H32 workpiece is most likely to be accredited to this characteristic [41]. Not only in any of the cutting parameters but very prominently in the first pairs of specimen materials, it was noticed that the dimension of the holes was more variable. The appreciating differences in diameters between the top and bottom sections of the holes could be explained due to the mechanical properties of AA 5052-H32. Moreover, according to the present literature, AA 5052-H32 is highly prone to bending due to its large elongation percentage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Effect of cutting parameters on responses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Effect of cutting speed on burr height under dry condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the change in exit burr height with respect to cutting speed and feed rate. It can be seen that higher cutting speeds increase the burr height. During burr formation, the extension of the material occurs when it is ductile enough leading to a considerable burr height and burr volume. The final burr geometry, determined by the amount of plastic deformation, is determined by the ductility of the material, represented by elongation [42]. With the feed and cutting speed boosting, the material becomes more breakable, tearing suddenly and severe pieces of shoulders, beams or petals as result. The higher the cutting speed, the more friction is produced from the interaction between the tool and the hole surface rods which in turn leads to an increase in temperature. The hot confrontation within the shaft, as well as the basic fact that aluminum is rather ductile, enables the easy deformation of the material [43]. Thus, the burr size increases due to the easy flow of material at higher temperatures, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows that the material displays a minimum burr height of 0.20 mm at a minimum cutting speed of 3185 rpm and a feed rate of 1433 mm/min. However, if the cutting speed is increased to 4777 rpm by keeping the feed rate constant, the burr height will increase to 2.71 mm, which is 1255% of the minimum burr height value. At a maximum cutting speed of 6370 rpm, burr height again elevates to 3.59 mm, which is 32.47% more than the second burr height value. Furthermore, burrless with low cutting speed is one of the most essential factors that allows manufacturers to lower the cost of subsequent procedures aimed at removing burrs. All previous investigations on aluminum and composite material drilling have found that burr removal is the most difficult technical obstacle in terms of planned hole quality [44].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Effect of cutting speed on burr height under flooded lubrication condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of cutting oil causes a reduction in burr height. The reason for this reduction in burr height is due to the reduction in plastic deformation of material due to the cooling nature of the cutting fluid. There are two major functions of cutting fluid. During the machining process, the cutting fluid has two functions: it cools and lubricates. The cutting speed regime determines which of these two functions is more dominant. The cooling effect takes the stage at higher cutting speeds, whereas the lubricating action usually becomes more noticeable at lower speeds. By changing the workpiece material's plastic deformation behavior, each of these activities has the potential to have a substantial impact on the burr development process [45]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e concludes that the burr height follows the same increasing trend of dry drilling as the cutting speed increases; However, the burr height was predicted to be substantially lower than that attained using the dry drilling approach. But no significant change in burr height was observed. The possible reason for this behavior may be due to the lower proportion of oil in the cutting fluid. Due to their viscous nature, oils have more capability to absorb heat and drilling stresses. Water, on the other hand, due to its lower viscosity, flows immediately without absorbing enough heat from the cutting region. Moreover, water produces a layer of negligible thickness between the tool and the drilled surface. This causes an increase in the compressive stresses [46]. So, an increased amount of base oil in the cutting fluid has a positive impact on the cutting properties of the fluid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows a similar trend for cutting speeds. The burr height keeps on increasing as the cutting speed increases; however, the burr height values are relatively lower than the first two cutting conditions (dry and 90\u0026ndash;10% water\u0026ndash;oil ratio). As discussed in the previous case, the quantity of base oil is crucial to determine as it greatly affects the chilled behavior of the cutting fluid. Results show that for a minimum cutting speed of 3185 rpm and a feed rate of 1433 mm/min, the burr height was reduced by 10% of the burr height in dry conditions. At a maximum cutting speed of 6370 rpm, the burr height depreciated by 8.6% of the burr height in dry drilling conditions. The significant decrease in burr height indicates that the increased proportion of base oil increased the heat-absorbing and stress-resisting properties of the cutting fluid. Consequently, the burr height decreased for the same combination of parameters [46]. The results are supported by the results of Dahnel et al. [47] who studied the burr height during drilling of AA 7075 aluminum alloy. Their results showed a 10% decrease in the burr height for flooded lubrication as compared to dry drilling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurr height values for different drilling parameters and coolant types\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutting Speed (rpm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed Rate (mm/ min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurr Height (mm) Plate 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurr Height (mm) Plate 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurr Height (mm) Plate 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Burr Height (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Error (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3 Effect of feed rate on burr height under dry condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows fluctuations in the burr height at different feed rates. At a constant low cutting speed of 3185 rpm, we can observe a discontinuous variation in burr height. Firstly, burr height started decreasing to 0.20 mm at 1433 mm/min, and then it started to increase again at the highest feed rate value, i.e., 2867 mm/min. The feed rate has a direct effect on the thrust force, which in turn has a significant impact on the burr height. Aside from thrust force, other factors determine burr height. In the absence of a filter, data collected from numerous elements is prone to fluctuation. This explains why the statistics differ so greatly [48]. For higher cutting speeds of 4777 and 6370 rpm, the material showed a linear decrease in burr height as the feed rate increased. In particular, the increase in burr size with the feed rate is higher when the cutting speed is higher [26]. For instance, the burr height recorded at 3185 rpm and 478 mm/min is 1.80. As the cutting speed increases to 4777 and 6370 rpm, burr height reaches 3.54 and 3.59, respectively. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows that the minimum burr height is obtained at the lowest cutting speed of 3185 rpm with the highest feed rate of 2867 mm/min for all three cutting plates. Maximum burr height is achieved at a cutting speed of 6370 rpm and 478 mm/min of feed rate. In a similar examination, Bahce et al. [45] found that at a 15\u0026deg; exit surface angle, 2300 rpm spindle speed, and 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, the lowest burr height was recorded [49].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.4 Effect of feed rate on burr height under flooded lubrication condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen cutting fluid is utilized, the material shows prominent variations in burr height for different values of feed rate. Unlike dry drilling, burr height showed a decline in burr formation under the flooded lubricant condition. As discussed in previous sections, cutting fluids affect the plastic deformation characteristics of material, thus decreasing the burr height.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of cutting fluid depends on the circumstances of the machining; it might help with lubrication or remove swarf. Low cutting speed more obviously reveals the lubricating capacity of the fluid, while the cooling evacuation at high speed is more prominent [6, 25, 26]. Through modifying the workpiece material's plastic deformation behavior, these two concrete activities are useful in the correlation between the burr process. The cutting fluid's comparable characteristics as a coolant could help lower the ductile workpiece, which could be expressed as a smaller size. However, due to the vigorous wear of the tool's flanks because of dry cutting it may be possible that the cutting edges will get spoiled too quickly which consequently shortens the tool\u0026rsquo;s life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.5 Effect of cutting speed on temperature variations under dry condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e depicts that as the speed increases in the cutting zone, it causes a noticeable rise in the cutting temperature ratio. Increased cutting speed induces friction, and temperatures in the deformation region likewise rise. Significantly, with the increase in cutting speed from 3185 to 6370 rpm there is a rapid growth of the cutting temperature throughout the whole tested range. Despite that, during the metal cutting process, temperature distribution is a critical element related to the speed of cutting. This increase in temperature causes the plastic to deform in the cutting region [12]. The softened aluminum then easily produces burrs due to its ductile nature. This is why burr height is also at its maximum in high-temperature zones. Hamzawy et al. showed that higher temperatures were caused by larger tool cone angles, higher rotational speeds, and lower feed rates, which also increased surface roughness in the drilled holes [50].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation of temperature values at varying drilling parameters (Dry)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutting Speed (rpm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed Rate (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.6 Effect of cutting speed on temperature variations under flooded lubrication condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMachining heat generation is mainly attributed to the increased feed rates and cutting speeds which consequently cause high material removal rates. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e displays the temperature results of the drilling operation with regard to the cutting speeds (3185\u0026ndash;6370 rpm) and feed rates (478\u0026ndash;2867 mm/min), which are also presented in this work. The modes of material removal under these conditions are associated with increased values of the coefficients of friction, increased energy consumption, high strain rates and short cooling times leading to higher temperatures in the cutting zone. In general, with increasing cutting speeds, the temperatures are higher, but for the feed rates the effects are not very distinct. Thus, the least mean temperature of 33.20\u0026deg;C is recorded with the lowest speed and feed rate while the greatest mean temperature of 40.13\u0026deg;C is obtained at the highest speed with the lowest feed rate [51, 52]. To control such thermal effects, the use of flood cooling is typical. This cooling method operates by providing a vast amount of coolant to the zone of cutting, which also has the function of a lubricant between the tool and the workpiece, thus minimizing the amount of heat created. Nonetheless, cutting fluids significantly affect the safety of operations especially when interacting with magnesium alloys in that it is hazardous to immerse the cuttings in water due to possibility of hydrogen gas explosion owing to a reaction between the two. Notably, corresponding temperature fluctuations are recorded both in dry and in-lubricated machining, although the temperature levels are generally lower in flood conditions [53]. Temperature relationships with cutting parameters are found to be quite counterintuitive. For example, at the maximum cutting speed of 6370 rpm, the temperature of the workpiece initially increases but it starts to decline when the feed rate is at its maximum. An increased fluctuation of the temperature is observed at high velocity and low feed rate which has a maximum standard deviation of 5.34\u0026deg;C. Furthermore, when comparing the drilled depth to the temperature parameters it was identified that the mean temperature of the holes will increase with the depth and the rate of temperature variation between the phases may also vary [54]. A comparable study found that drilling depth had a substantial influence on temperature, with deeper holes often producing higher temperatures. The rate of increase in temperature varied between phases [55].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation of temperature values against drilling parameters (90\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr. No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutting\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed (rpm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can also be observed that using a relatively high volume of base oil increases the heat-absorbing characteristics of the coolant. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows a reduction in cutting temperature as we move from a coolant having a 90\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10% proportion to a coolant having an 80\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20% proportion of water and base oil. Oils with higher thermal conductivity are more effective at dissipating heat energy. Additionally, oils with greater specific heat capacity experience smaller temperature increases for the same amount of absorbed heat energy [56]. The predicted rising temperature trend encapsulated both dry and flooded machining environments, and the increase in cutting time and feed rates was observed systematically. This observation implies that the basic energy-input-and-friction picture for the case of more vigorous removal still applies, whatever the cooling process happens to be; it is intrinsic to the machining process itself. Moreover, the effect of the machining characteristics on the temperature rise was noticeably less substantial when hassle-free lubrication was utilized. We can point toward many reasons why mitigation of this heat generation occurs, and they include effective cooling of the cutting fluid as well as less friction that is encountered between both the tool and workpiece and the latter being lubricated by the cutting fluid. This could be interpreted as meaning that, though we would observe the persistence of such a trend, often the temperature values will be considerably lower under the flooded machining conditions than during the dry ones.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation of temperature values at varying drilling parameters (80\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutting\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed (rpm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (mm/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature 03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.7 Effect of feed rate on temperature variations under dry condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the data, it has been noticed that there is a direct correlation between the increase in feed rate and the rise in cutting temperature. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that when the feed rate is high, a larger amount of material is removed every revolution. As a result, the cross-sectional area of the chip is increased, leading to an increase in the amount of contact between the tool and the workpiece, specifically through rubbing. This results in an increase in the contact pressure within the shear zone where the chip is formed, leading to a corresponding increase in friction. Nevertheless, as the cutting speed rises, the cutting temperature also escalates as a result of heightened friction between the tool and workpiece, and reduced time for heat dissipation between consecutive cuts. By combining both the feed rate and cutting speed, the resulting temperature will progressively increase [57]. For dry conditions, the highest temperature reached is 43.9\u0026deg;C at the maximum cutting parameters of cutting speed and feed rate. It means an increase in temperature is caused by an increase in both cutting speeds and feed rate. Low feed rate and cutting speeds are necessary to reduce the generated heat, which in turn causes plastic deformation of ductile materials [42]. In the literature there are many studies which describe specific examples of these linkages. In their study regarding the temperature analysis during AISI 420 steel machining, Rafighi et al. [58] focused on the role of the setting parameters. They discovered that the maximum temperature was roughly 420\u0026deg;C with a cutting speed of 100 m/min and feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev. The temperature rose to almost 520\u0026deg;C when the feed rate was increased to 0.2 mm/rev at the same cutting speed. The temperature rose to almost 680\u0026deg;C when they raised the feed rate to 0.2 mm/rev and the cutting speed to 200 m/min. These findings unequivocally show that feed rate and cutting speed have a major effect on cutting temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.8 Effect of feed rate on temperature variations under flooded condition (90\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10% water-oil ratio)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cutting operation involves both thermal and mechanical elements, causing the workpiece material to undergo strong plastic deformation before separating into the main and waste parts. Owing to high strain rates, friction, and workpiece interaction, this industriously rigid deformation process produces a lot of heat [43]. Metallurgical cutting involves both mechanical and thermal heating, which can lead to various uncontrollable and unfavorable situations during the metal cutting process. If superheating is not under control, the tool wears out faster and the surface of the workpiece breaks down faster; in addition, the mechanical properties of the component that has been obtained will change. It is no doubt crucial to consider and manage the heat-conducting and dissipating means to minimize metal cutting and ensure the expected quality and performance [59]. Compared to dry drilling, the average burr height was 10% lower when cutting fluid was present. The only drilling with a maximum cutting speed of 66 m/min in both dry and cutting fluid showed an increasing trend with an increasing number of holes [47].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.9 Effect of feed rate on temperature variations under flooded condition (80\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20% water-oil ratio)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation between the cutting temperature and the surface finish is quite clear, with the lower cutting temperatures producing a better-quality surface finish. This is because there is low thermal deformation, low tool wear, and better material properties of the workpiece retained as compared to conventional cutting. The research carried out on the composition of cutting fluid indicated that 80\u0026ndash;20% water to oil was the most efficient in cooling the drilling temperature. This optimal ratio balances the heat absorption capabilities that oil has, its use in the removal of the chips and as a lubricant [45]. The oil part generates a very thin layer, which is between the tool and workpiece, and the effect of reducing the friction coefficient is that heat construction drops. Also, exploring the machining of Inconel 625, a difficult superalloy material, showed substantial advancements when applying naf-mdf1 as an additive to minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Thus, this highly developed method utilizing a small portion of the nanoparticle-cooled cutting fluid supplied a significant decrease in cutting temperature during the drilling process. The advantages were observed as increased surface finish and reduced rate of tool usage degradation. Thus, the findings emphasize the significance of temperature management in machining especially for hard-to-cut materials and the fact that new forms of lubrication have significantly improved machining results. Through proper control of the ingredients in the cutting fluids and applying them in the best ways that are recommended, manufacturers can improve product quality, create long enduring tools and possibly raise efficiency in their operations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study investigated the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) and lubrication conditions (dry, 10% oil + 90% water, and 20% oil + 80% water) on the quality of drilled holes in the aluminum alloy AA 5052-H32. The work carried out aimed at establishing the interaction between cutting speed, feed rate and resultant surface roughness, burr height, and temperature while using an environmentally friendly cutting fluid formed by jasmine oil together with organic agents, thus capturing the ever-rising trend in green manufacturing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the smallest value of the surface roughness of the order of 7.3μm was achieved at a high cutting speed of 6370 rpm and a high feed rate of 2867 mm/min with the WC-Co cutter when the coolant was 80% water and 20% oil. A minimal burr height of 0.07 mm was recorded with the same cooling fluid mixture at a lower cutting speed of 3185 rpm and a higher feed rate of 2867 mm/min. This was substantiated by temperature measurements showing the greater cooling capability of the 80-20% water-oil mixture, with the lowest temperature of 33.8°C at a moderate cutting speed and high feed rate being observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough the selection of appropriate cutting parameters and the use of environmentally friendly coolants, the manufacture of drills can improve operations to produce holes of high standards for the automotive and aerospace industries without incurring a negative impact on the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome future research studies that can be suggested are an analysis of the long-term performance of the biodegradable cutting fluid on tool wear and tear and research on the effect of this cutting fluid on a wide range of materials and the process of machining.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad Yasir\u003c/strong\u003e: Original manuscript, Review and editing, Validation, Supervision. \u003cstrong\u003eAmar ul Hassan Khawaja:\u003c/strong\u003e Resources, Review, Project administration. \u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad Saad Khan:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eImtiaz Ali\u003c/strong\u003e: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eMubashir Gulzar:\u003c/strong\u003e Review and editing, Validation,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Murat Sarıkaya\u003c/strong\u003e: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, \u003cstrong\u003eShahid Iqbal:\u003c/strong\u003e Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMurat Sarıkaya acknowledges the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA) under the Ulam Programme (Grant No. BPN/ULM/2023/1/00035).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e: Data included in article/supp. material/referenced in article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eP. 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Koklu, \u0026quot;The drilling machinability of 5083 aluminum under shallow and deep cryogenic treatment,\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eEmerging Materials Research, \u003c/em\u003evol. 9, pp. 323-330, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biodegradable Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid, AA 5052-H32 alloy, Burr height, Drilling, Surface roughness, Temperature","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5791600/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5791600/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aerospace and automotive sectors are increasingly emphasizing sustainable production, requiring environmentally benign methods for machining activities. This study examines a biodegradable cutting fluid composed of 85% jasmine oil and 15% organic petroleum-based additives as an eco-friendly substitute for traditional lubricants in the drilling of AA 5052-H32 aluminum alloy, a material widely utilized in structural applications. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to examine the impacts of cutting speed and feed rate on surface quality, burr development, and temperature, based on 27 experimental observations across three lubrication conditions: dry, 90\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10% water-to-oil, and 80\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20% water-to-oil mixes. Findings indicate that increased cutting speeds and appropriate feed rates markedly improve surface quality, attaining a minimal surface roughness of 7.3 \u0026micro;m at 6370 rpm and 2867 mm/min under the 80\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20% coolant condition. This lubrication regime exhibited the least burr height of 0.07 mm and the most efficient cooling, with a lowest temperature of 33.8\u0026deg;C. In comparison, dry drilling demonstrated subpar performance, characterized by heightened burr height and surface roughness resulting from raised tool temperatures and material deformation. Also, jasmine-based cutting fluid enhances machining performance by improving temperature and lubricating characteristics, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting sustainability in precision drilling operations. This research emphasizes the significance of parameter optimization for attaining enhanced hole quality while advocating for a shift towards ecologically sustainable production processes. Future research is advised to investigate the prolonged impacts of biodegradable lubricants on tool longevity and their compatibility with various machining processes and materials.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Eco-Friendly Drilling of AA 5052-H32 Alloy: Influence of Jasmine-Based Cutting Fluid on Surface Quality and Burr Formation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-15 11:33:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5791600/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"85d1c958-e454-44c9-a573-867488e30ce2","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-03T18:58:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-15 11:33:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5791600","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5791600","identity":"rs-5791600","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}