Comparative Analysis of Comprehensive HIV Knowledge and Risky Sexual Behavior among Unmarried Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Nigeria

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Tomori, Hassan Ogunwemimo, Sunday A. Adedini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716027/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 22 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15–24 years suffer a considerable burden of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, where the prevalence in this age group is estimated at 1.3%. Hence, addressing the vulnerabilities inherent in this group is crucial in the fight against HIV. This study compared trends in comprehensive HIV knowledge and risky sexual behavior among unmarried AGYW in Nigeria over a decade. Methods We utilized secondary data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) conducted between 2008 and 2018. The outcome variable was risky sexual behaviour, measured as condom use during the most recent sexual encounter, which was analysed via binary regression to assess trends and associations with comprehensive HIV knowledge while adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic variables. Stata 16.1 was used for the analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 1,743 in 2008 to 1,714 in 2018. Results The study revealed that condom use among adolescent girls (15–19 years) increased from 32.0% in 2008 to 40.3% in 2013 but decreased to 36.7% in 2018. Among young women (20–24 years), condom use rose from 42.3% to 50.6% before declining to 41.0% in 2018. Comprehensive HIV knowledge among adolescent girls declined from 60.1% in 2008 to 50.3% in 2018, whereas it increased among young women, reaching 58.5% in 2018. Logistic regression revealed that comprehensive HIV knowledge significantly increased condom use among adolescent girls, with odds rising from 35% (OR: 1.35, p < 0.05) in 2008 to 72% (OR: 1.72, p < 0.05) in 2018, but its influence on young women declined over time. Conclusion AGYW in Nigeria face gaps in HIV knowledge and inconsistent condom use. Hence, there is a need for sustained, culturally sensitive HIV education and behavioural interventions. Strengthening collaborations between health services, schools and communities can empower AGYW, address regional disparities and reduce risky behaviours. Such integrated approaches are crucial for improving sexual health outcomes and reducing the incidence of HIV in AGYW. HIV knowledge Risky sexual behaviour Adolescent girls Young women Nigeria Introduction Risky sexual behaviour (RSB) poses a critical health issue among adolescents and young people globally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [ 1 ] reported that many high school students engage in unprotected sex and substance use during sexual activity, thereby increasing their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Europe and North America. Similar trends were observed in other regions, such as Asia, where 19% of adolescent girls and 12% of adolescent boys aged 15–19 had multiple sexual partners, often without using protection during high-risk encounters [ 2 ]. In sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 22% of adolescent girls and 15% of adolescent boys aged 15–19 also frequently engage in multiple partnerships without protection [ 3 ]. These statistics underscore the urgent need for effective strategies to mitigate RSB and its consequences across diverse populations. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) face a disproportionate burden of HIV in Nigeria. They account for most of the new HIV infections among adolescents in the country, agreeing with trends observed across sub-Saharan Africa [ 3 , 4 ]. Factors such as early sexual debut, having multiple partners and inconsistent condom use are considered critical risk factors [ 5 , 6 ]. In addition, Arije et al. [ 7 ] reported sociocultural influences and low self-esteem as contributors to HIV vulnerability among young women in Nigeria. Addressing these risk factors requires improving comprehensive HIV knowledge, which could promote safer behaviours and reduce the spread of HIV in this vulnerable group. Comprehensive knowledge about HIV includes a thorough understanding of the routes of transmission and dispelling myths about infection, which is vital for reducing risky sexual behaviour among young people [ 8 ]. However, recent data reveal persistent gaps in HIV knowledge among AGYW in sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS [ 9 ] reported that less than 40% of young people aged 15–24 years in the region have comprehensive HIV knowledge, with AGYW remaining disproportionately affected. The situation in Nigeria aligns with this regional trend, which significantly contributes to high HIV infection rates [ 10 ]. Furthermore, previous studies revealed that comprehensive HIV knowledge is influenced by factors such as age, education, socioeconomic status, sex of the family’s head and media exposure [ 8 , 11 ]. Targeted awareness programs that focus on AGYW could improve HIV knowledge and sexual health outcomes. Since 44% of all new HIV infections reported globally in 2023 were especially common among AGYW and 62% of new HIV infections reported in sub-Saharan Africa were among AGYW [ 4 ], addressing responsible risk factors through accessible, community-based interventions could be very critical. In addition, understanding unique regional social and cultural contexts is essential in the design of effective HIV prevention strategies [ 12 , 13 ]. Despite the crucial role of comprehensive HIV knowledge in reducing RSB, few studies exist on how this dynamic plays a role among unmarried AGYW in Nigeria. This group faces unique vulnerabilities due to socioeconomic and structural factors that influence their sexual behaviours and health outcomes. Societal norms, gender dynamics and misinformation often limit AGYW’s ability to negotiate condom use and engage in safer sexual practices, worsening their risk [ 13 , 14 ]. This study aims to address this gap by analysing the relationship between comprehensive HIV knowledge and RSB among unmarried AGYW in Nigeria. By concentrating on this demographic, this study seeks to generate insights that could inform the design of targeted interventions and policies needed to improve HIV knowledge, promote safer sexual practices, and reduce HIV incidence. The findings will assist key stakeholders, opinion leaders and healthcare professionals in developing effective strategies to reduce the incidence of HIV and enhance the health outcomes of AGYW in Nigeria. Data and methods Study designs and participants This study used cross-sectional datasets derived from a publicly available dataset from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2008–2018. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been the principal source of comparable nationally representative data and address essential topical areas, including individual and household socioeconomic conditions, birth history, maternal and child health, contraceptive use patterns, and health biomarkers. In addition, the integrated DHS has data files for a variety of units of analysis, such as births, couples, individual women, children, men, and household members. Individual record files were used for this study. In this study, we used NDHS datasets from sexually active unmarried adolescent girls aged 15–19 years and young women aged 20–24 years. Thus, our total weighted analytic sample included 5153 respondents, comprising 2120 adolescent girls and 3033 young women. Specifically, in 2008, a total sample of 1743 (701 adolescent girls and 1024 young women) was included; in 2013, a total sample of 1696 (726 adolescent girls and 970 young women) was included; and in 2018, a total sample of 1714 (693 adolescent girls and 1021 young women) were included. Measures Outcome variables The outcome variable used for the study was risky sexual behavior, and a question on whether the respondent used a condom the last time she had sexual intercourse was adopted. The responses to the questions were ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or ‘don’t know’. Respondents who answered ‘yes’ to this question were assigned a value of 1, implying the use of a condom at the last time she had sexual intercourse, and 0 if the question was answered with “No”. Respondents with other responses to this question were excluded. Independent variables The key independent variable for this study was comprehensive knowledge of HIV, which was measured via five questions overall: three questions on knowledge about HIV and two questions about local misconceptions, which were incorrect beliefs about HIV transmission. Respondents answered ‘Yes’, ‘No’ or ‘Don’ not know’ to specifically, these variables: (1) knowledge about the consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse; (2) knowing that having one uninfected faithful partner could reduce the chance of contracting HIV; (3) knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV; (4) knowledge about the misconception that HIV can be transmitted through mosquitoes; and (5) misconception that HIV can be transmitted by sharing food with someone infected with HIV. Respondents who responded to each of the 5 questions with ‘Yes’ were assigned a value of 1, implying having comprehensive knowledge of HIV, and 0, if any of these questions were answered with ‘No’. Other measures Informed by the literature, other independent variables included in this study are education attainment, religion, current work status, region of respondents, household wealth status and place of residence. Other covariates included ethnicity, respondents’ sexual debut and media exposure. These were measures of demographic characteristics and socioeconomic characteristics used as covariates in the study. The variable definitions and categorizations are presented in the table below: [Insert Table 1 here] Table 1 Other independent variables included in the study Variables Operational Definitions Education attainment Highest level of education attained: No/Primary, Secondary/Higher Religion Respondents' religions: Christianity, Islam, others Current work status Whether the respondent is currently working: Not currently working, currently working Region of respondents Geographical region where the respondent resides: North Central, North East, North West, South East, South South, South West Household wealth status Composite index of household wealth based on amenities and assets: Poor (Poorest + Poorer), Middle, Rich (Richer + Richest) Place of residence Respondent's living area classification: Urban, Rural Ethnicity Respondent's ethnic group: Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa, Others Age at sexual debut Age at which the respondent first had sexual intercourse: Less than 18 years, 18 years and above Media exposure Whether the respondent has been exposed to media messages: Not exposed, Exposed Inclusion/exclusion criteria Respondents who responded “don’t know” or whose response was missing in the outcome variable and in any of the explanatory component variables were removed from the analysis. Furthermore, respondents who were married, above 24 years old and inactive sexually were excluded from the study sample. “Sexually active” was defined as having a sexual relationship in the past 12 months. Statistical analysis Three levels of analyses were employed, including univariable and multivariable analyses. At the univariable level, frequencies and percentages were used to describe the outcome variable and the key explanatory variable across age groups and over time as well as other background characteristics of the respondents. Initially, binary logistic regression (BLR) analysis was used to explore the relationship between condom use and comprehensive HIV knowledge from 2008–2018. Here, BLR produced crude odds ratios (CORs) over time. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were produced further at the multivariable level, where the BLR model included respondents’ background characteristics as covariates alongside the key explanatory variable. This was done to ascertain the extent to which these variables inform the use of condoms over time and by age group. Analyses were conducted via Stata version 16.1, and data survey weights were applied. Results The proportions of condom users initially increased but later declined over time in both the 15–19 years and the 20–24 years age groups. Among adolescents (15–19 years) who rose to 40.3 percent in 2013 from 32.0 percent in 2008 to 36.7 percent in 2018, condom use increased to 50.6 percent in 2013 from 42.3 percent in 2008 but later decreased to 41.0 percent in 2018 among young women (20–24 years). This is shown in Table 2 below. Table 2 Distribution of condom use by age and survey instalments Age of Respondents Condom use (2008) Condom use (2013) Condom use (2018) No Yes No Yes No Yes N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) 15–19 476(68.0) 224(32.0) 434(59.7) 292(40.3) 439(63.3) 254(36.7) 20–24 601(57.7) 442(42.3) 479(49.4) 491(50.6) 603(59.0) 418(41.0) However, there was a consistent decline in full knowledge of HIV among adolescents from 2008–2018, where it fell to 58.7 percent in 2013 from 60.1 percent in 2008 before further declining to 50.3 percent in 2018. Full HIV knowledge among young women, although lower than that of the starting point among adolescents, was maintained at 52.0% and 52.4%, respectively, during 2008 and 2013 before dropping to 41.5% in 2018. [Insert Table 3 here] Table 3 Distribution of respondents by comprehensive HIV knowledge and age across surveys Age of Respondents Comprehensive HIV knowledge Comprehensive HIV knowledge Comprehensive HIV knowledge -2008(1743) -2013 (1696) -2018(1714) Full HIV knowledge No/Partial HIV knowledge Full HIV knowledge No/Partial HIV knowledge Full HIV knowledge No/Partial HIV knowledge N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) 15–19 421(60.1) 280(39.9) 426(58.7) 300(41.3) 349(50.3) 344(49.7) 20–24 542(52.0) 500(48.0) 508(52.4) 462(47.6) 598(58.5) 423(41.5) Table 4 describes the background characteristics of the study participants across survey periods. The results of this study revealed that the proportion of adolescents with no or primary education increased over time from 10.5 percent in 2008 to 14.2 percent in 2018. However, among young women, an increase was initially observed from 2008 (7.6%) to 2013 (8.8%) before it fell in 2018 (7.9%). The majority of respondents among both adolescents and young women were Christians across all the survey periods. While it initially dropped to 27.9 percent in 2013 from 31.6 percent in 2008, the number of adolescents who were currently working increased to 46.3 percent in 2018. However, the proportion of young women who were currently working increased consistently over the survey period, from 44.7 percent in 2008 to 64.2 percent in 2018. In 2008, the majority of the adolescents (43.3%) were from southern South China, but in 2013 and 2018, approximately 29.6% and 23.9%, respectively, were from southern South China and southwestern China. A total of 34.7 percent, 30.3 percent and 26.9 percent of young women were in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively, from the South South and South West regions of Nigeria. In 2008, while close to a quarter of the sample of adolescents (23.2%) were in the middle household wealth category, only approximately 15% were in this household wealth status among young women. In contrast, 54.4 percent and 73.3 percent were in the rich (richer and richest) category for adolescents and young women, respectively, in that year. While 56.1 percent and 70.3 percent were adolescents and young women, respectively, in the rich category in 2013, the proportions of adolescents and young women, respectively, in this category in 2018 were 51.8 and 67.9 percentages, respectively. The proportion of adolescent residents in rural areas decreased over time from 61.3 percent in 2008 to 47.4 percent in 2018, whereas among young women, the proportion of rural residents initially decreased to 40.2 percent from 46.1 percent in 2008; this proportion reached 40.7 percent in 2018. Among adolescents, while the proportion of adolescents from Hausa and other ethnic groups dropped to 57.1 percent (2013) from 61.2 percent (2008) before settling at 58.2 percent in 2013, among young women, this category of ethnic group in this study was slightly above half throughout the survey period. The majority of the adolescents had their first sexual intercourse at less than 18 years of age, while among young women, 31.7%, 33.0% and 41.5% had their sexual debut at less than 18 years of age in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively. Across all the survey periods, for both adolescents and young women, the lowest proportion of respondents exposed to mass media among adolescents was 78.0 percent in 2018. Table 4 Background characteristics of respondents across surveys 2008 2013 2018 Background Characteristics 15–19 N (%) 20–24 N (%) 15–19 N (%) 20–24 N (%) 15–19 N (%) 20–24 N (%) Education attainment No/Primary education 74(10.5) 79(7.6) 84(11.6) 85(8.8) 98(14.2) 81(7.9) Secondary/higher 627(89.5) 963(92.4) 642(88.4) 885(91.2) 595(85.8) 940(92.1) Religion Christianity 590(84.5) 879(94.5) 596(82.1) 833(85.8) 528(76.3) 819(80.2) Islam and others 108(15.5) 161(15.5) 130(17.9) 137(14.2) 164(23.7) 202(19.8) Current work status Not currently working 475(68.4) 570(55.3) 524(72.1) 482(49.7) 372(53.7) 366(35.8) Currently working 219(31.6) 462(44.7) 202(27.9) 488(50.3) 321(46.3) 655(64.2) Region North Central 77(11.0) 121(11.7) 97(13.4) 109(11.2) 145(21.0) 150(14.6) North East 27(3.8) 40(3.8) 39(5.4) 49(5.0) 76(10.9) 101(9.9) North West 18(2.5) 31(3.0) 67(9.1) 76(7.8) 34(4.9) 55(5.3) South East 83(11.9) 174(16.7) 142(19.6) 208(21.4) 108(15.5) 182(17.8) South South 303(43.3) 362(34.7) 215(29.6) 294(30.3) 164(23.7) 258(25.3) South West 193(27.5) 314(30.1) 166(22.9) 235(24.2) 166(23.9) 274(26.9) Household wealth status Poorest 49(7.1) 45(4.3) 24(3.3) 24(2.5) 57(8.3) 45(4.4) Poorer 107(15.3) 77(7.4) 113(15.5) 74(7.7) 100(14.4) 117(11.4) Middle 163(23.2) 156(15.0) 182(25.1) 188(19.4) 177(25.5) 166(16.3) Richer 200(28.5) 361(34.6) 196(27.0) 292(30.0) 199(28.7) 327(32.0) Richest 181(25.9) 403(38.7) 211(29.1) 392(40.3) 160(23.1) 366(35.9) Place of residence Urban 271(38.7) 562(53.9) 358(49.3) 580(59.8) 364(52.6) 605(59.3) Rural 430(61.3) 480(46.1) 368(50.7) 390(40.2) 328(47.4) 416(40.7) Ethnicity Igbo 107(15.3) 238(22.8) 171(23.6) 259(26.7) 138(19.9) 227(22.2) Yoruba 165(23.5) 278(26.7) 140(19.3) 212(21.9) 152(21.9) 267(26.2) Hausa and others 429(61.2) 526(50.5) 415(57.1) 499(51.4) 404(58.2) 527(51.6) Sexual debut Less than 18years 594(85.5) 327(31.7) 607(84.7) 310(33.0) 589(84.9) 424(41.5) 18years and above 101(14.5) 704(68.3) 109(15.3) 630(67.0) 104(15.1) 597(58.5) Media exposure Not exposed 87(12.4) 68(6.5) 80(11.0) 72(7.5) 152(22.0) 130(12.7) exposed 614(87.6) 974(93.5) 646(89.0) 898(92.5) 541(78.0) 891(87.3) Table 5 shows the crude (unadjusted) binary logistic regression results using crude odds ratios (CORs). Here, the focus was on the key explanatory variable in this study, comprehensive HIV knowledge. There appeared to be consistent positive effects of comprehensive HIV knowledge, particularly among young women, on condom use over the three survey periods. Among adolescents, compared with those with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of using condoms among those with full HIV knowledge increased over time from 35% (OR:1.35; p < 0.05) to 59% (OR:1.59; p < 0.05) to 72% (OR:1.72; p < 0.05) in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively. The opposite trend was observed among young women; compared with that among respondents with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of using condoms among respondents with full HIV knowledge were greater, but at a declining rate, from 75 percent (OR:1.75; p < 0.05) to 33 percent (OR:1.33; p < 0.05) to 28 percent (OR:1.28; p < 0.05) in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively. Table 5 Results from binary logistic regression showing the crude effect of comprehensive HIV knowledge on the use of condoms by age group from 2008–2018 2008 2013 2018 COR (95%CI) COR (95%CI) COR (95%CI) COR (95%CI) COR (95%CI) COR (95%CI) 15–19 years 20–24 years 15–19 years 20–24 years 15–19 years 20–24 years Comprehensive HIV knowledge No/Partial HIV knowledge Ref Full HIV knowledge 1.35 (0.95–1.93) 1.75 (1.33–2.32)* 1.59 (1.16–2.17)* 1.33 (1.00-1.75)* 1.72 (1.13–2.61)* 1.28 (0.94–1.75) Note: * − 5% significance level; COR – crude odds ratio; CI – confidence interval Furthermore, the key explanatory variable was explored with other independent variables to ascertain the extent of their influence on condom use among adolescents and young women over the three survey periods. The results are shown in Table 6 . This table shows the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of these covariates. When adjusted, compared with those with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of higher condom use among adolescents with full HIV knowledge significantly increased by 65 percent in 2013 alone (AOR:1.65; p < 0.05). However, among young women, compared with those with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of higher condom use among young women with full HIV knowledge significantly increased in 2008 by 76 percent (AOR:1.76; p < 0.05) and in 2013 by 40 percent (AOR:1.40; p < 0.05). Education was statistically significant among young women only and in 2008 (AOR:2.76; p < 0.05) and 2013 (AOR:3.61; p < 0.05) only, and in both cases, respondents with secondary/higher education had more than double the odds of using condoms among those with no/primary education. Similarly, only among young women was religion seen as an important predictor of condom use, as the odds of condom use were 39 percent (AOR:0.61; p < 0.05) and 47 percent (AOR:0.53; p < 0.05) lower among respondents practising Islam and other religions than among Christians in 2008 and 2018, respectively. Current work status was consistently not a significant predictor of condom use regardless of respondent age. In contrast, region played an important role in the use of condoms in 2018 among all respondents regardless of age. Specifically, in this survey year, compared with respondents from North Central China, adolescents (AOR:0.35; p < 0.05) and young women (AOR:0.56; p < 0.05) from South China had 65 percent and 44 percent lower odds of using condoms, respectively. The odds of condom use reduction were lower in North China than in North China (adolescents (AOR:0.85; p < 0.05) and young women (AOR:0.68; p < 0.05)). In 2008, only among adolescents was region statistically significant, but in 2013, such significance was observed only among young women, where except for North West and Southeast China, all respondents from other regions had lower odds of using condoms than did those from North Central China. While household wealth was not a significant predictor of condom use among adolescents in both 2008 and 2013, it was statistically significant among adolescents in 2018, as those in every other wealth status category had higher odds of using condoms than adolescents in the poorest category did. In the same year, similar outcomes were observed among young women. Place of residence played an important role in the use of condoms among adolescents in both 2008 and 2013. For instance, in both years, adolescents had 54 percent and 49 percent lower odds of using condoms than did residents in urban areas. Additionally, ethnicity was an important predictor of condom use in 2008 only and among adolescents only. Compared with Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa/Other ethnic groups had 70 percent and 28 percent lower odds of using condoms, respectively. Sexual debut was not a significant predictor of condom use among adolescents and young women in either 2013 or 2018. Among adolescents in 2008, those who had their first sexual intercourse at 18 years and above had 73 percent significantly elevated odds of using condoms compared with adolescents whose first sexual experience occurred before they reached 18 years of age (AOR:1.73; p < 0.05). While in 2008, adolescents exposed to media had 155% greater odds of using condoms (AOR:2.55; p < 0.05) than did those without such exposure, young women with such exposure, in 2018, had 75% greater odds (AOR:1.75; p < 0.05) of using condoms than did their age group without such media exposure. Table 6 Results from binary logistic regression showing the adjusted effect of comprehensive HIV knowledge on the use of condoms by age group from 2008–2018 Background Characteristics 2008 2013 2018 AOR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) 15–19 years 20–24 years 15–19 years 20–24 years 15–19 years 20–24 years Comprehensive HIV knowledge No/Partial HIV knowledge Ref Full HIV knowledge 1.22 (0.82–1.83) 1.76 (1.30–2.37)* 1.65 (1.13–2.41)* 1.40 (1.05–1.88)* 1.69 (1.10–2.60) 1.17 (0.83–1.63) Education attainment No/Primary education Ref Secondary/higher 1.28 (0.54–3.02) 2.76 (1.31–5.85)* 1.82 (0.92–3.61) 3.61 (1.73–7.53)* 1.08 (0.58–1.93) 1.07 (0.54–2.14) Religion Christianity Ref Islam and others 0.95 (0.47–1.90) 0.61 (0.39–0.97)* 0.87 (0.47–1.61) 0.78 (0.48–1.26) 0.74 (0.41–1.33) 0.53 (0.33–0.84)* Current work status Not currently working Ref Currently working 1.11 (0.73–1.68) 1.04 (0.76–1.42) 1.02 (0.70–1.47) 0.84 (0.62–1.14) 0.82 (0.54–1.26) 1.19 (0.84–1.69) Region North Central Ref North East 1.04 (0.31–3.50) 0.63 (0.25–1.57) 0.44 (0.17–1.12) 0.35 (0.13–0.90)* 0.79 (0.41–1.51) 0.72 (0.43–1.22) North West 2.88 (0.74–11.26) 0.29 (0.08–1.07) 0.72 (0.35–1.47) 1.40 (0.41–4.80) 0.85 (0.39–1.86) 0.68 (0.35–1.32) South East 1.51 (0.51–4.52) 0.89 (0.39–2.02) 1.26 (0.39–4.11) 1.02 (0.35–2.96) 1.13 (0.34–3.71) 0.77 (0.33–1.82) South South 1.89 (0.98–3.63) 0.94 (0.55–1.59) 0.86 (0.47–1.55) 0.53 (0.30–0.92)* 0.35 (0.19–0.62)* 0.56 (0.36–0.89)* South West 3.48 (1.45–8.32)* 1.75 (0.91–3.35) 0.94 (0.46–1.91) 0.82 (0.42–1.60) 1.91 (0.70–5.21) 0.89 (0.50–1.58) Household wealth status Poorest Ref Poorer 1.28 (0.47–3.50) 4.80 (1.66–13.87)* 1.39 (0.36–5.26) 0.89 (0.21–3.73) 2.35 (1.02–5.41)* 1.35 (0.61–2.99) Middle 1.13 (0.44–2.90) 5.04 (1.82–13.93)* 1.77 (0.52-6.00) 2.07 (0.51–8.36) 1.93 (0.87–4.28) 1.95 (0.88–4.32) Richer 1.45 (0.53–3.96) 4.99 (1.82–13.67)* 1.98 (0.57–6.85) 2.33 (0.56–9.62) 2.81 (1.26–6.27)* 3.21 (1.46–7.06)* Richest 1.78 (0.62–5.10) 5.32 (1.88-15.00)* 1.99 (0.56–7.12) 2.77 (0.65–11.80) 3.47 (1.44–8.34)* 2.93 (1.27–6.72)* Place of residence Urban Ref Rural 0.46 (0.28–0.76)* 0.69 (0.46–1.03) 0.51 (0.30–0.86)* 1.01 (0.67–1.50) 1.53 (0.99–2.47) 1.01 (0.71–1.44) Ethnicity Igbo Ref Yoruba 0.30 (0.10–0.88)* 0.56 (0.23–1.40) 1.02 (0.33–3.20)* 0.71 (0.27–1.90) 0.62 (0.18–2.18) 1.13 (0.51–2.49) Hausa and others 0.72 (0.34–1.52) 0.84 (0.43–1.66) 1.05 (0.37–2.95) 0.86 (0.34–2.34) 2.09 (0.73–5.98) 1.61 (0.72–3.58) Sexual debut Less than 18years Ref 18years and above 1.73 (1.07–2.79)* 0.99 (0.73–1.37) 0.85 (0.52–1.39) 1.28 (0.90–1.81) 0.81 (0.45–1.47) 1.17 (0.78–1.75) Media exposure Not exposed Ref Exposed 2.55 (1.09–5.96)* 0.82 (0.38–1.75) 0.86 (0.45–1.64) 0.94 (0.51–1.73) 1.33 (0.81–2.20) 1.75 (1.04–2.93)* Note: * − 5% significance level; AOR – adjusted odds ratio; CI – confidence interval Discussion We undertook a study that explored trends in comprehensive HIV knowledge and risky sexual behaviour among unmarried adolescent girls (15–19 years) and young women (20–24 years) in Nigeria over three survey periods. The findings revealed critical patterns and relationships, providing insights into HIV prevention efforts and their sociocultural implications. This study revealed a fluctuating pattern in condom use over time, suggesting a nuanced interaction between HIV knowledge dissemination and other sociocultural factors. This finding aligns with those of similar studies in sub-Saharan Africa, where variations in condom use have been linked to fluctuating levels of public health funding, changing social norms, and accessibility to contraceptive resources [ 5 ]. The decline in condom use in 2018 may be associated with a reduced emphasis on targeted campaigns, insufficient access to sexual health resources or prevailing sociocultural barriers. We found that comprehensive HIV knowledge was a significant predictor of condom use, particularly among adolescents, whose odds of condom use increased consistently over the survey years. For young women, the odds were higher in 2008 but declined in subsequent years. This divergence might indicate age-specific challenges in retaining or applying HIV knowledge effectively. A study by Chimbindi et al. [ 15 ] highlights how sociocultural norms often influence young women’s ability to negotiate safer sex practices, even when they possess adequate knowledge. The decline in comprehensive HIV knowledge over time among AYGW in the study is concerning. The decline in Nigeria may reflect gaps in health education frameworks or challenges in sustaining impactful youth-oriented interventions, such as the lack of continuous funding for school-based HIV education programs. In addition, education emerged as a significant predictor of condom use among young women, with those with secondary or higher education demonstrating higher odds of condom use. This confirms the findings of Akuiyibo et al. [ 16 ], who emphasized the potential of peer education sessions to improve sexual reproductive health knowledge comprehensively, influence positive opinion change and, in turn, promote positive behaviours among young people. The study also revealed that wealthier households significantly increased condom uses among AGYW over time. The richest group displayed a notably high association with condom use for a demographic, underscoring the positive influence of socioeconomic status on sexual health practices. This finding is consistent with previous studies in sub-Saharan Africa [ 11 , 17 , 18 ], which suggest that higher socioeconomic status improves access to both education and contraceptive resources. Regional disparities were evident in the present study, with AGYW in the South‒South and North‒West Regions exhibiting reduced odds of condom use compared with their North-Central counterparts. This finding aligns with those of previous studies [ 18 , 19 ]. This variation may be driven by differences in HIV prevalence rates, as regions with higher prevalence rates often receive more targeted health promotion efforts [ 20 ]. Cultural norms and religious influences in these regions may also play a significant role, requiring region-specific approaches to HIV prevention. The study also revealed that urban residence promoted better condom use in earlier years, but the disparity narrowed over time, with rural residence no longer significantly associated with lower odds of condom use. This finding aligns with studies showing that young urban women are more likely to possess comprehensive HIV knowledge than their rural counterparts are [ 20 , 22 ]. The narrowing disparity may reflect expanded rural outreach initiatives in recent years, such as mobile health clinics and community education programs. We found that religion significantly influenced condom use, with non-Christian respondents showing reduced odds in 2008 and 2018. A study by Badasu et al. [ 23 ] revealed that while religiosity did not affect condom use among those who have sex when other variables were controlled for, there was a correlation between religious affiliation and attitudes towards condom use, which partially aligns with and partially contradicts the findings. However, engaging religious leaders to promote education and address misconceptions about condom use is crucial for overcoming these barriers. Media exposure positively influenced condom use, particularly among adolescents in 2008 and young women in 2018. This aligns with findings by Kareem et al. [ 24 ], who emphasize media exposure as a common and cost-effective means of public health promotion. Platforms such as radio and social media have shown particular promise in reaching youth in rural and urban areas, making them critical tools for future interventions. This study highlights new concerns, such as the interplay of declining HIV knowledge and reduced condom use, particularly among young women. These trends may increase HIV vulnerability, necessitating urgent public health interventions. Targeted campaigns addressing educational and regional disparities are crucial, alongside collaboration with religious institutions to mitigate doctrinal barriers to safe sexual practices. Conclusion This study emphasizes the need for sustained HIV education and behavioural interventions tailored to adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Nigeria. The trends in condom use highlighted in this study underscore the importance of sustained efforts to promote safer sexual practices. These findings also reveal a persistent gap in comprehensive HIV knowledge among AGYW. Addressing this gap requires culturally sensitive education programs targeting this demographic, coupled with stronger collaborations between schools, health services and communities. To curb HIV infection among AGYW, an integrated approach is critical. Targeted strategies that empower AGYW, reduce vulnerability and bridge sociodemographic disparities are essential for reducing risky behaviours and improving sexual health outcomes. Limitations The significant limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size of adolescent girls aged 15–19 years within the broader population of unmarried adolescent girls and young women analysed. This limited representation may reduce the generalizability of findings specific to this age group. Future studies with a larger and more balanced sample across all age groups are recommended to provide more robust insights. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was based on secondary analysis of publicly available data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2008–2018. Approval to use these data was obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program (see authorization letter). All DHS surveys are approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF International and by the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC). The DHS Program ensures that the surveys are conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As the analysis used de-identified secondary data, no further ethical approval was required. Consent to participate Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by DHS at the time of original data collection. For this secondary analysis, no additional consent was required. Consent for publication Not applicable. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution M.O.T. conceived and designed the study as the principal investigator, drafted the initial manuscript, and contributed to interpretation of findings. H.O. performed the data analysis, contributed to results interpretation, and assisted in manuscript preparation. S.A. supervised the study, provided critical revisions, and guided the overall direction. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement I gratefully acknowledge Professor Adesegun Fatusi, former Vice Chancellor of the University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, and Dr. Femi Ogundele for granting me the opportunity to participate in the SPARKLE Fellowship Program. Data Availability The datasets analyzed in this study are publicly available from the DHS Program at https://dhsprogram.com/data/ upon reasonable request and registration. References CDC. Data Summary & Trends. Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance System (YRBSS). July 1. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/yrbs/dstr/index.html UNICEF. On my mind: Promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. UNICEF; 2021. Murewanhema G, Musuka G, Moyo P, et al. HIV and adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: A call for expedited action to reduce new infections. IJID Reg. 2022;5:30–2. 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.08.009 . UNAIDS, Global. HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet 2023. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet Mwale M, Muula AS. Effects of adolescent exposure to behaviour change interventions on their HIV risk reduction in Northern Malawi: A situation analysis. SAHARA-J J Soc Aspects HIV/AIDS. 2018;15(1):146–54. 10.1080/17290376.2018.1529612 . Tesfaye G, Dessie Y, Berhane Y, et al. HIV/AIDS awareness and testing practices among adolescents in eastern Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health. 2020;25(1):111–18. 10.1111/tmi.13337 . Arije O, Udoh E, Ijadunola K, et al. Combination prevention package of interventions for reducing vulnerability to HIV among adolescent girls and young women in Nigeria: An action research. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(1):e0279077. 10.1371/journal.pone.0279077 . Rincón Uribe FA, Godinho RCDS, Machado MAS, et al. Health knowledge, health behaviors and attitudes during pandemic emergencies: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9):e0256731. UNAIDS. HIV and adolescent girls and young women — Thematic briefing note — 2024 global AIDS update: The urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2024-unaids-global-aids-update-adolescent-girls-young-women_en.pdf Kawuki J, Gatasi G, Sserwanja Q, Mukunya D, Musaba MW. Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS and associated factors among adolescent girls in Rwanda: A nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):382. 10.1186/s12879-023-08187-y . Teshale AB, Yeshaw Y, Alem AZ, et al. Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS and associated factors among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis using the most recent demographic and health survey of each country. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):130. 10.1186/s12879-022-07124-9 . Akinyemi AI. Nigeria’s growing population can be an advantage, with better data and a policy focus on young people. The Conversation . July 11, 2023. Available from: http://theconversation.com/nigerias-growing-population-can-be-an-advantage-with-better-data-and-a-policy-focus-on-young-people-209530 Ewemooje OS, Adebola OG. Risky sexual behaviour among adolescent girls and young women in Nigeria: Persistent driver of HIV infections. J Interv Epidemiol Public Health . 2023;6(19): Article 19. Available from: https://www.afenet-journal.net/content/article/6/19/full/ Saul J, Bachman G, Allen S, Toiv NF, Cooney C, Beamon T. The DREAMS core package of interventions: A comprehensive approach to preventing HIV among adolescent girls and young women. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208167. Chimbindi N, Mthiyane N, Birdthistle I, et al. Persistently high incidence of HIV and poor service uptake in adolescent girls and young women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa prior to DREAMS. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0203193. 10.1371/journal.pone.0203193 . Akuiyibo S, Anyanti J, Idogho O, et al. Impact of peer education on sexual health knowledge among adolescents and young persons in two North Western states of Nigeria. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):204. 10.1186/s12978-021-01251-3 . Teshome R, Youjie W, Habte E, et al. Comparison and association of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS among women aged 15–49 in three east African countries: Burundi, Ethiopia and Kenya. J AIDS Clin Res. 2016;7:1000559. Fenny AP, Crentsil AO, Asuman D. Determinants and distribution of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge in Ghana. Glob J Health Sci. 2017;9(32):32–46. 10.5539/gjhs. v9n3p32 . Agegnehu CD, Tesema GA. Effect of mass media on comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its spatial distribution among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1420. 10.1186/s12889-020-09486-8 . Abimbola S, Olanipekun T, Igbokwe U, et al. How decentralization influences the retention of primary health care workers in rural Nigeria. Glob Health Action. 2015;8(1):26616. 10.3402/gha. v8.26616 . Nketiah-Amponsah E, Codjoe EA, Ampaw S. HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge among Ghanaian women of reproductive age: What are the correlates? J Asian Afr Stud. 2019;54(3):267–81. 10.1177/0021909618815295 . Mude W, Oguoma VM, Gesesew HA, et al. HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes assessment among women of child-bearing age in South Sudan: Findings from a household survey. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0243969. 10.1371/journal.pone.0243969 . Badasu DM, Kwankye SO, Sanuade OA, El-Adas A, Atuahene K. Religiosity and condom use with casual sex partners in Ghana. Popul Rev. 2016;55(2). 10.1353/prv.2016.0005 . Kareem YO, Dorgbetor CI, Ameyaw EK, et al. Assessment and associated factors of comprehensive HIV knowledge in an at-risk population: A cross-sectional study from 19,286 young persons in Nigeria. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2023;10:204993612311636. 10.1177/20499361231163664 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] reported that many high school students engage in unprotected sex and substance use during sexual activity, thereby increasing their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Europe and North America. Similar trends were observed in other regions, such as Asia, where 19% of adolescent girls and 12% of adolescent boys aged 15\u0026ndash;19 had multiple sexual partners, often without using protection during high-risk encounters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 22% of adolescent girls and 15% of adolescent boys aged 15\u0026ndash;19 also frequently engage in multiple partnerships without protection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. These statistics underscore the urgent need for effective strategies to mitigate RSB and its consequences across diverse populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) face a disproportionate burden of HIV in Nigeria. They account for most of the new HIV infections among adolescents in the country, agreeing with trends observed across sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors such as early sexual debut, having multiple partners and inconsistent condom use are considered critical risk factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, Arije et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] reported sociocultural influences and low self-esteem as contributors to HIV vulnerability among young women in Nigeria. Addressing these risk factors requires improving comprehensive HIV knowledge, which could promote safer behaviours and reduce the spread of HIV in this vulnerable group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive knowledge about HIV includes a thorough understanding of the routes of transmission and dispelling myths about infection, which is vital for reducing risky sexual behaviour among young people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, recent data reveal persistent gaps in HIV knowledge among AGYW in sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] reported that less than 40% of young people aged 15\u0026ndash;24 years in the region have comprehensive HIV knowledge, with AGYW remaining disproportionately affected. The situation in Nigeria aligns with this regional trend, which significantly contributes to high HIV infection rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, previous studies revealed that comprehensive HIV knowledge is influenced by factors such as age, education, socioeconomic status, sex of the family\u0026rsquo;s head and media exposure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Targeted awareness programs that focus on AGYW could improve HIV knowledge and sexual health outcomes. Since 44% of all new HIV infections reported globally in 2023 were especially common among AGYW and 62% of new HIV infections reported in sub-Saharan Africa were among AGYW [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], addressing responsible risk factors through accessible, community-based interventions could be very critical. In addition, understanding unique regional social and cultural contexts is essential in the design of effective HIV prevention strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the crucial role of comprehensive HIV knowledge in reducing RSB, few studies exist on how this dynamic plays a role among unmarried AGYW in Nigeria. This group faces unique vulnerabilities due to socioeconomic and structural factors that influence their sexual behaviours and health outcomes. Societal norms, gender dynamics and misinformation often limit AGYW\u0026rsquo;s ability to negotiate condom use and engage in safer sexual practices, worsening their risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to address this gap by analysing the relationship between comprehensive HIV knowledge and RSB among unmarried AGYW in Nigeria. By concentrating on this demographic, this study seeks to generate insights that could inform the design of targeted interventions and policies needed to improve HIV knowledge, promote safer sexual practices, and reduce HIV incidence. The findings will assist key stakeholders, opinion leaders and healthcare professionals in developing effective strategies to reduce the incidence of HIV and enhance the health outcomes of AGYW in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Data and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy designs and participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study used cross-sectional datasets derived from a publicly available dataset from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2008\u0026ndash;2018. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been the principal source of comparable nationally representative data and address essential topical areas, including individual and household socioeconomic conditions, birth history, maternal and child health, contraceptive use patterns, and health biomarkers. In addition, the integrated DHS has data files for a variety of units of analysis, such as births, couples, individual women, children, men, and household members. Individual record files were used for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we used NDHS datasets from sexually active unmarried adolescent girls aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years and young women aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years. Thus, our total weighted analytic sample included 5153 respondents, comprising 2120 adolescent girls and 3033 young women. Specifically, in 2008, a total sample of 1743 (701 adolescent girls and 1024 young women) was included; in 2013, a total sample of 1696 (726 adolescent girls and 970 young women) was included; and in 2018, a total sample of 1714 (693 adolescent girls and 1021 young women) were included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOutcome variables\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable used for the study was risky sexual behavior, and a question on whether the respondent used a condom the last time she had sexual intercourse was adopted. The responses to the questions were \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;no\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026rsquo;. Respondents who answered \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to this question were assigned a value of 1, implying the use of a condom at the last time she had sexual intercourse, and 0 if the question was answered with \u0026ldquo;No\u0026rdquo;. Respondents with other responses to this question were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe key independent variable for this study was comprehensive knowledge of HIV, which was measured via five questions overall: three questions on knowledge about HIV and two questions about local misconceptions, which were incorrect beliefs about HIV transmission. Respondents answered \u0026lsquo;Yes\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;No\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;Don\u0026rsquo; not know\u0026rsquo; to specifically, these variables: (1) knowledge about the consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse; (2) knowing that having one uninfected faithful partner could reduce the chance of contracting HIV; (3) knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV; (4) knowledge about the misconception that HIV can be transmitted through mosquitoes; and (5) misconception that HIV can be transmitted by sharing food with someone infected with HIV. Respondents who responded to each of the 5 questions with \u0026lsquo;Yes\u0026rsquo; were assigned a value of 1, implying having comprehensive knowledge of HIV, and 0, if any of these questions were answered with \u0026lsquo;No\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOther measures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed by the literature, other independent variables included in this study are education attainment, religion, current work status, region of respondents, household wealth status and place of residence. Other covariates included ethnicity, respondents\u0026rsquo; sexual debut and media exposure. These were measures of demographic characteristics and socioeconomic characteristics used as covariates in the study. The variable definitions and categorizations are presented in the table below:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther independent variables included in the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOperational Definitions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation attainment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHighest level of education attained: No/Primary, Secondary/Higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents' religions: Christianity, Islam, others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent work status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhether the respondent is currently working: Not currently working, currently working\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion of respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographical region where the respondent resides: North Central, North East, North West, South East, South South, South West\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold wealth status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComposite index of household wealth based on amenities and assets: Poor (Poorest\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Poorer), Middle, Rich (Richer\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Richest)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondent's living area classification: Urban, Rural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondent's ethnic group: Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa, Others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge at sexual debut\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge at which the respondent first had sexual intercourse: Less than 18 years, 18 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhether the respondent has been exposed to media messages: Not exposed, Exposed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInclusion/exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents who responded \u0026ldquo;don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026rdquo; or whose response was missing in the outcome variable and in any of the explanatory component variables were removed from the analysis. Furthermore, respondents who were married, above 24 years old and inactive sexually were excluded from the study sample. \u0026ldquo;Sexually active\u0026rdquo; was defined as having a sexual relationship in the past 12 months.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree levels of analyses were employed, including univariable and multivariable analyses. At the univariable level, frequencies and percentages were used to describe the outcome variable and the key explanatory variable across age groups and over time as well as other background characteristics of the respondents. Initially, binary logistic regression (BLR) analysis was used to explore the relationship between condom use and comprehensive HIV knowledge from 2008\u0026ndash;2018. Here, BLR produced crude odds ratios (CORs) over time. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were produced further at the multivariable level, where the BLR model included respondents\u0026rsquo; background characteristics as covariates alongside the key explanatory variable. This was done to ascertain the extent to which these variables inform the use of condoms over time and by age group. Analyses were conducted via Stata version 16.1, and data survey weights were applied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe proportions of condom users initially increased but later declined over time in both the 15\u0026ndash;19 years and the 20\u0026ndash;24 years age groups. Among adolescents (15\u0026ndash;19 years) who rose to 40.3 percent in 2013 from 32.0 percent in 2008 to 36.7 percent in 2018, condom use increased to 50.6 percent in 2013 from 42.3 percent in 2008 but later decreased to 41.0 percent in 2018 among young women (20\u0026ndash;24 years). This is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of condom use by age and survey instalments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge of Respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondom use (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondom use (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondom use (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e476(68.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224(32.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e434(59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e292(40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e439(63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e254(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e601(57.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e442(42.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e479(49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e491(50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e603(59.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e418(41.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, there was a consistent decline in full knowledge of HIV among adolescents from 2008\u0026ndash;2018, where it fell to 58.7 percent in 2013 from 60.1 percent in 2008 before further declining to 50.3 percent in 2018. Full HIV knowledge among young women, although lower than that of the starting point among adolescents, was maintained at 52.0% and 52.4%, respectively, during 2008 and 2013 before dropping to 41.5% in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of respondents by comprehensive HIV knowledge and age across surveys\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge of Respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2008(1743)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2013 (1696)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2018(1714)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Partial HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Partial HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Partial HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e421(60.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280(39.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e426(58.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300(41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e349(50.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e344(49.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e542(52.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e500(48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e508(52.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e462(47.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e598(58.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e423(41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e describes the background characteristics of the study participants across survey periods. The results of this study revealed that the proportion of adolescents with no or primary education increased over time from 10.5 percent in 2008 to 14.2 percent in 2018. However, among young women, an increase was initially observed from 2008 (7.6%) to 2013 (8.8%) before it fell in 2018 (7.9%). The majority of respondents among both adolescents and young women were Christians across all the survey periods. While it initially dropped to 27.9 percent in 2013 from 31.6 percent in 2008, the number of adolescents who were currently working increased to 46.3 percent in 2018. However, the proportion of young women who were currently working increased consistently over the survey period, from 44.7 percent in 2008 to 64.2 percent in 2018. In 2008, the majority of the adolescents (43.3%) were from southern South China, but in 2013 and 2018, approximately 29.6% and 23.9%, respectively, were from southern South China and southwestern China. A total of 34.7 percent, 30.3 percent and 26.9 percent of young women were in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively, from the South South and South West regions of Nigeria. In 2008, while close to a quarter of the sample of adolescents (23.2%) were in the middle household wealth category, only approximately 15% were in this household wealth status among young women. In contrast, 54.4 percent and 73.3 percent were in the rich (richer and richest) category for adolescents and young women, respectively, in that year. While 56.1 percent and 70.3 percent were adolescents and young women, respectively, in the rich category in 2013, the proportions of adolescents and young women, respectively, in this category in 2018 were 51.8 and 67.9 percentages, respectively. The proportion of adolescent residents in rural areas decreased over time from 61.3 percent in 2008 to 47.4 percent in 2018, whereas among young women, the proportion of rural residents initially decreased to 40.2 percent from 46.1 percent in 2008; this proportion reached 40.7 percent in 2018. Among adolescents, while the proportion of adolescents from Hausa and other ethnic groups dropped to 57.1 percent (2013) from 61.2 percent (2008) before settling at 58.2 percent in 2013, among young women, this category of ethnic group in this study was slightly above half throughout the survey period. The majority of the adolescents had their first sexual intercourse at less than 18 years of age, while among young women, 31.7%, 33.0% and 41.5% had their sexual debut at less than 18 years of age in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively. Across all the survey periods, for both adolescents and young women, the lowest proportion of respondents exposed to mass media among adolescents was 78.0 percent in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBackground characteristics of respondents across surveys\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBackground Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation attainment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Primary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74(10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84(11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98(14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81(7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e627(89.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e963(92.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e642(88.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e885(91.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e595(85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e940(92.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e590(84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e879(94.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e596(82.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e833(85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e528(76.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e819(80.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137(14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164(23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202(19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent work status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot currently working\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e475(68.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e570(55.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e524(72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e482(49.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e372(53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366(35.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently working\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219(31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e462(44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202(27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e488(50.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e321(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e655(64.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth Central\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121(11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97(13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109(11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145(21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth East\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101(9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth West\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth East\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83(11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142(19.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182(17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth South\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e303(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e362(34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215(29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294(30.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164(23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth West\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e314(30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166(22.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166(23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e274(26.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousehold wealth status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100(14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117(11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156(15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182(25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188(19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e361(34.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196(27.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e292(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199(28.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e327(32.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181(25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403(38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e211(29.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e392(40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160(23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e271(38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e562(53.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e358(49.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e580(59.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e364(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e605(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e430(61.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e480(46.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e368(50.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e390(40.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e328(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e416(40.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238(22.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171(23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138(19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140(19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212(21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152(21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e267(26.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHausa and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e429(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e526(50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e415(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e499(51.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e404(58.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e527(51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSexual debut\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than 18years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e594(85.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e327(31.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e607(84.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310(33.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e589(84.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e424(41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18years and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101(14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e704(68.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109(15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e630(67.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104(15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e597(58.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot exposed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87(12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68(6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152(22.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130(12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eexposed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e614(87.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e974(93.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e646(89.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e898(92.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e541(78.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e891(87.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the crude (unadjusted) binary logistic regression results using crude odds ratios (CORs). Here, the focus was on the key explanatory variable in this study, comprehensive HIV knowledge. There appeared to be consistent positive effects of comprehensive HIV knowledge, particularly among young women, on condom use over the three survey periods. Among adolescents, compared with those with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of using condoms among those with full HIV knowledge increased over time from 35% (OR:1.35; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) to 59% (OR:1.59; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) to 72% (OR:1.72; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively. The opposite trend was observed among young women; compared with that among respondents with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of using condoms among respondents with full HIV knowledge were greater, but at a declining rate, from 75 percent (OR:1.75; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) to 33 percent (OR:1.33; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) to 28 percent (OR:1.28; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults from binary logistic regression showing the crude effect of comprehensive HIV knowledge on the use of condoms by age group from 2008\u0026ndash;2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive HIV knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Partial HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.95\u0026ndash;1.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.33\u0026ndash;2.32)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.16\u0026ndash;2.17)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.00-1.75)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.13\u0026ndash;2.61)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.94\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote: * \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5% significance level; COR \u0026ndash; crude odds ratio; CI \u0026ndash; confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the key explanatory variable was explored with other independent variables to ascertain the extent of their influence on condom use among adolescents and young women over the three survey periods. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. This table shows the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of these covariates. When adjusted, compared with those with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of higher condom use among adolescents with full HIV knowledge significantly increased by 65 percent in 2013 alone (AOR:1.65; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, among young women, compared with those with no/partial HIV knowledge, the odds of higher condom use among young women with full HIV knowledge significantly increased in 2008 by 76 percent (AOR:1.76; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and in 2013 by 40 percent (AOR:1.40; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation was statistically significant among young women only and in 2008 (AOR:2.76; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and 2013 (AOR:3.61; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) only, and in both cases, respondents with secondary/higher education had more than double the odds of using condoms among those with no/primary education. Similarly, only among young women was religion seen as an important predictor of condom use, as the odds of condom use were 39 percent (AOR:0.61; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and 47 percent (AOR:0.53; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) lower among respondents practising Islam and other religions than among Christians in 2008 and 2018, respectively. Current work status was consistently not a significant predictor of condom use regardless of respondent age. In contrast, region played an important role in the use of condoms in 2018 among all respondents regardless of age. Specifically, in this survey year, compared with respondents from North Central China, adolescents (AOR:0.35; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and young women (AOR:0.56; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) from South China had 65 percent and 44 percent lower odds of using condoms, respectively. The odds of condom use reduction were lower in North China than in North China (adolescents (AOR:0.85; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and young women (AOR:0.68; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)). In 2008, only among adolescents was region statistically significant, but in 2013, such significance was observed only among young women, where except for North West and Southeast China, all respondents from other regions had lower odds of using condoms than did those from North Central China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile household wealth was not a significant predictor of condom use among adolescents in both 2008 and 2013, it was statistically significant among adolescents in 2018, as those in every other wealth status category had higher odds of using condoms than adolescents in the poorest category did.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the same year, similar outcomes were observed among young women. Place of residence played an important role in the use of condoms among adolescents in both 2008 and 2013. For instance, in both years, adolescents had 54 percent and 49 percent lower odds of using condoms than did residents in urban areas. Additionally, ethnicity was an important predictor of condom use in 2008 only and among adolescents only. Compared with Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa/Other ethnic groups had 70 percent and 28 percent lower odds of using condoms, respectively. Sexual debut was not a significant predictor of condom use among adolescents and young women in either 2013 or 2018. Among adolescents in 2008, those who had their first sexual intercourse at 18 years and above had 73 percent significantly elevated odds of using condoms compared with adolescents whose first sexual experience occurred before they reached 18 years of age (AOR:1.73; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). While in 2008, adolescents exposed to media had 155% greater odds of using condoms (AOR:2.55; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) than did those without such exposure, young women with such exposure, in 2018, had 75% greater odds (AOR:1.75; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) of using condoms than did their age group without such media exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults from binary logistic regression showing the adjusted effect of comprehensive HIV knowledge on the use of condoms by age group from 2008\u0026ndash;2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBackground Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive HIV knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Partial HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull HIV knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.82\u0026ndash;1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.30\u0026ndash;2.37)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.13\u0026ndash;2.41)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.05\u0026ndash;1.88)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.10\u0026ndash;2.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.83\u0026ndash;1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation attainment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo/Primary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.54\u0026ndash;3.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.31\u0026ndash;5.85)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.92\u0026ndash;3.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.73\u0026ndash;7.53)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.58\u0026ndash;1.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.54\u0026ndash;2.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.47\u0026ndash;1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.39\u0026ndash;0.97)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.47\u0026ndash;1.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.48\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.41\u0026ndash;1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.33\u0026ndash;0.84)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent work status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot currently working\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently working\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.73\u0026ndash;1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.76\u0026ndash;1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.70\u0026ndash;1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.62\u0026ndash;1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.54\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.84\u0026ndash;1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth Central\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth East\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.31\u0026ndash;3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.25\u0026ndash;1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.17\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.13\u0026ndash;0.90)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.41\u0026ndash;1.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.43\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth West\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.74\u0026ndash;11.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.08\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.35\u0026ndash;1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.41\u0026ndash;4.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.39\u0026ndash;1.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.35\u0026ndash;1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth East\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.51\u0026ndash;4.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.39\u0026ndash;2.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.39\u0026ndash;4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.35\u0026ndash;2.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.34\u0026ndash;3.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.33\u0026ndash;1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth South\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.98\u0026ndash;3.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.55\u0026ndash;1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.47\u0026ndash;1.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.30\u0026ndash;0.92)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.19\u0026ndash;0.62)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.36\u0026ndash;0.89)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth West\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.45\u0026ndash;8.32)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.91\u0026ndash;3.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.46\u0026ndash;1.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.42\u0026ndash;1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.70\u0026ndash;5.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.50\u0026ndash;1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold wealth status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.47\u0026ndash;3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.66\u0026ndash;13.87)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.36\u0026ndash;5.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.21\u0026ndash;3.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.02\u0026ndash;5.41)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.61\u0026ndash;2.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.44\u0026ndash;2.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.82\u0026ndash;13.93)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.52-6.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.51\u0026ndash;8.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.87\u0026ndash;4.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.88\u0026ndash;4.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.53\u0026ndash;3.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.82\u0026ndash;13.67)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.57\u0026ndash;6.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.56\u0026ndash;9.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.26\u0026ndash;6.27)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.46\u0026ndash;7.06)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.62\u0026ndash;5.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.88-15.00)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.56\u0026ndash;7.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.65\u0026ndash;11.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.44\u0026ndash;8.34)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.27\u0026ndash;6.72)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.28\u0026ndash;0.76)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.46\u0026ndash;1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.30\u0026ndash;0.86)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.67\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.99\u0026ndash;2.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.71\u0026ndash;1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.10\u0026ndash;0.88)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.23\u0026ndash;1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.33\u0026ndash;3.20)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.27\u0026ndash;1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.18\u0026ndash;2.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.51\u0026ndash;2.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHausa and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.34\u0026ndash;1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.43\u0026ndash;1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.37\u0026ndash;2.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.34\u0026ndash;2.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.73\u0026ndash;5.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.72\u0026ndash;3.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSexual debut\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than 18years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18years and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.07\u0026ndash;2.79)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.73\u0026ndash;1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.52\u0026ndash;1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.90\u0026ndash;1.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.45\u0026ndash;1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.78\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot exposed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExposed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.09\u0026ndash;5.96)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.38\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.45\u0026ndash;1.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.51\u0026ndash;1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.81\u0026ndash;2.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.04\u0026ndash;2.93)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: * \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5% significance level; AOR \u0026ndash; adjusted odds ratio; CI \u0026ndash; confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe undertook a study that explored trends in comprehensive HIV knowledge and risky sexual behaviour among unmarried adolescent girls (15\u0026ndash;19 years) and young women (20\u0026ndash;24 years) in Nigeria over three survey periods. The findings revealed critical patterns and relationships, providing insights into HIV prevention efforts and their sociocultural implications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed a fluctuating pattern in condom use over time, suggesting a nuanced interaction between HIV knowledge dissemination and other sociocultural factors. This finding aligns with those of similar studies in sub-Saharan Africa, where variations in condom use have been linked to fluctuating levels of public health funding, changing social norms, and accessibility to contraceptive resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The decline in condom use in 2018 may be associated with a reduced emphasis on targeted campaigns, insufficient access to sexual health resources or prevailing sociocultural barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe found that comprehensive HIV knowledge was a significant predictor of condom use, particularly among adolescents, whose odds of condom use increased consistently over the survey years. For young women, the odds were higher in 2008 but declined in subsequent years. This divergence might indicate age-specific challenges in retaining or applying HIV knowledge effectively. A study by Chimbindi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] highlights how sociocultural norms often influence young women\u0026rsquo;s ability to negotiate safer sex practices, even when they possess adequate knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe decline in comprehensive HIV knowledge over time among AYGW in the study is concerning. The decline in Nigeria may reflect gaps in health education frameworks or challenges in sustaining impactful youth-oriented interventions, such as the lack of continuous funding for school-based HIV education programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, education emerged as a significant predictor of condom use among young women, with those with secondary or higher education demonstrating higher odds of condom use. This confirms the findings of Akuiyibo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], who emphasized the potential of peer education sessions to improve sexual reproductive health knowledge comprehensively, influence positive opinion change and, in turn, promote positive behaviours among young people.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also revealed that wealthier households significantly increased condom uses among AGYW over time. The richest group displayed a notably high association with condom use for a demographic, underscoring the positive influence of socioeconomic status on sexual health practices. This finding is consistent with previous studies in sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], which suggest that higher socioeconomic status improves access to both education and contraceptive resources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional disparities were evident in the present study, with AGYW in the South‒South and North‒West Regions exhibiting reduced odds of condom use compared with their North-Central counterparts. This finding aligns with those of previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This variation may be driven by differences in HIV prevalence rates, as regions with higher prevalence rates often receive more targeted health promotion efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Cultural norms and religious influences in these regions may also play a significant role, requiring region-specific approaches to HIV prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also revealed that urban residence promoted better condom use in earlier years, but the disparity narrowed over time, with rural residence no longer significantly associated with lower odds of condom use. This finding aligns with studies showing that young urban women are more likely to possess comprehensive HIV knowledge than their rural counterparts are [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The narrowing disparity may reflect expanded rural outreach initiatives in recent years, such as mobile health clinics and community education programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe found that religion significantly influenced condom use, with non-Christian respondents showing reduced odds in 2008 and 2018. A study by Badasu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that while religiosity did not affect condom use among those who have sex when other variables were controlled for, there was a correlation between religious affiliation and attitudes towards condom use, which partially aligns with and partially contradicts the findings. However, engaging religious leaders to promote education and address misconceptions about condom use is crucial for overcoming these barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedia exposure positively influenced condom use, particularly among adolescents in 2008 and young women in 2018. This aligns with findings by Kareem et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], who emphasize media exposure as a common and cost-effective means of public health promotion. Platforms such as radio and social media have shown particular promise in reaching youth in rural and urban areas, making them critical tools for future interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights new concerns, such as the interplay of declining HIV knowledge and reduced condom use, particularly among young women. These trends may increase HIV vulnerability, necessitating urgent public health interventions. Targeted campaigns addressing educational and regional disparities are crucial, alongside collaboration with religious institutions to mitigate doctrinal barriers to safe sexual practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study emphasizes the need for sustained HIV education and behavioural interventions tailored to adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Nigeria. The trends in condom use highlighted in this study underscore the importance of sustained efforts to promote safer sexual practices. These findings also reveal a persistent gap in comprehensive HIV knowledge among AGYW. Addressing this gap requires culturally sensitive education programs targeting this demographic, coupled with stronger collaborations between schools, health services and communities. To curb HIV infection among AGYW, an integrated approach is critical. Targeted strategies that empower AGYW, reduce vulnerability and bridge sociodemographic disparities are essential for reducing risky behaviours and improving sexual health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significant limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size of adolescent girls aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years within the broader population of unmarried adolescent girls and young women analysed. This limited representation may reduce the generalizability of findings specific to this age group. Future studies with a larger and more balanced sample across all age groups are recommended to provide more robust insights.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was based on secondary analysis of publicly available data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2008\u0026ndash;2018. Approval to use these data was obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program (see authorization letter). All DHS surveys are approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF International and by the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC). The DHS Program ensures that the surveys are conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As the analysis used de-identified secondary data, no further ethical approval was required.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants by DHS at the time of original data collection. For this secondary analysis, no additional consent was required.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.O.T. conceived and designed the study as the principal investigator, drafted the initial manuscript, and contributed to interpretation of findings. H.O. performed the data analysis, contributed to results interpretation, and assisted in manuscript preparation. S.A. supervised the study, provided critical revisions, and guided the overall direction. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI gratefully acknowledge Professor Adesegun Fatusi, former Vice Chancellor of the University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, and Dr. Femi Ogundele for granting me the opportunity to participate in the SPARKLE Fellowship Program.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets analyzed in this study are publicly available from the DHS Program at https://dhsprogram.com/data/ upon reasonable request and registration.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCDC. Data Summary \u0026amp; Trends. Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance System (YRBSS). July 1. 2024. 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Popul Rev. 2016;55(2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1353/prv.2016.0005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1353/prv.2016.0005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKareem YO, Dorgbetor CI, Ameyaw EK, et al. Assessment and associated factors of comprehensive HIV knowledge in an at-risk population: A cross-sectional study from 19,286 young persons in Nigeria. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2023;10:204993612311636. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1177/20499361231163664\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/20499361231163664\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HIV knowledge, Risky sexual behaviour, Adolescent girls, Young women, Nigeria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716027/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716027/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15\u0026ndash;24 years suffer a considerable burden of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, where the prevalence in this age group is estimated at 1.3%. Hence, addressing the vulnerabilities inherent in this group is crucial in the fight against HIV. This study compared trends in comprehensive HIV knowledge and risky sexual behavior among unmarried AGYW in Nigeria over a decade.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe utilized secondary data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) conducted between 2008 and 2018. The outcome variable was risky sexual behaviour, measured as condom use during the most recent sexual encounter, which was analysed via binary regression to assess trends and associations with comprehensive HIV knowledge while adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic variables. Stata 16.1 was used for the analyses, with sample sizes ranging from 1,743 in 2008 to 1,714 in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that condom use among adolescent girls (15\u0026ndash;19 years) increased from 32.0% in 2008 to 40.3% in 2013 but decreased to 36.7% in 2018. Among young women (20\u0026ndash;24 years), condom use rose from 42.3% to 50.6% before declining to 41.0% in 2018. Comprehensive HIV knowledge among adolescent girls declined from 60.1% in 2008 to 50.3% in 2018, whereas it increased among young women, reaching 58.5% in 2018. Logistic regression revealed that comprehensive HIV knowledge significantly increased condom use among adolescent girls, with odds rising from 35% (OR: 1.35, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in 2008 to 72% (OR: 1.72, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in 2018, but its influence on young women declined over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAGYW in Nigeria face gaps in HIV knowledge and inconsistent condom use. Hence, there is a need for sustained, culturally sensitive HIV education and behavioural interventions. Strengthening collaborations between health services, schools and communities can empower AGYW, address regional disparities and reduce risky behaviours. Such integrated approaches are crucial for improving sexual health outcomes and reducing the incidence of HIV in AGYW.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Analysis of Comprehensive HIV Knowledge and Risky Sexual Behavior among Unmarried Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-15 09:40:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7716027/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-16T03:07:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"143957556125675748023577315550601128794","date":"2026-01-09T13:05:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T07:41:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-06T17:38:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"15458057041320118492333691578089975551","date":"2026-01-05T07:37:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"47310291843992020581170627054693987445","date":"2026-01-04T01:51:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-03T20:17:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43930294155267586395079697054274161646","date":"2026-01-03T19:56:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-03T12:32:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"174803041100126854112393932329206237900","date":"2026-01-03T12:08:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-03T04:33:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"270339238680879995165094350838578689918","date":"2026-01-03T04:09:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"203838137191819398250119162213718433437","date":"2026-01-01T03:22:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T12:41:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T15:18:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"185401385697538828355534644513818809076","date":"2025-12-16T12:47:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43336376398107374535294544604981216240","date":"2025-12-11T12:40:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T13:58:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T08:34:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T12:52:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T12:50:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Women's Health","date":"2025-09-25T20:34:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3fdc3bb8-d814-4891-9d74-b70e784d282a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-22T23:08:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-15 09:40:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7716027","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7716027","identity":"rs-7716027","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}