Evaluation of the Presence of Orthorexia Nervosa in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship With Diabetes Self-management

Evaluation of the Presence of Orthorexia Nervosa in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship With Diabetes Self-management | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of the Presence of Orthorexia Nervosa in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship With Diabetes Self-management Hülya KAMARLI ALTUN, CANER OZYILDIRIM, Şeyma KOÇ, Hatice Nur AKSOY, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1892847/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Feb, 2023 Read the published version in Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the presence of orthorexia nervosa and diabetes self-management in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study included 373 individuals with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 18–65 who applied to Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic between January 2022 and May 2022. In the study, a questionnaire including sociodemographic data, information about diabetes, nutritional habits, ORTO-R and "Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale" was used as a data collection tool. In addition, height and weight measurements were taken and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Biochemical parameters were evaluated by accessing from the hospital system. Results 46.1% of the participants were men, 53.9% were women and mean age was 57.5 ± 9.6 years. Low diabetes self-management is associated with an increase in fasting glucose (p < 0,05), HbA1c (p < 0,05), BMI (p < 0,01). ORTO-R scores were significantly higher in the group with low diabetes self-management (p < 0,001). Education level, presence of non-diabetic disease and diabetes-related complication, treatment method are the factors affecting diabetes self-management and ON. While medical nutrition therapy provides better diabetes self-management, it increases the susceptibility to ON. Conclusion ON is common in people with type 2 diabetes. Although medical nutrition therapy provides better self-management, it may increase susceptibility to ON. Level of evidence: Level V, cross-sectional study Type 2 diabetes orthorexia nervosa diabetes self-management diet 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus prevalence is one of the important public health problems that is constantly increasing and causes serious health expenditures [1]. Obesity due to Western-style diet and physical inactivity, and diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, cancer and many other diseases caused by obesity have led to an increased interest in healthy nutrition and healthy living, especially in developed societies [2, 3]. Nutrition, on the other hand, plays a fundamental role in the prevention, treatment and healthy life of these diseases. Continuous dieting for the treatment of many diseases or just to be thin can cause eating behavior disorders in some individuals. The incidence of Orthorexia Nervosa (ON), which is one of the unclassifiable eating behavior disorders and defined as a healthy eating obsession, has started to increase in recent years [4–6]. First described by Steven Bratman, orthorexia is explained as a pathological obsession with consuming healthy foods that are biologically pure and do not contain herbicides, pesticides or artificial substances[ 5, 7]. Obsessive behaviors related to orthorexia are related to the content of the food consumed rather than the amount [8]. Healthy eating habits are not pathological. However, it has been reported that it can be considered as a disorder when it turns into an overwork, when it is long-term, and when it causes negativities in daily life. Although not yet accepted as a formal medical condition, "orthorexia nervosa" is a growing and important health problem according to many health professionals [5, 9]. The obsessive situation seen in orthorexia pushes individuals to adopt strict diets or to remove essential nutrients from their diets, and therefore, inadequate and unbalanced nutrition can be seen in individuals with these characteristics [5, 10, 11]. In recent years, studies have been started to determine whether orthorexic behaviors are observed in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, who have always had to diet throughout their lives, especially from the moment they were diagnosed [12–15]. In a study conducted in Turkiye, the incidence of orthorexia in diabetic individuals was 13.4% [16], while in another study it was found to be 41.1% in men and 24.4% in women with with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [15]. In the USA, the prevalence of orthorexia was 67.4% in Type 1 diabetics and 62.3% in type 2 diabetics [17]. The tendency to increase the frequency of orthorexia nervosa among diabetic individuals will begin to affect factors closely related to diabetes self-management, such as blood glucose regulation and complication control in diabetic patients in the future. The concept of self-management refers to the level of the patient's ability to adapt to the psychosocial effects, symptoms, treatment processes, lifestyle changes required by the disease, and to actively participate in the treatment process, especially in chronic diseases. It is necessary for diabetic patients to have the awareness of recognizing the effects and symptoms of the disease and to have self-management skills for effective management of the disease [18]. There are seven basic self-care behaviors for patients with diabetes, including healthy eating, being physically active, blood glucose monitoring, medication adherence, problem-solving skills, coping skills, and risk reduction behaviors [19, 20]. This increase in the level of disease knowledge in type 2 diabetics has a healing effect in terms of stress management, glycemic control, reduction of complications, nutritional status and health responsibility. As far as we know, there is no study conducted in Turkiye examining the relationship between disease self-management and orthorexia nervosa in diabetic individuals. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and diabetes self-management in individuals with T2DM aged 18–65 years who applied to Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic. 2. Methods Study Population and Design The sample population of this cross-sectional study was determined as 373 individuals at the 95% confidence interval using a certain sample size calculation. The data were collected between January 2022 and May 2022. There were 392 patients with T2DM who applied to Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases Polyclinic, between the ages of 18–65, with a body mass index (BMI) above 18.5 kg/m 2 , and who had not been diagnosed with eating behavior disorder before. Those who have undergone bariatric surgery, pregnant and lactating women, those with digestive system diseases that may affect nutrition, those who use psychiatric drugs that may affect appetite, individuals with neurological diseases that prevent them from communicating with, and 19 individuals who have deficiencies in the questionnaire form were excluded from the study and the remaining 373 people constituted the study sample. This study was conducted according to the guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants before starting the study. Ethics committee approval of the study was received from Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee (dated 22/12/2021 and KAEK-950 decision number). Data Collection The questionnaire was prepared by the researchers and presented to the participants by face-to-face interview technique. A questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, health status and diabetes information, nutritional habits, ORTO-R and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale. The fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol values of the individuals analyzed within the last 15 days were obtained from the hospital system. Blood findings were evaluated according to the hospital's laboratory reference values. In addition, the body mass index (BMI) of all participants was calculated and evaluated using the body weight (kg)/height 2 (m 2 ) formula by taking the height and body weight measurements of the individuals [21]. Intruments ORTO-R Scale ORTO-R is the revised version of ORTO-15 [22] used to assess the presence of ON. The new scale includes 6 items of ORTO-15 and is scored on a 4-point Likert scale (never, sometimes, often and always) [23]. Reverse scoring is used for scoring, with lower scores indicating an increased trend towards ON. Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale It is a five-point Likert style (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never) scale developed by Koç to evaluate the self-management of diabetic patients. The scale consists of 3 sub-dimensions, namely "Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors" (11 questions), "Health Services Use" (4 questions) and "Blood Glucose Management" (4 questions) and a total of 19 questions. While evaluating the scale, the “Never” response was scored as 1 point, “Rarely” as 2 points, “Sometimes” as 3 points, “Often” as 4 points, and “Always” as 5 points. An increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates that individuals with T2DM have higher self-management. In this study, the median cut-off value of 68 was used to evaluate the diet self-management of individuals [18]. Those with a score of 67.99 were classified as low diabetes self-management, and those with a score of 68 and above were classified as high self-management. Data Analysis The data obtained from the study were evaluated in the SPSS 23.0 Statistics package program. Qualitative variables were given as numbers (n) and percentage (%), and the chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables. The mean and standard deviation values of the quantitative data were calculated. The conformity of quantitative variables to normal distribution was evaluated with the “Kolmogorov-Smirnov” test. Since the variables did not show normal distribution, Mann Withney U Test was used for two groups and Kruskal Wallis was used for 3 groups or more. The significance level was accepted as p < 0.05 in all statistical analyzes. Bonferroni correction was applied in Kruskal wallis analysis. 3. Results This study was performed on 373 people aged between 18 and 65 who were diagnosed with T2DM. 46.1% of the subjects were men, and 53.9% were women. A significant part of the individuals (41.3%) were primary school graduates (33.7% of men and 47.8% of women) (Table 1 ). Most of the subjects were married (85.8%) and non-smokers (57.1%) (Table 1 ). Table 1 General Characteristic of Participants by Sex General characteristics Men (n = 172) Women (n = 201) p n % n % Education status Literate 4 2.3 28 13.9 0.001 * Primary school 58 33.7 96 47.8 Secondary school 36 20.9 29 14.4 High school 47 27.3 25 12.4 Bachelor 24 14.0 22 10.9 Postgraduate education 3 1.7 1 0.5 Marital status Married 154 89.5 166 82.6 > 0.05 Single 18 10.5 35 17.4 Smoking Yes 41 23.8 16 8.0 0,05 Blood Parameters Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) 162.5 ± 53.3 159.6 ± 58.8 > 0.05 HbA1c (%) 7.1 ± 2.1 7.3 ± 1.6 0.040 * LDL-C (mg/dl) 128.1 ± 32.8 110.7 ± 32.0 < 0.001 * HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin LDL−C; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, * Chi−square test was used for categorical variables . The mean duration of diabetes in patients was 12.7 years (Table 2 ). 72.4% of the subjects had a family history of diabetes (Table 2 ). Diabetes-related diseases/complications were present in 41.3% of the individuals (Table 2 ). Diabetic foot (13.7%) and retinopathy (13.4%) were the most common diabetes-related complications (data not presented). 78.6% had a diagnosis other than diabetes (men 73.8%; women %82.6) (Table 2 ). The most common diseases in patients with diabetes were hypertension (48.0%) and cardiovascular diseases (42.4%) (data not presented). Most of the patients received oral antidiabetic drugs (42%) and insulin treatment (29.8%) (Table 2 ). Table 2 Diabetes-Related Descriptive Information of The Participants Men (n = 172) Women (n = 201) p n % n % Diabetes year (SD ± SS) 12.6 ± 8.5 12.7 ± 9.5 > 0.05 Presence of disease except diabetes Yes 127 73.8 166 82.6 0.044 * No 45 26.2 35 17.4 Family history of diabetes Yes 130 75.6 140 69.7 > 0.05 No 42 24.4 61 30.3 Presence of diabetes complications Yes 85 49.4 69 34.3 0.004 * No 87 50.6 132 65.7 Diabetes treatment method Oral antidiabetic 64 37.2 93 46.3 0.002 * Insulin 60 34.9 51 25.4 Diet only 7 4.1 5 2.5 Diet and physical activity only 26 15.1 16 8.0 Combined medical therapy 15 8.7 36 17.8 * Chi−square analysis, p<0.05 44.8% of the participants were slightly overweight, and 32.4% were obese. The rates of being overweight and obese were 57% and 19.2% in men, and 34.3% and 43% in women, respectively (Table 3 ). Table 3 Distribution of The Participants by Body Mass Index BMI Classification Men (n = 172) Women (n = 201) p SD ± SS n % SD ± SS n % Thin - - - 16.7 ± 0.4 3 1.5 - Normal 23.1 ± 1.3 41 23.8 22.8 ± 1.6 41 20.4 > 0.05 Overweight 26.9 ± 1.3 98 57.0 27.2 ± 1.4 69 34.3 > 0.05 Obese 33.8 ± 3.9 33 19.2 35.4 ± 4.5 88 43.8 0.035 * BMI; Body mass index, * Chi−square analysis, p<0.05 The mean and standard deviations of the subjects' diabetes self-management scale and ORTO-R scores are given in Table 4 . The diabetes self-management scale score of the men was 65.8 ± 17.5, and the mean value of the women was 65.5 ± 15.44. The mean ORTO-R score was 16.8 ± 3.5 in men and 15.5 ± 3.5 in women. Men's ORTO-R scores are significantly higher than women. (p < 0.01) (Table 4 ). Table 4 Distribution of Diabetes Self-Management Scale and ORTO-R Scores Men (n = 172) Women (n = 201) p Score SD ± SS n Score SD ± SS n Diabetes self-management scale 65.8 ± 17.5 172 65.4 ± 15.4 201 > 0.05 ORTO-R 16.8 ± 3.5 172 15.5 ± 3.5 201 0.002 Increasing education level in both sex is associated with a decrease in ORTO-R scores. Diabetes self-management scores in men suggested a significant difference depending on the educational level (p < 0.001). Diabetes self-management of undergraduates and high school and secondary school graduates was significantly higher than that of primary school graduates (p = 0.008). It increased with the educational level in men. In women patients, however, it did not show any difference in terms of education (p > 0.05). The presence of non-diabetic disease negatively affects diabetes self-management in both -sex. In addition, ORTO-R scores are statistically higher in men with non-diabetic disease (Table 5 ) ORTO-R scores were higher in patients with diabetic complications in the study population. In addition, men with diabetic complications have higher ORTO-R scores than women (Table 5 ). Table 5 Distribution of Scale Scores by Some Descriptive Information Descriptive information Men (n = 172) Women (n = 201) Total (n = 373) Diabetes self-management ORTO-R Diabetes self-management ORTO-R Diabetes self-management ORTO-R Education Status Literate 76.7 ± 7.2 15.7 ± 1.2 62.5 ± 17.7 17.3 ± 2.7 f,g 64.3 ± 17.3 17.1 ± 2.6 Primary school 58.4 ± 16.2 a,b,c 18.1 ± 3.3 d,e 63.2 ± 14.8 15.6 ± 3.7 61.4 ± 5.5 16.6 ± 3.8 Secondary school 68.8 ± 18.4 a 16.3 ± 2.7 d 67.7 ± 17.2 16.1 ± 3.0 h 68.3 ± 17.7 16.2 ± 2.8 High school 65.7 ± 17.7 b 16.6 ± 3.6 69.6 ± 14.6 13.6 ± 3.0 f,h 67.0 ± 6.7 15.5 ± 3.7 Bachelor 75.5 ± 12.7 c 15.0 ± 3,7 e 70.7 ± 11.0 14.8 ± 2.9 g 73.3 ± 12.0 14.9 ± 3.3 Postgraduate education 79.0 ± 17.3 13.3 ± 1.5 79 - 79.0 ± 14.1 12.7 ± 1.7 Presence of Disease Except Diabetes Yes 63.8 ± 17.8 i 16.9 ± 3.4 j 64.3 ± 14.6 k 15.5 ± 3.3 j 64.1 ± 16.0 16.1 ± 3.4 No 71.4 ± 15.8 i 16.3 ± 3.5 71.0 ± 18.0 k 15.7 ± 4.1 71.2 ± 16.7 16.0 ± 3.8 Presence of Diabetes Complications Yes 61.8 ± 18.4 17.5 ± 3.5 l,m 63.2 ± 15.6 15.8 ± 3.7 m 62.4 ± 17.1 16.8 ± 3.6 n No 69.7 ± 15.8 16.0 ± 3.3 l 66.6 ± 15.2 15.4 ± 3.4 67.8 ± 15.5 15.6 ± 3.3 n Diabetes Treatment Method Oral antidiabetic 69.5 ± 16.7 o 15.8 ± 3.5 r 63.7 ± 14.4 s,t 15.2 ± 3.8 66.0 ± 15.6 15.4 ± 3.7 z Insulin 56.8 ± 15.7 o,p 17.9 ± 3.8 r 59.9 ± 16.2 p,u 16.9 ± 3.6 v 58.2 ± 16.0 17,4 ± 3,7 z,ab Diet only 68.5 ± 23.6 17.7 ± 2.9 63.4 ± 18.7 s 15.4 ± 2.6 66.4 ± 20.9 16.7 ± 2.9 Diet and physical activity only 77.3 ± 10.8 p 16.6 ± 1.8 79.9 ± 13.4 p 16.1 ± 2.0 y 78.3 ± 11.7 16,4 ± 1.9 ac Combined medical therapy 64.8 ± 18.7 16.2 ± 3.0 71.6 ± 11.2 t,u 14.5 ± 2.4 v,y 69.6 ± 14.0 15 ± 2.7 ab,ac BMI Classification Thin - - 49.0 ± 8.6 19.0 ± 1.0 49.0 ± 8.6 19.0 ± 1.0 Normal 68.2 ± 17.8 15.9 ± 4.1 67.2 ± 19.2 15.6 ± 3.8 67.7 ± 18.4 15.7 ± 3.9 Overweight 67.5 ± 16.7 17.1 ± 3.1 67.9 ± 15.2 16.3 ± 2.9 ae 67.6 ± 16.1 16.8 ± 3.0 af Obese 57.7 ± 17.7 ad 17.0 ± 3.6 63.3 ± 13.1 ad 14.8 ± 3.6 ae 61.8 ± 14.6 15.4 ± 3.7 af * Those who were underweight in the BMI class, those who received only diet therapy in the treatment group, those who were literate or postgraduate in men and those who received postgraduate education in women were excluded from the analysis due to the low frequency in the group. There is a statistically significant difference between groups with the same letter. Mann Whitney U analysis was used for two group comparisons and Kruskal Wallis analysis was applied for multiple groups. Bonferroni correction was made . Diabetes self-management differed in both sexes depending on the treatment method (p < 0.001). In men, those on insulin therapy had lower diabetes self-management than those on oral antidiabetic and diet + exercise therapy. In women, diabetes self-management is lower in those who receive insulin therapy than those who receive diet + exercise therapy and those who receive combined medical therapy (Table 5 ). Diabetes self-management scores are higher in women with obesity than men with obesity (Table 5 ). Table 6 Correlation of ORTO-R with Diabetes Self-Management Scale ORTO-R n Diabetes self-management scale score SD ± SS p ORTO-R R 2 = 0.16 r=-0.41 < 0.001 While fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and BMI values were statistically lower in the group with high diabetes self-management, no significant difference was found for LDL-cholesterol and diabetes year (p > 0.05) (Table 7 ). Table 7 Comparison of Various Parameters According to Diabetes Self-Management Scale Parameters Low Diabetes Self-Management (< 68) SD ± SS High Diabetes Self-Management (≥ 68) SD ± SS p Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dl) 166.7 ± 58.1 155.7 ± 54.0 0.049 HbA1c (%) 7.6 ± 2.1 7.0 ± 1.8 0.021 LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) 115.3 ± 37.1 120.1 ± 32.0 > 0.05 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 29.3 ± 5.6 28.0 ± 5.3 0.002 Diabetes year (year) 12.7 ± 9.3 12.6 ± 8.8 > 0.05 ORTO-R 17.2 ± 3.6 15.0 ± 3.0 < 0.001 HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin, LDL−C; Low density lipoprotein, BMI: Body mass index; Mann Whitney U While diabetes self-management scores were higher in the medical nutrition therapy (MNT) group (p < 0.001), ORTO-R scores were lower (p = 0.002) (Table 8 ). Table 8 Relationship Between Medical Nutrition Therapy Status and Scale Scores Scale Scores Medical Nutrition Therapy Yes n = 151(%40,5) No n = 222 (%59,5) p Diabetes self-management scale score 75.6 ± 12.5 58.9 ± 15.2 < 0.001 ORTO-R sore 15.4 ± 2.8 16.6 ± 3.9 0.002 Mann Whitney U 4. Discussion It is estimated that approximately 531 million people in the world have T2DM and this number will reach 743 million in 2045 [24]. The increasing prevalence of T2DM not only causes worsening of health status in many patients, but also places a significant burden on healthcare services and complicates patients' self-management of diabetes [25, 26]. In addition, these patients need to comply with a series of self-care behaviors such as eating healthy, exercising, using medication, monitoring blood glucose and doing foot care in their daily lives in order to control the disease and prevent related complications [27]. This approach, called self-management, is accepted as the basic approach to improve metabolic control and quality of life, reduce the risk of complications and health expenditures, together with pharmacological treatment [25, 28, 29]. However, it is thought that self-management behaviors such as strict blood sugar controls, regulation of eating behaviors and focusing on body weight control required for the management of the disease may be associated with an increased risk of ON in patients with T2DM. In addition, obesity, one of the most important modifiable risk factors for T2DM [30], is also associated with an increased risk of eating disorders [31, 32]. As confirmed in studies, the risk of eating disorders increases in patients with T2DM, and this increase worsens both metabolic and psychological outcomes [33, 34]. Orthorexia Nervosa, although not yet recognized as a disease, includes obsessive eating behaviors associated with healthy eating [35]. However, adherence to a healthy diet is an important part of both effective self-management for patients with prediabetes, type 1 diabetes (T1DM), T2DM, and first-line preventive treatment for various noncommunicable diseases. The difference between ON, an atypical eating disorder, and healthy eating is that ON has severe restrictive dietary behaviors and severe diet-related self-discipline, adhering to evidence-based or non-evidence-based information to be healthy [36]. Studies investigating the frequency of ON in patients with T2DM report quite different results. Anil et al. (2015) found that the prevalence of ON in patients with T2DM was 15.5% in men and 11.1% in women [16]. Kamanlı B. (2017) reported this rate as 32.8% (men: 41.1%; women: 24.2%) [15]. In children with type 1 diabetes in Türkiye, this rate rises to 86.1% [13]. Such a wide prevalence range warrants further research on the subject. It is thought that one of the reasons for the high frequency of ON in this study may be due to the high number of patients (59.2%) who do not MNT. Studies have shown that dietary intervention is critical for the treatment of eating disorders [37], and dietary intervention has reduced food obsession in people with diabetes and increased awareness of food choices on the market and at meals [38]. Nevertheless, another study proposes that nutritional counseling may increase the risk of ON in patients with T2DM who have no eating behavior disorders and no ON tendency [12]. In our study, ORTO-R scores were statistically lower in the group receiving MNT, suggesting that MNT may increase the tendency towards ON. In addition, ORTO-R scores were statistically higher in the group with low diabetes self-management. In this respect, further research is needed on providing appropriate nutritional counseling to patients with T2DM and evaluating the effects of such process. In addition, the tendency for ON in men with comorbidity to T2DM or with diabetes-related complications is statistically increased compared to women with the same condition. In patients with T2DM, inadequate self-management is quite common and is associated with worsening glycemic parameters [39]. As seen in our study, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c and BMI levels are statistically higher in patients with low diabetes self-management. Self-management is higher in people who do not have an additional disease to T2DM. This was not the case for diabetes-related complications. Although diabetes self-management does not differ according to BMI classification, diabetes self-management is significantly higher in women with obesity compared to men with obesity. One of the vital components of diabetes management is medical nutrition therapy and body weight control. Consistently, our study found that diabetes self-management was significantly higher in the MNT group. Our findings also suggest that the method chosen for the treatment of T2DM also affects diabetes self-management and ON tendency. Diabetes self-management was lowest in the insulin-treated group, and highest in the diet + exercise group. Similarly, insulin therapy may increase the tendency to ON. Considering all the factors affecting diabetes self-management, it is thought that these patients may benefit more from a personalized treatment plan related to diabetes self-management subcategories rather than a treatment plan that is applicable to everyone [40]. Conclusions The number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is quite limited. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, there is a need to increase awareness of ON and to conduct more research on the subject. Strength and Limitations The number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is limited. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest sampled study investigating orthorexia nervosa in adult diabetics in Turkiye. The cross-sectional design of the study is a limitation. Also, our study does not evaluate the effect of other independent variables that may cause ON tendency on the development of ON. What is already known on this subject? T2DM affects hundreds of millions of people. The fact that these patients have some self-management skills, such as following a strict diet and treatment plan, facilitates the management of the disease. In recent years, studies have begun to investigate the frequency of orthorexia nervosa in diabetic individuals, with the thought that strict dieting with the aim of ensuring blood glucose regulation and preventing complications may lead individuals to obsession with healthy nutrition. Although the prevalence of ON was found to be high in diabetic individuals, it is not yet known how this affects the self-management of the disease. What this study adds? Low self-management is associated with impaired glycemic parameters. In addition, although MNT improves diabetes self-management, it may increase susceptibility to ON. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, ON awareness should be raised, and more studies investigating the relationship of ON, MNT and T2DM should be conducted. Conclusion The number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is quite limited. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, there is a need to increase awareness of ON and to conduct more research on the subject. Strengths And Limitations The number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is limited. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest sampled study investigating orthorexia nervosa in adult diabetics in Turkiye. The cross-sectional design of the study is a limitation. Also, our study does not evaluate the effect of other independent variables that may cause ON tendency on the development of ON. What Is Already Known On This Subject? T2DM affects hundreds of millions of people. The fact that these patients have some self-management skills, such as following a strict diet and treatment plan, facilitates the management of the disease. In recent years, studies have begun to investigate the frequency of orthorexia nervosa in diabetic individuals, with the thought that strict dieting with the aim of ensuring blood glucose regulation and preventing complications may lead individuals to obsession with healthy nutrition. Although the prevalence of ON was found to be high in diabetic individuals, it is not yet known how this affects the self-management of the disease. What This Study Adds? Low self-management is associated with impaired glycemic parameters. In addition, although MNT improves diabetes self-management, it may increase susceptibility to ON. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, ON awareness should be raised, and more studies investigating the relationship of ON, MNT and T2DM should be conducted. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study (dated 22/12/2021 and with decision number KAEK-950). References American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) 8. Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022 . 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Acta Diabetol 57:1117–1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01547-z Fidan T, Orbak Z, Karabağ K, Koçak K (2017) Orthorexia Nervosa And Family Functıonality In Children And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus / Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitusu Olan Çocuk Ve Ergenlerde Ortoreksiya Nervosa Ve Aile İşlevselliği. Osman J Med 39:. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.308029 Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Polychronidou G, et al (2021) Obsessed with Healthy Eating: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 13:3823. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113823 Kamanli DB (2017) TİP 2 DİYABETLİ BİREYLERDE BESLENME DURUMU VE SAĞLIKLI BESLENME TAKINTISI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. 176 Anil C, Aritici G, Ari H, Tutuncu NB (2015) Prevalence of orthorexia in diabetic patients. Endocr Abstr. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.37.EP327 Shoemaker CJ Orthorexia Nervosa Prevalence in US Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. 56 Koç E TİP 2 DİYABET TANISI KONMUŞ KİŞİLERDE HASTALIK ÖZ YÖNETİMİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ VE TİP 2 DİYABET ÖZ YÖNETİMİ ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. 164 Kourakos MI (2017) Enhancing Self-Management in Diabetes: The Value of Therapeutic Education. Int J Health Sci 8 Coyle ME, Francis K, Chapman Y (2013) Self-management activities in diabetes care: a systematic review. Aust Health Rev 37:513. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH13060 A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations. Accessed 30 Jun 2022 Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, et al (2005) Orthorexia nervosa: Validation of a diagnosis questionnaire. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 10:e28–e32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327537 Rogoza R, Donini LM (2021) Introducing ORTO-R: a revision of ORTO-R: Based on the re-assessment of original data. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 26:887–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00924-5 Hendy OM, Elsabaawy MM, Aref MM, et al (2017) Evaluation of circulating zonulin as a potential marker in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. APMIS 125:607–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12696 Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, et al (2017) IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 128:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024 World Health Organization (2016) Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization, Geneva American Diabetes Association (2019) 5. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019 . Diabetes Care 42:S46–S60. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S005 Worswick J, Wayne SC, Bennett R, et al (2013) Improving quality of care for persons with diabetes: an overview of systematic reviews - what does the evidence tell us? Syst Rev 2:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-26 Powers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, et al (2016) Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Clin Diabetes Publ Am Diabetes Assoc 34:70–80. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.34.2.70 Algoblan A, Alalfi M, Khan M (2014) Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther 587. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S67400 Olguin P, Fuentes M, Gabler G, et al (2017) Medical comorbidity of binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 22:13–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0313-5 Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Chiu WT, et al (2013) The Prevalence and Correlates of Binge Eating Disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry 73:904–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.020 Nicolau J, Simó R, Sanchís P, et al (2015) Eating disorders are frequent among type 2 diabetic patients and are associated with worse metabolic and psychological outcomes: results from a cross-sectional study in primary and secondary care settings. Acta Diabetol 52:1037–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-015-0742-z Nieto-Martínez R, González-Rivas JP, Medina-Inojosa JR, Florez H (2017) Are Eating Disorders Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Diab Rep 17:138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0949-1 American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C Hanganu-Bresch C (2020) Orthorexia: eating right in the context of healthism. Med Humanit 46:311–322. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2019-011681 Moroze RM, Dunn TM, Craig Holland J, et al (2015) Microthinking About Micronutrients: A Case of Transition From Obsessions About Healthy Eating to Near-Fatal “Orthorexia Nervosa” and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria. Psychosomatics 56:397–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2014.03.003 Nadeau J, Koski KG, Strychar I, Yale JF (2001) Teaching subjects with type 2 diabetes how to incorporate sugar choices into their daily meal plan promotes dietary compliance and does not deteriorate metabolic profile. Diabetes Care 24:222–227. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.2.222 Feldman BS, Cohen-Stavi CJ, Leibowitz M, et al (2014) Defining the role of medication adherence in poor glycemic control among a general adult population with diabetes. PloS One 9:e108145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108145 Darawad MW, Hammad S, Mosleh S, et al (2017) Psychosocial Correlates of Diabetes Self-management Practices. Iran J Public Health 46:771–781 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Feb, 2023 Read the published version in Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Sep, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Sep, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 18 Aug, 2022 First submitted to journal 17 Aug, 2022 Editorial decision: Major Revision 27 Jul, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1892847","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":134498895,"identity":"938ce53a-cae6-4d14-aa17-eb210acc60a2","order_by":0,"name":"Hülya KAMARLI ALTUN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz University: Akdeniz Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hülya","middleName":"KAMARLI","lastName":"ALTUN","suffix":""},{"id":134498896,"identity":"921b68ef-683a-46c0-93b3-bc8ac202cf6f","order_by":1,"name":"CANER OZYILDIRIM","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADNnYGgwMMBgxyBmCugQURWpghWowNGJhBWiSIsAaoBUQlbgBrYcCthb/97MHHFRV1iX3MzBsPVxRsS9/O3n90w48CCaBUdwI2LRJn8pINz5xhS2xjZis4eMbgdu7OnsNsN3uADpM4c3YDNi0GDDlmko1tPEAtPAYHG4BaNtxIZrvBA9RiIJGLXQv/G/OfjW0ScC3pBkAtN//g0yKRY8bY2GYA15IA0nIbny0SN94YSzacSTAG+wWoxXDDmcNmt2UMJHhw+YW/P8fwY0NFnez89ubNHxv+3JY3ON747OabPzZy/O29WLXAgGMDuggPPuUgYE9IwSgYBaNgFIxgAABOTmHh/T7qMgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-9575","institution":"Akdeniz University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"CANER","middleName":"","lastName":"OZYILDIRIM","suffix":""},{"id":134498897,"identity":"6d0197f7-243e-424e-bdf3-8836da15c1ca","order_by":2,"name":"Şeyma KOÇ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz University: Akdeniz Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Şeyma","middleName":"","lastName":"KOÇ","suffix":""},{"id":134498898,"identity":"816ec73a-0e3b-4fa4-9175-047ea31ba20c","order_by":3,"name":"Hatice Nur AKSOY","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz University: Akdeniz Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hatice","middleName":"Nur","lastName":"AKSOY","suffix":""},{"id":134498899,"identity":"e4d4a82e-ee7f-45e2-9840-fc578592df21","order_by":4,"name":"Beyza SAĞIR","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz Üniversitesi: Akdeniz Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Beyza","middleName":"","lastName":"SAĞIR","suffix":""},{"id":134498900,"identity":"d707674a-fd07-4fbc-ba7e-e584f5a01fc2","order_by":5,"name":"Merve Sefa BOZKURT","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz University: Akdeniz Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Merve","middleName":"Sefa","lastName":"BOZKURT","suffix":""},{"id":134498901,"identity":"3542f5fc-9feb-4f5e-9c11-287361060d22","order_by":6,"name":"Hakan KARASU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akdeniz University: Akdeniz Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hakan","middleName":"","lastName":"KARASU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-25 08:28:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1892847/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1892847/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-023-01552-5","type":"published","date":"2023-02-21T18:59:25+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44720185,"identity":"edd9a2f3-9c21-465e-b1d9-1f995f062c64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 19:08:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":579503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1892847/v1/7600b196-6052-4fe1-93b4-d63811a003c2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEvaluation of the Presence of Orthorexia Nervosa in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship With Diabetes Self-management\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus prevalence is one of the important public health problems that is constantly increasing and causes serious health expenditures [1]. Obesity due to Western-style diet and physical inactivity, and diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, cancer and many other diseases caused by obesity have led to an increased interest in healthy nutrition and healthy living, especially in developed societies [2, 3].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrition, on the other hand, plays a fundamental role in the prevention, treatment and healthy life of these diseases. Continuous dieting for the treatment of many diseases or just to be thin can cause eating behavior disorders in some individuals. The incidence of Orthorexia Nervosa (ON), which is one of the unclassifiable eating behavior disorders and defined as a healthy eating obsession, has started to increase in recent years [4\u0026ndash;6]. First described by Steven Bratman, orthorexia is explained as a pathological obsession with consuming healthy foods that are biologically pure and do not contain herbicides, pesticides or artificial substances[ 5, 7].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObsessive behaviors related to orthorexia are related to the content of the food consumed rather than the amount [8]. Healthy eating habits are not pathological. However, it has been reported that it can be considered as a disorder when it turns into an overwork, when it is long-term, and when it causes negativities in daily life. Although not yet accepted as a formal medical condition, \"orthorexia nervosa\" is a growing and important health problem according to many health professionals [5, 9]. The obsessive situation seen in orthorexia pushes individuals to adopt strict diets or to remove essential nutrients from their diets, and therefore, inadequate and unbalanced nutrition can be seen in individuals with these characteristics [5, 10, 11].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, studies have been started to determine whether orthorexic behaviors are observed in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, who have always had to diet throughout their lives, especially from the moment they were diagnosed [12\u0026ndash;15]. In a study conducted in Turkiye, the incidence of orthorexia in diabetic individuals was 13.4% [16], while in another study it was found to be 41.1% in men and 24.4% in women with with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [15]. In the USA, the prevalence of orthorexia was 67.4% in Type 1 diabetics and 62.3% in type 2 diabetics [17]. The tendency to increase the frequency of orthorexia nervosa among diabetic individuals will begin to affect factors closely related to diabetes self-management, such as blood glucose regulation and complication control in diabetic patients in the future. The concept of self-management refers to the level of the patient's ability to adapt to the psychosocial effects, symptoms, treatment processes, lifestyle changes required by the disease, and to actively participate in the treatment process, especially in chronic diseases. It is necessary for diabetic patients to have the awareness of recognizing the effects and symptoms of the disease and to have self-management skills for effective management of the disease [18]. There are seven basic self-care behaviors for patients with diabetes, including healthy eating, being physically active, blood glucose monitoring, medication adherence, problem-solving skills, coping skills, and risk reduction behaviors [19, 20]. This increase in the level of disease knowledge in type 2 diabetics has a healing effect in terms of stress management, glycemic control, reduction of complications, nutritional status and health responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs far as we know, there is no study conducted in Turkiye examining the relationship between disease self-management and orthorexia nervosa in diabetic individuals. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and diabetes self-management in individuals with T2DM aged 18\u0026ndash;65 years who applied to Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Population and Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample population of this cross-sectional study was determined as 373 individuals at the 95% confidence interval using a certain sample size calculation. The data were collected between January 2022 and May 2022. There were 392 patients with T2DM who applied to Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases Polyclinic, between the ages of 18\u0026ndash;65, with a body mass index (BMI) above 18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and who had not been diagnosed with eating behavior disorder before. Those who have undergone bariatric surgery, pregnant and lactating women, those with digestive system diseases that may affect nutrition, those who use psychiatric drugs that may affect appetite, individuals with neurological diseases that prevent them from communicating with, and 19 individuals who have deficiencies in the questionnaire form were excluded from the study and the remaining 373 people constituted the study sample. This study was conducted according to the guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants before starting the study. Ethics committee approval of the study was received from Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee (dated 22/12/2021 and KAEK-950 decision number).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was prepared by the researchers and presented to the participants by face-to-face interview technique. A questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, health status and diabetes information, nutritional habits, ORTO-R and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale. The fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol values of the individuals analyzed within the last 15 days were obtained from the hospital system. Blood findings were evaluated according to the hospital\u0026apos;s laboratory reference values. In addition, the body mass index (BMI) of all participants was calculated and evaluated using the body weight (kg)/height\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) formula by taking the height and body weight measurements of the individuals [21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntruments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eORTO-R Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eORTO-R is the revised version of ORTO-15 [22] used to assess the presence of ON. The new scale includes 6 items of ORTO-15 and is scored on a 4-point Likert scale (never, sometimes, often and always) [23]. Reverse scoring is used for scoring, with lower scores indicating an increased trend towards ON.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a five-point Likert style (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never) scale developed by Ko\u0026ccedil; to evaluate the self-management of diabetic patients. The scale consists of 3 sub-dimensions, namely \u0026quot;Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors\u0026quot; (11 questions), \u0026quot;Health Services Use\u0026quot; (4 questions) and \u0026quot;Blood Glucose Management\u0026quot; (4 questions) and a total of 19 questions. While evaluating the scale, the \u0026ldquo;Never\u0026rdquo; response was scored as 1 point, \u0026ldquo;Rarely\u0026rdquo; as 2 points, \u0026ldquo;Sometimes\u0026rdquo; as 3 points, \u0026ldquo;Often\u0026rdquo; as 4 points, and \u0026ldquo;Always\u0026rdquo; as 5 points. An increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates that individuals with T2DM have higher self-management. In this study, the median cut-off value of 68 was used to evaluate the diet self-management of individuals [18]. Those with a score of 67.99 were classified as low diabetes self-management, and those with a score of 68 and above were classified as high self-management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data obtained from the study were evaluated in the SPSS 23.0 Statistics package program. Qualitative variables were given as numbers (n) and percentage (%), and the chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables. The mean and standard deviation values of the quantitative data were calculated. The conformity of quantitative variables to normal distribution was evaluated with the \u0026ldquo;Kolmogorov-Smirnov\u0026rdquo; test. Since the variables did not show normal distribution, Mann Withney U Test was used for two groups and Kruskal Wallis was used for 3 groups or more. The significance level was accepted as p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 in all statistical analyzes. Bonferroni correction was applied in Kruskal wallis analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was performed on 373 people aged between 18 and 65 who were diagnosed with T2DM. 46.1% of the subjects were men, and 53.9% were women. A significant part of the individuals (41.3%) were primary school graduates (33.7% of men and 47.8% of women) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Most of the subjects were married (85.8%) and non-smokers (57.1%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristic of Participants by Sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"5\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormer smokers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (year)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Parameters\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasting blood glucose (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHbA1c (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLDL-C (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eHbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin LDL\u0026minus;C; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e* Chi\u0026minus;square test was used for categorical variables\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean duration of diabetes in patients was 12.7 years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). 72.4% of the subjects had a family history of diabetes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Diabetes-related diseases/complications were present in 41.3% of the individuals (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Diabetic foot (13.7%) and retinopathy (13.4%) were the most common diabetes-related complications (data not presented). 78.6% had a diagnosis other than diabetes (men 73.8%; women %82.6) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The most common diseases in patients with diabetes were hypertension (48.0%) and cardiovascular diseases (42.4%) (data not presented). Most of the patients received oral antidiabetic drugs (42%) and insulin treatment (29.8%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes-Related Descriptive Information of The Participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes year (SD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresence of disease except diabetes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresence of diabetes complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes treatment method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral antidiabetic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet and physical activity only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined medical therapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003eChi\u0026minus;square analysis, p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8% of the participants were slightly overweight, and 32.4% were obese. The rates of being overweight and obese were 57% and 19.2% in men, and 34.3% and 43% in women, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of The Participants by Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI Classification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eBMI; Body mass index, \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003eChi\u0026minus;square analysis, p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eThe mean and standard deviations of the subjects' diabetes self-management scale and ORTO-R scores are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The diabetes self-management scale score of the men was 65.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.5, and the mean value of the women was 65.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.44. The mean ORTO-R score was 16.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5 in men and 15.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5 in women. Men's ORTO-R scores are significantly higher than women. (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Diabetes Self-Management Scale and ORTO-R Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScore\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScore\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes self-management scale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORTO-R\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing education level in both sex is associated with a decrease in ORTO-R scores. Diabetes self-management scores in men suggested a significant difference depending on the educational level (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Diabetes self-management of undergraduates and high school and secondary school graduates was significantly higher than that of primary school graduates (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008). It increased with the educational level in men. In women patients, however, it did not show any difference in terms of education (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of non-diabetic disease negatively affects diabetes self-management in both -sex. In addition, ORTO-R scores are statistically higher in men with non-diabetic disease (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) ORTO-R scores were higher in patients with diabetic complications in the study population. In addition, men with diabetic complications have higher ORTO-R scores than women (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Scale Scores by Some Descriptive Information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;373)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes self-management\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORTO-R\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes self-management\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORTO-R\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes self-management\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORTO-R\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7 \u003csup\u003ef,g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003csup\u003ea,b,c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3 \u003csup\u003ed,e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0 \u003csup\u003ef,h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresence of Disease Except Diabetes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.8\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.6\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.0\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresence of Diabetes Complications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003csup\u003el,m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003em\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes Treatment Method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral antidiabetic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.4\u003csup\u003es,t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003ez\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.7 \u003csup\u003eo,p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003csup\u003ep,u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003csup\u003ev\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,7 \u003csup\u003ez,ab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.7\u003csup\u003es\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet and physical activity only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003csup\u003ep\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003csup\u003ep\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003csup\u003ey\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined medical therapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2 \u003csup\u003et,u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4 \u003csup\u003ev,y\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7 \u003csup\u003eab,ac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI Classification\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 \u003csup\u003eae\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0 \u003csup\u003eaf\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.7\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.1\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6 \u003csup\u003eae\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7 \u003csup\u003eaf\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e* Those who were underweight in the BMI class, those who received only diet therapy in the treatment group, those who were literate or postgraduate in men and those who received postgraduate education in women were excluded from the analysis due to the low frequency in the group.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003eThere is a statistically significant difference between groups with the same letter.\u003c/em\u003e Mann Whitney U analysis was used for two group comparisons and Kruskal Wallis analysis was applied for multiple groups. Bonferroni correction was made\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \n\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes self-management differed in both sexes depending on the treatment method (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In men, those on insulin therapy had lower diabetes self-management than those on oral antidiabetic and diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;exercise therapy. In women, diabetes self-management is lower in those who receive insulin therapy than those who receive diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;exercise therapy and those who receive combined medical therapy (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes self-management scores are higher in women with obesity than men with obesity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation of ORTO-R with Diabetes Self-Management Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eORTO-R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes self-management scale score\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eORTO-R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er=-0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and BMI values were statistically lower in the group with high diabetes self-management, no significant difference was found for LDL-cholesterol and diabetes year (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of Various Parameters According to Diabetes Self-Management Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow Diabetes Self-Management (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Diabetes Self-Management (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasting Blood Glucose (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHbA1c (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes year (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eORTO-R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eHbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin, LDL\u0026minus;C; Low density lipoprotein, BMI: Body mass index; Mann Whitney U\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile diabetes self-management scores were higher in the medical nutrition therapy (MNT) group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), ORTO-R scores were lower (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \n \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship Between Medical Nutrition Therapy Status and Scale Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical Nutrition Therapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;151(%40,5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;222 (%59,5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes self-management scale score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORTO-R sore\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eMann Whitney U\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is estimated that approximately 531\u0026nbsp;million people in the world have T2DM and this number will reach 743\u0026nbsp;million in 2045 [24]. The increasing prevalence of T2DM not only causes worsening of health status in many patients, but also places a significant burden on healthcare services and complicates patients' self-management of diabetes [25, 26]. In addition, these patients need to comply with a series of self-care behaviors such as eating healthy, exercising, using medication, monitoring blood glucose and doing foot care in their daily lives in order to control the disease and prevent related complications [27]. This approach, called self-management, is accepted as the basic approach to improve metabolic control and quality of life, reduce the risk of complications and health expenditures, together with pharmacological treatment [25, 28, 29]. However, it is thought that self-management behaviors such as strict blood sugar controls, regulation of eating behaviors and focusing on body weight control required for the management of the disease may be associated with an increased risk of ON in patients with T2DM. In addition, obesity, one of the most important modifiable risk factors for T2DM [30], is also associated with an increased risk of eating disorders [31, 32]. As confirmed in studies, the risk of eating disorders increases in patients with T2DM, and this increase worsens both metabolic and psychological outcomes [33, 34].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthorexia Nervosa, although not yet recognized as a disease, includes obsessive eating behaviors associated with healthy eating [35]. However, adherence to a healthy diet is an important part of both effective self-management for patients with prediabetes, type 1 diabetes (T1DM), T2DM, and first-line preventive treatment for various noncommunicable diseases. The difference between ON, an atypical eating disorder, and healthy eating is that ON has severe restrictive dietary behaviors and severe diet-related self-discipline, adhering to evidence-based or non-evidence-based information to be healthy [36].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies investigating the frequency of ON in patients with T2DM report quite different results. Anil et al. (2015) found that the prevalence of ON in patients with T2DM was 15.5% in men and 11.1% in women [16]. Kamanlı B. (2017) reported this rate as 32.8% (men: 41.1%; women: 24.2%) [15]. In children with type 1 diabetes in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, this rate rises to 86.1% [13]. Such a wide prevalence range warrants further research on the subject. It is thought that one of the reasons for the high frequency of ON in this study may be due to the high number of patients (59.2%) who do not MNT. Studies have shown that dietary intervention is critical for the treatment of eating disorders [37], and dietary intervention has reduced food obsession in people with diabetes and increased awareness of food choices on the market and at meals [38]. Nevertheless, another study proposes that nutritional counseling may increase the risk of ON in patients with T2DM who have no eating behavior disorders and no ON tendency [12]. In our study, ORTO-R scores were statistically lower in the group receiving MNT, suggesting that MNT may increase the tendency towards ON. In addition, ORTO-R scores were statistically higher in the group with low diabetes self-management. In this respect, further research is needed on providing appropriate nutritional counseling to patients with T2DM and evaluating the effects of such process. In addition, the tendency for ON in men with comorbidity to T2DM or with diabetes-related complications is statistically increased compared to women with the same condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn patients with T2DM, inadequate self-management is quite common and is associated with worsening glycemic parameters [39]. As seen in our study, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c and BMI levels are statistically higher in patients with low diabetes self-management. Self-management is higher in people who do not have an additional disease to T2DM. This was not the case for diabetes-related complications. Although diabetes self-management does not differ according to BMI classification, diabetes self-management is significantly higher in women with obesity compared to men with obesity. One of the vital components of diabetes management is medical nutrition therapy and body weight control. Consistently, our study found that diabetes self-management was significantly higher in the MNT group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings also suggest that the method chosen for the treatment of T2DM also affects diabetes self-management and ON tendency. Diabetes self-management was lowest in the insulin-treated group, and highest in the diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;exercise group. Similarly, insulin therapy may increase the tendency to ON. Considering all the factors affecting diabetes self-management, it is thought that these patients may benefit more from a personalized treatment plan related to diabetes self-management subcategories rather than a treatment plan that is applicable to everyone [40].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConclusions\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is quite limited. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, there is a need to increase awareness of ON and to conduct more research on the subject.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrength and Limitations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is limited. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest sampled study investigating orthorexia nervosa in adult diabetics in Turkiye. The cross-sectional design of the study is a limitation. Also, our study does not evaluate the effect of other independent variables that may cause ON tendency on the development of ON.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWhat is already known on this subject?\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2DM affects hundreds of millions of people. The fact that these patients have some self-management skills, such as following a strict diet and treatment plan, facilitates the management of the disease. In recent years, studies have begun to investigate the frequency of orthorexia nervosa in diabetic individuals, with the thought that strict dieting with the aim of ensuring blood glucose regulation and preventing complications may lead individuals to obsession with healthy nutrition. Although the prevalence of ON was found to be high in diabetic individuals, it is not yet known how this affects the self-management of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWhat this study adds?\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow self-management is associated with impaired glycemic parameters. In addition, although MNT improves diabetes self-management, it may increase susceptibility to ON. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, ON awareness should be raised, and more studies investigating the relationship of ON, MNT and T2DM should be conducted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is quite limited. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, there is a need to increase awareness of ON and to conduct more research on the subject.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Strengths And Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of studies investigating the frequency, prevalence and factors associated with ON in patients with T2DM is limited. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest sampled study investigating orthorexia nervosa in adult diabetics in Turkiye. The cross-sectional design of the study is a limitation. Also, our study does not evaluate the effect of other independent variables that may cause ON tendency on the development of ON.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"What Is Already Known On This Subject?","content":"\u003cp\u003eT2DM affects hundreds of millions of people. The fact that these patients have some self-management skills, such as following a strict diet and treatment plan, facilitates the management of the disease. In recent years, studies have begun to investigate the frequency of orthorexia nervosa in diabetic individuals, with the thought that strict dieting with the aim of ensuring blood glucose regulation and preventing complications may lead individuals to obsession with healthy nutrition. Although the prevalence of ON was found to be high in diabetic individuals, it is not yet known how this affects the self-management of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"What This Study Adds?","content":"\u003cp\u003eLow self-management is associated with impaired glycemic parameters. In addition, although MNT improves diabetes self-management, it may increase susceptibility to ON. In the treatment and effective self-management of T2DM, ON awareness should be raised, and more studies investigating the relationship of ON, MNT and T2DM should be conducted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study (dated 22/12/2021 and with decision number KAEK-950).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) 8. Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: \u003cem\u003eStandards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u0026mdash;2022\u003c/em\u003e. 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J Eat Disord 3:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-015-0038-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArusoğlu G (2018) BESLENME VE DİYETETİK B\u0026Ouml;L\u0026Uuml;M\u0026Uuml; ERKEK \u0026Ouml;ĞRENCİLERİNDE ORTOREKSİYA NERVOZA EĞİLİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ. J Acad Soc Sci 86:56\u0026ndash;71. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.14457\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUzdi̇l Z, Kayacan AG, \u0026Ouml;zyildirim C, et al (2019) Ad\u0026ouml;lesanlarda Ortoreksiya Nervoza Varlığı ve Yeme Tutumunun İncelenmesi. Samsun Sağlık Bilim Derg 4:8\u0026ndash;13\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVarga M, Thege BK, Dukay-Szab\u0026oacute; S, et al (2014) When eating healthy is not healthy: orthorexia nervosa and its measurement with the ORTO-R in Hungary. BMC Psychiatry 14:59. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-59\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUzdil Z, Kaya S, Kayacan AG, et al (2021) The effect of health staff working the night shift on nutrition, anthropometric measurements, and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A sample from Samsun Province in Turkey. Prog Health Sci 6\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6579\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarnes MA, Caltabiano ML (2017) The interrelationship between orthorexia nervosa, perfectionism, body image and attachment style. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 22:177\u0026ndash;184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0280-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbanti FA, Trento M, Bruno G, et al (2020) Prevalence of orthorexic traits in type 2 diabetes mellitus: at the crossroads between nutritional counseling and eating disorders. Acta Diabetol 57:1117\u0026ndash;1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01547-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFidan T, Orbak Z, Karabağ K, Ko\u0026ccedil;ak K (2017) Orthorexia Nervosa And Family Functıonality In Children And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus / Tip 1 Diabetes Mellitusu Olan \u0026Ccedil;ocuk Ve Ergenlerde Ortoreksiya Nervosa Ve Aile İşlevselliği. Osman J Med 39:. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.308029\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Polychronidou G, et al (2021) Obsessed with Healthy Eating: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 13:3823. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113823\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKamanli DB (2017) TİP 2 DİYABETLİ BİREYLERDE BESLENME DURUMU VE SAĞLIKLI BESLENME TAKINTISI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. 176\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnil C, Aritici G, Ari H, Tutuncu NB (2015) Prevalence of orthorexia in diabetic patients. Endocr Abstr. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.37.EP327\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShoemaker CJ Orthorexia Nervosa Prevalence in US Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. 56\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKo\u0026ccedil; E TİP 2 DİYABET TANISI KONMUŞ KİŞİLERDE HASTALIK \u0026Ouml;Z Y\u0026Ouml;NETİMİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ VE TİP 2 DİYABET \u0026Ouml;Z Y\u0026Ouml;NETİMİ \u0026Ouml;L\u0026Ccedil;EĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. 164\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKourakos MI (2017) Enhancing Self-Management in Diabetes: The Value of Therapeutic Education. Int J Health Sci 8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoyle ME, Francis K, Chapman Y (2013) Self-management activities in diabetes care: a systematic review. Aust Health Rev 37:513. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH13060\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations. Accessed 30 Jun 2022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDonini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, et al (2005) Orthorexia nervosa: Validation of a diagnosis questionnaire. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 10:e28\u0026ndash;e32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327537\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRogoza R, Donini LM (2021) Introducing ORTO-R: a revision of ORTO-R: Based on the re-assessment of original data. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 26:887\u0026ndash;895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00924-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHendy OM, Elsabaawy MM, Aref MM, et al (2017) Evaluation of circulating zonulin as a potential marker in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. APMIS 125:607\u0026ndash;613. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12696\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, et al (2017) IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 128:40\u0026ndash;50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (2016) Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization, Geneva\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Diabetes Association (2019) 5. Lifestyle Management: \u003cem\u003eStandards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u0026mdash;2019\u003c/em\u003e. Diabetes Care 42:S46\u0026ndash;S60. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorswick J, Wayne SC, Bennett R, et al (2013) Improving quality of care for persons with diabetes: an overview of systematic reviews - what does the evidence tell us? Syst Rev 2:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-26\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePowers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, et al (2016) Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Clin Diabetes Publ Am Diabetes Assoc 34:70\u0026ndash;80. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.34.2.70\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlgoblan A, Alalfi M, Khan M (2014) Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther 587. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S67400\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlguin P, Fuentes M, Gabler G, et al (2017) Medical comorbidity of binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes 22:13\u0026ndash;26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0313-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKessler RC, Berglund PA, Chiu WT, et al (2013) The Prevalence and Correlates of Binge Eating Disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry 73:904\u0026ndash;914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNicolau J, Sim\u0026oacute; R, Sanch\u0026iacute;s P, et al (2015) Eating disorders are frequent among type 2 diabetic patients and are associated with worse metabolic and psychological outcomes: results from a cross-sectional study in primary and secondary care settings. Acta Diabetol 52:1037\u0026ndash;1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-015-0742-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNieto-Mart\u0026iacute;nez R, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Rivas JP, Medina-Inojosa JR, Florez H (2017) Are Eating Disorders Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Diab Rep 17:138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-017-0949-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmerican Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHanganu-Bresch C (2020) Orthorexia: eating right in the context of healthism. Med Humanit 46:311\u0026ndash;322. https://doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2019-011681\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoroze RM, Dunn TM, Craig Holland J, et al (2015) Microthinking About Micronutrients: A Case of Transition From Obsessions About Healthy Eating to Near-Fatal \u0026ldquo;Orthorexia Nervosa\u0026rdquo; and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria. Psychosomatics 56:397\u0026ndash;403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2014.03.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNadeau J, Koski KG, Strychar I, Yale JF (2001) Teaching subjects with type 2 diabetes how to incorporate sugar choices into their daily meal plan promotes dietary compliance and does not deteriorate metabolic profile. Diabetes Care 24:222\u0026ndash;227. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.2.222\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeldman BS, Cohen-Stavi CJ, Leibowitz M, et al (2014) Defining the role of medication adherence in poor glycemic control among a general adult population with diabetes. PloS One 9:e108145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108145\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDarawad MW, Hammad S, Mosleh S, et al (2017) Psychosocial Correlates of Diabetes Self-management Practices. Iran J Public Health 46:771\u0026ndash;781\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"eating-and-weight-disorders-studies-on-anorexia-bulimia-and-obesity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eawd","sideBox":"Learn more about [Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity](https://www.springer.com/journal/40519)","snPcode":"40519","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40519/3","title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Type 2 diabetes, orthorexia nervosa, diabetes self-management, diet ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1892847/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1892847/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the presence of orthorexia nervosa and diabetes self-management in individuals with type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included 373 individuals with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 18\u0026ndash;65 who applied to Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic between January 2022 and May 2022. In the study, a questionnaire including sociodemographic data, information about diabetes, nutritional habits, ORTO-R and \"Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale\" was used as a data collection tool. In addition, height and weight measurements were taken and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Biochemical parameters were evaluated by accessing from the hospital system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1% of the participants were men, 53.9% were women and mean age was 57.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.6 years. Low diabetes self-management is associated with an increase in fasting glucose (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05), HbA1c (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05), BMI (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01). ORTO-R scores were significantly higher in the group with low diabetes self-management (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,001). Education level, presence of non-diabetic disease and diabetes-related complication, treatment method are the factors affecting diabetes self-management and ON. While medical nutrition therapy provides better diabetes self-management, it increases the susceptibility to ON.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eON is common in people with type 2 diabetes. Although medical nutrition therapy provides better self-management, it may increase susceptibility to ON.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel V, cross-sectional study\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of the Presence of Orthorexia Nervosa in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relationship With Diabetes Self-management","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-09-09 17:21:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1892847/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-09-10T08:28:38+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-09-06T09:27:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-08-18T12:59:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","date":"2022-08-18T03:55:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2022-07-27T06:32:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"eating-and-weight-disorders-studies-on-anorexia-bulimia-and-obesity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eawd","sideBox":"Learn more about [Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity](https://www.springer.com/journal/40519)","snPcode":"40519","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40519/3","title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"63d9b45e-545c-4422-9055-ccca3724fbb6","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 9th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T19:05:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1892847","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-023-01552-5","journal":{"identity":"eating-and-weight-disorders-studies-on-anorexia-bulimia-and-obesity","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"},"publishedOn":"2023-02-21 18:59:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 21st, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-09-09 17:21:28","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40519-023-01552-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-023-01552-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1892847","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1892847","identity":"rs-1892847","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}