Gender Distribution of Presbyopia and its Effect on Vision Related Quality of Life in a Nigerian Population

Gender Distribution of Presbyopia and its Effect on Vision Related Quality of Life in a Nigerian Population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gender Distribution of Presbyopia and its Effect on Vision Related Quality of Life in a Nigerian Population Ugochukwu A Eze, Olufemi E Babalola, Thelma I Ndife, Abdulrazak Momoh-Jimoh, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4591111/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aim – To highlight the gender specific characteristics and impact of presbyopia on vision related quality of life among the participants Methodology – This was a cross sectional analytical survey in which 1047 persons ≥ 35 years were examined in a multistage random sampling with probability proportional to size. Near and distance visual acuity was assessed, anterior and posterior segment examinations and near refraction done. Participants who could not read N8 at 40cm with distance correction in place were adjudged presbyopic and offered near spectacles where applicable. Data was entered into a standard pre tested questionnaire which contained sections on demographic variables, distant and near vision examination, and visual function (VF 14) Results – One thousand and forty out of 1082 enumerated participants were examined (96.7% response rate which was considered high) with a mean age of participants of 48.2 years ± 8.194 SD (age range of 35–87 years). A significantly higher prevalence of presbyopia was noted in females relative to males (87.9% versus 82.9%) (P = 0.041) and a relatively higher diopteric power (p = 0.000), were obtained. Presbyopia had a significant negative impact on quality of life in the study population with 82.7%, 79.1% and 70.8 of participants reporting difficulty in reading prints, threading needles and operating mobile phones, respectively. Women were more likely to be unsatisfied with their vision related quality of life. Conclusion – Women had significantly higher prevalence of presbyopia, higher diopteric need per age group, and were more likely to be unsatisfied with their near vision. This should be borne in mind by stakeholders in planning for refraction and optical services within populations. Gender Presbyopia Vision Related Quality of life Nigerian Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Presbyopia is considered the most common physiologic ocular condition related to age and causes difficulty in near visual function. 1 There was this misconception that presbyopia is of little importance in societies where reading is uncommon. Therefore, little attention is being paid to presbyopia in low-income countries where literacy levels are very low. 2 Symptoms of presbyopia usually manifest at about the age of 35–40 years (earlier in women). Also women have a higher reported prevalence and severity of the condition. 3–9 Women are less likely to know where to obtain spectacles, afford spectacles or travel to accesses presbyopic services. 9,10 There are some differences in near tasks performed by women compared to men. Predominant near tasks in women include sorting and winnowing grains, cooking, sewing, weeding, dressing children switching and adjusting lamps. Predominant near tasks in men include reading, writing, weeding, harvesting, switching and adjusting of lamps. Most people with presbyopia report difficulty performing these tasks. 8 . Over 95% of Nigerian and 76.3% of Indian presbyopes reported moderate to severe difficulties with reading and recognizing small objects. 3,11 It has also been reported to negatively impact visual related quality of life in affected populations. 12–15 This study seeks to highlight the gender specific characteristics and impact of presbyopia on vision related quality of life among the participants. METHODS A population-based descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 among individuals aged 35 years and above resident in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research and Ethics Committee, National Eye Centre, Kaduna, and administrative approval from relevant authorities granted. Written informed consent was also obtained from each participant prior to testing. A minimum sample size was calculated to be 976 and was adjusted to 1084 accounting for 10% attrition rate (using the Leslie-Kish formula). One thousand and forty-seven persons (out of 1084 enumerated participants) were examined in 63 clusters using multistage random sampling with probability proportional to size. A bottle was spun at the center of the cluster to determine the direction to commence enumeration of participants. Adults, 35years and above, were enumerated until the required sample was obtained in a cluster. Exclusion criteria include: Non-resident (i.e. anybody who has not been residing in the area continuously for the past 6months) Presenting distance visual acuity (VA) of < 6/60 which didn’t improve with pinhole in either eye Best corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA) < 6/18 Participants who’s VA could not be tested due to ocular pathology Individuals whose vision could not be tested, such as those with severe illness, mental illness, deafness. Information gathered from participants using an interviewer administered questionnaire include: age, gender, educational status and occupation. Other information obtained were visual tasks in which participants engaged. Any difficulty there-in was noted and graded using visual function (VF 14) form. All participants had distance (6meters using the Snellen’s tumbling E chart) and near visual acuity at 40 centimeters (cm) measured, using a LogMAR E-chart (with distance correction in place where applicable), The anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed under ambient indoor illumination. Eligible participants then proceed to have objective and subjective distance/near refraction. Any participant who could not read three letters out of five at N8 at 40cm was adjudged presbyopic. Those who need presbyopic spectacles were given. Participants were then interviewed on vision related quality of life (QOL) to both presbyopes and non presbyopes. Data was summarized as simple percentages and statistical analysis performed using statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) Chicago Illinois version 20. Confidence intervals and P- values were calculated while P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 1047 participants 35 years and above participated in this study with 568 female accounting for 54.3% of the study population. The mean age of participants was 48.2 years (SD = 8.194). Table 1 Gender distribution of presbyopia Gender Presbyopes N (%) Non-Presbyopes N (%) Male 396 (82.9) 83 (17.1) Female 500 (87.9) 68 (12.1) Total 896 (85.6) 151 (14.4) Table 2 Ownership of spectacle by gender Gender Yes N (%) No N (%) Total N (%) Male 194 (21.7) 197 (21.9) 391 (43.6) Female 302 (33.7) 203 (22.7) 505(56.4) Total 496 (55.4) 400 (44.6) 896 (100) In this study, 59.8% of presbyopic females had spectacles at presentation as against 49.6% of males (P = 0.108) Not Statistically Significant Table 3 Proportion of participants engaging in near task and having difficulty with near task among 1047 examined participants Engaging in activity Reporting difficulty with activity Activity Male N (%) Female N (%) Male N (%) Female N (%) Reading 478 (45.7) 563 (53.8) 374 (34.7) 503 (48.0) Writing 478 (45.7) 562 (53.7) 246 (23.5) 319 (30.5) Operating phone 478 (45.7) 562 (53.7) 312 (29.8) 432 (41.3) Cooking 466 (44.5) 565 (53.9) 93 (8.9) 135 (12.9)) Sorting grains 462 (44.1) 567 (54.2) 209 (20) 311 (29.7) Threading needle 476 (45.5) 567 (54.2) 339 (32.4) 489 (46.7) Cutting nails 476 (45.5) 567 (54.2) 177 (16.9) 191 (18.2) Dressing children 108 (103) 565 (53.9) 50 (4.7) 191 (18.2) Weeding 449 (42.9) 540 (51.5) 56 (5.3) 76 (7.3) Harvesting grains and seeds 441 (42.1) 532 (50.8) 34 (3.2) 52 (5.0) Winnowing 105 (10.0) 109 (104) 42 ( 4 ) 64 (6.1) Recognizing close faces 476 (45.4) 561 (53.6) 73 ( 7 ) 70 (6.7) Recognizing close objects 473 (45.2) 562 (53.7) 111 (10.6) 112 (10.7) Adjusting lamp 476 (45.4) 564 (53.9) 47 (4.5) 57 (5.4) DISCUSSION This survey provides a large population based data on gender distribution of presbyopia and its impact on vision related quality of life in a random sample of individuals aged 35 years and above in Northern Nigeria. There is significantly higher prevalence of presbyopia in females (P = 0.041) and higher diopteric power requirement (p = 0.000). Females with uncorrected presbyopia also expressed more unsatisfactory near vision compared to their male counterparts. These findings are similar to previous reports in Nigeria, Tanzania, Brazil and India. 2–4,9 This is consistent with a meta-analysis which concluded that there are significant sex differences in the prevalence and add requirements for near vision spectacles for men and women of the same age. 7 In this study, 83.0%, 79.1% and 71.1% of presbyopes respectively reported difficulty in reading, threading needles and operating phones and was more among presbyopes. (Table 3 ) This supports the finding that presbyopia, though to varying degrees, affect both reading and non reading populations. 9 This study found a significant negative impact of presbyopia on quality of life in the study population especially among women. Also, in this study 66%, 61.8% and 45.3% of presbyopes respectively, reported mild to moderate difficulty in reading, operating mobile phones and threading needles. This is quite lower than the findings in Gwagwalada where 95.8%, 92.8% and 75.6% of presbyopic participants respectively reported moderate to severe difficulty in reading, threading and recognizing small objects. 2 Adducible reasons for this may be the relative younger age of participants in this study with a mean age of 48.2years in this study as against 52.5 years and the predominantly living in urban area. 2 Younger presbyopes are likely to have some residual accommodative reserve at some point in the course of progression of presbyopia. In the same vein, urban settlements are likely to harbor younger inhabitants compared to rural settlements. Usually in Nigeria, younger adults migrate to town ships in search of skills, trade and paid employment and return to their rural countryside when they retire at an older age. Irrespective of the varying levels of affectation in quality of life across different populations, one fact remains that presbyopia as seen in this study is associated with a negative impact on vision related quality of life which is consistent with previous studies in Nigeria, parts of Africa and other parts of the world. 12,13 However it would not be possible to compare this study with many of the quality-of- life studies due to difference in survey tool and method. Studies in other parts of Africa and Europe support this finding 8,9 CONCLUSION There is a significant higher prevalence of presbyopia, higher diopteric need among women who are also more likely to be unsatisfied with their near vision. There is a need for stakeholders to come up with a gender balanced refractive services in communities integrated into comprehensive eye care delivery services. Declarations Author Contribution Conception - UAE, OEB, MMU, TINDesign - UAE, SUBAcquisition - UAE, MB, AMAnalysis - UAE, SUBInterpretation - UAE, SUBInitial Draft - UAEManuscript Revision - UAE, OEB, SUB, MMU, TIN, MB, AM Acknowledgement Authors wish to acknowledge the roles of Mrs Martha Maisababi and Miss Joyce Elosiuba who helped with data collection in the community Data Availability Statement The datasets generated during and/or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Weal RA. Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia. Suv Ophthalmol 2003; 48:515-43. Chiroma MR. Prevalence of presbyopia and the impact of uncorrected presbyopia on the quality of life in rural Gwagwalada, Abuja Nigeria. 2008;Chiroma R. http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/MSc_CEH/2007-8/473441.pdf. Nirmalan PK, Krishnaiab S, Shamanna BR, Rao GN TR. Population-based assessment of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India: The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease study; Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2006;47:2324-2328. Duaarte WR, Barros AJ, Dias-da-Costa JS CJ, Duaarte WR, Barros AJ D-CJC. Prevalence of near vision deficiency and related factors: a population-based study. Cad Saude Publica . 2003;19(2):551-559. Petal I, West S. CEH 2009 J 22(70): 27. Gender differences in presbyopia. CEH . 2009;22(70):27. Pointer JS. Gender-related optical aspects of the onset of presbyopia. OphthalPhysiol Opt . 2002; 22:126-129. Hickenbotham A, Roorda A, Steinmaus C, Glasser A. Meta-analysis of sex differences in presbyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 2012;53(6):3215-3220. Petal I, West S. Presbyopia: prevalence, impact, and interventions. Comm Eye Heal . 2007;20(63):40-41. Burke AG, Patel I, Munoz B, Kayongoya A, McHiwa W, SchwarzwalderAW et al. Population-based study of presbyopia in rural Tanzania. Ophthalmology . 2006;113(5):723-727. Ramke J, Toit RD, Palagyi A B. Correction of refractive error and presbyopia in Timor-Leste. Br J Ophthalmol . 2007;91:860-866. Chiroma MR, Jamada AM. Impact of uncorrected presbyopia on the quality of life in rural Gwagwalada. Journal of Community and Primary Health Care. 2017;29(1). Bekibele CO, Gureje O. Europe PMC Funders Group Impact of self-reported visual impairment on quality of life in the Ibadan Study of Aging. 2010;92(5):612-615. Muhammad N, Alhassan MB, Umar MM. Visual function and vision-related quality of life in presbyopic adult population of Northwestern Nigeria. McDonnell PJ, Lee P, Spritzer K, Lindblad AS, Hays RD. Associations of presbyopia with vision-targeted health-related quality of life. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960) . 2003;121(11):1577-1581. Luo BP, Brown GC, Luo SC, Brown MM. The quality of life associated with presbyopia. Am J Ophthalmol . 2008;145(4):618-622. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4591111","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":336810602,"identity":"b162c69a-f4ce-4e99-9e3b-01fe8ba5e135","order_by":0,"name":"Ugochukwu A Eze","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9gYgYWBBihaeAyAtEqRokUgAk4QVGpxffOzDxzYbe37J51c3/CiQYOBv707Ar+XGs+SZM86kMUvOzim72QN0mMSZsxsIaDljzMxTcZjN4HZO2g0eoBYDiVwitPwx+M9jf/NM2s0/RGk532PMzFBxQMJAgv3YbaJskbzBlszYcybZQOJMDtttGQMJHoJ+4Tt/+DDDzzY7e/72489uvvljI8ff3otfCzQ6QIDHAEziVw4C/AdgLPYHhFWPglEwCkbBiAQAGm9GqFEtPHgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Medical Centre Asaba","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ugochukwu","middleName":"A","lastName":"Eze","suffix":""},{"id":336810603,"identity":"d0787a77-5c7f-40cb-8fff-bab3e316155d","order_by":1,"name":"Olufemi E Babalola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bingham University, Nassarawa State and Rachel Eye Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olufemi","middleName":"E","lastName":"Babalola","suffix":""},{"id":336810604,"identity":"a50953eb-251f-4ad9-8473-296f827123b3","order_by":2,"name":"Thelma I Ndife","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Eye Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thelma","middleName":"I","lastName":"Ndife","suffix":""},{"id":336810605,"identity":"6d4c3537-82b2-4922-a1c4-553100ad5627","order_by":3,"name":"Abdulrazak Momoh-Jimoh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Eye Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulrazak","middleName":"","lastName":"Momoh-Jimoh","suffix":""},{"id":336810606,"identity":"1c7b4087-3786-4829-b1e1-6b4beaf88600","order_by":4,"name":"Murtala M Umar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Eye Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Murtala","middleName":"M","lastName":"Umar","suffix":""},{"id":336810607,"identity":"c119bad7-48bb-4bda-86c4-4ee069347ba5","order_by":5,"name":"Mustapha Bature","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Eye Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustapha","middleName":"","lastName":"Bature","suffix":""},{"id":336810608,"identity":"4d93c575-e159-4a6f-ab1f-ba6e4d6b551d","order_by":6,"name":"Shahir Bello","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Eye Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahir","middleName":"","lastName":"Bello","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-17 00:57:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4591111/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4591111/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62222105,"identity":"8c1981f1-29ee-4647-9b3c-f6b26cbc86a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-11 12:35:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":366822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScatter plot of presbyopic add against onset and gender of presbyopia among participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA statistically significant difference showing that female having higher presbyopic add compared to their male counterparts at the same age (P = 0.000).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey 1= ≤ 35 years, 2= 36-40 years, 3 = 42-45 years in that order till 10 = ≥ 75 year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4591111/v1/a52204765ff2a2f940702680.png"},{"id":62222106,"identity":"ffda9085-2b19-4f0f-b591-c5d8af0e69e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-11 12:35:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShowing distribution and grades of difficulty in near vision task among 1047 participants {presbyopes (A) and non-presbyopes (B)}\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4591111/v1/bd6a01fdb90d56b282cb8f3e.png"},{"id":64204588,"identity":"0904adbb-35d9-40fd-83ff-739cbbbd300b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-10 04:15:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":916872,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4591111/v1/65f333c0-ada6-4fc1-b47c-aabcf60c92f5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Gender Distribution of Presbyopia and its Effect on Vision Related Quality of Life in a Nigerian Population","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003ePresbyopia is considered the most common physiologic ocular condition related to age and causes difficulty in near visual function.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e There was this misconception that presbyopia is of little importance in societies where reading is uncommon. Therefore, little attention is being paid to presbyopia in low-income countries where literacy levels are very low.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Symptoms of presbyopia usually manifest at about the age of 35\u0026ndash;40 years (earlier in women). Also women have a higher reported prevalence and severity of the condition. \u003csup\u003e3\u0026ndash;9\u003c/sup\u003e Women are less likely to know where to obtain spectacles, afford spectacles or travel to accesses presbyopic services.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c/sup\u003e There are some differences in near tasks performed by women compared to men. Predominant near tasks in women include sorting and winnowing grains, cooking, sewing, weeding, dressing children switching and adjusting lamps. Predominant near tasks in men include reading, writing, weeding, harvesting, switching and adjusting of lamps. Most people with presbyopia report difficulty performing these tasks.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. Over 95% of Nigerian and 76.3% of Indian presbyopes reported moderate to severe difficulties with reading and recognizing small objects.\u003csup\u003e3,11\u003c/sup\u003e It has also been reported to negatively impact visual related quality of life in affected populations.\u003csup\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study seeks to highlight the gender specific characteristics and impact of presbyopia on vision related quality of life among the participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA population-based descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 among individuals aged 35 years and above resident in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research and Ethics Committee, National Eye Centre, Kaduna, and administrative approval from relevant authorities granted. Written informed consent was also obtained from each participant prior to testing. A minimum sample size was calculated to be 976 and was adjusted to 1084 accounting for 10% attrition rate (using the Leslie-Kish formula). One thousand and forty-seven persons (out of 1084 enumerated participants) were examined in 63 clusters using multistage random sampling with probability proportional to size. A bottle was spun at the center of the cluster to determine the direction to commence enumeration of participants. Adults, 35years and above, were enumerated until the required sample was obtained in a cluster.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria include:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-resident (i.e. anybody who has not been residing in the area continuously for the past 6months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresenting distance visual acuity (VA) of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6/60 which didn\u0026rsquo;t improve with pinhole in either eye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBest corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6/18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who\u0026rsquo;s VA could not be tested due to ocular pathology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals whose vision could not be tested, such as those with severe illness, mental illness, deafness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation gathered from participants using an interviewer administered questionnaire include: age, gender, educational status and occupation. Other information obtained were visual tasks in which participants engaged. Any difficulty there-in was noted and graded using visual function (VF 14) form.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants had distance (6meters using the Snellen\u0026rsquo;s tumbling E chart) and near visual acuity at 40 centimeters (cm) measured, using a LogMAR E-chart (with distance correction in place where applicable), The anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed under ambient indoor illumination. Eligible participants then proceed to have objective and subjective distance/near refraction. Any participant who could not read three letters out of five at N8 at 40cm was adjudged presbyopic. Those who need presbyopic spectacles were given. Participants were then interviewed on vision related quality of life (QOL) to both presbyopes and non presbyopes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was summarized as simple percentages and statistical analysis performed using statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) Chicago Illinois version 20. Confidence intervals and P- values were calculated while P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 1047 participants 35 years and above participated in this study with 568 female accounting for 54.3% of the study population. The mean age of participants was 48.2 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.194).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender distribution of presbyopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresbyopes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Presbyopes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396 (82.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 (87.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e896 (85.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwnership of spectacle by gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e505(56.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496 (55.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 (44.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e896 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eIn this study, 59.8% of presbyopic females had spectacles at presentation as against 49.6% of males (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.108) \u003cstrong\u003eNot Statistically Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProportion of participants engaging in near task and having difficulty with near task among 1047 examined participants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngaging in activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReporting difficulty with activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReading\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e563 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e503 (48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e562 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOperating phone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e562 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312 (29.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432 (41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCooking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e466 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e565 (53.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (12.9))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSorting grains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e567 (54.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThreading needle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e567 (54.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e489 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCutting nails\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e567 (54.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDressing children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 (103)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e565 (53.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeeding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e540 (51.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHarvesting grains and seeds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinnowing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (104)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecognizing close faces\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (\u003cspan\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecognizing close objects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e473 (45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e562 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusting lamp\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e564 (53.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/122228_c8a1650c59388082/122228_custom_files/img1723019845.png\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis survey provides a large population based data on gender distribution of presbyopia and its impact on vision related quality of life in a random sample of individuals aged 35 years and above in Northern Nigeria. There is significantly higher prevalence of presbyopia in females (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041) and higher diopteric power requirement (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Females with uncorrected presbyopia also expressed more unsatisfactory near vision compared to their male counterparts. These findings are similar to previous reports in Nigeria, Tanzania, Brazil and India.\u003csup\u003e2\u0026ndash;4,9\u003c/sup\u003e This is consistent with a meta-analysis which concluded that there are significant sex differences in the prevalence and add requirements for near vision spectacles for men and women of the same age.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 83.0%, 79.1% and 71.1% of presbyopes respectively reported difficulty in reading, threading needles and operating phones and was more among presbyopes. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) This supports the finding that presbyopia, though to varying degrees, affect both reading and non reading populations.\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e This study found a significant negative impact of presbyopia on quality of life in the study population especially among women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, in this study 66%, 61.8% and 45.3% of presbyopes respectively, reported mild to moderate difficulty in reading, operating mobile phones and threading needles. This is quite lower than the findings in Gwagwalada where 95.8%, 92.8% and 75.6% of presbyopic participants respectively reported moderate to severe difficulty in reading, threading and recognizing small objects.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Adducible reasons for this may be the relative younger age of participants in this study with a mean age of 48.2years in this study as against 52.5 years and the predominantly living in urban area.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Younger presbyopes are likely to have some residual accommodative reserve at some point in the course of progression of presbyopia. In the same vein, urban settlements are likely to harbor younger inhabitants compared to rural settlements. Usually in Nigeria, younger adults migrate to town ships in search of skills, trade and paid employment and return to their rural countryside when they retire at an older age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrespective of the varying levels of affectation in quality of life across different populations, one fact remains that presbyopia as seen in this study is associated with a negative impact on vision related quality of life which is consistent with previous studies in Nigeria, parts of Africa and other parts of the world.\u003csup\u003e12,13\u003c/sup\u003e However it would not be possible to compare this study with many of the quality-of- life studies due to difference in survey tool and method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies in other parts of Africa and Europe support this finding\u003csup\u003e8,9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is a significant higher prevalence of presbyopia, higher diopteric need among women who are also more likely to be unsatisfied with their near vision. There is a need for stakeholders to come up with a gender balanced refractive services in communities integrated into comprehensive eye care delivery services.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConception - UAE, OEB, MMU, TINDesign - UAE, SUBAcquisition - UAE, MB, AMAnalysis - UAE, SUBInterpretation - UAE, SUBInitial Draft - UAEManuscript Revision - UAE, OEB, SUB, MMU, TIN, MB, AM\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors wish to acknowledge the roles of Mrs Martha Maisababi and Miss Joyce Elosiuba who helped with data collection in the community\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;The datasets generated during and/or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeal RA. Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia. Suv Ophthalmol 2003; 48:515-43.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiroma MR. Prevalence of presbyopia and the impact of uncorrected presbyopia on the quality of life in rural Gwagwalada, Abuja Nigeria. 2008;Chiroma R. http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/MSc_CEH/2007-8/473441.pdf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNirmalan PK, Krishnaiab S, Shamanna BR, Rao GN TR. Population-based assessment of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India: The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease study; \u003cem\u003eInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\u003c/em\u003e. 2006;47:2324-2328.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuaarte WR, Barros AJ, Dias-da-Costa JS CJ, Duaarte WR, Barros AJ D-CJC. Prevalence of near vision deficiency and related factors: a population-based study. \u003cem\u003eCad Saude Publica\u003c/em\u003e. 2003;19(2):551-559.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetal I, West S. CEH 2009 J 22(70): 27. Gender differences in presbyopia. \u003cem\u003eCEH\u003c/em\u003e. 2009;22(70):27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePointer JS. Gender-related optical aspects of the onset of presbyopia. \u003cem\u003eOphthalPhysiol Opt\u003c/em\u003e. 2002; 22:126-129.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHickenbotham A, Roorda A, Steinmaus C, Glasser A. Meta-analysis of sex differences in presbyopia. \u003cem\u003eInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\u003c/em\u003e. 2012;53(6):3215-3220. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetal I, West S. Presbyopia: prevalence, impact, and interventions. \u003cem\u003eComm Eye Heal\u003c/em\u003e. 2007;20(63):40-41. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurke AG, Patel I, Munoz B, Kayongoya A, McHiwa W, SchwarzwalderAW et al. Population-based study of presbyopia in rural Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eOphthalmology\u003c/em\u003e. 2006;113(5):723-727.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamke J, Toit RD, Palagyi A B. Correction of refractive error and presbyopia in Timor-Leste. \u003cem\u003eBr J Ophthalmol\u003c/em\u003e. 2007;91:860-866. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiroma MR, Jamada AM. Impact of uncorrected presbyopia on the quality of life in rural Gwagwalada. Journal of Community and Primary Health Care. 2017;29(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBekibele CO, Gureje O. Europe PMC Funders Group Impact of self-reported visual impairment on quality of life in the Ibadan Study of Aging. 2010;92(5):612-615. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhammad N, Alhassan MB, Umar MM. Visual function and vision-related quality of life in presbyopic adult population of Northwestern Nigeria. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcDonnell PJ, Lee P, Spritzer K, Lindblad AS, Hays RD. Associations of presbyopia with vision-targeted health-related quality of life. \u003cem\u003eArch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960)\u003c/em\u003e. 2003;121(11):1577-1581. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuo BP, Brown GC, Luo SC, Brown MM. The quality of life associated with presbyopia. \u003cem\u003eAm J Ophthalmol\u003c/em\u003e. 2008;145(4):618-622.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gender, Presbyopia, Vision Related Quality of life, Nigerian","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4591111/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4591111/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eAim \u0026ndash;\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo highlight the gender specific characteristics and impact of presbyopia on vision related quality of life among the participants\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethodology \u0026ndash;\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a cross sectional analytical survey in which 1047 persons\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years were examined in a multistage random sampling with probability proportional to size. Near and distance visual acuity was assessed, anterior and posterior segment examinations and near refraction done. Participants who could not read N8 at 40cm with distance correction in place were adjudged presbyopic and offered near spectacles where applicable. Data was entered into a standard pre tested questionnaire which contained sections on demographic variables, distant and near vision examination, and visual function (VF 14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults \u0026ndash;\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne thousand and forty out of 1082 enumerated participants were examined (96.7% response rate which was considered high) with a mean age of participants of 48.2 years\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.194 SD (age range of 35\u0026ndash;87 years). A significantly higher prevalence of presbyopia was noted in females relative to males (87.9% versus 82.9%) (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041) and a relatively higher diopteric power (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), were obtained. Presbyopia had a significant negative impact on quality of life in the study population with 82.7%, 79.1% and 70.8 of participants reporting difficulty in reading prints, threading needles and operating mobile phones, respectively. Women were more likely to be unsatisfied with their vision related quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion \u0026ndash;\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen had significantly higher prevalence of presbyopia, higher diopteric need per age group, and were more likely to be unsatisfied with their near vision. This should be borne in mind by stakeholders in planning for refraction and optical services within populations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Gender Distribution of Presbyopia and its Effect on Vision Related Quality of Life in a Nigerian Population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-11 12:35:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4591111/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7b54a68b-50bb-46cd-910e-cf2a991226f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-10T04:07:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-11 12:35:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4591111","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4591111","identity":"rs-4591111","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}