Integrated Pharmacological Analysis on the Mechanism of Fuyou Formula in Treating Precocious Puberty

Fu-you formula (FY), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula composed of 12 herbs, as an in-hospital preparation, has been used treat to precocious puberty (PP) for decades. However, the lack of phytochemical characterization and mechanism of FY remains the main limitation for its spreading. In this study, we analyze the components and mechanisms of FY in PP, based on the integrated pharmacology. Investigated main constituents, targets, pathways of FY by using an integrative pharmacology, and recognized main constituents by HPLC-MS/MS. Then, observed the levels of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estrogen (E2) in danazol-induced PP in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Lastly, retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 575 patients who were diagnosed PP, treated by the FY, and followed-up in our hospital from 2014–2020. The result that total of 116 important candidate targets were selected based on pharmacological analysis. Selected the top 10 values key targets such as the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), were localized and the related gene functions were determined. Gene functions were associated with biological regulation, a cellular process, or signaling pathway, such as the Estrogen signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. By recognizing the five compounds related to the ESR1 and IGF1, which are Quercetin, kaempferol, Luteolin, Apigenin, and Emodin. The results of the molecular docking study further showed that the flavonoids had a strong binding affinity for ESR1 and IGF1 after docking into the crystal structure. The results showed that the FY could effectively reduce E2, LH, and FSH levels in SD rats. Furthermore, the results of the retrospective analysis of medical records showed that the FY could remarkably reduce E2 levels in girls with PP.

Precocious puberty (PP) is a common endocrine disorder among children. It occurs before the age of eight years in girls and before the age of 9 years in boys. In recent years, the annual incidence of this condition has been on the rise, and the incidence among girls is 5–10 times that among boys (). At present, early initiation of the gonadal axis is believed to be the cause of PP. Therefore, modern medicine holds the view that the administration of a gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRHa) in the treatment of PP is the most effective method. However, clinical results show that the long-term use of a GnRHa has inhibitory effects on growth and the thyroid in children. In addition, some children require simultaneous treatment with growth hormone or even thyroxine. Clinical studies on the FY as a treatment for girls with PP at our hospital have shown that it can control the early symptoms, and effectively reduce estrogen levels and bone age (; ). At present, the literature comprises mostly clinical reports and observations of curative effects. However, in-depth research on the effective components, key targets, and mechanisms of action of the FY are still lacking. Integrative pharmacology could enhance our comprehension and facilitate the prediction of potential targets, pathways, and effects, which might provide clues for the design of subsequent research studies. In the present study, we used an integrative pharmacological approach to understand the systemic, organ-related, and molecular effects of the FY. The components and mechanisms of the FY in the treatment of PP were preliminarily analyzed and explored. The TCM integrated pharmacology platform was used and a TCM-component-network target-disease multi-level network was considered as the underlying framework.

Materials and Reagents Danazol was obtained from the A&D Technology Corporation (Beijing, China). Leuprorelin acetate microspheres for injection were purchased from Livzon (Zhuhai, China). FSH, LH, and E2 ELISA kits were obtained from Cloud-Clone Corp (Wuhan, China). The TCM standards Quercetin (serial number: 100081–201610, purity: 99.90%), Luteolin (serial number: 111520–202006, purity: 94.40%), kaempferol (serial number: 110861–202013, purity: 93.20%) and Emodin (serial number: 110756–201913, purity: 96.0%) were purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Apigenin (serial number: B20981–20 mg, purity: 98.00%) was purchased from the Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Plant Materials and Fu-you Formula Preparation The FY was an in-hospital preparation (Approval number: Z20053679). It comprised a mixture of Prunella vulgaris L. (Xiakucao); Carapax Trionycis (Cubiejia); Gentiana scabra Bunge (Longdan); Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl (Juhua); Lycium chinense Mill (Digupi); Alisma plantago-aquatica L (Zexie); Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl (Xuanshen); Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews (Mudanpi); Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC (Shengdihuang); Hordeum vulgare L (Maiya); Concha oetreae (Muli); Thalluslaminariae (Kunbu) (1.5:1:0.6:0.6:1:1:1.5:0.6:1.2:2:3:1). All herbs were purchased from the Beijing Bencao Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd. and the FY was prepared by the Preparation Center of the Beijing Children's Hospital (Lot number: 20201202). Construction of the Compound-Target and Disease-Target Database To identify the corresponding targets of the 12 active ingredients of the FY, several approaches combining chemometric methods, information integration, and data mining were implemented. First, all active compounds were submitted to the TCM-IP platform (http://www.tcmip.cn/TCMIP/index.php/Home/Index/index.html) , as well as the TCMSP (http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php) , and TCMID (http://119.3.41.228:8000/tcmid/search/) to mine compound-target interactions. The biological targets of the active ingredients were obtained from the STITCH (http://stitch.embl.de/) ; SwissTarget (http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/) ; CTD (http://tcmspw.com/index.php) ; and SymMap (https://www.symmap.org/) databases. Known therapeutic targets for PP were obtained from the DrugBank (http://www.drugbank.ca/) ; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (http://www.omim.org) ; and DisGeNET (https://www.disgenet.org/home/) databases. Protein-Protein Interaction Network Construction The protein-protein interaction (PPI) data were imported from the STRING (https://string-db.org/cgi/input.pl?sessionId=rEkaDRgfV0vC&input_page_show_search=on) PPI databases. An interactive network for the candidate drug targets and known PP-related targets of the FY was constructed based on their interaction data and was visualized using the Cytoscape software (). Interactions between the targets of the traditional Chinese medicine components of the FY and the targets related to PP were determined. Furthermore, the gene interaction network of the Chinese medicine components of the FY and PP was established. The degree centrality (DC) equal to two times the median value, was applied as the core for selection of the network nodes (hubs node). Thus, the median of node connectivity, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality were the key values that determined the selection of nodes. Nodes that met three values simultaneously were selected as the candidate key targets of the FY in the treatment of PP. Gene Oncology Enrichment and Pathway Analysis We performed gene ontology (GO) analysis of the non-repetitive putative targets of the FY using the database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) to gain insights into their involvement in two different categories namely, biological process and molecular function (). Tissue enrichment analysis was performed using the FunRich software (http://www.funrich.org) (). We then performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analysis of the candidate targets of the FY after topological analysis. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant, and the enriched GO terms were identified using the hypergeometric test. A bubble chart was plotted using the OmicShare tools, a free online platform for data analysis (www.omicshare.com/tools). Chemical Components Analysis Characterization of main chemical components in FY was assayed by HPLC-MS/MS (AB SCIEX QTRAP 5500). Chromatographic separation was performed on a Hypersil Gold C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) (Thermo Scientific), with column temperature set at 40°C. The mobile phase was solution A, 2 mM ammonium acetate in water containing 0.4‰ formic acid, and solution B, methanol. Gradient elution program was: 0–1.5 min, 60–10% A; 1.5–3.5 min, 10% A; 3.5–3.51 min, 10–60% A; 3.51–6.0 min, 60% A. The flow rate of mobile phase was 0.4 ml/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in negative ion mode with a needle potential of -4,500 V; the source temperature was set at 500°C. Nitrogen was used as the sheath gas and auxiliary gas at pressures of 50 and 40 psi. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode was used to identify the five compounds by monitoring their transitions from the molecular ions to product ions. The proper amounts of standard substance were weighed and dissolved in methanol-water (1:1, v/v) to prepare standard solutions at 1 μg/ml. Meanwhile, 10 μL of FY was mixed with 1 ml of methanol-water (1:1, v/v) by vortexing for 10 min, then centrifuge for 15 min at 15,000 rpm. The supernatant fluid was used as sample solution. The chromatograms of standard solution and sample solution were used to compounds matching. In Silico Molecular Docking In silico molecular docking studies of bio-active peptides or chemical drug molecules that exert their action by binding with specific receptors provides evidence on binding conformation, pattern and affinity. To identify the binding ability of active constituents with PP related targets, the crystal structures of ESR1 (PDB code: 6VIG) and IGF-1 (PDB code: 1IMX) were obtained from RCSB Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/), and three main compounds structure of Quercetin, Apigenin and Luteolin were obtained from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) to establish molecular docking model with Discovery Studio 4.5. The CDOCKER module of Dock Ligands in Discovery Studio 4.5 was used to do the docking. The kinetic method was used to randomly search the small molecule conformation, and then the simulated annealing method was used to optimize each conformation in the receptor active site region, so as to make the docking results more accurate. Animals At postnatal day (PND) 3, female Sprague-Dawley rats and their mothers were obtained from SPF Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, license no: SYXK (Beijing) 2016–0038). The rats were housed in the laboratory animal room and maintained at 24 ± 2°C, with 42 ± 5% humidity on a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on from 07:30 to 19:30) in a specific-pathogen-free animal room. The animals were supplied food and water ad libitum and acclimated for three days before the start of the experiments. All animal experiments were performed in strict compliance with Chinese guidelines, including the standards for Laboratory Animals (GB14925–2001), and the Guideline on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals (MOST 2006a). All animal procedures were approved by the Beijing Administration Office for Laboratory Animals. Animal Grouping and Drug Administration The animals were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, model group, positive control (leuprorelin) group, and FY group. At PND 5, the rats in the three experimental groups were given a single subcutaneous injection of 300 µg/25 µL danazol (ethylene glycol:ethanol = 1:1, v/v). The rats in the control group were given a subcutaneous injection of 25 µL of glycol/ethanol (; Ju et al., 2019). The rats in the positive control (leuprorelin) group were subcutaneously injected with 100 μg/kg leuprorelin. The rats in the FY group were given a solution formulated with dry ointment powder, by intragastric administration every day. The rats in the control and model groups were given the same amount of normal saline. The rats that exhibited vaginal opening were sacrificed at diestrus after a complete estrous cycle. The remaining rats were sacrificed at the same time point. All rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 2% pentobarbital sodium. Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta before sacrifice. Blood serum was separated by centrifugation (3,500 rpm, 20 min, 4°C) and preserved at −80°C for further analysis of serum hormone levels. Drug dosage: The Fy dose was calculated according to the clinical dosage administered to 6-year-old girls. According to the following formula:with dB representing the animal/human body weight dose, dA representing the known human/animal body weight dose, WA and WB representing known human and animal weights, respectively, and RA and RB representing known human/animal body shape coefficients, respectively. Every two days, the animals were weight, and the dose was recalculated. Serum Hormone Level Detection After anesthesia, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta, and the serum was centrifuged at 4°C and stored at −20°C until further analysis. The serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and E2 were measured using ELISA kits, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The ELISA kits, which employ a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique, were purchased from Cloud-Clone Corp (Wuhan, China). Retrospective Analysis of Cases Children with PP, treated with the FY at the outpatient department of our hospital from 2014 to 2020 were also evaluated. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) continuous use of the FY for 1 year; and 2) evaluation of sex hormone levels every 6 months. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) the presence of other endocrine diseases; 2) the presence of ovarian cysts. This retrospective study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University. Statistical Analysis All results were presented as the mean ± SD. Differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The data were further analyzed and plotted using the SPSS 19.0 software (IBM SPSS Software, New York, United States). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Formula Analysis of Fu-you Formula Prunella vulgaris L.and Carapax Trionycis act on the liver and relieves congestion, nourishes yin and clears heat; Gentiana scabra Bunge, Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl, Lycium chinense Mill, Alisma plantago-aquatica L, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC, which clear heat and removes dampness, nourishes yin, and cools the blood; Hordeum vulgare L, Concha oetreae and Thalluslaminariae act on the liver and relieves congestion, used as an adjuvant. All herbs combined act on the liver, clear congestion, nourish yin, and clear heat, can reduce the size of nodules in the breast, eliminate vaginal secretions, and dissipate scrofula, and reduce sputum production. The TCM composition are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 | Chinese name | Scientific name | Family | Lot No | Place of origin | Parts of plant used | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Xia Ku Cao | Prunella vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | 20201010 | Jiangsu, China | Dried erial parts | | Cu Bie Jia | Carapax Trionycis | Trionyxsinensis Wiegmann | 20201018 | Hubei, China | Carapace | | Long Dan | Gentiana scabra Bunge | Gentianaceae | 20200927 | Yunan, China | Dried roots and rhizomes | | Ju Hua | Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl | Compositae | 20201027 | Anhui, China | Capitulum | | Di Gu Pi | Lycium chinense Mill | Solanaceae | 20201105 | Hebei, China | Dried root bark | | Ze Xie | Alisma plantago-aquatica L | Alismataceae | 20201126 | Fujian, China | Dried tuber | | Xuan Shen | Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl | Scrophulariaceae | 20201019 | Zhejiang, China | Dried root tuber | | Mu Dan Pi | Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews | Paeoniaceae | 20201123 | Anhui, China | Dried root bark | | Sheng Di Huang | Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC | Plantaginaceae | 20201104 | Henan, China | Dried root tuber | | Mai Ya | Hordeum vulgare L | Triticum | 20201030 | Hebei, China | Dried ripe fruit | | Mu Li | Concha oetreae | Ostrea | 20200917 | Guangdong, China | Shell | | Kun Bu | Thalluslaminariae | Laminaria | 20200922 | Fujian, China | Dried lobes | Composition of the FY. Chemical Composition and Prediction Target Analysis Four hundred and thirteen chemical components were detected from 12 TCM in the FY. Furthermore, 37,468 predicted drug targets were obtained. The predicted target information and the characterization of each herb were derived from data on the TCM-component-targets, as shown in Table 2. Analysis of the common targets among the predicted targets, yielded a total of 4,741 predicted targets, among the 12 TCM. No common intersection targets were detected among the 12 TCM. 97 targets were detected between the two key herbs, which each had common targets with other herbs, as shown in Table 3. TABLE 2 | TCM | Number of components | Number of targets | |---|---|---| | Prunella vulgaris L. | 39 | 10,189 | | Carapax Trionycis | 16 | 374 | | Gentiana scabra Bunge | 45 | 1289 | | Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl | 101 | 11,384 | | Lycium chinense Mill | 22 | 1358 | | Alisma plantago-aquatica L | 26 | 795 | | Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl | 25 | 564 | | Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews | 36 | 9072 | | Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC | 49 | 1777 | | Hordeum vulgare L | 32 | 496 | | Concha oetreae | 10 | 56 | | Thalluslaminariae | 12 | 114 | Basic data on the components and targets of traditional Chinese medicines. TABLE 3 | TCM | Prunella vulgaris L. | Carapax Trionycis | Gentiana scabra Bunge | Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl | Lycium chinense Mill | Alisma plantago-aquatica L | Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl | Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews | Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC | Hordeum vulgare L | Concha oetreae | Thalluslaminariae | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Prunella vulgaris L. | — | 97 | 358 | 3975 | 417 | 262 | 168 | 3991 | 293 | 181 | 25 | 61 | | Carapax Trionycis | 97 | — | 48 | 95 | 58 | 37 | 30 | 88 | 43 | 41 | 7 | 16 | Number of common targets. Construction and Analysis of Compound-Target Network of Fu-you Formula After removing redundant targets, 4,741 targets obtained from 12 herbs intersected with 166 disease targets to obtain 79 mapped-genes. We then explored the predicted therapeutic targets of the FY, using multiple online databases as previously described. A network of potential targets of the compounds in the FY was then constructed using the Cytoscape software, as shown in Figure 1A. Based on the 1,224 core nodes obtained, 116 key candidate targets for the treatment of PP girls were screened out, 75 were direct targets and 41 were predicted targets. The degree values were determined for the top 10 hub genes, two of the most important targets are ESR1 and IGF1. After further analysis, there were 96 chemical components acting on 10 hub genes in the formula, and 42 chemical components acting on ESR1 and IGF1, which the five components most widely distributed in medicinal materials were Luteolin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Kaempferol and Emodin. The interaction relationships between targets were determined and a network map of the hub targets for the treatment of PP in girls was constructed (Figure 1B). FIGURE 1 Gene Oncology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Enrichment Analysis of Hub Targets for the Fu-you Formula in Precocious Puberty Based on the results of GO and KEGG pathway analyses, the enriched pathways were determined. A total of 2,462 hub genes were identified based on the GO analysis, which were associated with the target genes or proteins of cells (cellular component), molecular functions (function), or biological processes (in process). Gene function information is presented in Figure 1C. A total of 133 KEGG pathways were enriched, which were associated with key candidate targets. The top 20 pathways were sorted by P-value, as shown in Figure 1D. Construction and Analysis of the Multi-Layer Network Correlation Diagram of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Core Component-Hub Target-Main Pathways in the Treatment of PP With the Fu-you Formula The KEGG pathways of the top 30 key candidate targets, based on their P-values were selected to construct the multi-level network association diagram of the “traditional Chinese medicine-core component-key target-main pathways” for the FY in the treatment of PP in girls (Figure 1E). The P-values were used to sort 30 KEGG pathways, which included 10 hub genes. Phytochemical Characterization of Fu-you Formula To identify the main constituents of FY, we analyzed the FY using HPLC-MS/MS. Five compounds were recognized from FY as shown in Table 4. The standard solution and the sample solution were analyzed by the HPLC-MS/MS method upper to identify the five constituents of FY. Accroding to the chromatograms (Figure 2), the consistent chromatographic peaks of the five compounds could be recognized in standard solution and sample solution, including of Luteolin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Kaempferol and Emodin. Therefore, it is convincing that FY contains these five constituents. TABLE 4 | Analyte | Precursorion (m/z) | Production (m/z) | DP | EP | CE | CXP | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Luteolin | 284.8 | 132.8 | −150 | −2 | −40 | −40 | | Quercetin | 300.9 | 150.8 | −120 | −2 | −27 | −40 | | Apigenin | 269.0 | 116.8 | −150 | −2 | −40 | −40 | | Kaempferol | 284.9 | 93.0 | −180 | −2 | −40 | −40 | | Emodin | 268.9 | 224.8 | −150 | −2 | −36 | −40 | MRM transitions for identify of the target compounds. FIGURE 2 Molecular Docking To further validate the potential targets possessing good affinity to the ingredients, molecular docking was performed for 3 high content ingredients with the 2 high relevance degree proteins. The docking results of the 3 flavonoids with the target proteins ESR1 and IGF1 are shown in Table 5 and Figure 3. As shown in the results, all the active compounds have favorable binding energy (<0 Kcal/moL) with their relative potential target proteins, and 3 flavonoids interact with ESR1 more stronger, which adds chips to the reliability of the virtual screening results. TABLE 5 | Active compounds | Binding energy (Kcal/moL) | | |---|---|---| | IGF1 | ESR1 | | | Quercetin | −9.81275 | −41.9021 | | Apigenin | −16.8225 | −43.4102 | | Luteolin | −13.2934 | −40.1986 | Molecular docking results of target and active compounds. FIGURE 3 Serum Test Results Compared with the normal control group, E2, LH, and FSH levels in the model group were significantly increased (p < 0.01), indicating that the model of PP was successfully established. After treatment with the FY, the E2 and LH levels in rats with PP were significantly reduced compared with the model group (p < 0.01); and FSH levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), compared with the model group. However, in the leuprorelin group, only the LH levels showed a reduction (p < 0.05) (Figure 4A and Figure 4B). FIGURE 4 Retrospective Analysis of Cases Retrospective analysis showed that 575 children who met the inclusion criteria were included. It showed that E2, LH, and FSH levels were significantly reduced after 12 months treatments (p < 0.01). Significant differences were noted in E2 levels between groups (p < 0.01). The FSH levels were significantly lower at 12 months after treatment compared with 6 months after treatment (p < 0.05) (Figures 4C,D).

The results of the analysis of the common targets of the FY revealed a total of 97 targets for Prunella vulgaris L. and Carapax Trionycis, which had common targets with other drugs. These findings suggest that these herbs had close synergistic effects with the other herbs. The following herbs: Gentiana scabra Bunge, Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., Lycium chinense Mill, Alisma plantago-aquatica L, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC had a total of 51 targets. These findings indicate that these 7 herbs in the prescription also had synergistic effects. Furthermore, no common targets were detected for Hordeum vulgare L, Concha Etreae, and Thalluslaminariae, indicating that these 3 herbs are not key active ingredients in the formulation. Our previous study about data mining showed that the most frequently used herbs were Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC, Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, and Prunella Vulgaris L. Common medicinal were cold and bitter, mostly attributed to the liver and kidney. The core of the herbs based on Zhibai Dihuangwan, and there were 4 kinds of herbs with FY. At present, GnRHa is recommended to treat CPP, but not incompleteness precocious puberty in the relevant guidelines. The premature thelarche is the most common type of incomplete precocious puberty, 14–23% of which will develop to CPP (). So intervene as early as possible is the present clinical needs to solve the problem. Literature shows that Zhibai Dihuang Pill and Dabuyin Pill can treat precocious puberty (; ; ), but there is no indication for this in their instructions, so it belongs to off-label drug use. The above-mentioned number of common targets of each herb is consistent with compatibility principles of the formulation. We identified main chemical constituents of FY using HPLC-MS/MS and confirmed that the main constituents related to the key targets in FY are Quercetin, kaempferol, Luteolin, Apigenin and Emodin. Analysis of the formulation reveals that the core components are mainly flavonoids, as well as kaempferol and quercetin, which are all phytoestrogens. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that phytoestrogens can make two-way adjustments, as they are similar to endogenous estrogen in structure and function. When the level of estrogen in the body is lower than the normal level, it can play an estrogen-like role, which can prevent and cure women's menopausal syndrome, prostate cancer, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, when the level of estrogen in the body is higher than the normal level. such as breast hyperplasia, uterine fibroids and other diseases, it can produce estrogen antagonism and effectively weaken the response of target cells to estrogen (; ). Among the top 10 core targets selected, ESR1, IGF1 and other direct therapeutic targets are reportedly related to the onset and development of PP (; ; ), and are important targets in the treatment of PP. We further analyzed and clarified the core targets of biological function, gene function, and signal pathways. The results showed that the key components of the FY alone or combined were associated with transcription factor binding, transcription factor regulation, biological and cellular processes, such as GO or biological process-related gene/protein molecular function, and the estrogen signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. These pathways mediate hormones that act on target tissues to achieve endocrine regulation. The E2 hormone binds with ESR1 to form a hormone-receptor complex that activates the estrogen signaling pathway. The MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway regulate the secretion of GnRH, LH, and FSH, as well as metabolic processes associated with bones. In addition, the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF1) is the most important neuroendocrine factor associated with growth and development. Excessive IGF1 levels can inhibit GH secretion, and thereby inhibiting the growth of articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage, and retard growth in children (). Treatment with GnRH analogues, such as Leuproline, which act by downregulating pituitary GnRH receptors (), represent the standard of care for the treatment of CPP. The integrated pharmacological results suggest that the mechanism of the FY in the treatment of PP may include: competitive binding of E2 with ESR1and reduction in serum IGF1 concentrations. At the same time, animal experiments showed that the FY could reduce E2, LH, and FSH levels in rats with PP. Retrospective analysis of the medical records also showed that the FY could control the early symptoms of PP, and effectively inhibit E2 levels. The results of the animal experiments and retrospective analysis of medical records have confirmed the feasibility of studies of the mechanism of action of Chinese herbal compounds by integrative pharmacological methods. In addition, the complex key targets of the FY and predictions based on the KEGG pathway analysis results show that the treatment may have effects on ovarian steroidogenesis, prostate and breast cancer, and other signaling pathways. These results are consistent with our previous clinical studies, which have shown that the effects of complex mixtures in girls with PP and ovarian cysts may be a more favorable intervention. Mixtures such as the FY may diminish ovarian cysts, regulate character development, improve liver function and qi stagnation, alleviate yin deficiencies and heat symptoms, reduce levels of E2, and retard bone aging and maturation. The present findings also provide a novel basis for the clinical application, and further research and development of the FY. However, this study has some limitations that are worth mentioning. First, the reliability of the effects of FY against PP depends on database, so biological verification is necessary to evaluate the reliability of bioinformatics analysis in vitro, in vivo and in silico. Secondly, quantitative analysis of the synergistic effect of the main compounds should be investigated in the future.

In conclusion, we combined methods of big data discovery with biological validation to study the mechanism of actions of the FY in PP at the systemic level. We used the TCM-IP database for the treatment of PP and considered various components and molecular mechanisms in the preliminary analysis. We determined that the FY acts through multiple component interactions with targets. The mixture also exerts its effects through multiple pathways involved in the regulation of PP, and may thus play a role in treatment of the condition. Whether other pathways or mechanisms predicted in this network pharmacological approach also contribute to the beneficial effects of the FY requires further investigation. Statements Data availability statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Ethics statement The animal study was reviewed and approved by the animal experimental design and protocols of this study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee for Animal Experimentation of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM-4–2017090116–3016). Author contributions LZ and XW designed the experiments. CG and NS analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. YH helped to conduct the animal experiments. MZ and GB provided technical support. QW, QD, and JL helped to construct the illustrations and revised the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (grant no. 2018ZX09721003) and Beijing TCM Science and Technology Development Fund Project (grant no. QN-2020–26). Acknowledgments The authors thank Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine for their support. Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

1 CaiX.-Y.ZhanfZ.-J. (2020). Pharmacological Effects of Phytoestrogens and Research Progress of Related Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chin. Med. J. Res. Prac.34 (2), 75–78. 10.13728/j.1673-6427.2020.02.015 2 CarelJ.-C.EugsterE. A.RogolA.GhizzoniL.PalmertM. R. (2009). Consensus Statement on the Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs in Children. Pediatrics123 (4), e752–e762. 10.1542/peds.2008-1783 3 ChenM.ZhaoP.-W.ZhaoD.WuH.-B. (2017). Research Progress on Pharmacological Action of Phytoestrogens in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Jiangsu J. Traditional Chin. Med.49 (4), 82–85. 10.3969/j.issn.1672-397X.2017.04.032 4 Chinese Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism (CSPEM) (2015). Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty. Chin. J. Pediatr.53 (6), 412–418. 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2015.06.004 5 GfellerD.GrosdidierA.WirthM.DainaA.MichielinO.ZoeteV. (2014). SwissTargetPrediction: a Web Server for Target Prediction of Bioactive Small Molecules. Nucleic Acids Res.42 (W1), W32–W38. 10.1093/nar/gku293 6 HamoshA.ScottA. F.AmbergerJ. S.BocchiniC. A.McKusickV. A. (2004). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), a Knowledgebase of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders. Nucleic Acids Res.33 (Suppl. l_1), D514–D517. 10.1093/nar/gki033 7 HuangL.XieD.YuY.LiuH.ShiY.ShiT.et al (2018). TCMID 2.0: a Comprehensive Resource for TCM. Nucleic Acids Res.46 (D1), D1117–D1120. 10.1093/nar/gkx1028 8 JanetP.JuanM. R.JosepS.FrancescoR.EmilioG.FerranS.et al (2020). The DisGeNET Knowledge Platform for Disease Genomics: 2019 Update. Nucleic Acids Res.48 (D1), D845–D855. 10.1093/nar/gkz1021 9 LiuH.-L.LiuJ.LiuG.-Q. (2009). Clinical Research on 60 Cases of Girls with Central Precocious Puberty Treated with Fuyou Mixture. Beijing J. Traditional Chin. Med.28 (8), 588–589. 10.16025/j.1674-1307.2009.08.035 10 LiuJ.-P.WangH. (2018). Clinical Effect and Safety of Zhibai Dihuang Pill Combined with Dabuyin Pill in the Sexual Precocity of Girls. Chin. J. Hum. Sex.27 (1), 64–67. 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1993.2018.01.019 11 MorishitaH.TakemotoM.KondoH.HiguchiK.AonoT. (1993). Induction of True Precocious Puberty by Neonatal Treatment with Danazol in Female Rats. Neurosci. Lett.157 (1), 33–36. 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90636-y 12 PanY.-C.LiuJ.LiuH.-L. (2019). Clinical Observation on the Treatment of Girl Ovarian Cysts Complicated with Precocious Puberty with Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuyou Mixture. Beijing J. Traditional Chin. Med.38 (7), 700–703. 10.16025/j.1674-1307.2019.07.021 13 PathanM.KeerthikumarS.AngC.-S.GangodaL.QuekC. Y. J.WilliamsonN. A.et al (2015). FunRich: An Open Access Standalone Functional Enrichment and Interaction Network Analysis Tool. Proteomics15 (15), 2597–2601. 10.1002/pmic.201400515 14 RuJ.LiP.WangJ.ZhouW.LiB.HuangC.et al (2014). TCMSP: a Database of Systems Pharmacology for Drug Discovery from Herbal Medicines. J. Cheminform6 (1), 13. 10.1186/1758-2946-6-13 15 ShannonP.MarkielA.OzierO.BaligaN.-S.WangJ.-T.RamageD.et al (2003). Cytoscape: a Software Environment for Integrated Models of Biomolecular Interaction Networks. Genome Res.13 (11), 2498–2504. 10.1101/gr.1239303 16 ShermanB. T.LempickiR. A. (2009). Systematic and Integrative Analysis of Large Gene Lists Using DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Nat. Protoc.4 (1), 44. 10.1038/nprot.2008.211 17 SuH.-R.TangL.-L.YuanR.-F.ChenX.-X.WeiQ.-S.DengW.-M. (2017). A Kidney-tonifying Herbal Fufang Effects the Bone Mineral Density in Senile Osteoporosis Mice by GH/IGF-1 axis. J. Pract. Med.33 (15), 2459–2464. 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5725.2017.15.009 18 SzklarczykD.SantosA.von MeringC.JensenL. J.BorkP.KuhnM. (2016). STITCH 5: Augmenting Protein-Chemical Interaction Networks with Tissue and Affinity Data. Nucleic Acids Res.44 (D1), D380–D384. 10.1093/nar/gkv1277 19 WangW.-H.XiangN.DengY.-P.TangJ.-Q.ZhouY.-N.ZhouG.-W.et al (2016). Effect of Nourishing Yin and Shugan Prescription on Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal axis and Body Mass in Female Central Precocious Rats. Chin. J. Integrated Traditional West. Med. Intensive Crit. Care23 (1), 71–75. 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9691.2016.01.017 20 WangX.-J.LiP.-O.FengC.-Z. (2020). Ultrasound Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Zhibai Dihuang Pill Combined with Dabuyin Pill in the Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty in Girls. J. PEDIATRICS TCM.16 (3), 72–76. 10.16840/j.issn1673-4297.2020.03.21 21 WangY.-H.ZhaoX. (2019). Effect of Zhibai Dihuang Pills Combined with Diphereline in the Treatment of Childhood Precocious Puberty and Their Effect on Serum Hormone Levels. Med. J. Wuhan Univ.40 (3), 444–448. 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0973 22 WishartD. S.FeunangY. D.GuoA. C.LoE. J.MarcuA.GrantJ. R.et al (2018). DrugBank 5.0: a Major Update to the DrugBank Database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res.46 (D1), D1074–D1082. 10.1093/nar/gkx1037 23 WuY.ZhangF.YangK.FangS.BuD.LiH.et al (2019). SymMap: an Integrative Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Enhanced by Symptom Mapping. Nucleic Acids Res.47 (D1), D1110–D1117. 10.1093/nar/gky1021 24 XuH.-Y.ZhangY.-Q.LiuZ.-M.ChenT.LvC.-Y.TangS.-H.et al (2019). ETCM: an Encyclopaedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Nucleic Acids Res.47 (D1), D976–D982. 10.1093/nar/gky987 25 YanX.-N.TianG.-X.HeH.-R.LiuX.-M.ZhangJ.LvJ. (2019). CTD Database Architecture and Data Acquisition Query and Extraction Method. Chin. J. Evid. Based Cardiovasc. Med.11 (8), 905–909. 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2019.08.03 26 YangL.-Z.ZhaoM.-F. (2013). Effect of Zhizao Granules on Serum Levels of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 in Rats with Early Sexual Maturation. J. Changchun Univ. Traditional Chin. Med.29 (1), 15–17. 10.3969/j.issn.1007-4813.2013.01.007 27 YeJ.HanX.-M.LiY.-Q.YangL.-L.WuY.-M. (2011). Effect of Kangzao Granule on Sex Hormone Level in Female Precocious Rats. Lishizhen Med. Materia Med. Res.22 (3), 618–619. 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2011.03.045 28 ZhuS.-Y.DuM.-L.LinA.-H. (2008). An Analysis of Risk Factors for Premature Thelarche Converting into Complete Central Precocious Puberty. Chin. J. Pract. Pediatr.23 (3), 174–176. 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2224.2008.03.007 Summary

integrated pharmacology, precocious puberty, Chinese medicine, protein-protein interaction network, Fuyou formula Citation Guo C, Sun N, Hu K, Bai G, Zhang M, Wang Q, Ding Q, Liu J, Wang X and Zhao L (2021) Integrated Pharmacological Analysis on the Mechanism of Fuyou Formula in Treating Precocious Puberty. Front. Pharmacol. 12:649732. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.649732 Received 05 January 2021 Accepted 21 April 2021 Published 07 May 2021 Volume 12 - 2021 Edited by Yanqiong Zhang, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Reviewed by Chengliang Zhang, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Li Zhiling, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, China Updates Copyright © 2021 Guo, Sun, Hu, Bai, Zhang, Wang, Ding, Liu, Wang and Zhao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Xiaoling Wang, [email protected]; Libo Zhao, [email protected] This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.