Production, Characterization, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds

Production, Characterization, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Production, Characterization, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds Anh Van Nguyen, Khanh Kim Nguyen, Uyen Nguyen Thao Le, Anh Minh Tran, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7881609/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Momordica cochinchinensis protein concentrate (MCPC) was obtained from partially defatted M. cochinchinensis seeds through isoelectric precipitation and subsequent physical separation. The effects of various parameters in ultrasound-assisted extraction were investigated to optimize protein yield. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as pH 11, ultrasound amplitude of 25%, sonication time of 20 minutes, and a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:25. MCPC and partially defatted Gac flour (PDS) were analyzed for proximate composition, amino acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and functional properties, including protein solubility, water- and oil-binding capacities, emulsifying ability, foaming capacity and stability, and gelation behavior. The results showed that MCPC contained more than 81% protein, comprising both essential and non-essential amino acids, with glutamic acid (4.47 g/100 g) and aspartic acid (2.28 g/100 g) as the predominant residues. MCPC also exhibited moderate yet significant antioxidant activity compared with commonly studied plant proteins. Comprehensive characterization of the defatted seed and its protein concentrate revealed distinct modifications in physicochemical and functional attributes following protein isolation, underscoring the potential of MCPC as a high-quality plant-based protein source for food applications. Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Biotechnology Physical sciences/Chemistry Biological sciences/Plant sciences Momordica Cochinchinesis seed protein concentrate Ultrasound-assisted extraction Functional Properties Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SI.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 22 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7881609","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":554227824,"identity":"e0aaf4ce-5ea5-48cb-9d1e-f6391acf8833","order_by":0,"name":"Anh Van Nguyen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anh","middleName":"Van","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""},{"id":554227825,"identity":"a521f82a-868d-44cb-9bd9-a2cb7c61b25a","order_by":1,"name":"Khanh Kim Nguyen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khanh","middleName":"Kim","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""},{"id":554227826,"identity":"49dad88b-add5-43ac-9e5f-6f7a652fa7f4","order_by":2,"name":"Uyen Nguyen Thao Le","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uyen","middleName":"Nguyen Thao","lastName":"Le","suffix":""},{"id":554227827,"identity":"e782b56b-2286-43e2-adea-c820a10a8479","order_by":3,"name":"Anh Minh Tran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anh","middleName":"Minh","lastName":"Tran","suffix":""},{"id":554227828,"identity":"d16fb658-beda-489d-8152-5dec5f439995","order_by":4,"name":"Binh Cong Nguyen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Binh","middleName":"Cong","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""},{"id":554227829,"identity":"fadd787c-d1ca-4394-8ad3-80660dedf280","order_by":5,"name":"Hoai Thi Ngoc Nguyen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hoai","middleName":"Thi Ngoc","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""},{"id":554227830,"identity":"54f2f41b-e038-45c0-b006-1b67551f53b2","order_by":6,"name":"Anh Thi Ngoc Vu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNoYEGOMDAzOYJYFfBzNCC+OMBGYJ4rTArGPmIUaLwY38Yw8e7qiV428/e+yx7Q/rOoMDzAdv8zAczsOtJZndIPHMcWOJM3npxjkJ6RIGB9iSrYFainFpkZyRzCaR2HYscQNDjpl0TsJhoBYeM2kehrTEBoJa+N+YSVuAtfB/w6uFXwKspSZxgwTQFgaILWxALTa4tfA8NgNqOWAsceONmWRPWrrkzMNsxpZzDHBrYWNPfCb5s61Ojr8/x0zih401P9/x5oc33lRI4NQCBYeR2OAEYIBfPRDUEVQxCkbBKBgFIxgAAJ6STeN2/ILWAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ton Duc Thang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anh","middleName":"Thi Ngoc","lastName":"Vu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-17 01:38:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7881609/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7881609/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1","type":"published","date":"2026-03-30T15:59:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97346676,"identity":"adbf205b-43f4-4fe6-a29a-9ecefa743adf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":959142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/b705a5d36cb425de7268ca53.docx"},{"id":97346675,"identity":"f3224b52-6bb2-4ae4-a07e-746ab9e37c59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"4290176eeeb64848893bfd4653c300fb.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/cde967205fbc0acce829c274.json"},{"id":97370600,"identity":"a60a3485-1be4-4954-81d2-4c7783dda348","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:27:39","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":645223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SI.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/596db867280c7e970d86f5ec.docx"},{"id":97346677,"identity":"57f2d55f-0d15-46de-8329-9f902c6f69f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":129947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"4290176eeeb64848893bfd4653c300fb1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/96a4e32aa4cbe3c3c53b1a28.xml"},{"id":97370817,"identity":"cd0a1b4e-7c9a-4157-b448-f3d27962e805","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:27:58","extension":"eps","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":200613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage4.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/ef084ce708cfb45cdd4c3b96.eps"},{"id":97371394,"identity":"894f54d8-943b-4106-be8b-31398d779314","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:28:51","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/afedbae4c1ce8db5c06680dd.png"},{"id":97346679,"identity":"e7f23153-d47c-4974-82bf-262c0e03a619","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57871,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/aa628021f424ebf0fb672997.png"},{"id":97369890,"identity":"934eeda6-ad81-4afc-bd4e-72dae0485644","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:26:01","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/1365965d2422f2621aac3905.png"},{"id":97346691,"identity":"c1afac0c-9371-4ace-82bd-bc8b8ada77fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60653,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/26568e90b89d956014239f6a.png"},{"id":97346688,"identity":"15a66cf2-e9f7-42a1-8284-7d07669a345b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":318631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/edd26e65e9f4a04f8d2643b5.png"},{"id":97346692,"identity":"bd15bfbd-91e1-45fb-bb47-3613f795361a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":531624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/b52185b6af4e04a65d2214df.jpeg"},{"id":97346681,"identity":"17d96f21-1db8-4040-9920-9962cdd6cd6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14830,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/10cae7fd7627f2e8fcb49c0d.png"},{"id":97371471,"identity":"5aff35c5-a034-4f1b-b556-07c40ceb3186","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:29:01","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17163,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/df048889c878c0373ac593db.png"},{"id":97346694,"identity":"a81d3e0b-5cf6-46a7-9d7b-b2238ea0abd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/2eff2d7deb49a3f911c02484.png"},{"id":97370393,"identity":"01afea41-7f9d-4229-a85a-de99bb2508bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:27:15","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/5bb5b08ac6dce109ce014049.png"},{"id":97346686,"identity":"dafef85b-ac8a-4e66-aa55-a1fcd86a16f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/30affb65d59f6c4155356bd3.png"},{"id":97346695,"identity":"269494c5-8eb7-40da-98f7-df59c8721ee7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:45","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131780,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/bad6834619482591e4ece4b1.png"},{"id":97370756,"identity":"28c47445-f1fb-418d-8522-c9628da76597","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:27:53","extension":"xml","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":128103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"4290176eeeb64848893bfd4653c300fb1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/c0020858ddfc6cdd6e0a4e89.xml"},{"id":97369931,"identity":"0895a337-190c-4a01-8efb-98538a5dcc52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:26:06","extension":"html","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/7a4b53fadc91644003dc99c9.html"},{"id":106343670,"identity":"881855e0-e360-43f4-bf6e-4c86d44d1d42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 16:08:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":795135,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1_covered_d801e623-9f4f-4699-adbc-174aa20b4a03.pdf"},{"id":97346684,"identity":"4ccae2d8-d087-4d0e-8e2b-c6ad483d749e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:49:44","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":645223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SI.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7881609/v1/625d450dcf62b305399a00fc.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Production, Characterization, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Momordica Cochinchinesis seed, protein concentrate, Ultrasound-assisted extraction, Functional Properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7881609/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7881609/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMomordica cochinchinensis\u003c/em\u003e protein concentrate (MCPC) was obtained from partially defatted \u003cem\u003eM. cochinchinensis\u003c/em\u003e seeds through isoelectric precipitation and subsequent physical separation. The effects of various parameters in ultrasound-assisted extraction were investigated to optimize protein yield. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as pH 11, ultrasound amplitude of 25%, sonication time of 20 minutes, and a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:25. MCPC and partially defatted Gac flour (PDS) were analyzed for proximate composition, amino acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and functional properties, including protein solubility, water- and oil-binding capacities, emulsifying ability, foaming capacity and stability, and gelation behavior. The results showed that MCPC contained more than 81% protein, comprising both essential and non-essential amino acids, with glutamic acid (4.47 g/100 g) and aspartic acid (2.28 g/100 g) as the predominant residues. MCPC also exhibited moderate yet significant antioxidant activity compared with commonly studied plant proteins. Comprehensive characterization of the defatted seed and its protein concentrate revealed distinct modifications in physicochemical and functional attributes following protein isolation, underscoring the potential of MCPC as a high-quality plant-based protein source for food applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Production, Characterization, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-03 11:49:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7881609/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-22T19:20:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T18:26:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-14T21:24:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"155505919261541597247941652674499886867","date":"2025-12-06T19:52:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"244464668135099839529218598580613432202","date":"2025-12-06T02:27:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T11:19:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"165365929873735260380808654205893444127","date":"2025-12-02T17:37:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240956833346178342894451681265828779041","date":"2025-12-01T07:31:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"201504035492913642485232131169169952423","date":"2025-12-01T04:32:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T21:46:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T07:06:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T19:35:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T01:20:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-19T01:17:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5b895eee-1c33-4cca-bb35-bd9c422ee084","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":58980626,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":58980627,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":58980628,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":58980629,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":58980630,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T16:03:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7881609","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-30 15:59:03","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 30th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-03 11:49:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7881609","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7881609","identity":"rs-7881609","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}