Factors Affecting Consumers’ Preference for Private Electric Vehicles in Bangladesh: Policy Implications for Adoption

Factors Affecting Consumers’ Preference for Private Electric Vehicles in Bangladesh: Policy Implications for Adoption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Factors Affecting Consumers’ Preference for Private Electric Vehicles in Bangladesh: Policy Implications for Adoption Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath, Alak Paul, Trait Kumar Baul This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706474/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In order to reduce emissions from the transport sector, the government of Bangladesh aims to accelerate the pace of electric vehicles (EVs) adoption. However, research on consumer perceptions of EVs in the country is limited. This study examined the factors that encourage or discourage consumers from adopting private EVs. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was distributed across the country employing purposive sampling, and 427 responses were obtained. Descriptive statistics were computed, and binary regressions were performed to understand the relationship between respondents' characteristics, factors, and adoption of EVs. For more than 80% of respondents, EVs are energy efficient, environmentally friendly, reduce the usage of fossil fuels, stylish, and elegant. About 90% of respondents cited several discouraging factors, including a lack of sufficient service stations and mechanics, a limited driving range, a higher purchase price, and a low resale value. Approximately 60% of respondents are inclined to buy an EV as their next car. Nevertheless, the probability of them embracing an EV was significantly associated with a higher income and a more comprehensive understanding of EVs. These findings could potentially support pertinent authorities in their efforts to accelerate the adoption of EVs. To be more precise, authorities give precedence to the encouragement of EVs purchase through the provision of incentives such as road tax and registration fee reductions. Furthermore, it is essential that authorities allocate resources towards the development of EV-friendly infrastructure, including charging and service stations, while concurrently augmenting public consciousness and understanding of EVs. Electric vehicles Consumer preferences Climate change Charging infrastructure Bangladesh 1. Introduction The transportation sector accounted for approximately one-quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion (United Nations, 2021 ). The CO 2 emissions in the transport sector are about 23% with passenger automobiles constituting a substantial percentage of these emissions (Jung et al., 2021 ; United Nations, 2021 ). To address the excessive reliance on traditional energy sources and mitigate GHG emissions, major economies have implemented comprehensive policies aimed at electrifying transportation (IEA, 2023 ). Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in advancing these policies. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them an essential tool for achieving the zero GHG goal (Energy, 2022 ). Additionally, EVs are more energy efficient than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, produce zero noise pollution, and can be integrated with renewable energy sources to reduce the usage of conventional energy sources (Energy, 2022 ). Electrical vehicles with their zero-level carbon emissions during use, low energy consumption, and relatively simple and mature technology have elevated to a leadership role in setting the future course of the auto industry (Chan and Chau, 1997 ; Sanguesa et al., 2021 ). In recent years, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have become more prominent in the field of sustainable transportation (Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ). Many countries have established long-term plans with ambitious goals to diffuse EVs in their automobile markets (Jung et al., 2021 ). The EVs market share has grown from 4% in 2020 to over 14% in 2022, and over 2.3 million EVs were sold worldwide in the first quarter of 2023 alone, marking a 23% increase compared to the same period in 2022 (IEA, 2022 ). However, this growth is observed mostly in China, Europe, and in the United States (IEA, 2023 ). Nonetheless, the market share of EVs in emerging economies is still limited due to high upfront cost, lower driving range, and lack of awareness about EV technology, lower disposable income of consumers, and poor charging infrastructure (Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ; Vidhi and Shrivastava, 2018 ). The rapid growth of Bangladesh's population and its increasing purchasing power, together with the government's environmental concerns, are currently driving and improving the potential for EVs adoption throughout the country (Palit et al., 2022 ).While the current number of EVs in Bangladesh is relatively low, Integrated Energy and Power Masterplan 2023 focuses on a paradigm shift, envisioning that by 2050, 40% of private cars and 10% of buses and trucks will be EVs (Shitu, 2023 ). In order to achieve widespread adoption of EVs, it is crucial to enhance our comprehension of consumers' preferences and motivations, thereby encouraging them to purchase EVs (Jung et al., 2021 ). However, consumers perceptions and behavior, which are shaped by socio-demographic, economic, and environmental factors have a significant impact on the adoption decision towards EVs (Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ; Ghasri et al., 2019 ). Hence, it is imperative to comprehend the key factors that have a substantial impact on the purchasing decisions of private EVs by Bangladeshi consumers. Extensive research has been conducted on the preferences, attitudes, and motivations behind the adoption of EVs in advanced economies such as Europe, the United States, Australia, India, Korea, and China. While these studies have revealed significant socio-economic and behavioral elements that are relevant to the adoption of EVs, it is crucial to also consider the country specific contextual factors (e.g., environmental and economic) in developing countries like Bangladesh that could influence the adoption of EVs. Research on consumer behavior and perceptions towards EVs in the context of Bangladesh is limited. Studies conducted in this context are sparse and mainly focus on environmental impact, transportation use, energy sources, travel characteristics, the impact of EVs on electric utility and solar charging station designs. By analyzing expert survey datasets and relevant literature, Palit et al. ( 2022 ) reported that vehicle performance and reliability, sufficient power and charging infrastructure, environmental consciousness, and government policies are the most influential factors for EVs adoption. By following the similar research approach, Limon et al. ( 2023 ) explored the factors or drivers for the growth of hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) adoption and reported that the "no requirement for a charging station" is the most crucial driver for expanding HEV adoption, followed by “incentivizing consumers through policy measures” and “enhanced fuel efficiency” as the top three drivers. Nonetheless, at consumers level, there is a lack of study on their perceptions towards adoption of EVs in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed at to identify the factors that encourage or discourage consumers to adopt private EVs in Bangladesh. We also explored the association between these factors, and socio-demographic and environmental knowledge of consumers. The next section of this paper is a literature review focusing on consumer perceptions and behavior on the adoption of EVs followed by the methods, results and discussion, and limitations of this study. The final section is conclusions with policy implications. 2. Literature review This section summarizes the related literature on consumer perceptions and behavior towards EVs. It discusses consumer perception, behavior, choices, and preferences of EVs in different geographical contexts. Additionally, it discusses different approaches used in the related literature. 2.1 Studies on consumer perception and behavior Evaluation of consumers' perception and behavior towards EVs represents a dynamic area of literature due to the cognitive and intellectual development of individuals resulting from changes in perceived knowledge. Although the subject is relatively new, substantial research has been done in recent years to address research gaps and explore new opportunities. Several literature reviews have well evaluated the existing body of research and highlighted potential future works and study areas (Kumar and Alok, 2020 ; Rezvani et al., 2015 ; Singh et al., 2020) In 2012, Egbue and Long ( 2012 ) conducted a survey to explore the potential socio-technical barriers to consumer adoption of EVs in the USA. Their findings suggest that consumer acceptance is the key to commercial success of EVs. Additionally, individuals with higher sustainability awareness are likely to adopt EVs sooner, while uncertainties associated with battery technology. A study conducted by Mekky and Collins ( 2024 ) analyzing data from 2012 to 2020 shows that in the USA, improvements in environmental policies have a greater impact on EVs adoption than financial policies and infrastructure improvements. For German users, the perceived compatibility of an EV with personal needs is highly influential, while the performance of EVs is deemed less important for purchasing an EV (Peters and Dütschke, 2014 ). In 2015, early adopters of EVs in the UK expressed their dissatisfaction with high purchase cost and low maximum range, while purchase cost, performance/power, maximum range, positive environmental effect, and the vehicle being fully electric are key attributes for potential EV adopters (Mandys, 2021 ). In contrast, Morton et al. ( 2016 ) show that in the UK, individuals' tendency to adopt new innovations and their attitude towards EVs in terms of functionality have a significant impact on their preferences for EVs. In Norway, analysis of sales data suggested that charging infrastructure and regional income had the greatest power for the growth of BEV sales (Mersky et al., 2016 ). Junquera et al. ( 2016 ) conducted a survey in Spain in 2016, whose results indicate that the higher purchase price and longer charging time led to lower consumer’s willingness to adopt EVs. Battery technology, range, and price are among the major limitations of EV market penetration. Whereas in New South Wales, Australia, women have a higher probability of adopting an EV compared to men (Ghasri et al., 2019 ). Recently, some developing countries have started to study the behavior of consumers and their perception towards EVs adoption. In China, consumers prefer EVs with better performance, lower pollution emissions, and a lower price (Huang and Qian, 2018 ; Nie et al., 2018 ; Xiong et al., 2023 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ). Residents of Shanghai expressed that an excessively long driving range may not be necessary, but fast charging technology is extremely essential for promoting EVs (Nie et al., 2018 ). Similar preferences are identified by Xiong et al. ( 2023 ), additionally indicating a preference for more chargers instead of longer range. In India, EVs preference inclines toward lower purchase price, higher driving range, lower operating cost, fast charging time and infrastructure development (Bansal et al., 2021 ; Chidambaram et al., 2023 ; Kautish et al., 2024 ). In the perspective of attitude, Indian consumers with greater knowledge, personal motives and greater environmental awareness are more likely to purchase EVs (Bansal et al., 2021 ; Kautish et al., 2024 ). A study conducted in Malaysia by Asadi et al. ( 2021 ) yielded similar results. Table 1 summarizes some of the major studies conducted in different geographical contexts and their outcomes. In case of BEVs adoption, the main factors include a strong affinity for technology, government incentives, the overall positive environmental benefits, environmentally friendly attitudes, familiarity, and past experience with BEVs, and social norms (Wicki et al., 2023 ). In contrast, factors that could negatively impact BEV acceptance include limited motor power, shorter driving range, higher purchase and operational costs, long charging time, limited car models, or insufficient charging infrastructure (Wicki et al., 2023 ). Concerning the preference of charging infrastructure, a review by Hardman et al. ( 2018 ) concludes that home charging is the most important piece of infrastructure in convincing consumers to purchase an EV, followed by workplace charging and public charging stations at the least frequently used locations. 3. Methods 3.1 Study design and setting We adopted a cross-sectional design to identify factors that affect consumer preference for adopting EVs in Bangladesh. For quantitative data collection, we drafted a structured questionnaire based on related literature (Bansal et al., 2021 ; Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ; Chidambaram et al., 2023 ; Ghasri et al., 2019 ; Jung et al., 2021 ; Nie et al., 2018 ). Five experts reviewed the draft questionnaire. Experts commented that questions and responses were sufficient to achieve research objectives. Then it was pre-tested with 15 respondents. Based on experts’ comments and feedback from the pre-test, we rephrased some questions. The final questionnaire consisted of five sections: characteristics of respondents, car ownership and knowledge about EVs, encouraging factors to purchase EVs, discouraging factors that deter purchase of an EV, and likely to buy an EV as next vehicle (Supplementary Table 1). We used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = fairly agree, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree) to identify factors that encourage or discourage respondents to purchase an EV. To understand respondents’ knowledge about EVs, a 5-point Likert scale was used (1 = Never heard; 2 = Have heard, but no knowledge; 3 = Have little knowledge; 4 = Have a fair amount for knowledge; 5 = Know all about EVs). Likely to buy an EV as the next vehicle was assessed by using 3-point scale (not likely, maybe, sure) The questionnaire was prepared in English. Table 1 Studies investigating factors and adoption of EVs. Author(s)/ (year) Country Research purpose Method Outcome Egbue and Long, ( 2012 ) USA Identifies socio-technical barriers to consumer EV adoption and examines if sustainability concerns affect EV purchase decisions Likert scale survey, university groups (481 respondents) • Individuals with high sustainability awareness are likely to adopt EV technology sooner. • Technology minded group is more likely to rank technical over financial problems. • Incentives may have little effect on EV market penetration if consumers have low confidence in EV technology. Mandys ( 2021 ) UK Identifies contemporary information to support and speed up the EV adoption by analyzing the attitude of early EV adopters. Stated preferences survey (1347 datasets) • Potential early EV adopters put significant importance on vehicles having positive environmental impact. • Two key barriers are high purchase cost and low vehicle range. • EV consideration increases with education, while lack of knowledge acts as a barrier for potential buyers. Nie et al. ( 2018 ) China, Shanghai Examines the attitudes of Shanghai residents towards EVs and to investigate how Shanghai consumers value various vehicle attributes. Stated choice survey • Preferred EV attributes are longer range, shorter charging time, faster maximum speed, lower pollution emissions, lower fuel cost, and lower price. • Overlong driving range is not a must. • Fast charging is extremely essential and needs serious improvement when promoting EVs. Jung et al. (2018) Jung et al. ( 2021 ) South Korea Analyzes empirically the factors related to the consumers’ attitudes toward environmental issues and vehicle attributes that significantly affect the EV preferences in South Korea. Stated preference survey (1251 respondents) • EV penetration rate positively affects the EV preference. • Diverse EV types and brands, purchase subsidies, sufficient charging facilities are necessary to improve consumer attitudes toward EVs Ghasri et al. ( 2019 ) Australia, NSW Investigates the main determinants in consumers decision of purchasing EVs with a focus on perceived advantages in the Australian market context. Stated choice survey (1076 respondents) • Purchase price has the highest impact on the probability of buying EV. • Consumers value incentives on the purchase price more than incentives on operating costs. • Those who see higher advantages in EVs’ design, are willing to pay more for it. Asadi et al.(2021) Malaysia Identifies the influencing factors on consumers’ intention to use EVs in Malaysia. Non-probability sampling procedure, potential consumers survey (177 datasets) • Perceived value, attitude, responsibility attribution, subjective norms, personal norms, perceived consumer effectiveness, and awareness positively influenced consumers' intention to purchase EVs. Bansal et al. ( 2021 ) India Analyses EV attributes, attitudinal factors and estimates consumers' willingness to pay to buy EV in India. Nationwide stated preference survey (1021 respondents) • Purchase price, driving range, operating cost, and fast charging time are determinant factors for buying EV. • Consumers are willing to pay an additional US $ 10–700 per attribute unit to obtain improved EV performance. Buhmann and Criado ( 2023 ) Spain Provides insight into motivational reasons for consumers’ preferences for EVs assuming equal and different prices between EVs and traditional vehicles. Likert scale survey (2198 respondents) • Education, income, parenthood, urban residence, and vehicle ownership positively influence EV preference. • Reputation driven consumers prefer EVs only when the purchase price is more expensive than traditional vehicles. Chidambaram et al. ( 2023 ) India Determines the influence of barriers on potential users of EV, and sheds light on different measures to mitigate barriers and bridge gaps in developing countries. Consumer perception survey • Lack of supportive infrastructure, high purchase/operation costs, and performance characteristics of EVs are major barriers. • Government subsidy schemes and incentives on infrastructural and operational costs should be used more to promote EV growth. Mpoi et al. ( 2023 ) Greece Analyzes the factors that influence the consumer intention to purchase and willingness to pay extra for an EV. Questionnaire (333 respondents) • Financial incentives significantly increase the willingness to purchase an EV. • Travel, environmental awareness, EV characteristics and infrastructure affect the intention to purchase EVs. 3.2 Data collection technique We created a Google form, and a link to the form was shared through WhatsApp, Messenger, and e-mail. In order to select the respondents, we employed the purposive sampling technique. With this non-random technique, researchers identify people who can and are willing to provide the information based on their knowledge or experience, and they do not require underlying hypotheses or a specific number of respondents (Bernard, 2002 ; Etikan et al., 2016 ). Respondents were Bangladeshi aged 18 years and older and working as full-time or part-time employees, doing business, or self-employed professionals such as lawyers and medical doctors. This study focused on individuals who had a consistent source of income, as it was presumed that they would have the financial means to purchase an EV and participate in this study. We sent the online link to 715 potential respondents and received 427 responses, for a response rate of 60 percent from January to February 2024. 3.3 Ethical considerations The ethical review committee of Faculty of Science and Engineering at the University of Nottingham Malaysia approved this study (Reference number TKN120124). Participation in this study was voluntary and anonymous, and respondents could withdraw from the survey at any time. Respondents’ informed consent was obtained electronically through the online form prior to beginning the survey. 3.4 Statistical analysis We estimated descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and percentage) of responses. We ran binary logistic regressions to evaluate the relationship between the explanatory variables and outcome measures (dependent variables). We examined two outcome measures (encouraging and discouraging factors with respect to purchasing a private EV) by using gender, age, education, occupation, income, car ownership, EV ownership, and knowledge about EVs as explanatory variables. We assessed the dependent variable based on respondents’ agreement on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = fairly agree, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree). We stratified their responses into a binary scale as “0/no” for strongly disagree and disagree, and “1/yes” for fairly agree to strongly agree responses (Hafner et al., 2019 ). In case of “likely to buy an EV as the next vehicle”, we coded “0/no” for not likely and “1/yes” for maybe and sure. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to assess the strength of the association, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference. We used the Chi-square test to check the models’ fitness. The significance value of less than 0.05 indicates that the current model outperforms the null model. In all models, a significant Chi-square value indicates that the fitted model is better than the null model. 4. Results 4.1. Respondents’ characteristics The respondents were individuals who earned income and were believed to have the financial means to purchase an EV. The number of female respondents (n = 115, 27%) was smaller than the number of male respondents (n = 312, 77%) (Table 2 ). This aligns with the proportion of women to men actively engaged in the workforce in Bangladesh, as reported by the (World Bank, 2024 ). Approximately 79% of the respondents fell within the age range of 31 to 60 years, suggesting that they are in the prime of their professional careers. Over 90% of them have obtained a university-level education, indicating that they possess ample information regarding environmental matters. In terms of employment, over half of them were employed on a full-time basis. Additionally, 39% of the respondents indicated that their monthly salary was within the range of Bangladesh Taka 51,000 to 100,000. Table 2 Characteristics of respondents and their awareness of environmental problems. Variable n (%) Gender Men 312 (73) Women 115 (27) Age (years) 18–30 68 (16) 31–45 176 (41) 46–60 161 (38) > 61 22 (5) Education Up to higher secondary 26 (6) Diploma/undergraduate 120 (28) Postgraduate 281 (66) Occupation Full-time job 235 (55) Part-time job 37 (9) Business 75 (17) Self-employed (lawyers, doctors, etc.) 80 (19) Monthly family income (Bangladesh Taka 110 = 1USD) Up to 50,000 145 (34) 51,000-100,000 168 (39) 101,000–150,000 64 (15) 151,000–200,000 25 (6) > 201,000 25 (6) 4.2. Private car ownership, knowledge and willingness to buy EVs A mere 40% of the participants possessed either one or two cars, as indicated in Table 3 . According to a report, the share of private passenger cars is about 7.38% of the total registered vehicles in Bangladesh (Rahman, n.d.). Another report stated that the car ownership rate in Bangladesh is estimated to be between 10% and 15% of the population (“Car Culture: Bangladesh,” 2020). Just 11% of the respondents said that they owned an EV, and over 70% of the respondents admitted to having little to moderate understanding about EVs. Notably, 53% of the survey respondents indicated that they may purchase an EV as their future car. 4.3. Assessment of respondents’ perceptions on factors encouraging or discouraging an EV We regrouped the 5-point Likert scale into two categories, "disagree = scale 1–2 " and "agree = scale 3–5," to make it easier to grasp the respondents' perceptions of the factors encouraging or discouraging an EV. The results are shown in supplementary Fig. 1. More than 90% of respondents cited EVs' reduced dependency on fossil fuels, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness as the principal encouraging factors. Over 80 percent of them said that EVs were more elegant and stylish, required less maintenance, and were more durable than conventional cars. On the government's support of EV purchases, respondents' opinions were split. The respondents indicated a number of factors that could deter them from purchasing an EV. A significant determinant is the scarcity of service stations and proficient technicians (as agreed upon by 94% of the respondents). This is closely followed by constraints on driving range and charging duration (91%), and the unsuitability of the country's present electricity for seamless charging (90%). The low resale value of EVs (89%) and their higher price compared to conventional automobiles (87%), are additional causes for concern. Table 3 Private car ownership and knowledge on electric vehicles Variable n (%) No. of car own None 258 (60) 01 147 (35) 02 22 (5) EV ownership No 381 (89) Yes 46 (11) Level of knowledge about EVs Never heard 16 (4) Heard, but no knowledge 86 (20) Have little knowledge 211 (49) Have a fair amount of knowledge 101 (24) Know all about EVs 13 (3) Likely to buy an EV as the next vehicle Not likely 176 (41) Maybe 228 (53) Sure 23 (6) 4.4. Association between respondents' characteristics and factors that encourage them to buy of an electric vehicle Table 4 indicates that females had a significantly greater likelihood of EVs being considered prestigious (OR 2.49, p < 0.01) and fashionable and elegant (OR 2.48, p < 0.01) compared to males. Nevertheless, they exhibited a 54% reduction in the likelihood of having reduced operating costs for EVs (OR 0.46, p < 0.01), and they displayed a 41% decrease in the likelihood of purchasing an EV (OR 0.59, p < 0.05) as their next personal car. When compared to younger respondents (aged 18–30 year), older respondents (aged 46–60 year with OR 0.49, p < 0.05, and above 60 year with OR 0.30, p < 0.05) indicated a reduced likelihood of having awareness regarding government subsidies or incentives for purchasing an EV. Nevertheless, the respondents who were over 61 years old were significantly more inclined to purchase an EV compared to the youngest respondents, with an odds ratio of 6.38 and a p-value of less than 0.01. Higher education beyond the secondary level demonstrated a noteworthy and favorable association with many factors of EVs. The notable associations include the durability of EVs (undergraduate: OR 5.66, p < 0.01), lower operating costs (undergraduate: OR 3.01, p < 0.05; postgraduate: OR 2.80, p < 0.05), the fight against climate change (undergraduate: OR 17.16, p < 0.01; postgraduate: OR 19.49, p < 0.01), energy efficiency (undergraduate: OR 8.20, p < 0.01; postgraduate: OR 4.98, p < 0.01), reduced usage of fossil fuels (undergraduate: OR 31.62, p < 0.01; postgraduate: OR 24.70, p < 0.01), and quieter operation (undergraduate: OR 11.45, p < 0.01; postgraduate: OR 5.94, p < 0.01). Table 4 Association between respondents' characteristics and factors that encourage them to buy an electric vehicle. Variable Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval EVs are prestigious EVs are stylish and elegant EVs are durable Lower operating cost Battle climate change Energy efficiency Reduced fossil fuel Operate more quietly Government incentives or subsidies Likely to buy an EV Gender Male (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Female 2.49** 2.48** 1.49 0.46** 1.00 0.46 0.84 1.67 1.27 0.59* Age (year) 18–30 (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 31–45 1.97 1.96 1.32 1.84 1.12 0.69 0.29 0.66 0.92 0.69 46–60 2.01 2.31 1.86 1.14 1.56 0.73 0.85 1.17 0.49* 1.37 > 61 0.85 0.85 0.76 0.61 0.53 0.38 0.54 0.59 0.30* 6.38** Education Up to higher secondary (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Diploma/undergraduate 1.85 1.84 5.66** 3.01* 17.16** 8.20** 31.62** 11.45** 1.30 0.31 Postgraduate 1.49 1.49 2.47 2.80* 19.49** 4.98** 24.70** 5.94** 1.33 0.47 Occupation Full-time job (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Part-time job 0.61 0.61 0.52 0.78 0.73 0.33* 0.37 0.23** 0.98 1.07 Business 2.05 2.04 8.90** 1.13 7.71** 2.30 7.36* 2.48 1.48 0.59 Self-employed (lawyers, doctors, etc.) 3.00* 3.00* 2.12 0.91 3.57 1.41 2.74 0.97 0.79 0.47** Monthly family income (Taka) Up to 50,000 (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 51,000-100,000 0.63 0.63 0.99 1.48 0.85 0.94 0.60 1.05 1.45 1.43 101,000–150,000 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.82 0.62 1.17 0.40 0.81 2.11* 2.48** 151,000–200,000 3.14 3.14 0.39 1.26 1.67 1.87 8.38 1.72 2.14 11.23** > 201,000 0.41 0.40 0.31 0.79 2.85 1.03 15.12 0.21* 1.63 2.30 Car ownership No (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.73 0.66 0.90 2.34 0.76 0.92 0.96 EV ownership No (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 0.33** 0.32** 0.39 1.89 1.24** 1.68 2.14** 1.64 1.11 1.72 Knowledge about EVs Never heard (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Heard, but no knowledge 3.99* 3.98* 4.31* 5.56** 8.70** 6.61** 15.17** 3.86 0.53 3.97* Have little knowledge 6.08** 6.08** 8.27** 4.17** 11.37** 9.57** 17.15** 3.65 1.43 3.59* Have a fair amount of knowledge 15.39** 15.39** 10.56** 6.65** 15.21** 8.41** 13.30** 7.15** 1.76 3.64* Know all about EVs 15.37** 15.38** 32.54** 6.49* 18.72 15.21* 46.35** 12.28 2.06 2.91 McFadden's Pseudo R-Square (%) 12.64 12.64 14.01 8.58 22.33 12.48 27.51 14.46 6.70 10.57 Log-Likelihood p-value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.03 0.001 0.01 0.004 0.001 Self-employed respondents had a greater likelihood of associating features of electric vehicles (EVs) such as prestige, style, and elegance compared to those who held full-time jobs (OR 3.0, p < 0.05). Business professionals exhibited significantly greater likelihood for the longevity of electric vehicles (OR 8.90, p < 0.01), combating climate change (OR 7.71, p < 0.01), and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels (OR 7.36, p < 0.01). The odds of energy efficiency were considerably 67% lower (OR 0.33, p < 0.05) and the odds of silent operation were significantly 77% lower (OR 0.23, p < 0.01) for part-time workers. There was a significant association between income and the respondents' inclination to purchase an EV. In comparison to the respondents in the lowest income category, individuals with a monthly income ranging from Bangladesh Taka 101,000 to 150,000 and 151,000 to 200,000 exhibited greater likelihood (OR 2.48, p < 0.01 and OR 11.23, p < 0.01, respectively) of purchasing an EV as their next car. Respondents who owned EVs had significantly lower odds of perceiving their vehicles as prestigious (OR 0.33, p < 0.01) and fashionable and elegant (OR 0.32, p < 0.01). However, they had higher odds of perceiving their vehicles as contributing to the battle against climate change (OR 1.24, p < 0.01) and reducing the use of fossil fuels (OR 2.14, p < 0.01). Knowledge about EVs was found to be strongly associated with favorable factors of EVs and the likelihood of holding such perceptions increased as knowledge levels rose. As anticipated, respondents who possessed a significant amount of knowledge were more inclined to purchase an EV, as indicated by the elevated odds ratios. 4.5. Association between respondents' characteristics and factors that discourage them from buying an electric vehicle. The respondents' level of education, occupation, and awareness regarding EVs exhibited a notable association with several variables that might deter them from purchasing an EV (Table 5 ). Respondents with undergraduate and postgraduate education exhibited a greater likelihood for factors such as increased price, limited driving range, and limited availability of charging stations, as compared to respondents with a higher secondary level of education. Respondents who were undergraduates had a greater likelihood of believing that EV batteries contribute to harmful chemicals and electronic trash, with an odds ratio of 3.34 and a significance level of p < 0.01. In contrast, respondents with postgraduate education showed a much higher likelihood of limited-service stations and mechanics for EVs in the country (OR 9.37, p < 0.01). Participants involved in business activities exhibited significantly higher likelihood of seeing increased prices of EVs (OR 6.37, p < 0.01), decreased driving range (OR 4.42, p < 0.01), challenges in smooth charging owing to energy disruptions (OR 3.87, p < 0.01), and lower resale value (OR 3.04, p < 0.01). Self-employed professionals expressed significant concerns regarding the increased cost (OR 10.09, p < 0.01), restricted availability of charging stations (OR 2.81, p < 0.01), and challenges in smooth charging (OR 3.53, p < 0.01). As anticipated, most of the factors exhibited a strong and statistically significant association with the respondents' knowledge of EVs. Several factors were shown to have notably higher likelihoods, including restricted driving range, absence of convenient charging infrastructure, expensive battery recycling, production of harmful chemicals and e-waste from batteries, limited availability of repair stations and mechanics, and low resale value of old EVs. Table 5 Association between respondents' characteristics and factors that discourage them from buying an electric vehicle. Variable Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval Higher price Limited driving range Limited charging stations Difficulty in smooth charging High cost of battery recycling Toxic and e-waste Limited-service stations and mechanics Low resale value Gender Male (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Female 1.93 1.99 1.13 1.62 2.05 1.20 1.42 1.50 Age (year) 18–30 (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 31–45 1.01 0.41 1.02 0.98 1.108 2.05 1.28 1.27 46–60 0.67 0.41 0.46 0.45 0.28** 1.66 0.87 0.55 > 61 0.25 0.78 0.28 0.42 0.57 4.35 0.99 1.03 Education level Up to higher secondary (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Diploma/undergraduate 6.52** 6.70** 3.80** 3.14 2.91 3.34** 3.63 1.92 Postgraduate 8.61** 5.01** 5.20** 2.76 2.55 1.97 9.37** 2.42 Occupation Full-time job (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Part-time job 0.33** 0.68 0.91 0.66 0.27** 2.66 0.83 0.95 Business 6.37** 4.42** 1.99 3.87** 0.74 2.07 2.68 3.04** Self-employed (lawyers, doctors, etc.) 10.09** 0.85 2.81** 3.53** 0.63 1.76 4.48 0.89 Monthly income (Taka) Up to 50,000 (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 51,000-100,000 0.49 1.29 0.93 0.72 1.11 1.35 1.16 0.81 101,000–150,000 0.81 1.95 1.57 0.84 0.64 0.60 0.64 1.20 151,000–200,000 2.14 1.02 6.25 0.96 1.60 0.45 0.70 1.66 > 201,000 1.06 1.20 1.84 0.62 0.49 0.47 1.55 1.96 Car ownership No (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 0.67 0.61 0.50** 0.82 0.88 1.34 1.51 1.25 EV ownership No (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 0.62 0.42 1.22 1.11 0.57 0.17** 0.27 0.51 Knowledge about EVs Never heard (ref) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Heard, but no knowledge 3.52 7.48** 0.73 5.93** 1.65 5.27** 6.53** 2.49 Have little knowledge 2.71 8.12** 1.24 8.15** 5.18** 8.16** 8.49** 3.47** Have a fair amount of knowledge 2.33 5.60** 1.10 3.96** 5.43** 13.18** 7.01** 1.94 Know all about EVs 7.76 11.95 0.16 2.87 2.21 3.52 14.53 1.66 McFadden's Pseudo R 2 (%) 15.67 10.92 11.27 10.19 15.16 12.61 16.57 7.02 Log-Likelihood p-value 0.0001 0.0742 0.0009 0.0929 0.0001 0.001 0.0171 0.0437 5. Discussion This study looked at several factors that would encourage and discourage respondents from adopting an EV. The main positive attributes of EVs preferred by the respondents are reduced fossil fuel use, energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, elegance, and style. On the other hand, they cited many factors that might deter them from purchasing an EV. Some of these factors include a lack of sufficient service stations and skilled technicians, a limited driving range, longer charging times, and low resale value. Earlier studies (e.g., Ghasri et al., 2019 ; Asadi et al., 2021 ; Bansal et al., 2021 ; Jung et al., 2021 ) in different countries also reported similar factors when they examined people's preferences to buy an EV. We examined the associations between socio-demographic traits and the motivators (both positive and negative) that affect respondents’ decisions to buy an EV. We observed differences between males and females in a few positive aspects. When compared to men, women demonstrated a noticeably larger propensity for some characteristics of EVs, such as being prestigious, stylish, and exquisite. Nevertheless, compared to men, their chance of buying an EV was far lower. According to Ghasri et al. ( 2019 ), women tend to think that EVs have better designs, are safer, and have less of an impact on the environment. However, according to Buhmann and Criado ( 2023 ), men appeared to favor EVs more. We discovered that older respondents were more inclined to purchase an EV than younger respondents. According to a European study, people are more likely to favor electric vehicles (EVs) if they are older (Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ). Higher education levels among the respondents (beyond secondary schooling) were highly correlated with a number of positive attributes, such as EVs' longer lifespan, reduced maintenance costs, environmental friendliness, energy efficiency, and quieter operation. According to earlier research, those with a bachelor's degree or less typically know less than people with higher education about the many benefits of EVs, such as energy efficiency and pollution reduction (Bansal et al., 2021 ; Ghasri et al., 2019 ). Purchasing an EV is more likely for those with greater levels of education (Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ; Ghasri et al., 2019 ; Hidrue et al., 2011 ; Mukherjee and Ryan, 2020 ). Our data, however, contradict this prediction (that educated people would purchase an EV), which may be because EVs are more expensive. The desire for EVs declines with an increase in their purchasing price (Bansal et al., 2021 ; Bjerkan et al., 2016 ; Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ; Cecere et al., 2018 ). We discovered that respondents were more likely to buy an EV if their income was higher. Higher income is associated with a higher likelihood of becoming a possible buyer of an EV, among other factors such as age and green behavior, according to research (e.g., Bjerkan et al., 2016 ; Buhmann and Criado, 2023 ; Nie et al., 2018 ). Many of the favorable characteristics and the respondents' desire to buy an EV were also substantially correlated with their level of awareness about EVs. According to earlier studies, consumers' perceived utility of EVs and their intention to adopt them were favorably and significantly correlated with their knowledge and experience (Krause et al., 2013 ; Huang and Ge, 2019 ; Huang et al., 2021 ). In addition to the positive qualities of EVs mentioned above, there are several negative variables that are strongly correlated with the respondents’ characteristics. A few factors, such as an elevated cost, a restricted driving range and number of charging stations, difficulties in achieving a smooth charging experience due to power outages, the generation of hazardous chemicals and e-waste from batteries, and a dearth of battery recycling facilities, are strongly correlated with the degree of education, occupation, awareness, and prior knowledge regarding EVs. The main obstacles to EV adoption, according to an Indian study by Bansal et al. ( 2021 ), are restricted driving range, delayed charging times, higher purchasing prices, and a lack of fast-charging facilities. According to Pamidimukkala et al. ( 2023 ), the main barriers to EV adoption in the United States are their high purchase prices, a lack of public charging stations, and the high cost of replacing batteries. Battery-related challenges to EV adoption include the short lifespan of EV batteries, the absence of a standard recycling procedure, and the production of many hazardous chemicals (Chidambaram et al., 2023 ). Extremely hazardous compounds found in EV batteries pose a risk to both the ecosystems and the users (Muller et al., 2021 ). 6. Limitations and future studies This study has produced valuable data regarding the adoption of EVs in Bangladesh. Nevertheless, there are many limitations to be aware of and it is important to take caution when interpreting the findings. The sample size consisted of 427 working individuals, with females comprising 27% of the total. A more comprehensive study with equal representation of both males and females and from wider socio-economic backgrounds might yield more broadly applicable findings. This study does not classify EVs into specific categories and instead focuses on EVs as a whole. By incorporating several types of EVs, we can gain insights about the specific EVs that respondents are more inclined to adopt. Environmental consciousness, including factors such as climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, could potentially impact how individuals perceive EVs and their likelihood of adopting them. This topic warrants additional research in the country. Psychological variables such as receptiveness to new experiences, willingness to embrace innovation, preference for a particular automobile brand, and the impact of social influence can also serve as incentives for consumers to embrace EVs. Subsequent investigations should take into account these variables. Further research is needed to examine how economic considerations such as tax rebates or subsidies on purchase prices can impact the adoption of EVs. Although there are limitations, this study would offer fundamental information to the relevant authorities, which they can utilize to advance the adoption of EVs in the country. 7. Conclusion and Policy Implications Bangladesh has made a proposal under the Paris Agreement to unconditionally reduce 3.4 million tons of CO 2 , which accounts for 9% of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions, by 2030 in the transport sector (Siddique, 2023 ). To accomplish this objective, the government has formulated the "Automobile Industry Development Policy 2021" with the goal of expediting the adoption of EVs to achieve maximum reduction of vehicle emissions (Ministry of Industries, 2021 ). Throughout this context, this research is timely and valuable, as it offers pertinent data that can be utilized by policy makers to effectively encourage the adoption of EVs throughout the country. The study's findings indicate that approximately 60% of the respondents are inclined to purchase an EV as their next automobile. Respondents who have obtained a university level education and possess knowledge about EVs showed favorable attitudes towards the characteristics of EVs. Nevertheless, the probability of them embracing an EV was strongly associated with a higher income and a more comprehensive understanding of EVs. There are some other factors such as a higher initial cost, restricted driving range, limited availability of charging stations, and lower resale value that may discourage the widespread adoption of EVs. The relevant authorities can take these aspects into account when implementing measures to expedite the adoption of EVs in the country. To be more precise, it is crucial for authorities to prioritize the promotion of the purchase of EVs by offering incentives such as reductions in road tax and registration fees. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance public awareness and understanding of EVs, while also investing in the construction of supportive infrastructure such as charging and service stations. The Automobile Industry Development Policy − 2021 prioritized offering financial incentives like as purchasing incentives, exemption from road tax for a specific term, reduced registration fees, and the establishment of charging stations for the development and adoption of eco-friendly vehicles. Unfortunately, there is no provision in place to improve people's awareness and knowledge about EVs, which is crucial for increasing the rate of adoption. Furthermore, this policy only provided a concise overview of eco-friendly automobiles. We strongly recommend a more detailed explanation of the specific incentives and processes that would be implemented, as well as the policy being widely advertised. It would provide customers with a clear understanding of the government's stated support for EVs and might accelerate the adoption rate. Both developing and affluent nations are advocating for EVs. While studies have been undertaken on customer perceptions of EVs in affluent nations, the results of this study could provide valuable insights for the developing nations' governments to develop strategies for EV promotion. Declarations Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. CRediT author statement Conceptualization: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath; Methodology: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath; Formal analysis and investigation: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath, Alak Paul, Tarit Kumar Baul; Writing - original draft preparation: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath; Writing - review and editing: Alak Paul, Tarit Kumar Baul; Resources: Tapan Kumar Nath, Alak Paul; Supervision: Tapan Kumar Nath, Alak Paul Author Contribution TKN and SN conceptualization, methodology, writing original draft; TKN, AP, and TKB investigation. TKN analyzed data. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the respondents for their time to participate in this research References Asadi, S., Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Abdullah, R., Mahmoud, M., Alkinani, M.H., Yadegaridehkordi, E.: Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. 282 , 124474 (2021) Bansal, P., Kumar, R.R., Raj, A., Dubey, S., Graham, D.J.: Willingness to pay and attitudinal preferences of Indian consumers for electric vehicles. Energy Econ. 100 , 105340 (2021) Bernard, H.R.: Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, 3rd edn. Alta Mira, Walnut Creek, CA (2002) Bjerkan, K.Y., Nørbech, T.E., Nordtømme, M.E.: Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 43 , 169–180 (2016) Buhmann, K.M., Criado, J.R.: Consumers’ preferences for electric vehicles: The role of status and reputation. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 114 , 103530 (2023) Car Culture: Bangladesh [WWW Document]: URL (2020). https://www.rymax-lubricants.com/updates/car-culture-bangladesh/ (accessed 4.30.24) Cecere, G., Corrocher, N., Guerzoni, M.: Price or performance? A probabilistic choice analysis of the intention to buy electric vehicles in European countries. Energy Policy. 118 , 19–32 (2018) Chan, C.C., Chau, K.T.: An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 44 , 3–13 (1997) Chidambaram, K., Ashok, B., Vignesh, R., Deepak, C., Ramesh, R., Narendhra, T.M.V., Muhammad Usman, K., Kavitha, C.: Critical analysis on the implementation barriers and consumer perception toward future electric mobility. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 237, 622–654. (2023) Egbue, O., Long, S.: Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions. Energy Policy. 48 , 717–729 (2012) Energy, U.D., of: Alternative Fuels Data Center: Electric Vehicle Benefits and Considerations [WWW Document]. URL (2022). https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_benefits.html (accessed 9.9.23) Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., Rashidi, T.: Perception towards electric vehicles and the impact on consumers’ preference. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 77 , 271–291 (2019) Hafner, J.W., Bleess, B.B., Famakinwa, M.F., Wang, H., Coleman, M.: The effect of a community crash reenactment program on teen alcohol awareness and behavior. Adolesc. Health Med. Ther. 10 , 83–90 (2019) Hardman, S., Jenn, A., Tal, G., Axsen, J., Beard, G., Daina, N., Figenbaum, E., Jakobsson, N., Jochem, P., Kinnear, N., Plötz, P., Pontes, J., Refa, N., Sprei, F., Turrentine, T., Witkamp, B.: A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 62 , 508–523 (2018) Hidrue, M.K., Parsons, G.R., Kempton, W., Gardner, M.P.: Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes. Resour. Energy Econ. 33 , 686–705 (2011) Huang, X., Ge, J.: Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention. J. Clean. Prod. 216 , 361–372 (2019) Huang, X., Lin, Y., Lim, M.K., Tseng, M.L., Zhou, F.: The influence of knowledge management on adoption intention of electric vehicles: perspective on technological knowledge. Ind. Manag Data Syst. 121 , 1481–1495 (2021) Huang, Y., Qian, L.: Consumer preferences for electric vehicles in lower tier cities of China: Evidences from south Jiangsu region. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 63 , 482–497 (2018) IEA: Electric vehicles - IEA [WWW Document]. URL (2022). https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles (accessed 9.10.23) IEA: Transport - Energy System - IEA [WWW Document]. URL (2023). https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport (accessed 9.9.23) Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., Alkassim, R.S.: Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. Am. J. Theoretical Appl. Stat. 5 (1), 1–4 (2016) Jung, J., Yeo, S., Lee, Y., Moon, S., Lee, D.J.: Factors affecting consumers’ preferences for electric vehicle: A Korean case. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 41 , 100666 (2021) Junquera, B., Moreno, B., Álvarez, R.: Analyzing consumer attitudes towards electric vehicle purchasing intentions in Spain: Technological limitations and vehicle confidence. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 109 , 6–14 (2016) Kautish, P., Lavuri, R., Roubaud, D., Grebinevych, O.: Electric vehicles’ choice behaviour: An emerging market scenario. J. Environ. Manage. 354 , 120250 (2024) Krause, R.M., Carley, S.R., Lane, B.W., Graham, J.D.: Perception and reality: Public knowledge of plug-in electric vehicles in 21 U.S. cities. Energy Policy. 63 , 433–440 (2013) Kumar, R.R., Alok, K.: Adoption of electric vehicle: A literature review and prospects for sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 253 , 119911 (2020) Li, W., Long, R., Chen, H., Geng, J.: A review of factors influencing consumer intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 78 , 318–328 (2017) Limon, M.H., Debnath, B., Bari, A.B.M.M.: Exploration of the drivers influencing the growth of hybrid electric vehicle adoption in the emerging economies: Implications towards sustainability and low-carbon economy. Sustain. Oper. Comput. 4 , 76–87 (2023) Mandys, F.: Electric vehicles and consumer choices. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 142 , 110874 (2021) Mekky, M.F., Collins, A.R.: The Impact of state policies on electric vehicle adoption -A panel data analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 191 , 114014 (2024) Mersky, A.C., Sprei, F., Samaras, C., Qian, Z.S.: Effectiveness of incentives on electric vehicle adoption in Norway. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 46 , 56–68 (2016) Ministry of, Industries: Automobile Industry Development Policy 2021. People’s Republic of Bangladesh. (2021). https://moind.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moind.portal.gov.bd/page/66b4934c_1ad2_4ab3_a9f8_329331d9b054/14.%20Automobile%20Industry%20Development%20Policy%2C%202021.pdf (accessed 30 April 2024) Morton, C., Anable, J., Nelson, J.D.: Exploring consumer preferences towards electric vehicles: The influence of consumer innovativeness. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 18 , 18–28 (2016) Mpoi, G., Milioti, C., Mitropoulos, L.: Factors and incentives that affect electric vehicle adoption in Greece. Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol. 12 , 1064–1079 (2023) Mukherjee, S.C., Ryan, L.: Factors influencing early battery electric vehicle adoption in Ireland. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 118 , 109504 (2020) Muller, P., Duboc, R., Malefant, E.: Recycling electric vehicle batteries: ecological transformation and preserving resources. (2021). http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports 74–81 Nie, Y., Wang, E., Guo, Q., Shen, J.: Examining Shanghai consumer preferences for electric vehicles and their attributes. Sustain. 10 , 1–16 (2018) Palit, T., Bari, A.B.M.M., Karmaker, C.L.: An integrated Principal Component Analysis and Interpretive Structural Modeling approach for electric vehicle adoption decisions in sustainable transportation systems. Decis. Anal. J. 4 , 100119 (2022) Pamidimukkala, A., Kermanshachi, S., Rosenberger, J.M., Hladik, G.: Evaluation of barriers to electric vehicle adoption: A study of technological, environmental, financial, and infrastructure factors. Transp. Res. Interdiscip Perspect. 22 , 100962 (2023) Peters, A., Dütschke, E.: How do Consumers Perceive Electric Vehicles? A Comparison of German Consumer Groups. J. Environ. Policy Plan. 16 , 359–377 (2014) Rahman, A., n.d. ELECTRIC MOBILITY AND, SHIFT TO THE ELECTRIFICATION, OF PARATRANSIT IN BANGLADESH [WWW Document]:. URL https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/event-documents/22 _Electric _mobility _%26 _shift _to _electrification%2C _Bangladesh.pdf (accessed 4.30.24) Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., Bodin, J.: Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 34 , 122–136 (2015) Sahoo, D., Harichandan, S., Kar, S.K., S, S: An empirical study on consumer motives and attitude towards adoption of electric vehicles in India: Policy implications for stakeholders. Energy Policy. 165 , 112941 (2022) Sanguesa, J.A., Torres-Sanz, V., Garrido, P., Martinez, F.J., Marquez-Barja, J.M.: A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities 2021, Vol. 4, Pages 372–404 4, 372–404. (2021) Shitu, S.: Sustainable commuting: Bangladesh aims for 50% electric cars by 2050 [WWW Document]. URL (2023). https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/333185/sustainable-commuting-bangladesh-aims-for-50%25 (accessed 4.30.24) Siddique, A.: Bangladesh to produce lithium batteries, electric vehicles to cut emissions. Online: (2023). https://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/bangladesh-to-produce-lithium-batteries-electric-vehicles-to-cut-emissions/ (accessed 30 April 2024) Singh, V., Singh, Vedant, Vaibhav, S.: A review and simple meta-analysis of factors influencing adoption of electric vehicles. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 86 , 102436 (2020) United Nations: Factsheet climate change. [WWW Document]. URL (2021). https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/media_gstc/FACT_SHEET_Climate_Change.pdf (accessed 4.7.24) Vidhi, R., Shrivastava, P.: A review of electric vehicle lifecycle emissions and policy recommendations to increase EV penetration in India. Energies. 11 , 1–15 (2018) Wicki, M., Brückmann, G., Quoss, F., Bernauer, T.: What do we really know about the acceptance of battery electric vehicles?–Turns out, not much. Transp. Rev. 43 , 62–87 (2023) World Bank: Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate) - Bangladesh | Data [WWW Document]. URL (2024). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?locations=BD (accessed 4.30.24) Xiong, S., Yuan, Y., Yao, J., Bai, B., Ma, X.: Exploring consumer preferences for electric vehicles based on the random coefficient logit model. Energy. 263 , 125504 (2023) Zhang, W., Wang, S., Wan, L., Zhang, Z., Zhao, D.: Information perspective for understanding consumers’ perceptions of electric vehicles and adoption intentions. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. 102 , 103157 (2022) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryFigure1.docx SupplementaryTable1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4706474","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":333309790,"identity":"3dd5e6dd-a33f-44ce-9e94-f6ab036e8196","order_by":0,"name":"Tapan Kumar Nath","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABK0lEQVRIie2RMUvDQBTHX4nEwStZT9LqV7hyEJVW81VSApmu4tjRrcvpHD+EUBHqeiVDlpasgSyC0KmUakCECnpNbelwUUfB+3HwHg9+vD/3ADSaP4grihIBYKNoUfEklcsSxVyVJ0DY9AA88msllwoiSwV+VnbHw/wC8kPX5q+Pz2/vtSPrdviSQqveF3sBVino3LdDyBq8Nn5ohDLYSTjzbQYB7YvqQKkAIzaCrMJxZ2AjqZB0RKQStUsVa0oXCBKXYzZZK3TB4KNcwcyRW+K2VMyVknBHbhHfKLOgiUjs8zRw9sOAyi3IaTLi05uoen+sDNaJMtSNTnuhP8Hz1oFLkhHNWPesfh1f3aXKb15egWwPsPc1MWBHFWx9uC0ssWmNuVLRaDSaf8Ynhixh+5O+XN4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tapan","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Nath","suffix":""},{"id":333309791,"identity":"80725ea7-4c03-49c8-b12b-dd8bd2cd5270","order_by":1,"name":"Shibajee Nath","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shibajee","middleName":"","lastName":"Nath","suffix":""},{"id":333309792,"identity":"1c170482-7e08-479d-ba50-957eae726b8c","order_by":2,"name":"Alak Paul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Chittagong","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alak","middleName":"","lastName":"Paul","suffix":""},{"id":333309793,"identity":"4fd15ae0-a867-4dcb-bc0d-a99f1381080e","order_by":3,"name":"Trait Kumar Baul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Chittagong","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Trait","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Baul","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-08 14:56:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706474/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706474/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61450795,"identity":"5ec2de70-d028-464c-80cd-c31e8fc385b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 01:49:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1281987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4706474/v1/da145cc6-a39f-4408-87b1-d3c79184a428.pdf"},{"id":61450570,"identity":"b7eabd0a-dc08-427b-9a4e-b4bd83153e7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 01:41:25","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":63310,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFigure1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4706474/v1/241a7cb5f887d495c8469047.docx"},{"id":61450105,"identity":"016e3043-e0bb-4e75-ace9-381810042709","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 01:33:25","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4706474/v1/1b3b42a8ad23473430b30ea5.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Factors Affecting Consumers’ Preference for Private Electric Vehicles in Bangladesh: Policy Implications for Adoption","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe transportation sector accounted for approximately one-quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion (United Nations, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions in the transport sector are about 23% with passenger automobiles constituting a substantial percentage of these emissions (Jung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; United Nations, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To address the excessive reliance on traditional energy sources and mitigate GHG emissions, major economies have implemented comprehensive policies aimed at electrifying transportation (IEA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in advancing these policies. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them an essential tool for achieving the zero GHG goal (Energy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, EVs are more energy efficient than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, produce zero noise pollution, and can be integrated with renewable energy sources to reduce the usage of conventional energy sources (Energy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Electrical vehicles with their zero-level carbon emissions during use, low energy consumption, and relatively simple and mature technology have elevated to a leadership role in setting the future course of the auto industry (Chan and Chau, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Sanguesa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In recent years, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have become more prominent in the field of sustainable transportation (Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Many countries have established long-term plans with ambitious goals to diffuse EVs in their automobile markets (Jung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The EVs market share has grown from 4% in 2020 to over 14% in 2022, and over 2.3\u0026nbsp;million EVs were sold worldwide in the first quarter of 2023 alone, marking a 23% increase compared to the same period in 2022 (IEA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, this growth is observed mostly in China, Europe, and in the United States (IEA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, the market share of EVs in emerging economies is still limited due to high upfront cost, lower driving range, and lack of awareness about EV technology, lower disposable income of consumers, and poor charging infrastructure (Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Vidhi and Shrivastava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rapid growth of Bangladesh's population and its increasing purchasing power, together with the government's environmental concerns, are currently driving and improving the potential for EVs adoption throughout the country (Palit et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).While the current number of EVs in Bangladesh is relatively low, Integrated Energy and Power Masterplan 2023 focuses on a paradigm shift, envisioning that by 2050, 40% of private cars and 10% of buses and trucks will be EVs (Shitu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In order to achieve widespread adoption of EVs, it is crucial to enhance our comprehension of consumers' preferences and motivations, thereby encouraging them to purchase EVs (Jung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, consumers perceptions and behavior, which are shaped by socio-demographic, economic, and environmental factors have a significant impact on the adoption decision towards EVs (Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ghasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, it is imperative to comprehend the key factors that have a substantial impact on the purchasing decisions of private EVs by Bangladeshi consumers. Extensive research has been conducted on the preferences, attitudes, and motivations behind the adoption of EVs in advanced economies such as Europe, the United States, Australia, India, Korea, and China. While these studies have revealed significant socio-economic and behavioral elements that are relevant to the adoption of EVs, it is crucial to also consider the country specific contextual factors (e.g., environmental and economic) in developing countries like Bangladesh that could influence the adoption of EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on consumer behavior and perceptions towards EVs in the context of Bangladesh is limited. Studies conducted in this context are sparse and mainly focus on environmental impact, transportation use, energy sources, travel characteristics, the impact of EVs on electric utility and solar charging station designs. By analyzing expert survey datasets and relevant literature, Palit et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported that vehicle performance and reliability, sufficient power and charging infrastructure, environmental consciousness, and government policies are the most influential factors for EVs adoption. By following the similar research approach, Limon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) explored the factors or drivers for the growth of hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) adoption and reported that the \"no requirement for a charging station\" is the most crucial driver for expanding HEV adoption, followed by \u0026ldquo;incentivizing consumers through policy measures\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;enhanced fuel efficiency\u0026rdquo; as the top three drivers. Nonetheless, at consumers level, there is a lack of study on their perceptions towards adoption of EVs in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed at to identify the factors that encourage or discourage consumers to adopt private EVs in Bangladesh. We also explored the association between these factors, and socio-demographic and environmental knowledge of consumers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe next section of this paper is a literature review focusing on consumer perceptions and behavior on the adoption of EVs followed by the methods, results and discussion, and limitations of this study. The final section is conclusions with policy implications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature review","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section summarizes the related literature on consumer perceptions and behavior towards EVs. It discusses consumer perception, behavior, choices, and preferences of EVs in different geographical contexts. Additionally, it discusses different approaches used in the related literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Studies on consumer perception and behavior\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of consumers' perception and behavior towards EVs represents a dynamic area of literature due to the cognitive and intellectual development of individuals resulting from changes in perceived knowledge. Although the subject is relatively new, substantial research has been done in recent years to address research gaps and explore new opportunities. Several literature reviews have well evaluated the existing body of research and highlighted potential future works and study areas (Kumar and Alok, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rezvani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., 2020) In 2012, Egbue and Long (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a survey to explore the potential socio-technical barriers to consumer adoption of EVs in the USA. Their findings suggest that consumer acceptance is the key to commercial success of EVs. Additionally, individuals with higher sustainability awareness are likely to adopt EVs sooner, while uncertainties associated with battery technology. A study conducted by Mekky and Collins (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) analyzing data from 2012 to 2020 shows that in the USA, improvements in environmental policies have a greater impact on EVs adoption than financial policies and infrastructure improvements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor German users, the perceived compatibility of an EV with personal needs is highly influential, while the performance of EVs is deemed less important for purchasing an EV (Peters and D\u0026uuml;tschke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In 2015, early adopters of EVs in the UK expressed their dissatisfaction with high purchase cost and low maximum range, while purchase cost, performance/power, maximum range, positive environmental effect, and the vehicle being fully electric are key attributes for potential EV adopters (Mandys, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, Morton et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) show that in the UK, individuals' tendency to adopt new innovations and their attitude towards EVs in terms of functionality have a significant impact on their preferences for EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Norway, analysis of sales data suggested that charging infrastructure and regional income had the greatest power for the growth of BEV sales (Mersky et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Junquera et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a survey in Spain in 2016, whose results indicate that the higher purchase price and longer charging time led to lower consumer\u0026rsquo;s willingness to adopt EVs. Battery technology, range, and price are among the major limitations of EV market penetration. Whereas in New South Wales, Australia, women have a higher probability of adopting an EV compared to men (Ghasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently, some developing countries have started to study the behavior of consumers and their perception towards EVs adoption. In China, consumers prefer EVs with better performance, lower pollution emissions, and a lower price (Huang and Qian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Nie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Xiong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Residents of Shanghai expressed that an excessively long driving range may not be necessary, but fast charging technology is extremely essential for promoting EVs (Nie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Similar preferences are identified by Xiong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), additionally indicating a preference for more chargers instead of longer range. In India, EVs preference inclines toward lower purchase price, higher driving range, lower operating cost, fast charging time and infrastructure development (Bansal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Chidambaram et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kautish et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In the perspective of attitude, Indian consumers with greater knowledge, personal motives and greater environmental awareness are more likely to purchase EVs (Bansal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kautish et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A study conducted in Malaysia by Asadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) yielded similar results. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes some of the major studies conducted in different geographical contexts and their outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn case of BEVs adoption, the main factors include a strong affinity for technology, government incentives, the overall positive environmental benefits, environmentally friendly attitudes, familiarity, and past experience with BEVs, and social norms (Wicki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, factors that could negatively impact BEV acceptance include limited motor power, shorter driving range, higher purchase and operational costs, long charging time, limited car models, or insufficient charging infrastructure (Wicki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Concerning the preference of charging infrastructure, a review by Hardman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) concludes that home charging is the most important piece of infrastructure in convincing consumers to purchase an EV, followed by workplace charging and public charging stations at the least frequently used locations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Study design and setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe adopted a cross-sectional design to identify factors that affect consumer preference for adopting EVs in Bangladesh. For quantitative data collection, we drafted a structured questionnaire based on related literature (Bansal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Chidambaram et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ghasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Jung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Five experts reviewed the draft questionnaire. Experts commented that questions and responses were sufficient to achieve research objectives. Then it was pre-tested with 15 respondents. Based on experts\u0026rsquo; comments and feedback from the pre-test, we rephrased some questions. The final questionnaire consisted of five sections: characteristics of respondents, car ownership and knowledge about EVs, encouraging factors to purchase EVs, discouraging factors that deter purchase of an EV, and likely to buy an EV as next vehicle (Supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;1). We used a 5-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;fairly agree, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree, 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree) to identify factors that encourage or discourage respondents to purchase an EV. To understand respondents\u0026rsquo; knowledge about EVs, a 5-point Likert scale was used (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Never heard; 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Have heard, but no knowledge; 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Have little knowledge; 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Have a fair amount for knowledge; 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Know all about EVs). Likely to buy an EV as the next vehicle was assessed by using 3-point scale (not likely, maybe, sure) The questionnaire was prepared in English.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies investigating factors and adoption of EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor(s)/ (year)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCountry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch purpose\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethod\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOutcome\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgbue and Long, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifies socio-technical barriers to consumer EV adoption and examines if sustainability concerns affect EV purchase decisions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikert scale survey, university groups (481 respondents)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Individuals with high sustainability awareness are likely to adopt EV technology sooner.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Technology minded group is more likely to rank technical over financial problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Incentives may have little effect on EV market penetration if consumers have low confidence in EV technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandys (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifies contemporary information to support and speed up the EV adoption by analyzing the attitude of early EV adopters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStated preferences survey (1347 datasets)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Potential early EV adopters put significant importance on vehicles having positive environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Two key barriers are high purchase cost and low vehicle range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; EV consideration increases with education, while lack of knowledge acts as a barrier for potential buyers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNie et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina, Shanghai\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamines the attitudes of Shanghai residents towards EVs and to investigate how Shanghai consumers value various vehicle attributes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStated choice survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Preferred EV attributes are longer range, shorter charging time, faster maximum speed, lower pollution emissions, lower fuel cost, and lower price.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Overlong driving range is not a must.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Fast charging is extremely essential and needs serious improvement when promoting EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJung et al. (2018) Jung et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzes empirically the factors related to the consumers\u0026rsquo; attitudes toward environmental issues and vehicle attributes that significantly affect the EV preferences in South Korea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStated preference survey (1251 respondents)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; EV penetration rate positively affects the EV preference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Diverse EV types and brands, purchase subsidies, sufficient charging facilities are necessary to improve consumer attitudes toward EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhasri et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia, NSW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigates the main determinants in consumers decision of purchasing EVs with a focus on perceived advantages in the Australian market context.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStated choice survey (1076 respondents)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Purchase price has the highest impact on the probability of buying EV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Consumers value incentives on the purchase price more than incentives on operating costs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Those who see higher advantages in EVs\u0026rsquo; design, are willing to pay more for it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsadi et al.(2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifies the influencing factors on consumers\u0026rsquo; intention to use EVs in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-probability sampling procedure, potential consumers survey (177 datasets)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Perceived value, attitude, responsibility attribution, subjective norms, personal norms, perceived consumer effectiveness, and awareness positively influenced consumers' intention to purchase EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBansal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyses EV attributes, attitudinal factors and estimates consumers' willingness to pay to buy EV in India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNationwide stated preference survey (1021 respondents)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Purchase price, driving range, operating cost, and fast charging time are determinant factors for buying EV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Consumers are willing to pay an additional US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e10\u0026ndash;700 per attribute unit to obtain improved EV performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuhmann and Criado (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvides insight into motivational reasons for consumers\u0026rsquo; preferences for EVs assuming equal and different prices between EVs and traditional vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikert scale survey (2198 respondents)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Education, income, parenthood, urban residence, and vehicle ownership positively influence EV preference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Reputation driven consumers prefer EVs only when the purchase price is more expensive than traditional vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChidambaram et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermines the influence of barriers on potential users of EV, and sheds light on different measures to mitigate barriers and bridge gaps in developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumer perception survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Lack of supportive infrastructure, high purchase/operation costs, and performance characteristics of EVs are major barriers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Government subsidy schemes and incentives on infrastructural and operational costs should be used more to promote EV growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpoi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreece\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzes the factors that influence the consumer intention to purchase and willingness to pay extra for an EV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire (333 respondents)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Financial incentives significantly increase the willingness to purchase an EV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Travel, environmental awareness, EV characteristics and infrastructure affect the intention to purchase EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Data collection technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe created a Google form, and a link to the form was shared through WhatsApp, Messenger, and e-mail. In order to select the respondents, we employed the purposive sampling technique. With this non-random technique, researchers identify people who can and are willing to provide the information based on their knowledge or experience, and they do not require underlying hypotheses or a specific number of respondents (Bernard, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Etikan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Respondents were Bangladeshi aged 18 years and older and working as full-time or part-time employees, doing business, or self-employed professionals such as lawyers and medical doctors. This study focused on individuals who had a consistent source of income, as it was presumed that they would have the financial means to purchase an EV and participate in this study. We sent the online link to 715 potential respondents and received 427 responses, for a response rate of 60 percent from January to February 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Ethical considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The ethical review committee of Faculty of Science and Engineering at the University of Nottingham Malaysia approved this study (Reference number TKN120124). Participation in this study was voluntary and anonymous, and respondents could withdraw from the survey at any time. Respondents\u0026rsquo; informed consent was obtained electronically through the online form prior to beginning the survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe estimated descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and percentage) of responses. We ran binary logistic regressions to evaluate the relationship between the explanatory variables and outcome measures (dependent variables). We examined two outcome measures (encouraging and discouraging factors with respect to purchasing a private EV) by using gender, age, education, occupation, income, car ownership, EV ownership, and knowledge about EVs as explanatory variables. We assessed the dependent variable based on respondents\u0026rsquo; agreement on a 5-point Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;fairly agree, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree, and 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree). We stratified their responses into a binary scale as \u0026ldquo;0/no\u0026rdquo; for strongly disagree and disagree, and \u0026ldquo;1/yes\u0026rdquo; for fairly agree to strongly agree responses (Hafner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In case of \u0026ldquo;likely to buy an EV as the next vehicle\u0026rdquo;, we coded \u0026ldquo;0/no\u0026rdquo; for not likely and \u0026ldquo;1/yes\u0026rdquo; for maybe and sure. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to assess the strength of the association, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference. We used the Chi-square test to check the models\u0026rsquo; fitness. The significance value of less than 0.05 indicates that the current model outperforms the null model. In all models, a significant Chi-square value indicates that the fitted model is better than the null model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Respondents\u0026rsquo; characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe respondents were individuals who earned income and were believed to have the financial means to purchase an EV. The number of female respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115, 27%) was smaller than the number of male respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;312, 77%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This aligns with the proportion of women to men actively engaged in the workforce in Bangladesh, as reported by the (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Approximately 79% of the respondents fell within the age range of 31 to 60 years, suggesting that they are in the prime of their professional careers. Over 90% of them have obtained a university-level education, indicating that they possess ample information regarding environmental matters. In terms of employment, over half of them were employed on a full-time basis. Additionally, 39% of the respondents indicated that their monthly salary was within the range of Bangladesh Taka 51,000 to 100,000.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of respondents and their awareness of environmental problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to higher secondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma/undergraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281 (66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235 (55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed (lawyers, doctors, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly family income (Bangladesh Taka 110\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1USD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51,000-100,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101,000\u0026ndash;150,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151,000\u0026ndash;200,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;201,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Private car ownership, knowledge and willingness to buy EVs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA mere 40% of the participants possessed either one or two cars, as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. According to a report, the share of private passenger cars is about 7.38% of the total registered vehicles in Bangladesh (Rahman, n.d.). Another report stated that the car ownership rate in Bangladesh is estimated to be between 10% and 15% of the population (\u0026ldquo;Car Culture: Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; 2020). Just 11% of the respondents said that they owned an EV, and over 70% of the respondents admitted to having little to moderate understanding about EVs. Notably, 53% of the survey respondents indicated that they may purchase an EV as their future car.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Assessment of respondents\u0026rsquo; perceptions on factors encouraging or discouraging an EV\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe regrouped the 5-point Likert scale into two categories, \"disagree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;scale 1\u0026ndash;2 \" and \"agree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;scale 3\u0026ndash;5,\" to make it easier to grasp the respondents' perceptions of the factors encouraging or discouraging an EV. The results are shown in supplementary Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. More than 90% of respondents cited EVs' reduced dependency on fossil fuels, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness as the principal encouraging factors. Over 80 percent of them said that EVs were more elegant and stylish, required less maintenance, and were more durable than conventional cars. On the government's support of EV purchases, respondents' opinions were split.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe respondents indicated a number of factors that could deter them from purchasing an EV. A significant determinant is the scarcity of service stations and proficient technicians (as agreed upon by 94% of the respondents). This is closely followed by constraints on driving range and charging duration (91%), and the unsuitability of the country's present electricity for seamless charging (90%). The low resale value of EVs (89%) and their higher price compared to conventional automobiles (87%), are additional causes for concern.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate car ownership and knowledge on electric vehicles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of car own\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258 (60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147 (35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEV ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381 (89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of knowledge about EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever heard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeard, but no knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86 (20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave little knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211 (49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave a fair amount of knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnow all about EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikely to buy an EV as the next vehicle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot likely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaybe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228 (53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Association between respondents' characteristics and factors that encourage them to buy of an electric vehicle\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e indicates that females had a significantly greater likelihood of EVs being considered prestigious (OR 2.49, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and fashionable and elegant (OR 2.48, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) compared to males. Nevertheless, they exhibited a 54% reduction in the likelihood of having reduced operating costs for EVs (OR 0.46, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and they displayed a 41% decrease in the likelihood of purchasing an EV (OR 0.59, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as their next personal car. When compared to younger respondents (aged 18\u0026ndash;30 year), older respondents (aged 46\u0026ndash;60 year with OR 0.49, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and above 60 year with OR 0.30, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) indicated a reduced likelihood of having awareness regarding government subsidies or incentives for purchasing an EV. Nevertheless, the respondents who were over 61 years old were significantly more inclined to purchase an EV compared to the youngest respondents, with an odds ratio of 6.38 and a p-value of less than 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education beyond the secondary level demonstrated a noteworthy and favorable association with many factors of EVs. The notable associations include the durability of EVs (undergraduate: OR 5.66, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), lower operating costs (undergraduate: OR 3.01, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; postgraduate: OR 2.80, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), the fight against climate change (undergraduate: OR 17.16, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; postgraduate: OR 19.49, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), energy efficiency (undergraduate: OR 8.20, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; postgraduate: OR 4.98, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), reduced usage of fossil fuels (undergraduate: OR 31.62, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; postgraduate: OR 24.70, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and quieter operation (undergraduate: OR 11.45, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; postgraduate: OR 5.94, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between respondents' characteristics and factors that encourage them to buy an electric vehicle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio at 95% confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEVs are prestigious\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEVs are stylish and elegant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEVs are durable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower operating cost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBattle climate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced fossil fuel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperate more quietly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment incentives or subsidies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikely to buy an EV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.38**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to higher secondary (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma/undergraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.66**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.16**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.62**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.45**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.49**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.70**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time job (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.90**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.71**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed (lawyers, doctors, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly family income (Taka)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 50,000 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51,000-100,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101,000\u0026ndash;150,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151,000\u0026ndash;200,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;201,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCar ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEV ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge about EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever heard (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeard, but no knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.70**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.61**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave little knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.08**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.08**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.27**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.57**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.15**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave a fair amount of knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.56**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.21**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.41**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.30**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnow all about EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.38**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.54**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.21*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.35**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcFadden's Pseudo R-Square (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLog-Likelihood p-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed respondents had a greater likelihood of associating features of electric vehicles (EVs) such as prestige, style, and elegance compared to those who held full-time jobs (OR 3.0, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Business professionals exhibited significantly greater likelihood for the longevity of electric vehicles (OR 8.90, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), combating climate change (OR 7.71, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels (OR 7.36, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The odds of energy efficiency were considerably 67% lower (OR 0.33, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and the odds of silent operation were significantly 77% lower (OR 0.23, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for part-time workers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant association between income and the respondents' inclination to purchase an EV. In comparison to the respondents in the lowest income category, individuals with a monthly income ranging from Bangladesh Taka 101,000 to 150,000 and 151,000 to 200,000 exhibited greater likelihood (OR 2.48, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and OR 11.23, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, respectively) of purchasing an EV as their next car. Respondents who owned EVs had significantly lower odds of perceiving their vehicles as prestigious (OR 0.33, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and fashionable and elegant (OR 0.32, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). However, they had higher odds of perceiving their vehicles as contributing to the battle against climate change (OR 1.24, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and reducing the use of fossil fuels (OR 2.14, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge about EVs was found to be strongly associated with favorable factors of EVs and the likelihood of holding such perceptions increased as knowledge levels rose. As anticipated, respondents who possessed a significant amount of knowledge were more inclined to purchase an EV, as indicated by the elevated odds ratios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Association between respondents' characteristics and factors that discourage them from buying an electric vehicle.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe respondents' level of education, occupation, and awareness regarding EVs exhibited a notable association with several variables that might deter them from purchasing an EV (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Respondents with undergraduate and postgraduate education exhibited a greater likelihood for factors such as increased price, limited driving range, and limited availability of charging stations, as compared to respondents with a higher secondary level of education. Respondents who were undergraduates had a greater likelihood of believing that EV batteries contribute to harmful chemicals and electronic trash, with an odds ratio of 3.34 and a significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. In contrast, respondents with postgraduate education showed a much higher likelihood of limited-service stations and mechanics for EVs in the country (OR 9.37, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants involved in business activities exhibited significantly higher likelihood of seeing increased prices of EVs (OR 6.37, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), decreased driving range (OR 4.42, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), challenges in smooth charging owing to energy disruptions (OR 3.87, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and lower resale value (OR 3.04, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Self-employed professionals expressed significant concerns regarding the increased cost (OR 10.09, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), restricted availability of charging stations (OR 2.81, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and challenges in smooth charging (OR 3.53, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs anticipated, most of the factors exhibited a strong and statistically significant association with the respondents' knowledge of EVs. Several factors were shown to have notably higher likelihoods, including restricted driving range, absence of convenient charging infrastructure, expensive battery recycling, production of harmful chemicals and e-waste from batteries, limited availability of repair stations and mechanics, and low resale value of old EVs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between respondents' characteristics and factors that discourage them from buying an electric vehicle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio at 95% confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher price\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited driving range\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited charging stations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifficulty in smooth charging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh cost of battery recycling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxic and e-waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited-service stations and mechanics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow resale value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to higher secondary (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma/undergraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.52**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.70**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.61**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time job (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed (lawyers, doctors, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.09**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income (Taka)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUp to 50,000 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51,000-100,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101,000\u0026ndash;150,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151,000\u0026ndash;200,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;201,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCar ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEV ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge about EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever heard (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeard, but no knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.27**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.53**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave little knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.49**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave a fair amount of knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnow all about EVs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMcFadden's Pseudo R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLog-Likelihood p-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study looked at several factors that would encourage and discourage respondents from adopting an EV. The main positive attributes of EVs preferred by the respondents are reduced fossil fuel use, energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, elegance, and style. On the other hand, they cited many factors that might deter them from purchasing an EV. Some of these factors include a lack of sufficient service stations and skilled technicians, a limited driving range, longer charging times, and low resale value. Earlier studies (e.g., Ghasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Asadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bansal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Jung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) in different countries also reported similar factors when they examined people's preferences to buy an EV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe examined the associations between socio-demographic traits and the motivators (both positive and negative) that affect respondents\u0026rsquo; decisions to buy an EV. We observed differences between males and females in a few positive aspects. When compared to men, women demonstrated a noticeably larger propensity for some characteristics of EVs, such as being prestigious, stylish, and exquisite. Nevertheless, compared to men, their chance of buying an EV was far lower. According to Ghasri et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), women tend to think that EVs have better designs, are safer, and have less of an impact on the environment. However, according to Buhmann and Criado (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), men appeared to favor EVs more. We discovered that older respondents were more inclined to purchase an EV than younger respondents. According to a European study, people are more likely to favor electric vehicles (EVs) if they are older (Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education levels among the respondents (beyond secondary schooling) were highly correlated with a number of positive attributes, such as EVs' longer lifespan, reduced maintenance costs, environmental friendliness, energy efficiency, and quieter operation. According to earlier research, those with a bachelor's degree or less typically know less than people with higher education about the many benefits of EVs, such as energy efficiency and pollution reduction (Bansal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ghasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Purchasing an EV is more likely for those with greater levels of education (Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ghasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hidrue et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Mukherjee and Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Our data, however, contradict this prediction (that educated people would purchase an EV), which may be because EVs are more expensive. The desire for EVs declines with an increase in their purchasing price (Bansal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bjerkan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Cecere et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). We discovered that respondents were more likely to buy an EV if their income was higher. Higher income is associated with a higher likelihood of becoming a possible buyer of an EV, among other factors such as age and green behavior, according to research (e.g., Bjerkan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Buhmann and Criado, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Nie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Many of the favorable characteristics and the respondents' desire to buy an EV were also substantially correlated with their level of awareness about EVs. According to earlier studies, consumers' perceived utility of EVs and their intention to adopt them were favorably and significantly correlated with their knowledge and experience (Krause et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Huang and Ge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to the positive qualities of EVs mentioned above, there are several negative variables that are strongly correlated with the respondents\u0026rsquo; characteristics. A few factors, such as an elevated cost, a restricted driving range and number of charging stations, difficulties in achieving a smooth charging experience due to power outages, the generation of hazardous chemicals and e-waste from batteries, and a dearth of battery recycling facilities, are strongly correlated with the degree of education, occupation, awareness, and prior knowledge regarding EVs. The main obstacles to EV adoption, according to an Indian study by Bansal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), are restricted driving range, delayed charging times, higher purchasing prices, and a lack of fast-charging facilities. According to Pamidimukkala et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), the main barriers to EV adoption in the United States are their high purchase prices, a lack of public charging stations, and the high cost of replacing batteries. Battery-related challenges to EV adoption include the short lifespan of EV batteries, the absence of a standard recycling procedure, and the production of many hazardous chemicals (Chidambaram et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Extremely hazardous compounds found in EV batteries pose a risk to both the ecosystems and the users (Muller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Limitations and future studies","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study has produced valuable data regarding the adoption of EVs in Bangladesh. Nevertheless, there are many limitations to be aware of and it is important to take caution when interpreting the findings. The sample size consisted of 427 working individuals, with females comprising 27% of the total. A more comprehensive study with equal representation of both males and females and from wider socio-economic backgrounds might yield more broadly applicable findings. This study does not classify EVs into specific categories and instead focuses on EVs as a whole. By incorporating several types of EVs, we can gain insights about the specific EVs that respondents are more inclined to adopt. Environmental consciousness, including factors such as climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, could potentially impact how individuals perceive EVs and their likelihood of adopting them. This topic warrants additional research in the country. Psychological variables such as receptiveness to new experiences, willingness to embrace innovation, preference for a particular automobile brand, and the impact of social influence can also serve as incentives for consumers to embrace EVs. Subsequent investigations should take into account these variables. Further research is needed to examine how economic considerations such as tax rebates or subsidies on purchase prices can impact the adoption of EVs. Although there are limitations, this study would offer fundamental information to the relevant authorities, which they can utilize to advance the adoption of EVs in the country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion and Policy Implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eBangladesh has made a proposal under the Paris Agreement to unconditionally reduce 3.4\u0026nbsp;million tons of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which accounts for 9% of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions, by 2030 in the transport sector (Siddique, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). To accomplish this objective, the government has formulated the \"Automobile Industry Development Policy 2021\" with the goal of expediting the adoption of EVs to achieve maximum reduction of vehicle emissions (Ministry of Industries, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Throughout this context, this research is timely and valuable, as it offers pertinent data that can be utilized by policy makers to effectively encourage the adoption of EVs throughout the country. The study's findings indicate that approximately 60% of the respondents are inclined to purchase an EV as their next automobile. Respondents who have obtained a university level education and possess knowledge about EVs showed favorable attitudes towards the characteristics of EVs. Nevertheless, the probability of them embracing an EV was strongly associated with a higher income and a more comprehensive understanding of EVs. There are some other factors such as a higher initial cost, restricted driving range, limited availability of charging stations, and lower resale value that may discourage the widespread adoption of EVs. The relevant authorities can take these aspects into account when implementing measures to expedite the adoption of EVs in the country. To be more precise, it is crucial for authorities to prioritize the promotion of the purchase of EVs by offering incentives such as reductions in road tax and registration fees. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance public awareness and understanding of EVs, while also investing in the construction of supportive infrastructure such as charging and service stations. The Automobile Industry Development Policy \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2021 prioritized offering financial incentives like as purchasing incentives, exemption from road tax for a specific term, reduced registration fees, and the establishment of charging stations for the development and adoption of eco-friendly vehicles. Unfortunately, there is no provision in place to improve people's awareness and knowledge about EVs, which is crucial for increasing the rate of adoption. Furthermore, this policy only provided a concise overview of eco-friendly automobiles. We strongly recommend a more detailed explanation of the specific incentives and processes that would be implemented, as well as the policy being widely advertised. It would provide customers with a clear understanding of the government's stated support for EVs and might accelerate the adoption rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth developing and affluent nations are advocating for EVs. While studies have been undertaken on customer perceptions of EVs in affluent nations, the results of this study could provide valuable insights for the developing nations' governments to develop strategies for EV promotion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT author statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath; Methodology: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath; Formal analysis and investigation: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath, Alak Paul, Tarit Kumar Baul; Writing - original draft preparation: Tapan Kumar Nath, Shibajee Nath; Writing - review and editing: Alak Paul, Tarit Kumar Baul; Resources: Tapan Kumar Nath, Alak Paul; Supervision: Tapan Kumar Nath, Alak Paul\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTKN and SN conceptualization, methodology, writing original draft; TKN, AP, and TKB investigation. TKN analyzed data. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the respondents for their time to participate in this research\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsadi, S., Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Abdullah, R., Mahmoud, M., Alkinani, M.H., Yadegaridehkordi, E.: Factors impacting consumers\u0026rsquo; intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. \u003cb\u003e282\u003c/b\u003e, 124474 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBansal, P., Kumar, R.R., Raj, A., Dubey, S., Graham, D.J.: Willingness to pay and attitudinal preferences of Indian consumers for electric vehicles. Energy Econ. \u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e, 105340 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBernard, H.R.: Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, 3rd edn. Alta Mira, Walnut Creek, CA (2002)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBjerkan, K.Y., N\u0026oslash;rbech, T.E., Nordt\u0026oslash;mme, M.E.: Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e, 169\u0026ndash;180 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBuhmann, K.M., Criado, J.R.: Consumers\u0026rsquo; preferences for electric vehicles: The role of status and reputation. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e114\u003c/b\u003e, 103530 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCar Culture: Bangladesh [WWW Document]: URL (2020). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.rymax-lubricants.com/updates/car-culture-bangladesh/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.rymax-lubricants.com/updates/car-culture-bangladesh/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 4.30.24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCecere, G., Corrocher, N., Guerzoni, M.: Price or performance? A probabilistic choice analysis of the intention to buy electric vehicles in European countries. Energy Policy. \u003cb\u003e118\u003c/b\u003e, 19\u0026ndash;32 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChan, C.C., Chau, K.T.: An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. \u003cb\u003e44\u003c/b\u003e, 3\u0026ndash;13 (1997)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChidambaram, K., Ashok, B., Vignesh, R., Deepak, C., Ramesh, R., Narendhra, T.M.V., Muhammad Usman, K., Kavitha, C.: Critical analysis on the implementation barriers and consumer perception toward future electric mobility. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 237, 622\u0026ndash;654. (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEgbue, O., Long, S.: Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions. Energy Policy. \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e, 717\u0026ndash;729 (2012)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEnergy, U.D., of: Alternative Fuels Data Center: Electric Vehicle Benefits and Considerations [WWW Document]. URL (2022). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_benefits.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_benefits.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 9.9.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., Rashidi, T.: Perception towards electric vehicles and the impact on consumers\u0026rsquo; preference. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e77\u003c/b\u003e, 271\u0026ndash;291 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHafner, J.W., Bleess, B.B., Famakinwa, M.F., Wang, H., Coleman, M.: The effect of a community crash reenactment program on teen alcohol awareness and behavior. Adolesc. Health Med. Ther. \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e, 83\u0026ndash;90 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHardman, S., Jenn, A., Tal, G., Axsen, J., Beard, G., Daina, N., Figenbaum, E., Jakobsson, N., Jochem, P., Kinnear, N., Pl\u0026ouml;tz, P., Pontes, J., Refa, N., Sprei, F., Turrentine, T., Witkamp, B.: A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e62\u003c/b\u003e, 508\u0026ndash;523 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHidrue, M.K., Parsons, G.R., Kempton, W., Gardner, M.P.: Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes. Resour. Energy Econ. \u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e, 686\u0026ndash;705 (2011)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang, X., Ge, J.: Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention. J. Clean. Prod. \u003cb\u003e216\u003c/b\u003e, 361\u0026ndash;372 (2019)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang, X., Lin, Y., Lim, M.K., Tseng, M.L., Zhou, F.: The influence of knowledge management on adoption intention of electric vehicles: perspective on technological knowledge. Ind. Manag Data Syst. \u003cb\u003e121\u003c/b\u003e, 1481\u0026ndash;1495 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang, Y., Qian, L.: Consumer preferences for electric vehicles in lower tier cities of China: Evidences from south Jiangsu region. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e63\u003c/b\u003e, 482\u0026ndash;497 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIEA: Electric vehicles - IEA [WWW Document]. URL (2022). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 9.10.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIEA: Transport - Energy System - IEA [WWW Document]. URL (2023). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 9.9.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEtikan, I., Musa, S.A., Alkassim, R.S.: Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. Am. J. Theoretical Appl. Stat. \u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;4 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJung, J., Yeo, S., Lee, Y., Moon, S., Lee, D.J.: Factors affecting consumers\u0026rsquo; preferences for electric vehicle: A Korean case. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. \u003cb\u003e41\u003c/b\u003e, 100666 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJunquera, B., Moreno, B., \u0026Aacute;lvarez, R.: Analyzing consumer attitudes towards electric vehicle purchasing intentions in Spain: Technological limitations and vehicle confidence. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. \u003cb\u003e109\u003c/b\u003e, 6\u0026ndash;14 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKautish, P., Lavuri, R., Roubaud, D., Grebinevych, O.: Electric vehicles\u0026rsquo; choice behaviour: An emerging market scenario. J. Environ. Manage. \u003cb\u003e354\u003c/b\u003e, 120250 (2024)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKrause, R.M., Carley, S.R., Lane, B.W., Graham, J.D.: Perception and reality: Public knowledge of plug-in electric vehicles in 21 U.S. cities. Energy Policy. \u003cb\u003e63\u003c/b\u003e, 433\u0026ndash;440 (2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar, R.R., Alok, K.: Adoption of electric vehicle: A literature review and prospects for sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. \u003cb\u003e253\u003c/b\u003e, 119911 (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, W., Long, R., Chen, H., Geng, J.: A review of factors influencing consumer intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. \u003cb\u003e78\u003c/b\u003e, 318\u0026ndash;328 (2017)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLimon, M.H., Debnath, B., Bari, A.B.M.M.: Exploration of the drivers influencing the growth of hybrid electric vehicle adoption in the emerging economies: Implications towards sustainability and low-carbon economy. Sustain. Oper. Comput. \u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e, 76\u0026ndash;87 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMandys, F.: Electric vehicles and consumer choices. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. \u003cb\u003e142\u003c/b\u003e, 110874 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMekky, M.F., Collins, A.R.: The Impact of state policies on electric vehicle adoption -A panel data analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. \u003cb\u003e191\u003c/b\u003e, 114014 (2024)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMersky, A.C., Sprei, F., Samaras, C., Qian, Z.S.: Effectiveness of incentives on electric vehicle adoption in Norway. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e, 56\u0026ndash;68 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinistry of, Industries: Automobile Industry Development Policy 2021. People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh. (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://moind.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moind.portal.gov.bd/page/66b4934c_1ad2_4ab3_a9f8_329331d9b054/14.%20Automobile%20Industry%20Development%20Policy%2C%202021.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://moind.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moind.portal.gov.bd/page/66b4934c_1ad2_4ab3_a9f8_329331d9b054/14.%20Automobile%20Industry%20Development%20Policy%2C%202021.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 30 April 2024)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorton, C., Anable, J., Nelson, J.D.: Exploring consumer preferences towards electric vehicles: The influence of consumer innovativeness. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. \u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e, 18\u0026ndash;28 (2016)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMpoi, G., Milioti, C., Mitropoulos, L.: Factors and incentives that affect electric vehicle adoption in Greece. Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol. \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e, 1064\u0026ndash;1079 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMukherjee, S.C., Ryan, L.: Factors influencing early battery electric vehicle adoption in Ireland. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. \u003cb\u003e118\u003c/b\u003e, 109504 (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuller, P., Duboc, R., Malefant, E.: Recycling electric vehicle batteries: ecological transformation and preserving resources. (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://journals.openedition.org/factsreports\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e 74\u0026ndash;81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNie, Y., Wang, E., Guo, Q., Shen, J.: Examining Shanghai consumer preferences for electric vehicles and their attributes. Sustain. \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;16 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalit, T., Bari, A.B.M.M., Karmaker, C.L.: An integrated Principal Component Analysis and Interpretive Structural Modeling approach for electric vehicle adoption decisions in sustainable transportation systems. Decis. Anal. J. \u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e, 100119 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePamidimukkala, A., Kermanshachi, S., Rosenberger, J.M., Hladik, G.: Evaluation of barriers to electric vehicle adoption: A study of technological, environmental, financial, and infrastructure factors. Transp. Res. Interdiscip Perspect. \u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e, 100962 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeters, A., D\u0026uuml;tschke, E.: How do Consumers Perceive Electric Vehicles? A Comparison of German Consumer Groups. J. Environ. Policy Plan. \u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e, 359\u0026ndash;377 (2014)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahman, A., n.d. ELECTRIC MOBILITY AND, SHIFT TO THE ELECTRIFICATION, OF PARATRANSIT IN BANGLADESH [WWW Document]:. URL \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/event-documents/22\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/event-documents/22\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e _Electric _mobility _%26 _shift _to _electrification%2C _Bangladesh.pdf (accessed 4.30.24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRezvani, Z., Jansson, J., Bodin, J.: Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e, 122\u0026ndash;136 (2015)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSahoo, D., Harichandan, S., Kar, S.K., S, S: An empirical study on consumer motives and attitude towards adoption of electric vehicles in India: Policy implications for stakeholders. Energy Policy. \u003cb\u003e165\u003c/b\u003e, 112941 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSanguesa, J.A., Torres-Sanz, V., Garrido, P., Martinez, F.J., Marquez-Barja, J.M.: A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities 2021, Vol. 4, Pages 372\u0026ndash;404 4, 372\u0026ndash;404. (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShitu, S.: Sustainable commuting: Bangladesh aims for 50% electric cars by 2050 [WWW Document]. URL (2023). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/333185/sustainable-commuting-bangladesh-aims-for-50%25\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/333185/sustainable-commuting-bangladesh-aims-for-50%25\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 4.30.24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiddique, A.: Bangladesh to produce lithium batteries, electric vehicles to cut emissions. Online: (2023). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/bangladesh-to-produce-lithium-batteries-electric-vehicles-to-cut-emissions/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/bangladesh-to-produce-lithium-batteries-electric-vehicles-to-cut-emissions/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 30 April 2024)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, V., Singh, Vedant, Vaibhav, S.: A review and simple meta-analysis of factors influencing adoption of electric vehicles. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e86\u003c/b\u003e, 102436 (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUnited Nations: Factsheet climate change. [WWW Document]. URL (2021). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/media_gstc/FACT_SHEET_Climate_Change.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/media_gstc/FACT_SHEET_Climate_Change.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 4.7.24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVidhi, R., Shrivastava, P.: A review of electric vehicle lifecycle emissions and policy recommendations to increase EV penetration in India. Energies. \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;15 (2018)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWicki, M., Br\u0026uuml;ckmann, G., Quoss, F., Bernauer, T.: What do we really know about the acceptance of battery electric vehicles?\u0026ndash;Turns out, not much. Transp. Rev. \u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e, 62\u0026ndash;87 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Bank: Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate) - Bangladesh | Data [WWW Document]. URL (2024). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?locations=BD\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?locations=BD\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed 4.30.24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXiong, S., Yuan, Y., Yao, J., Bai, B., Ma, X.: Exploring consumer preferences for electric vehicles based on the random coefficient logit model. Energy. \u003cb\u003e263\u003c/b\u003e, 125504 (2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang, W., Wang, S., Wan, L., Zhang, Z., Zhao, D.: Information perspective for understanding consumers\u0026rsquo; perceptions of electric vehicles and adoption intentions. Transp. Res. Part. D Transp. Environ. \u003cb\u003e102\u003c/b\u003e, 103157 (2022)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Electric vehicles, Consumer preferences, Climate change, Charging infrastructure, Bangladesh","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706474/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706474/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn order to reduce emissions from the transport sector, the government of Bangladesh aims to accelerate the pace of electric vehicles (EVs) adoption. However, research on consumer perceptions of EVs in the country is limited. This study examined the factors that encourage or discourage consumers from adopting private EVs. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was distributed across the country employing purposive sampling, and 427 responses were obtained. Descriptive statistics were computed, and binary regressions were performed to understand the relationship between respondents' characteristics, factors, and adoption of EVs. For more than 80% of respondents, EVs are energy efficient, environmentally friendly, reduce the usage of fossil fuels, stylish, and elegant. About 90% of respondents cited several discouraging factors, including a lack of sufficient service stations and mechanics, a limited driving range, a higher purchase price, and a low resale value. Approximately 60% of respondents are inclined to buy an EV as their next car. Nevertheless, the probability of them embracing an EV was significantly associated with a higher income and a more comprehensive understanding of EVs. These findings could potentially support pertinent authorities in their efforts to accelerate the adoption of EVs. To be more precise, authorities give precedence to the encouragement of EVs purchase through the provision of incentives such as road tax and registration fee reductions. Furthermore, it is essential that authorities allocate resources towards the development of EV-friendly infrastructure, including charging and service stations, while concurrently augmenting public consciousness and understanding of EVs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors Affecting Consumers’ Preference for Private Electric Vehicles in Bangladesh: Policy Implications for Adoption","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-31 01:33:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4706474/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"339209d0-f42e-4374-922c-0419ce35865f","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-31T01:33:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-31 01:33:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4706474","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4706474","identity":"rs-4706474","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}