Net gain via optical parametric amplification in photonic chips integrated with 2D materials

Net gain via optical parametric amplification in photonic chips integrated with 2D materials | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Net gain via optical parametric amplification in photonic chips integrated with 2D materials David Moss This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9023458/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract On-chip integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials provides a promising route for implementing nonlinear integrated photonic devices that break existing barriers and unlock new capabilities. Although 2D materials with ultrahigh optical nonlinearity have driven this technological progress, their high optical absorption also constitutes an Achilles’ heel. Whether 2D materials can overcome their intrinsic absorption and generate net gain (NG) via optical parametric amplification (OPA) processes is a critical and intriguing question, which is central to many nonlinear optical applications. Recently, we experimentally demonstrated enhanced OPA and achieved NG in silicon nitride waveguides integrated with 2D graphene oxide (GO) under pulsed pumping. Here, we analyze the feasibility of achieving NG in more widely used, yet more challenging, scenarios involving silicon waveguides incorporating GO and continuous-wave pumping. The results show that a gap still exists toward achieving this goal, but it can be bridged through combined efforts in optimizing waveguide structure, reducing loss of GO, and improving GO’s thermal stability. We also investigate different waveguide structures as well as other 2D materials, and analyze the gap in each case. This work provides a critical roadmap and useful guidance for future developments towards achieving NG via OPA in integrated photonic devices incorporating 2D materials. Nanoscience integrated optics 2D materials optical parametric amplification Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files APOPAsupplementaryressq.pdf Net gain via optical parametric amplification in photonic chips integrated with 2D materials Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9023458","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":600196603,"identity":"da6a70cf-09ec-401e-a07a-ca1e802af5fd","order_by":0,"name":"David Moss","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAv0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAyCigoGBDUTzEK/lDMlaGNugHKK08F07fPjjz3l1iX3SDYwP3rYxyBscIKBF8nZamjTvtsOJbTIHmA3ntjEYbiCkxeB2jhkz47YDuW0SCWzSvG0MjMRoMf74c04dSAv7b6AWe2K0GEjwNjCDbWEGakkkqAXsF55jh+vbJBKbJeeck0ieSUgL3+3kwx9/1NQZy89IPvjhTZmNbR8hLUiAsQFISBCvfhSMglEwCkYBbgAAag1BanhL11sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"swinburne university of technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Moss","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-03 20:07:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9023458/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9023458/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104403053,"identity":"2681e882-55c8-4c8f-81f6-267414359e51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:17:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1888103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PGressq.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9023458/v1_covered_98892c90-fac5-46fb-917e-cd66bb3b3c9a.pdf"},{"id":104072665,"identity":"58b78c72-5aa3-4fa2-880b-94c5942b3e98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-06 12:16:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2010659,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNet gain via optical parametric amplification in photonic chips integrated with 2D materials\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"APOPAsupplementaryressq.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9023458/v1/96fcf5bcfc7a6db979f715fd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet gain via optical parametric amplification in photonic chips integrated with 2D materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Swinburne University of Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"integrated optics, 2D materials, optical parametric amplification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9023458/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9023458/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOn-chip integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials provides a promising route for implementing nonlinear integrated photonic devices that break existing barriers and unlock new capabilities. 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