Prevalence and Determinants of Contraceptive Use Among Men in Tanzania: Analysis of Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2022

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Abihudi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139029/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Globally, contraceptive use is an important strategy in fighting maternal and neonatal deaths. The spacing and avoiding unplanned pregnancies while providing woman with enough time recovering her health and newborns growing. However, the contraception use in developing countries including Tanzania is low and is worse among men, culturally regarded as the dominant decision makers in sexual relationships. Objective To assess prevalence and determinants of the contraceptive use among Tanzanian men using the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 2022. Methods The secondary study analyzed the data collected using cross-sectional study design of weighted 5763 men obtained from the TDHS 2022. A dependent variable was contraceptive use and independent variables were man’s demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Bivariate and multivariable analysis were conducted and p-value < 0.05 determined a significant factor. Results The prevalence of contraceptive use among Tanzanian men is 26%. The logistic regression showed men aged 45–49 years (aOR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.90–5.01) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to men aged 15–19. Men with higher education (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.79–4.84) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to those with informal education, from rich quantile (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.92–1.46) had higher odds compared to poor. Men with five and above children (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.08–2.43) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to those with no child. Those desired no more child had odds of 1.4 times higher to use contraceptive (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05–1.88), men who heard family planning on radio (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.16–1.66) had higher odds of using contraceptive to those who did not. Conclusion The contraceptive use among Tanzanian men is generally low 26% and was associated with man’s age, education level, wealth index, number of children, and occupation. More tailored programs targeting men to increase their education level particularly health education are crucial in increasing men’s contraceptive use in Tanzania. men family planning contraceptives use Tanzania Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Background : The economic prosperity, well-being of individuals, and environmental sustainability of a nation are contingent upon its capacity to effectively manage population growth (Boserup, 2009). Various characteristics such as age, gender, education level, number of children a person have and wealth influence the utilization of contraceptive methods (Msovela, 2016; Msovela et al., 2020; Sundararajan et al., 2019; Tesfa et al., 2022). This has led to the promotion of diverse contraceptive methods in sub-Saharan Africa, where individuals used to have a high number of children in the past, regardless of their gender (Boserup, 2009; Caldwell, 2009). Recently, there has been a rise in the variety of contraceptive methods available in Tanzania, and the desire to use the methods differs across different age groups, sex and geographical location (Kikula et al., 2022; Massenga et al., 2021; Msovela, 2016; Rwabilimbo et al., 2023). The younger population has been found to be hesitant in utilizing contraceptive methods in comparison to the elderly. There is a correlation between favorable wealth conditions and a person's high level of education with an increased likelihood of utilizing contraception, as opposed to individuals who are impoverished and less educated (Abeid et al., 2023; Adde et al., 2022). The more the number of children a person has, the greater the likelihood that they will use a contraceptive method in both genders, in comparison to those who have none (Msovela, 2016). Regarding gender, research indicates that the utilization of contraception among males remains relatively low in comparison to females (Ringheim, 1993; Sundararajan et al., 2019). Furthermore, it is evident that having access to information on family planning has significant impact on the reproductive outcome (Phiri et al., 2023 ). Various individuals acquire knowledge about contraceptive from different sources such as media and hospitals (Ahinkorah, 2020 ; Msovela, 2016 ; Ochako et al., 2017 ). However, research has revealed that men, in particular, face restricted access to certain communication channels, notably hospitals (Ochako et al., 2017 ). This study aims to investigate the factors what is behind the limited access of contraceptives for male in Tanzania. In recent times, the society has witnessed an increase in types of family planning methods in Tanzania. Previous studies reported that the use of family planning without physicians’ consultations may have undesirable negative effects on the users. The use and demand for FP seem to vary among ages and area of residence (urban/rural). DHS reported that 38% of currently married women are using any contraceptive method, including 31% who are using any modern method and 7% of women using any traditional method. In addition, among sexually active, unmarried women, 45% use any contraceptive method, including 36% using any modern method and 8% using any traditional method ( Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey , 2022). However, there is limited empirical studies regarding the prevalence and factors influencing the use of contraceptive among men in the Tanzanian context. These factors can be attributed to several variables that will be revealed in the course of this study. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and the factors associated with contraceptive use among Tanzanian men using TDHS 2022. Methods and tools This secondary study used data obtained from a cross-sectional study survey of 8 th Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2022. In Tanzania, the program is implemented by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) with the financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The surveys use two stage stratified sampling methods. The first stage involved the section of strata, where the number of regions required to be included in the survey were determined. The second stage involved systematic selection of households from each cluster or Enumeration Areas (EA), whereby 629 EAs were obtained. In every cluster 26 households were taken. Interviews were conducted with all women and men between the ages of 15 and 49 who were usual residents or visitors slept in the selected households the night preceding the day of the survey. No additional ethical approval was required beside the ethical considerations followed by DHS surveys. Ethical approval was obtained from participants prior to data collection by DHS program. The confidentiality and privacy of respondents are rigorously upheld throughout the DHS survey. Concerning this study; the MEASURE DHS approved the use of the datasets after reviewing our concept note that was submitted to them. The datasets are available to the public for free at the DHS Program ( https://dhsprogram.com/data/new-user-registration.cfm ). The analysis used the men’s file (MR) to elicit men’s information towards the use of contraceptive in Tanzania. In addition, this analysis involved some variables that were used in other similar studies conducted previously (Kikula et al., 2022 ; Marquez et al., 2013 ). Variables Independent variables involved men’s demographic characteristics including age, education level, marital status, area of residence, wealth quintile, occupation, parity, desire for another child, knowledge on contraceptive methods, heard family planning on radio, contraceptive is women’s business, women using contraception become promiscuous, watching television, discussion with health worker about contraception (Kikula et al., 2022 ). Dependent variable was the use of the Family Planning method which was dichotomized into yes or no responses. In the analysis, all the variables with no data were treated as missing. Statistical analysis; data were analyzed using Stata version 17 software. Univariate, binary with chi-square and multivariable analysis models were used to find the association and the odds of using contraceptive based on the socio-demographic characteristics entered in the models. The chi-square was used to determine the association of the variables. Then variables which showed to be significant at p-value < 0.25 in the model were tested for potential multi-collinearity to ensure the independent variables do not relate to each other except to dependent variable. Those passed the test were entered in the multivariable logistic regression analysis model to be able to control for other variables. The threshold value of p-value < 0.05 was used to determine significance of the variable. RESULTS Background characteristics of study participants The study involved 5763 male respondents, with a mean age of 29 years. Most respondents were aged 15–19 years (25.1%), followed by 20–24 years (16.2%). Majority had primary education (54.4%), with a minority having higher education (3.4%). More than half (66.4%) residing in rural areas. More than half (51.0%) were married, poorest (33.3%) richest (46.0%). Two third (82.3%) had knowledge on any contraceptive method, while half (52%) listened to a radio at least once a week ( Table 1 ). Prevalence of contraceptive use among men The overall prevalence of contraceptive use among men aged 15–49 in Tanzania is 26% (95% CI:24.02, 27.28) whereby most of them (90.6%) use modern contraceptive methods, and the rest 9.4% use traditional contraceptive methods ( Fig. 2 ). The prevalence varied significantly across zones. Modern contraceptive use is higher (38%) and (32%) in the Southern Highlands and South West Highlands respectively and lowest (8%) in Zanzibar. Across zones, traditional contraceptive use ranges from 0.2–4% in Southern and South West Highlands respectively ( Table 2 ). Determinants of contraceptive use among men The results as shown in (Table 3 ) from logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of that men aged 20–24 years (aOR = 2.97, 95% CI = 2.19–4.04); 25–29 years (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI = 2.11–4.15); 30–34 years (aOR = 3.11, 2.11–4.61); 35–39 years (aOR = 3.12, 95% CI = 2.07–4.71); 40–44 years (aOR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.84–4.53) and 45–49 years (aOR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.90–5.01) had more odds to use contraceptive compared to men aged 15–19. Men with primary education (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.41–2.51); secondary education (aOR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.46–2.84) and higher education (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.79–4.84) had odds 2.9 higher of using contraceptive compared to those with informal education. The odds of modern contraception use were significantly high among men from middle wealth index (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.98–1.56) and rich (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.92–1.46) compared to poor. Employed men (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.34–3.02) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to unemployed men. Compared with men with no child, men with one to two (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.12–2.02) three to four (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.05–2.24) and five and above (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.08–2.43) children had higher odds to use contraceptives. The men who desired no more child had odds of 1.4 times higher to use contraceptive (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05–1.88), men with knowledge on contraceptive methods (aOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.45–2.62) as well as men who heard family planning in the radio (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.16–1.66). Moreover, men who didn’t perceive that a woman using contraception becomes promiscuous (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.27–0.66) had lower odds to use any of the contraceptive methods compared to their counterparts. Discussion The study assessed the prevalence and determinants of use of contraceptive among Tanzanian men. The overall prevalence of contraceptive use among men aged 15–49 in Tanzania is very low (26%). Little involvement of men in family planning issues might result into over population, poor maternal and child health outcomes, and impact on family well-being (Mosha & Ruben, 2013 ; Mzee, 2016 ; Van Hoyweghen et al., 2023 ). The significant factors to contraceptive use included age, education level, wealth quantile, occupation, parity and knowledge on contraceptive use. Prior descriptive statistics showed that the study population was mostly composed of young generation mostly at reproductive age as it indicated by the average age of 29 years. Majority of population found in rural area (66%), and this showed the need to focus interventions on addressing the contraceptive use challenges encountered by this group on both married (51%) and unmarried (49%) population. The substantial proportion (82%) of the population possessed knowledge of contraception methods indicated a promising likelihood of informed decision-making and adoption of family planning methods, potentially leading to a reduction in population growth as reported in other studies (Lyimo et al., 2024 ; Msovela et al., 2020 ). This emphasized the importance of education and awareness in promoting contraceptive use and responsible reproductive informed choices (Ochako et al., 2017 ). With high percentage (82%) of population having knowledge on contraceptive methods shows a high chance of the population making the right decision and start using family planning methods thus reducing the population (Mosha & Ruben, 2013 ). Moreover, radios (52%) have demonstrated effectiveness as a platform for disseminating family planning messages in this study and other studies (Msovela, 2016 ; Ochako et al., 2017 ; Sigalla & Charles, 2013 ). Hence, they may also prove beneficial in advocating for other health-related issues within communities. Among those who use contraceptive, majority (90%) preferred modern methods in comparison with traditional methods which shows to be effective and reliable as it is supported by Frank ( 1990 ). In contrast, another study found that users, particularly women, thought modern contraceptives were less efficient in preventing pregnancy and were associated with concerns regarding infertility and cancer risk (Mosha & Ruben, 2013 ). Contraceptive use exhibits substantial variation among different zones in Tanzania. The Southern and South West Highlands had higher rates of modern contraception use (38% and 32%), indicating better family planning awareness and access. In contrast, Zanzibar has the lowest prevalence rate at 8%, probably due to religious views that contraceptives opposing with religious beliefs and fears of infertility (Kielmann, 1998 ; Sigalla & Charles, 2013 ). The low level of modern contraceptive use in Zanzibar may also be influenced by limited awareness regarding the utilization of male contraceptive methods and family planning, as indicated by Sigalla & Charles ( 2013 ). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that both age and educational progress play a role in the utilization of contraceptives, indicating that maturity and educational attainment serve as factors promoting family planning among Tanzanian men, as it was also reported in other studies (Wondim et al., 2020 ). This emphasized the importance of education as a key element in improving the adoption of contraceptives and highlights the necessity for reproductive health education among adolescents to prevent unintended pregnancies (Lyimo et al., 2024 ). Moreover, with advancing age, it becomes increasingly probable that a man has initiated a family and has achieved the desired number of children compared to younger individuals. Furthermore, men from moderate to affluent socioeconomic backgrounds and those who are employed demonstrate a greater inclination towards using modern contraceptives in contrast to those from less privileged backgrounds. Increased wealth and employment enhance an individual's ability to afford modern family planning methods compared to those who are poorer or unemployed as it is supported by another study in Ghana (Boserup, 2009 ). Additionally, the majority of employed and affluent individuals are more likely to have received education, good income and exposure to family planning awareness, thereby increasing their likelihood of encountering family planning promotions (Tessema et al., 2021 ). This is in contrary to the study done in Ethiopia (Shaweno & Kura, 2020 ) where, the wealth index did not show an independent association with the use of modern contraceptives. Moreover, having a higher number of children and expressing a desire to cease having more children correlates with increased contraceptive utilization compared to those with fewer children or no child and no such desire, a trend also observed in other studies (Msovela et al., 2020 ; Wondim et al., 2020 ). This finding aligns with another study, which found that visiting family planning facilities increased the likelihood of contraceptive use among men (Msovela et al., 2020 ). Interestingly, men's perception that women who use contraception are promiscuous influences their own contraceptive behavior, with those who do not hold such perceptions being less likely to utilize contraceptives The study taps its uniqueness by assessing the use of contraceptive among men who are culturally taken to be the main decision makers and resources suppliers in the sexual relationship and family. This cater also for all issues related to health care utilization including reproductive health issues particularly on whether to use or not use contraceptives contrary to many other studies which assess use of FP using women who are in real sense just implementers of decisions already taken by men (Abeid et al., 2023 ; Kazaura et al., 2016 ; Kikula et al., 2022 ; Massenga et al., 2021 ; Msovela et al., 2020 ). The findings showed that as education increases also the use of family planning increases. This suggest that in order to improve the use of family planning among Tanzanian men increasing education is key. This finding is similar to the findings reported elsewhere (Lyimo et al., 2024 ; Wondim et al., 2020 ) However, the study findings contradicted with the findings reported 60% contraceptive use among men in Kibaha, Tanzania (Msovela, 2016 ). Though the time of the study may have led to this remarkable difference in the prevalence as time differences among the two studies time is six years. Limitations of the study The cross-sectional nature of the study limited the establishment of causal-effect relationships between the variables. The study analyzed the secondary data hence could inherently take the errors that are attached to the sampling design and other biases committed during data collection. Yet, overall, the use of national survey data as well as the use of weighting offers an advantage of eliminating many biases typically associated with pooling observational data, selection, and measurement bias. The secondary nature of the study limited the analysis only to variables that were collected during the survey. Therefore, some of the variables could not be included due to not being included in the survey though acknowledged to be linked with use of contraceptives among men. Conclusion The use of contraceptive among Tanzanian men is generally low 26% and its use was mostly associated with the social demographic factors of education level, type of place of residence, number of children, employment, and the wealth as well as hearing FP messages on the radio. Recommendations The government of Tanzania through the ministry of Health in collaboration with other stakeholders should establish tailored programs targeting men to increase their education level particularly health education focusing comprehensive reproductive health including the use contraceptive. Men should individually start to be concerned and participate in the reproductive health services like attending ANC and Postnatal care with their partners, whereby during the care contraceptive use takes major part. Declarations Availability of Data and Materials The data used in the analysis are available online and can be requested from the DHS custodian. Ethical issues The study analyzed the collected data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) which had already obtained ethical clearance from Tanzanian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) for data collection hence this study did not need another ethical clearance. However, permission to use the data was requested from the DHS custodian USAID MEASURES. Acknowledgment The authors appreciate the custodian of DHS data for allowing the analysis that resulted in the completion of the current study. Funding No funding was involved in conducting the study. Authors’ contribution JA - data curation, data analysis, interpretation of the findings and writing the first draft of the manuscript, SA- conceptualization of the study, technical assistance in data analysis and reviewing all the manuscripts, PL - conceptualizing the idea for the study, technical assistance in the data analysis, writing a first draft of the manuscript, reviewing and editing the final manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Authors’ information JA - an independent researcher working in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, SA - academic staff at the Institute of Traditional Medicine, MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, PL - academic staff in the Department of Development Studies, MUHAS, Dar ss Salaam, Tanzania. Competing interest All authors declare not conflict of interest. Consent for Publication Not Applicable References Abeid, R. A., Sumari, E. I., Qin, C., Lyimo, A. A., & Luttaay, G. A. (2023). Uptake of modern contraceptive methods among women of reproductive age in Chake District-Pemba Tanzania: a descriptive crossectional study. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine , 8 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-023-00234-y Adde, K. S., Ameyaw, E. K., Dickson, K. S., Paintsil, J. A., Oladimeji, O., & Yaya, S. (2022). Women’s empowerment indicators and short- and long-acting contraceptive method use: evidence from DHS from 11 countries. 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Open Access Journal of Contraception , 11 , 197–207. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajc.s287159 Tables Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and association with contraceptive use among men of reproductive age (15–49 years) in Tanzania (using TDHS 2022) Variables Frequency Percentage Ever used contraceptive (%) P-value No Yes < 0.001 Age 15–19 1444 25.1 90.3 9.7 20–24 934 16.2 69.7 30.3 25–29 850 14.8 69.0 31.0 30–34 765 13.3 67.6 32.4 35–39 693 12.0 68.7 31.3 40–44 607 10.5 71.4 28.6 45–49 469 8.1 68.0 32.0 Residence Urban 1938 33.6 71.0 29.0 0.0053 Rural 3825 66.4 76.1 23.9 Education None 574 10.0 87.0 13.0 < 0.001 Primary 3134 54.4 73.7 26.2 Secondary 1858 32.2 73.5 26.5 Higher 197 3.4 55.9 44.1 Wealth Poor 1920 33.3 80.5 19.5 < 0.001 Middle 1191 20.7 74.6 25.4 Rich 2652 46.0 69.9 30.1 Occupation Unemployed 871 15.1 90.8 9.2 < 0.001 Employed 4892 84.9 71.5 28.5 Marital status Unmarried 2826 49.0 77.5 22.5 < 0.001 Married 2937 51.0 71.4 28.6 Parity 0 2555 44.3 81.3 18.7 < 0.001 1–2 1259 21.9 67.4 32.6 3–4 1038 18.0 69.7 30.3 5 and above 911 15.8 70.1 29.9 Desire for another child Have another 2213 38.4 72.8 27.2 < 0.001 Undecided 265 4.6 71.1 28.9 Wants no more 416 7.2 64.4 35.6 Sterilized 2869 49.8 77.4 22.6 Knowledge on contraceptive methods No 1022 17.7 90.30 9.70 < 0.001 Yes 4741 82.3 70.97 29.03 Heard family planning on radio No 2062 35.8 82.71 17.2 < 0.001 yes 3701 64.2 69.76 30.24 Contraception is women’s business Disagree 2653 46.0 73.13 26.87 < 0.001 Agree 2520 89.8 71.93 28.07 Don’t know 590 10.2 90.64 9.36 Women using contraception become promiscuous Disagree 2317 40.2 72.14 27.86 < 0.001 Agree 2881 50.0 72.47 27.53 Don’t know 565 9.8 93.45 6.55 Frequency of listening radio Not at all 1193 20.7 80.4 19.6 < 0.001 Less than once a week 1575 27.3 73.6 26.4 At least once a week 2994 52.0 72.4 27.6 Frequency watching television Not at all 1326 23.0 81.1 18.9 < 0.001 Less than once a week 1709 29.7 73.7 26.3 At least once a week 2728 47.3 71.6 28.4 Discussion with health worker about contraception No 5076 88.1 75.22 24.78 0.0011 Yes 687 11.9 68.28 31.72 Table 2 Prevalence of the contraceptives (Modern and tradition) use among men 15–49 years across zones (Using TDHS 2022) ZONE NO METHOD TRADITIONAL METHOD MODERN METHOD N % 95% CI N % 95% CI N % 95% CI Western 419 83.6 79.78–86.78 9 1.7 0.72–4.07 74 14.7 11.58–18.49 Northern 456 72.4 66.67–77.39 18 2.8 1.67–4.75 157 24.8 20.00 -30.38 Central 417 72.2 67.77–76.21 15 2.6 1.34–5.08 145 25.2 21.46–29.32 Southern Highlands 225 59.9 54.39–65.18 8 2.2 1.22–3.77 143 37.9 32.75–43.43 Southern 222 76.3 70.18–81.56 0.4 0.2 0.20–1.14 68 23.5 18.32–29.63 South West Highlands 338 64.3 59.43–89.40 22 4.1 2.78–6.06 166 31.6 27.18–36.28 Lake 1349 79.6 75.78–83.00 32 1.9 1.19–3.09 312 18.5 15.26–22.13 Eastern 691 70.8 66.91–74.31 29 3.0 1.74–4.96 257 26.3 22.91–30.00 Zanzibar 170 89.0 86.22–91.23 6 3.0 2.04–4.48 15 8.0 5.88–10.78 Table 3 Logistic regression on demographic and socio-economic factors on the use of contraceptive method among men aged 15–49 years in Tanzania (Using TDHS 2022) Variable contraceptive use among men OR 95% CI P-value a0R 95% CI p-value Age 15–19 Ref Ref 20–24 4.06 2.97–5.55 0.001 2.97 2.19–4.04 < 0.001 25–29 4.20 3.14–5.62 0.001 2.96 2.11–4.15 < 0.001 30–34 4.47 3.19–6.27 0.001 3.11 2.11–4.61 < 0.001 35–39 4.24 3.05–5.90 0.001 3.12 2.07–4.71 < 0.001 40–44 3.74 2.68–5.23 0.001 2.89 1.84–4.53 < 0.001 45–49 4.38 3.04–6.32 0.001 3.08 1.90–5.01 < 0.001 Residence Urban Ref Ref Rural 0.77 0.64–0.93 0.006 0.84 0.67–1.07 0.156 Education None Ref Ref Primary 2.37 1.81–3.11 0.001 1.88 1.41–2.51 < 0.001 Secondary 2.40 1.79–3.23 0.001 2.04 1.46–2.84 < 0.001 Higher 5.27 3.33–8.35 0.001 2.94 1.79–4.84 < 0.001 Wealth Poor Ref Middle 1.41 1.14–1.75 0.002 1.23 0.98–1.56 0.047 Rich 1.78 1.46–2.18 0.001 1.42 0.92–1.46 0.012 Occupation Unemployed Ref Ref Employed 3.92 2.61–5.89 0.001 2.01 1.34–3.02 < 0.001 Marital status Unmarried Ref Ref Married 1.38 1.17–1.63 0.001 0.60 0.27–1.32 0.21 Parity 0 Ref Ref 1–2 2.10 1.78–2.49 0.001 1.51 1.12–2.02 0.006 3–4 1.89 1.51–2.35 0.001 1.53 1.05–2.24 0.029 5 and above 1.85 1.49–2.31 0.001 1.62 1.08–2.43 0.021 Desire for another child Have another Ref Ref Undecided 1.09 0.75–1.57 0.658 1.10 0.73–1.65 0.629 Wants no more 1.48 1.14–1.93 0.003 1.40 1.05–1.88 0.022 Sterilized 0.78 0.66–0.932 0.006 1.08 0.58–1.88 0.650 Knowledge on contraceptive methods No Ref Ref Yes 3.81 2.88–5.04 0.001 1.95 1.45–2.62 < 0.001 Heard family planning on radio No Ref yes 2.07 1.77–2.42 0.001 1.39 1.16–1.66 < 0.001 Contraception is women’s business Disagree Ref Ref Agree 1.06 0.90–1.25 0.475 1.11 0.92–1.34 0.274 Don’t know 0.28 0.98 − 0.40 0.001 0.82 0.53–1.26 0.356 Women using contraception become promiscuous Disagree Ref Ref Agree 0.98 0.84–1.15 0.839 0.95 0.79–1.14 0.575 Don’t know 0.18 0.12–0.27 0.001 0.42 0.27–0.66 < 0.001 Frequency of listening radio Not at all Ref Ref Less than once a week 1.48 1.21–1.80 0.001 0.98 0.77–1.23 0.845 At least once a week 1.57 1.29–1.90 0.001 0.85 0.68–1.06 0.140 Frequency watching television Not at all Ref Ref Less than once a week 1.53 1.23 0.001 1.11 0.88–1.41 0.373 At least once a week 1.70 1.38 0.001 1.16 0.92–1.46 0.222 Discussion with health worker about contraception No Ref Ref Yes 1.41 1.14–1.73 0.001 1.01 0.81–1.26 0.953 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4139029","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":282713040,"identity":"a4ad00c4-0a33-4af2-90c4-25d2a4911449","order_by":0,"name":"Pankras Luoga","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPjiLB0QY2AAJxsYD+LSwoWopSANpaSBFy4fDYDZ+LRLJh1/8YLgjb85z9uHHHwbn7da2HwbaUmMTjVtLWpplD8Mzw5297cbSPAa3k7edSQRqOZaW24BTS46ZAQ/DYcYN59kYpBmAWswOALUwNhzGq8XwD8Nhe6AW5p8/DM4lm51/SFCL8WOgLYkbzraxSfAYHLAzu0HIFp5nacwyBs+SN5w5xmbNY5CcYHYDaEsCHr/wsycf/vim4o7thjNpzDd//LGzNzuf/vDBhxobnFrAbmMwOADnJYJVJuBWDgLMH5Djzh6/4lEwCkbBKBiJAABqPWFLY17WFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pankras","middleName":"","lastName":"Luoga","suffix":""},{"id":282713042,"identity":"2c69221d-3af5-4c1e-b92e-119fd293c42b","order_by":1,"name":"Jovinary Adam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jovinary","middleName":"","lastName":"Adam","suffix":""},{"id":282713046,"identity":"5b02581f-f8f0-4a97-97c9-56be74c5a765","order_by":2,"name":"Siri A. Abihudi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siri","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Abihudi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-20 18:29:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139029/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139029/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53669340,"identity":"bd076d78-8b74-476c-b032-70be98b77435","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 17:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":359680,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe conceptual framework of the use of contraceptive use among men\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139029/v1/2878d5807c9c787cb391b231.jpg"},{"id":53669342,"identity":"b6e4904b-602e-4ac4-929f-b184be6ea35a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 17:36:08","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":196005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of contraceptive use among the methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139029/v1/5ad51236f3cb28754fcab00c.jpg"},{"id":67600907,"identity":"823ef79b-5844-4422-9308-8bab312b22f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 03:17:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1535991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139029/v1/9f6b4784-d5e1-4813-81c3-998036a651c5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence and Determinants of Contraceptive Use Among Men in Tanzania: Analysis of Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2022\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: The economic prosperity, well-being of individuals, and environmental sustainability of a nation are contingent upon its capacity to effectively manage population growth\u0026nbsp; (Boserup, 2009). Various characteristics such as age, gender, education level, number of children a person have and wealth influence the utilization of contraceptive methods (Msovela, 2016; Msovela et al., 2020; Sundararajan et al., 2019; Tesfa et al., 2022). This has led to the promotion of diverse contraceptive methods in sub-Saharan Africa, where individuals used to have a high number of children in the past, regardless of their gender (Boserup, 2009; Caldwell, 2009). Recently, there has been a rise in the variety of contraceptive methods available in Tanzania, and the desire to use the methods differs across different age groups, sex and geographical location (Kikula et al., 2022; Massenga et al., 2021; Msovela, 2016; Rwabilimbo et al., 2023). The younger population has been found to be hesitant in utilizing contraceptive methods in comparison to the elderly. There is a correlation between favorable wealth conditions and a person's high level of education with an increased likelihood of utilizing contraception, as opposed to individuals who are impoverished and less educated (Abeid et al., 2023; Adde et al., 2022). The more the number of children a person has, the greater the likelihood that they will use a contraceptive method in both genders, in comparison to those who have none (Msovela, 2016). Regarding gender, research indicates that the utilization of contraception among males remains relatively low in comparison to females (Ringheim, 1993; Sundararajan et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it is evident that having access to information on family planning has significant impact on the reproductive outcome (Phiri et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Various individuals acquire knowledge about contraceptive from different sources such as media and hospitals (Ahinkorah, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Msovela, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ochako et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, research has revealed that men, in particular, face restricted access to certain communication channels, notably hospitals (Ochako et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to investigate the factors what is behind the limited access of contraceptives for male in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent times, the society has witnessed an increase in types of family planning methods in Tanzania. Previous studies reported that the use of family planning without physicians\u0026rsquo; consultations may have undesirable negative effects on the users. The use and demand for FP seem to vary among ages and area of residence (urban/rural). DHS reported that 38% of currently married women are using any contraceptive method, including 31% who are using any modern method and 7% of women using any traditional method. In addition, among sexually active, unmarried women, 45% use any contraceptive method, including 36% using any modern method and 8% using any traditional method (\u003cem\u003eTanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey\u003c/em\u003e, 2022). However, there is limited empirical studies regarding the prevalence and factors influencing the use of contraceptive among men in the Tanzanian context. These factors can be attributed to several variables that will be revealed in the course of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and the factors associated with contraceptive use among Tanzanian men using TDHS 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and tools","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis secondary study used data obtained from a cross-sectional study survey of 8\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey of 2022. In Tanzania, the program is implemented by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) with the financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The surveys use two stage stratified sampling methods. The first stage involved the section of strata, where the number of regions required to be included in the survey were determined. The second stage involved systematic selection of households from each cluster or Enumeration Areas (EA), whereby 629 EAs were obtained. In every cluster 26 households were taken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterviews were conducted with all women and men between the ages of 15 and 49 who were usual residents or visitors slept in the selected households the night preceding the day of the survey. No additional ethical approval was required beside the ethical considerations followed by DHS surveys. Ethical approval was obtained from participants prior to data collection by DHS program. The confidentiality and privacy of respondents are rigorously upheld throughout the DHS survey. Concerning this study; the MEASURE DHS approved the use of the datasets after reviewing our concept note that was submitted to them. The datasets are available to the public for free at the DHS Program (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://dhsprogram.com/data/new-user-registration.cfm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis used the men\u0026rsquo;s file (MR) to elicit men\u0026rsquo;s information towards the use of contraceptive in Tanzania. In addition, this analysis involved some variables that were used in other similar studies conducted previously (Kikula et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Marquez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/strong\u003e involved men\u0026rsquo;s demographic characteristics including age, education level, marital status, area of residence, wealth quintile, occupation, parity, desire for another child, knowledge on contraceptive methods, heard family planning on radio, contraceptive is women\u0026rsquo;s business, women using contraception become promiscuous, watching television, discussion with health worker about contraception (Kikula et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDependent variable\u003c/strong\u003e was the use of the Family Planning method which was dichotomized into yes or no responses. In the analysis, all the variables with no data were treated as missing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis;\u003c/strong\u003e data were analyzed using Stata version 17 software. Univariate, binary with chi-square and multivariable analysis models were used to find the association and the odds of using contraceptive based on the socio-demographic characteristics entered in the models. The chi-square was used to determine the association of the variables. Then variables which showed to be significant at p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in the model were tested for potential multi-collinearity to ensure the independent variables do not relate to each other except to dependent variable. Those passed the test were entered in the multivariable logistic regression analysis model to be able to control for other variables. The threshold value of p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used to determine significance of the variable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground characteristics of study participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study involved 5763 male respondents, with a mean age of 29 years. Most respondents were aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years (25.1%), followed by 20\u0026ndash;24 years (16.2%). Majority had primary education (54.4%), with a minority having higher education (3.4%). More than half (66.4%) residing in rural areas. More than half (51.0%) were married, poorest (33.3%) richest (46.0%). Two third (82.3%) had knowledge on any contraceptive method, while half (52%) listened to a radio at least once a week \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of contraceptive use among men\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe overall prevalence of contraceptive use among men aged 15\u0026ndash;49 in Tanzania is 26% (95% CI:24.02, 27.28) whereby most of them (90.6%) use modern contraceptive methods, and the rest 9.4% use traditional contraceptive methods \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e The prevalence varied significantly across zones. Modern contraceptive use is higher (38%) and (32%) in the Southern Highlands and South West Highlands respectively and lowest (8%) in Zanzibar. Across zones, traditional contraceptive use ranges from 0.2\u0026ndash;4% in Southern and South West Highlands respectively \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of contraceptive use among men\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results as shown in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e from logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of that men aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.97, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.19\u0026ndash;4.04); 25\u0026ndash;29 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.96, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.11\u0026ndash;4.15); 30\u0026ndash;34 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.11, 2.11\u0026ndash;4.61); 35\u0026ndash;39 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.12, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.07\u0026ndash;4.71); 40\u0026ndash;44 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.89, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.84\u0026ndash;4.53) and 45\u0026ndash;49 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.08, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.90\u0026ndash;5.01) had more odds to use contraceptive compared to men aged 15\u0026ndash;19. Men with primary education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.88, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.41\u0026ndash;2.51); secondary education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.04, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.46\u0026ndash;2.84) and higher education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.94, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.79\u0026ndash;4.84) had odds 2.9 higher of using contraceptive compared to those with informal education. The odds of modern contraception use were significantly high among men from middle wealth index (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.23, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98\u0026ndash;1.56) and rich (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.42, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92\u0026ndash;1.46) compared to poor. Employed men (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.01, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.34\u0026ndash;3.02) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to unemployed men. Compared with men with no child, men with one to two (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.51, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.12\u0026ndash;2.02) three to four (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.53, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.05\u0026ndash;2.24) and five and above (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.62, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.08\u0026ndash;2.43) children had higher odds to use contraceptives. The men who desired no more child had odds of 1.4 times higher to use contraceptive (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.40, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.05\u0026ndash;1.88), men with knowledge on contraceptive methods (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.95, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.45\u0026ndash;2.62) as well as men who heard family planning in the radio (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.39, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16\u0026ndash;1.66). Moreover, men who didn\u0026rsquo;t perceive that a woman using contraception becomes promiscuous (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.27\u0026ndash;0.66) had lower odds to use any of the contraceptive methods compared to their counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study assessed the prevalence and determinants of use of contraceptive among Tanzanian men. The overall prevalence of contraceptive use among men aged 15\u0026ndash;49 in Tanzania is very low (26%). Little involvement of men in family planning issues might result into over population, poor maternal and child health outcomes, and impact on family well-being (Mosha \u0026amp; Ruben, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Mzee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Van Hoyweghen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The significant factors to contraceptive use included age, education level, wealth quantile, occupation, parity and knowledge on contraceptive use. Prior descriptive statistics showed that the study population was mostly composed of young generation mostly at reproductive age as it indicated by the average age of 29 years. Majority of population found in rural area (66%), and this showed the need to focus interventions on addressing the contraceptive use challenges encountered by this group on both married (51%) and unmarried (49%) population. The substantial proportion (82%) of the population possessed knowledge of contraception methods indicated a promising likelihood of informed decision-making and adoption of family planning methods, potentially leading to a reduction in population growth as reported in other studies (Lyimo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Msovela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This emphasized the importance of education and awareness in promoting contraceptive use and responsible reproductive informed choices (Ochako et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). With high percentage (82%) of population having knowledge on contraceptive methods shows a high chance of the population making the right decision and start using family planning methods thus reducing the population (Mosha \u0026amp; Ruben, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, radios (52%) have demonstrated effectiveness as a platform for disseminating family planning messages in this study and other studies (Msovela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ochako et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Sigalla \u0026amp; Charles, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, they may also prove beneficial in advocating for other health-related issues within communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong those who use contraceptive, majority (90%) preferred modern methods in comparison with traditional methods which shows to be effective and reliable as it is supported by Frank (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, another study found that users, particularly women, thought modern contraceptives were less efficient in preventing pregnancy and were associated with concerns regarding infertility and cancer risk (Mosha \u0026amp; Ruben, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContraceptive use exhibits substantial variation among different zones in Tanzania. The Southern and South West Highlands had higher rates of modern contraception use (38% and 32%), indicating better family planning awareness and access. In contrast, Zanzibar has the lowest prevalence rate at 8%, probably due to religious views that contraceptives opposing with religious beliefs and fears of infertility (Kielmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Sigalla \u0026amp; Charles, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The low level of modern contraceptive use in Zanzibar may also be influenced by limited awareness regarding the utilization of male contraceptive methods and family planning, as indicated by Sigalla \u0026amp; Charles (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it has been demonstrated that both age and educational progress play a role in the utilization of contraceptives, indicating that maturity and educational attainment serve as factors promoting family planning among Tanzanian men, as it was also reported in other studies (Wondim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This emphasized the importance of education as a key element in improving the adoption of contraceptives and highlights the necessity for reproductive health education among adolescents to prevent unintended pregnancies (Lyimo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, with advancing age, it becomes increasingly probable that a man has initiated a family and has achieved the desired number of children compared to younger individuals. Furthermore, men from moderate to affluent socioeconomic backgrounds and those who are employed demonstrate a greater inclination towards using modern contraceptives in contrast to those from less privileged backgrounds. Increased wealth and employment enhance an individual's ability to afford modern family planning methods compared to those who are poorer or unemployed as it is supported by another study in Ghana (Boserup, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the majority of employed and affluent individuals are more likely to have received education, good income and exposure to family planning awareness, thereby increasing their likelihood of encountering family planning promotions (Tessema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This is in contrary to the study done in Ethiopia (Shaweno \u0026amp; Kura, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) where, the wealth index did not show an independent association with the use of modern contraceptives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, having a higher number of children and expressing a desire to cease having more children correlates with increased contraceptive utilization compared to those with fewer children or no child and no such desire, a trend also observed in other studies (Msovela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Wondim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This finding aligns with another study, which found that visiting family planning facilities increased the likelihood of contraceptive use among men (Msovela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Interestingly, men's perception that women who use contraception are promiscuous influences their own contraceptive behavior, with those who do not hold such perceptions being less likely to utilize contraceptives\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study taps its uniqueness by assessing the use of contraceptive among men who are culturally taken to be the main decision makers and resources suppliers in the sexual relationship and family. This cater also for all issues related to health care utilization including reproductive health issues particularly on whether to use or not use contraceptives contrary to many other studies which assess use of FP using women who are in real sense just implementers of decisions already taken by men (Abeid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kazaura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Kikula et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Massenga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Msovela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The findings showed that as education increases also the use of family planning increases. This suggest that in order to improve the use of family planning among Tanzanian men increasing education is key. This finding is similar to the findings reported elsewhere (Lyimo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Wondim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the study findings contradicted with the findings reported 60% contraceptive use among men in Kibaha, Tanzania (Msovela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Though the time of the study may have led to this remarkable difference in the prevalence as time differences among the two studies time is six years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional nature of the study limited the establishment of causal-effect relationships between the variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study analyzed the secondary data hence could inherently take the errors that are attached to the sampling design and other biases committed during data collection. Yet, overall, the use of national survey data as well as the use of weighting offers an advantage of eliminating many biases typically associated with pooling observational data, selection, and measurement bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe secondary nature of the study limited the analysis only to variables that were collected during the survey. Therefore, some of the variables could not be included due to not being included in the survey though acknowledged to be linked with use of contraceptives among men.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of contraceptive among Tanzanian men is generally low 26% and its use was mostly associated with the social demographic factors of education level, type of place of residence, number of children, employment, and the wealth as well as hearing FP messages on the radio.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe government of Tanzania through the ministry of Health in collaboration with other stakeholders should establish tailored programs targeting men to increase their education level particularly health education focusing comprehensive reproductive health including the use contraceptive. Men should individually start to be concerned and participate in the reproductive health services like attending ANC and Postnatal care with their partners, whereby during the care contraceptive use takes major part.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in the analysis are available online and can be requested from the DHS custodian.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical issues\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study analyzed the collected data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) which had already obtained ethical clearance from Tanzanian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) for data collection hence this study did not need another ethical clearance. However, permission to use the data was requested from the DHS custodian USAID MEASURES.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors appreciate the custodian of DHS data for allowing the analysis that resulted in the completion of the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was involved in conducting the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJA\u003c/strong\u003e - data curation, data analysis, interpretation of the findings and writing the first draft of the manuscript, \u003cstrong\u003eSA-\u003c/strong\u003e conceptualization of the study, technical assistance in data analysis and reviewing all the manuscripts, \u003cstrong\u003ePL\u003c/strong\u003e - conceptualizing the idea for the study, technical assistance in the data analysis, writing a first draft of the manuscript, reviewing and editing the final manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJA\u003c/strong\u003e - an independent researcher working in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, \u003cstrong\u003eSA\u003c/strong\u003e - academic staff at the Institute of Traditional Medicine, MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, \u003cstrong\u003ePL\u003c/strong\u003e - academic staff in the Department of Development Studies, MUHAS, Dar ss Salaam, Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare not conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbeid, R. A., Sumari, E. I., Qin, C., Lyimo, A. A., \u0026amp; Luttaay, G. A. 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Predictors of modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of data from 29 demographic and health surveys. \u003cem\u003eContraception and Reproductive Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-020-00138-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoserup, E. (2009). Economic and Demographic Interrelationships in sub-Saharan Africa. \u003cem\u003ePopulation (English Edition)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(3), 383\u0026ndash;397.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCaldwell, J. C. (2009). The Cultural Context of High Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa Author ( s ): John C . 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Access to Family Planning Information and Contraception Methods Use among Tanzanian Men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kibaha District. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e02\u003c/em\u003e(02). https://doi.org/10.19104/jepm.2016.119\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMsovela, J., Tengia\u0026ndash;Kessy, A., Rumisha, S. F., Simba, D. O., Urassa, D. P., \u0026amp; Msamanga, G. (2020). Male partner approval on the use of modern contraceptive methods: factors determining usage among couples in Kibaha district, Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eContraception and Reproductive Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-020-00107-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMzee, S. A. (2016). \u003cem\u003eFactors Affecting New HIV/AIDS Infections of the Economically Active Population and its Implication to Economic Growth of Zanzibar: HIV/AIDS Policy\u003c/em\u003e. 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Determinants of modern contraceptive use among sexually active men in Ethiopia; using EDHS 2016 national survey. \u003cem\u003eContraception and Reproductive Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-020-00108-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSigalla, H., \u0026amp; Charles, A. (2013). Local People\u0026rsquo;s Knowledge of Male Contraceptive Methods in Zanzibar. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Review\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e(2), 191\u0026ndash;214.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSundararajan, R., Yoder, L. M., Kihunrwa, A., Aristide, C., Kalluvya, S. E., Downs, D. J., Mwakisole, A. H., \u0026amp; Downs, J. A. (2019). How gender and religion impact uptake of family planning: Results from a qualitative study in Northwestern Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eBMC Women\u0026rsquo;s Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0802-6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTesfa, D., Tiruneh, S. A., Azanaw, M. M., Gebremariam, A. D., Engidaw, M. T., Tiruneh, M., Dessalegn, T., \u0026amp; kefale, B. (2022). Determinants of contraceptive decision making among married women in Sub-Saharan Africa from the recent Demographic and Health Survey data. \u003cem\u003eBMC Women\u0026rsquo;s Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01636-x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTessema, Z. T., Teshale, A. B., Tesema, G. A., Yeshaw, Y., \u0026amp; Worku, M. G. (2021). Pooled prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive utilization in East Africa: A Multi-country Analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(3 March), 1\u0026ndash;16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247992\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Hoyweghen, K., Bemelmans, J., Feyaerts, H., Van den Broeck, G., \u0026amp; Maertens, M. (2023). Small Family, Happy Family? Fertility Preferences and the Quantity\u0026ndash;Quality Trade-Off in Sub-Saharan Africa. \u003cem\u003ePopulation Research and Policy Review\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1\u0026ndash;26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-023-09828-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWondim, G., Degu, G., Teka, Y., \u0026amp; Diress, G. (2020). Male Involvement in Family Planning Utilization and Associated Factors in Womberma District, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. \u003cem\u003eOpen Access Journal of Contraception\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, 197\u0026ndash;207. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajc.s287159\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics and association with contraceptive use among men of reproductive age (15\u0026ndash;49 years) in Tanzania (using TDHS 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEver used contraceptive (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1444\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e934\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e850\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e693\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e607\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e469\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1938\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0053\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3825\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3134\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1858\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWealth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1920\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1191\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2652\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e871\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4892\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2826\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2937\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2555\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1259\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1038\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e911\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesire for another child\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHave another\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2213\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWants no more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e416\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSterilized\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2869\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge on contraceptive methods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4741\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeard family planning on radio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2062\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3701\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraception is women\u0026rsquo;s business\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2653\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2520\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e590\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen using contraception become promiscuous\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2317\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2881\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e565\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency of listening radio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1193\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1575\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2994\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency watching television\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1326\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1709\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2728\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscussion with health worker about contraception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5076\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0011\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e687\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of the contraceptives (Modern and tradition) use among men 15\u0026ndash;49 years across zones (Using TDHS 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZONE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNO METHOD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTRADITIONAL METHOD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMODERN METHOD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWestern\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e419\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.78\u0026ndash;86.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026ndash;4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.58\u0026ndash;18.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNorthern\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e456\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026ndash;77.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026ndash;4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.00 -30.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCentral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e417\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.77\u0026ndash;76.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026ndash;5.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.46\u0026ndash;29.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSouthern Highlands\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.39\u0026ndash;65.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026ndash;3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.75\u0026ndash;43.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSouthern\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.18\u0026ndash;81.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026ndash;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.32\u0026ndash;29.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSouth West Highlands\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.43\u0026ndash;89.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.78\u0026ndash;6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.18\u0026ndash;36.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLake\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1349\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.78\u0026ndash;83.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026ndash;3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.26\u0026ndash;22.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEastern\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e691\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.91\u0026ndash;74.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.74\u0026ndash;4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.91\u0026ndash;30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZanzibar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.22\u0026ndash;91.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.04\u0026ndash;4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026ndash;10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLogistic regression on demographic and socio-economic factors on the use of contraceptive method among men aged 15\u0026ndash;49 years in Tanzania (Using TDHS 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econtraceptive use among men\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea0R\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.97\u0026ndash;5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.19\u0026ndash;4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.14\u0026ndash;5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026ndash;4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026ndash;6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026ndash;4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.05\u0026ndash;5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026ndash;4.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.68\u0026ndash;5.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.84\u0026ndash;4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.04\u0026ndash;6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.90\u0026ndash;5.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026ndash;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.81\u0026ndash;3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026ndash;2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026ndash;3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46\u0026ndash;2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026ndash;8.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026ndash;4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWealth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026ndash;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026ndash;1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46\u0026ndash;2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026ndash;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.012\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026ndash;5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026ndash;3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026ndash;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026ndash;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026ndash;2.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026ndash;2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026ndash;2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.029\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026ndash;2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesire for another child\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHave another\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026ndash;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.658\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026ndash;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWants no more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026ndash;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSterilized\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026ndash;0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026ndash;1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge on contraceptive methods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026ndash;5.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026ndash;2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeard family planning on radio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026ndash;2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026ndash;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraception is women\u0026rsquo;s business\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026ndash;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026ndash;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026ndash;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen using contraception become promiscuous\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026ndash;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026ndash;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026ndash;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026ndash;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency of listening radio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026ndash;1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026ndash;1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026ndash;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency watching television\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026ndash;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026ndash;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscussion with health worker about contraception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026ndash;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026ndash;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"men, family planning, contraceptives use, Tanzania","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139029/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139029/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, contraceptive use is an important strategy in fighting maternal and neonatal deaths. The spacing and avoiding unplanned pregnancies while providing woman with enough time recovering her health and newborns growing. However, the contraception use in developing countries including Tanzania is low and is worse among men, culturally regarded as the dominant decision makers in sexual relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess prevalence and determinants of the contraceptive use among Tanzanian men using the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 2022.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe secondary study analyzed the data collected using cross-sectional study design of weighted 5763 men obtained from the TDHS 2022. A dependent variable was contraceptive use and independent variables were man\u0026rsquo;s demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Bivariate and multivariable analysis were conducted and p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 determined a significant factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of contraceptive use among Tanzanian men is 26%. The logistic regression showed men aged 45\u0026ndash;49 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.08, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.90\u0026ndash;5.01) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to men aged 15\u0026ndash;19. Men with higher education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.94, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.79\u0026ndash;4.84) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to those with informal education, from rich quantile (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.42, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92\u0026ndash;1.46) had higher odds compared to poor. Men with five and above children (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.62, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.08\u0026ndash;2.43) had higher odds to use contraceptive compared to those with no child. Those desired no more child had odds of 1.4 times higher to use contraceptive (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.40, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.05\u0026ndash;1.88), men who heard family planning on radio (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.39, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16\u0026ndash;1.66) had higher odds of using contraceptive to those who did not.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contraceptive use among Tanzanian men is generally low 26% and was associated with man\u0026rsquo;s age, education level, wealth index, number of children, and occupation. More tailored programs targeting men to increase their education level particularly health education are crucial in increasing men\u0026rsquo;s contraceptive use in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and Determinants of Contraceptive Use Among Men in Tanzania: Analysis of Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2022","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-28 17:35:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139029/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a1ca9941-e785-4c7a-9c8e-9b919aad85c8","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-28T03:08:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-28 17:35:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4139029","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4139029","identity":"rs-4139029","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}