Differential interaction studies to decipher biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms in Rhizoctonia solani-rice interaction

Differential interaction studies to decipher biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms in Rhizoctonia solani-rice interaction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Differential interaction studies to decipher biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms in Rhizoctonia solani-rice interaction Mansi Mishra, Chethana Bangi Siddabasappa, Prasannakumar Muthakapalli Krishnareddy, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4648579/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Host pathogen interaction in Rhizoctonia solani -rice system remain a critical area of study, yet significant gaps in our understanding persist. In the current study, inoculation of a well characterized virulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani on diverse rice varieties (Jyoti, Zenith, Tetep, Swarna, KMP220, MTU1010 and BR2655) showed differential disease reaction under glasshouse condition. Tetep recorded least lesion height (17.41%) followed by Zenith (27.81%) while the highest susceptibility was found in Jyoti (68.30%) followed by Swarna (45.89%). Similar results were observed in detached leaf assay with a significant difference in the lesion area and sclerotial development on the rice varieties with maximum in Jyoti (3.53 cm 2 ) and minimum in Tetep (0.59 cm 2 ) at 5 days post inoculation (dpi). Further study under scanning electron micrography on resistant variety Tetep and susceptible variety Jyoti has showed more vigorous and intimate growth along with lobate appressoria formation on sheath surface of Jyoti in comparison to Tetep. An abundant cuticular wax deposition, linearly arranged papillae and stomatal closing was also noticed on the surface of Tetep, acting as barrier to pathogen’s establishment. Additionally, biochemical profiling revealed a higher induction of defense related enzymes viz ., polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase in resistant varieties in comparison of susceptible one. This study conclusively highlights that Rhizoctonia solani can effectively distinguish between susceptible and resistant host varieties, showing a marked preference for those more vulnerable to infection. Rice Tetep sheath blight inoculation enzyme Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 INTRODUCTION There are several fungal pathogens which harbor in rice ecosystem and deteriorating the rice production year after year. Blast pathogen ranked first in the list of fungal pathogens followed by Rhizoctonia solani with second position, causing sheath blight in rice (Raghu et al., 2018 ). Sheath blight disease in rice was first reported in 1910 in Japan (Miyake, 1910 ). Since then this dreadful disease has never looked back and till date is a serious threat to rice crop. Sheath blight in rice can cause the losses from 20 per cent to 50 per cent of the production depending on the severity of the disease (Margani and Widadi, 2018 ; Senapati et al., 2022 ). Moreover, the quality of straw is also affected, limiting its use as fodder. In India, the depreciation in rice yield due to Sheath blight has been documented to reach up to 50 per cent (Richa et al., 2016 ). Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn [teleomorph- Thanatephorus cucumeris Frank (Donk)], is a significant soil-borne necrotrophic pathogen of rice, belonging to the division basidiomycetes. Production of varying size of sclerotia with smooth surface act as resting structures which remain dormant for several years (Mukherjee, 1978 ). Characteristic right angle branching form a typical infection cushion during pre-penetration stage on the host surface (Lazniewska et al., 2012 ). Programmed cell death occurs on the host surface which is triggered by the enzymes released by the pathogen (Mondal et al., 2012 ). Water soaked small pale green lesion on the sheath surface coalesces and turn into the necrotic lesions along with pathogen establishment where it utilizes the host nutrients for its growth. At later stage plant wilt and whole plant dies (Basu et al., 2016 ). Sheath blight in rice has become the serious threat in the recent past due to intensive cultivation, monoculturing of high yielding semi dwarf varieties, application of heavy doses of nitrogen etc, as it facilitates the favourable microclimate for the pathogen development (Senapati et al., 2022 ). Occurrence of wide host range and high variability act as the survival boon for the pathogen as other host act as alternate host during hostile environmental condition. A greater insight into the host–pathogen interaction will lead to the development of appropriate control measures for sheath blight of rice. In depth study on sheath blight infection process on its host is still lacking. Currently there is less focus given on the comparison studies on different varieties of a host with a single isolate which could help in understanding the differential response of the pathogen as well as the host toward each other. Earlier work has showed the differential growth of Rhizoctonia solani on two rice varieties Swarnadhan (tolerant) and Swarna (susceptible) suggesting the preference of host by pathogen (Basu et al., 2016 ). This study aims to speculate the differential behavior of a virulent isolate of pathogen on different rice varieties and also to find the biochemical changes in the enzyme profile in different rice varieties after artificial inoculation of the pathogen. A detailed microscopic inspection of the pathogen growth after 48 hours of inoculation in susceptible and tolerant variety was done to speculate the morphological features helping in impeding the growth of the pathogen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Procurement of plant material and pathogen pure culture establishment A total of seven rice varieties used for this study under glasshouse were T1- Jyoti, T2- Zenith, T3- Tetep, T4- Swarna, T5- MTU1010, T6- KMP220, T7- BR2655. Seeds of seven rice varieties were sown on 16th April, 2022 in the seven separate pots under the glass house condition. Fifteen days old seedling were transplanted into separate pots with the rate of three seedlings per pot. Standard cultivation practices recommended for rice cultivation under irrigated conditions were meticulously followed throughout the experimental period. Soil of the all pots were sterilized by autoclaving before the sowing of rice varieties. A characterized virulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani , the causal organism of rice sheath blight disease (AG1-1A isolate with accession no. PP953616), obtained from molecular lab, Department of plant Pathology College of Agriculture, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India was used in this study. The pure culture of fungus was established on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28°C. Whole plant assay of rice varieties under glasshouse condition On 1st June, 2022 that is after 45 days of sowing, rice plants of all seven varieties were challenge inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani. Mycelial discs were taken with a sterile cork borer of 10mm diameter from peripheral young white mycelia of seven days old culture of the pathogen. These mycelial discs were placed below the sheath of tillers at 2–5 cm above water level in each rice variety. Wrapping was done with aluminium foil for proper adherence and wet cotton plug placed for maintaining favourable condition. Light sprinkling of water done to increase humidity. All the plant in each pot were inoculated and examined for hyphal growth and symptom development. Relative lesion height (RLH) was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. ( 1990 ). In-vitro evaluation of rice varieties by detached leaf assay In vitro studies on disease progression on leaves, was carried out following a method by Kumar et al. ( 2011 ) with some modifications. The lower 2nd and 3rd leaves were taken from 45 days old plant of all seven rice varieties and tip removed from both end. The detached leaves were surface sterilized using one per cent sodium hypochlorite solution. Middle portion of leaves were placed with their adaxial side up on autoclaved glass slide. Slides were placed in moisture chamber prepared in the autoclaved Petri plate by placing two layers of blotting paper on both lids of Petri plate. Leaf surface was inoculated at the centre of each leaf blade with mycelial discs of 5mm diameter collected from 7-day-old cultures of Rhizoctonia solani . These plates were incubated with temperature 30 ± 1°C. Hyphal behaviour, symptoms development, lesion area and formation of sclerotia on the leaves were studied each day up to 10 dpi. Biochemical profiling of rice varieties against Rhizoctonia solani Rice varieties with differential reaction to sheath blight were studied for enzyme activities accountable for elicitation of defense- related enzymes i.e., Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (PO), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and antioxidant enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD) upon challenge inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani . The experiment was conducted under glass house condition in department of plant pathology, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. Sample collection and enzyme exatraction The physiologically matured top 2nd and 3rd leaves were taken for all the enzyme assays. Sampling was carried out in rice on 0th, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day after challenge inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani . Sample collected in liquid nitrogen to avoid the change in enzymatic activities and stored at -20 o C. One g of leaf sample was homogenized with liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder was grinded in 3 ml of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 in a pre-cooled pestle and mortar with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C and the supernatant obtained was used as an enzyme source for enzymes. All the steps in preparation of extract were carried out at 4°C. Estimation of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) Assay of PPO activity was carried out by the procedure described by Hammerschmidt et al. ( 1982 ). 1.5 ml of 0.05 M pyrogallol and 0.1 ml of enzyme extract were taken and added to cuvette. To initiate the reaction 0.5 ml of 1% H2O2 was added. The change in absorbance was recorded at 420 nm at 30 sec intervals for 3min from zero second of incubation at room temperature. The result was expressed as change in absorbance/min/g of fresh tissue. Calculation: (Selvaraj and Kumar, 1995 ) Estimation of Peroxidase (POD) Assay of POD activity was carried out by the procedure described by Saroop et al., 2002 . The reaction mixture for the assay of peroxidase contained 3ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.05 ml of 20 mM guiacol and 100 µL enzyme extract. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 0.03 ml, 0.042 per cent (v/v) H2O2 and the increase in absorbance at 420 nm was monitored for 3 min at 30 sec intervals with Multiskan thermo scientific spectrophotometer for the measurement of POD activity and the activity was expressed as change in absorbance/min/g of fresh tissue. Calculation: (Subhas Chander,1990) Estimation of Superoxidase dismutase (SOD) SOD was assayed based on its ability to inhibit the photochemical reduction of NBT following Beauchamp and Fridovich ( 1971 ). The reaction mixture contained sodium phosphate buffer (50mM; 1.5ml; pH 7.8), EDTA (100µM; 300µl), methionine (130mM; 300µl), NBT (0.75 mM; 300µl), riboflavin (20µM; 300µl) and enzyme extract (300µl). The reaction was started by illuminating the tubes under four 40 W fluorescent lamps for 8 min, at the end absorbance was recorded at 560 nm against a blank maintained in dark. One unit of SOD activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to inhibit the photo reduction of NBT by 50% of that caused by the super oxides generated from the reaction between photo reduced riboflavin and oxygen under the assay conditions. SOD enzyme activity was expressed in units g -1 fresh weight. Calculation: (Du and Bramlage, 1994 ) Light Blank-Dark blank = U; Light sample - Dark sample = S; U-S = V; V/U x100 = Z 50% reduction of colour = 1 unit of SOD; 50%= 1 unit; 1% = 1/50 unit = 1/50 x Z unit = A Super oxides generated by the interaction of riboflavin and methionine in presence of light oxidizes nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) compound into violet colour. Superoxide dismutase enzyme reduces the oxidation of NBT by removing the superoxide formed during the reaction, thereby reduces the colour development. Therefore, the extent of reduction in the colour development in presence of the enzyme is proportional to the enzyme activity. Estimation of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was assayed by Campos et al. ( 2004 ). The assay mixture containing one ml aliquot of supernatant and 110 µl of 100 mM L phenylalanine were incubated at 40°C in water bath for 30 min. Then, 1 ml of 4% TCA was added in one of the test tubes at 0 min to serve as a blank. The assay mixture was incubated with TCA for 5 min at room temperature and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min and the absorbance of the supernatant was read at 290 nm. PAL activity was calculated based on change in absorbance/min/g of fresh tissue. Preparation of leaf and sheath surface of rice for scanning electron microscopy A scanning electron microscope ‘Carl Zeiss EVO-18’ from Central Instrumentation facility, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore used for detailed observation of the hyphal behaviour of Rhizoctonia solani on the sheath and leaves surfaces of resistant and susceptible rice varieties. The procedure carried out as described by Zheng and Wang ( 2011 ). Based on glass house study and detached leaf assay, resistant and susceptible varieties were selected for electron microscopic study. Pathogen inoculation Leaves and sheath of susceptible and tolerant varieties were surface sterilized using one per cent sodium hypochlorite. Surface sterilized leaf was wrapped around autoclaved glass slide and stem piece of 2.5 cm taken on autoclaved glass slide and placed in Petri plate having wet blotter paper. Inoculation was made using seven days old culture of Rhizoctonia solani . Disc of 5mm having actively grown mycelium was made from peripheral of colony and placed at the centre of the middle portion of leaves. In case of stem, disc with active mycelium growth was placed at the distant of 0.5 cm from stem on blotter paper. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at temperature 30 ± 1°C. A wet cotton ball placed to maintain humidity for active pathogen growth. Preparation of sample After 48 hours of incubation, leaves and sheath portion with white mycelial growth were cut with the help of sterilized scalpel of bit size 1x1 cm 2 . Inoculated rice sample bits having mycelium growth was taken and put in the eppendorf tube containing fixing solution of 3% glutaraldehyde. Inoculated rice sample were fixed by soaking in 3% glutaraldehyde v/v in phosphate buffer (10mM; pH 7.4) for 6h at 4 o C. Subsequently tissues were washed three times each for 5 min with phosphate buffer to remove extra glutaraldehyde. A fixed specimen was dehydrated by incubation in series of ethanol solution with increasing solvent concentration of 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent for 10 min each to remove water gently without shrinkage of tissue. After dehydration tissue left in Petri plate was overnight for evaporation of ethanol from sample surface. In the morning sample run for critical point drying. After critical point drying sputter coating of sample was done with gold particles. A sticky carbon disc was placed on metal stub to increase conductivity. On this sticky carbon disc dried rice sample was placed in such way that mycelium growth side remain exposed. Inoculated rice sheath and leaves sample was observed at the various wavelength. Statistical analysis of data Significant difference (at 1%) among varieties were tested by implying one factor analysis with replication in MS excel by using OPSTAT software. The data presented are the mean value of three independent experimental sets with three or five replicates each. Ten replicates were used in scoring disease severity for accuracy in calculation. RESULTS The behaviour of the pathogen was studied in the vicinity of plant inoculation, detached leaf assay, scanning electron microscopy and enzyme analysis at different interval after challenge inoculation to understand its differential growth. Whole plant assay of rice varieties under glasshouse condition Differential response of pathogen toward seven rice varieties was observed under glass house condition. Differences among external symptoms on different varieties were noticed from 1dpi onwards. Water-soaked spot appeared only in Jyoti at 2dpi and clear brown necrotic patches appeared at 3dpi. No necrotic lesion appeared at 3dpi in Tetep while in the other five genotypes water-soaked areas were visible (Table 1 ). Characteristics necrotic symptoms of sheath blight disease were clearly visible in inoculated sheaths. Lesion length was highest in Jyoti at all points of the time than the other varieties. Necrosis of the entire leaf blade was observed in susceptible varieties Jyoti and Swarna. The whole plant assay showed the highest disease severity in Jyoti followed by Swarna and the least in Tetep followed by Zenith and KMP220 while, BR2655 and MTU1010 were found with moderate susceptibility (Fig. 1 ). Table 1 Disease reaction of rice varieties on challenge inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani Sl. No. Genotypes Latent period (days) Plant height (cm) Lesion height (cm) Relative lesion height (%) Disease score 1 Jyoti 3 58.10 39.50 68.30 (55.17) 9 (highly susceptible) 2 Zenith 4 81.9*a 22.78 27.81 (29.75)*d 3 (Moderately resistant) 3 Tetep 5 99.21 17.28 17.41(24.93) 1 (Resistant) 4 Swarna 4 62.50 28.68*c 45.89 (42.61) 7 (susceptible) 5 MTU1010 4 82.50*a 26.70*c 32.56 (34.87)*e 5 (Moderately susceptible) 6 KMP220 4 91.10*b 27.10*c 29.78 (31.08)*d 3 (Moderately resistant) 7 BR2655 4 89.50*b 29.40*c 32.84 (34.93)*e 5 (Moderately susceptible) CD at 1% 4.29 3.54 2.75 SE(m) ± 1.43 1.47 0.91 CV 2.79 5.27 3.69 Figures in ( ) are arc sine transformation value, *insignificantly different, genotypes with same alphabets showing insignificant difference Plant height varied in seven rice varieties however, insignificant differences appeared between Zenith and MTU1010 height in the glasshouse. KMP220 and BR2655 also showed insignificant difference in height of plant. Maximum lesion length was observed in Jyoti (39.50) followed by Swarna (28.68) and least lesion height appeared in Tetep (17.28) followed by Zenith (22.78). Variable lesion height appeared in rice varieties but insignificant differences appeared among Swarna, MTU1010, KMP220 and BR2655. A significant difference was noticed in relative lesion height from Jyoti to other genotypes. No significant difference was found in relative lesion height of MTU1010 and BR2655 and Zenith and KMP220 (Table 1 ). In-vitro evaluation of rice genotypes by detached leaf assay Vigorous hyphal growth from mycelial disc of Rhizoctonia solani became evident at 1 dpi with clear difference in their density on leaves of seven varieties. Symptoms with varied lesion size appeared on 2 dpi in all varieties except Tetep. One small size lesion appeared on 3rd day after inoculation on Tetep leaves (Fig. 2 ). The maximum lesion area was observed in Jyoti at 2dpi (0.70 cm 2 ), 3dpi (1.62 cm 2 ) and 5dpi (3.53 cm 2 ) and at least in Tetep. At 5dpi minimum lesion area appeared in Tetep (0.59 cm 2 ) followed by Zenith (0.73 cm 2 ). A significant difference was observed in the lesion area of different rice genotypes at different intervals. Rhizoctonia solani developed sclerotia on the surface of all rice varieties however number of sclerotia and latent period for the development of sclerotia varied among these varieties. Sclerotia development initiated very early at 6dpi in only one variety i.e. Jyoti. At 10 dpi number of sclerotia was found to be highest i.e. 4.33 in Jyoti followed by Swarna (2.33) and BR 2655 (2). Hence, more number of sclerotia with shorter latent period were found in susceptible varieties compared to tolerant leaves (Table 2). Table no. 2: Assessment of lesion area in rice genotypes against Rhizoctonia solani Sl. No. Genotypes Lesion area at 2dpi (cm 2 ) Lesion area at 3dpi (cm 2 ) Lesion area at 5dpi (cm 2 ) Sclerotia no. 1 Jyoti 0.70 1.62 3.53 4.33 2 Zenith 0.28 0.46 0.73 0.67*b 3 Tetep - 0.17 0.59 0.33*b 4 Swarna 0.66 0.99 2.15 2.33*c 5 MTU1010 0.47 0.74 1.78 1.67*c 6 KMP220 0.31* 0.62 1.07 0.67*b 7 BR2655 0.35* 0.56 1.33 2*c CD at 1% 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.92 SE(m)± 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.30 CV 4.57 3.01 3.90 4.49 * Insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabets insignificant difference Differential behavior of pathogen was apparent from an early stage of infection towards resistant and susceptible host with more hyphal growth, greater number of sclerotia and infection cushion in a susceptible host A sharp increase in lesion area appeared in the case of Jyoti followed by Swarna and MTU1010. While least increase in lesion area appeared in Tetep, Zenith followed by KMP220 and BR2655 (Fig. 3 ) Biochemical profiling of rice genotypes against Rhizoctonia solani The administration of the seven rice varieties resulted in varied PPO, POD, SOD and PAL activity against the sheath blight pathogen. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) At 3dpi seven varieties showed the highest PPO activity and after a peak decline in PPO activity appeared (Table 3 ). At 0dpi Swarna showed insignificant difference in PPO activity from MTU1010 and BR2655. KMP220 also showed insignificant difference from MTU1010 and BR2655 at 0dpi. However, elicitation in PPO activity occurred differently in seven varieties from 1dpi onwards. A sharp hike in PPO activity was observed in Tetep followed by moderately resistant varieties (Zenith and KMP220). No such drastic change in PPO activity was seen in susceptible host (Jyoti and Swarna) and a moderate drastic change in activity was found in moderately susceptible plants (MTU1010 and BR2655). No significant difference in PPO activity appeared between MTU1010 and BR2655 at different interval of time. Similarly, KMP220 and Zenith also showed an insignificant difference in PPO activity. Jyoti and Swarna showed insignificant differences in PPO activity at 3dpi. No significant difference was observed in PPO activity at different interval in seven genotypes under control condition (Fig. 4 a and b). It was found from earlier reports that significantly higher PPO activity was associated with resistant cultivars and significant change occurred at 1dpi, 3dpi and 5dpi compared to susceptible one (Soffan et al., 2014 ). A similar result has been found in this study. In this study plants under control conditions didn’t show elicitation of PPO. Table 3 Profiling of polyphenol oxidase in rice varieties on challenge inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani Sl. No. Varieties 0dpi 1dpi 3dpi 5dpi 7dpi 9dpi 1 Jyoti 0.023 0.039 0.045* 0.040 0.032 0.027 2 Zenith 0.045 0.063* c 0.093* f 0.079 * g 0.072 * j 0.066 * k 3 Tetep 0.053 0.074 0.114 0.111 0.091 0.078 4 Swarna 0.034* a 0.049* d 0.056* 0.052 0.046 0.040 5 MTU 1010 0.038* ab 0.052* d 0.076* e 0.065 * h 0.058 * i 0.052 * l 6 KMP 220 0.047* b 0.062* c 0.090* f 0.082 * g 0.079 * j 0.062 * k 7 BR 2655 0.042* ab 0.050* d 0.075* e 0.069 * h 0.065 * i 0.054 * l CD at 1% 0.007 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.007 SE(m) ± 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 CV 6.182 6.659 5.761 5.431 5.312 4.530 *insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant difference Peroxidase (POD) In the present study, among the seven rice varieties, the highest elicitation of POD activity was recorded in Tetep at different intervals with maximum activity on 3dpi and significantly different from other six varieties (Zenith, Jyoti, Swarna, MTU1010, KMP220 and BR2655). MTU1010 and BR2655 showed no significant difference in POD activity. At 0dpi and 1 dpi, Jyoti and Swarna showed insignificant differences in POD activity whereas, from 3dpi onwards higher POD activity appeared in Swarna with significant difference. Zenith showed significantly higher POD activity than KMP220 however, from 5dpi insignificant difference was found. A sharp increase at 1dpi was observed in the resistant genotype Tetep, followed by moderately resistant genotypes (Zenith and KMP220). Comparatively hike in POD activity was found lesser in moderately susceptible genotypes than the resistant genotypes and least for susceptible genotypes. All varieties showed maximum enzyme activity at 3dpi except Jyoti which showed maximum activity at 1dpi (Table 4 ). No significant change was observed in control plants of seven genotypes from day 1 to day 9. However, rice genotypes inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani , resulting a change in POD activity (Fig. 5 a and b). The highest peak of POD appeared in Tetep followed by moderately genotypes (Zenith and KMP220). The least peak in Jyoti indicated higher POD activity in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. In this study POD activity reached to peak at 1dpi in Jyoti while at 3dpi in the other six genotypes (Zenith, Tetep, Swarna, MTU1010, KMP220 and BR2655). Table 4 Profiling of peroxidase in rice genotypes on challenge inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani Sl. No. Varieties 0dpi 1dpi 3dpi 5dpi 7dpi 9dpi 1 Jyoti (HS) 0.60* a 0.89 * c 0.87 0.82 0.76 0.68 2 Zenith (MR) 0.86 1.23 1.64 1.50* f 1.35* g 1.17* j 3 Tetep (R) 0.95 1.39 1.76 1.74 1.65 1.35 4 Swarna (S) 0.65* a 0.90* c 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.78 5 MTU 1010 (MS) 0.80* b 1.06* d 1.31 * e 1.22 1.15* h 1.04* k 6 KMP 220 (MR) 0.88 1.19 1.52 1.46* f 1.31* g 1.19* j 7 BR 2655 (MS) 0.79* b 1.03* d 1.38 * e 1.34 1.21* h 1.08* k CD at 1% 0.06 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.10 SE(m) ± 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 CV% 1.24 3.11 2.54 3.83 1.18 2.81 * insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant difference Superoxidase dismutase (SOD) In the present study, among the genotypes, the highest activity of SOD was recorded in the Tetep with peak at 5th dpi (19.41 Ug − 1 FW) and significantly different from other varieties after inoculation of pathogen. The least SOD activity was seen in Jyoti with maximum activity on 3rd dpi (15.62 Ug − 1 FW) which started to decline afterwards. Initially in the resistant variety (Tetep) SOD activity was lower and insignificantly different from moderately resistant varieties (KMP220 and Zenith) and moderately susceptible varieties (MTU1001). After Rhizoctonia solani inoculation sharp increase in SOD activity was seen in Tetep after 1dpi. A similar spike in SOD activity was also found in moderately resistant varieties. A moderate increase in SOD activity was seen in moderately susceptible varieties (MTU1010 and BR2655) even though, initially high activity was there. No drastic increase in SOD activity were seen in susceptible genotypes (Jyoti and Swarna) also, initial activity in compare to other genotypes were found lower. No significant change in SOD activity were seen among genotypes at different interval in control (Fig. 6 a. and b). All varieties showed maximum SOD activity on 5th dpi except Jyoti with peak at 3dpi. SOD activity for all the varieties were found significantly different from each other at different interval (Table 5 ). Uninoculated plant resulted no elicitation in defense enzymes and performed their normal activity in balance. Table 5 Profiling of superoxide dismutase in rice genotypes against Rhizoctonia solani Sl. No. Genotypes 0dpi 1dpi 3dpi 5dpi 7dpi 9dpi 1 Jyoti (HS) 8.30 10.66 13.62 12.93 11.11 10.89 2 Zenith (MR) 11.66 13.69 16.57 18.86 * b 16.89 14.50 3 Tetep (R) 10.64* a 12.51 16.77 19.48 18.25 16.48 4 Swarna (S) 8.82 10.81 13.39 14.57 13.89 11.31 5 MTU 1010 (MS) 10.70* a 12.30 15.32 16.80 15.28 13.45 6 KMP 220 (MR) 11.17 13.57 15.89 18.94 * b 16.69 14.11 7 BR 2655 (MS) 10.55* a 13.29 15.72 17.32 15.78 13.72 CD at 1% 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.30 0.16 0.20 SE(m) ± 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.06 CV% 0.792 0.405 0.528 0.463 0.609 1.691 *Insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant difference Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) In the present study, among the rice varieties, variable PAL activity was observed. At 0dpi insignificant difference was found between Tetep and Zenith. However, a sharp increase in PAL activity was observed in Tetep after inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani and showed the highest activity at 3dpi (3.89 min − 1 g − 1 FW) with significant difference from other varieties. Jyoti showed peak activity of PAL at 1dpi however, the other six genotypes (Swarna, Zenith, Tetep, KMP220, BR2655 and MTU1010) showed peak activity at 3dpi (Table 6 ). Least PAL activity was shown by highly susceptible variety Jyoti (2.36 min − 1 g − 1 FW) followed by susceptible host Swarna (2.64 min − 1 g − 1 FW), Moderately susceptible MTU1010 (2.76 min − 1 g − 1 FW). No drastic increase in PAL activity was seen in Susceptible host (Jyoti, Swarna) and Moderately susceptible MTU1010 and BR2655 compared to resistant host Tetep while, moderate hike in the PAL activity appeared in KMP220 and Zenith. At 9dpi, PAL activity was less than PAL activity in control plants at 9dpi in Jyoti, Swarna and MTU1010. No significant change in PAL activity were seen among genotypes at the different intervals in control condition. (Fig. 7 a. and b). Table 6 Profiling of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in rice genotypes against Rhizoctonia solani Sl .No. Genotypes 0dpi 1dpi 3dpi 5dpi 7dpi 9dpi 1 Jyoti (HS) 2.03 2.36 2.33 2.26 2.01 1.96 2 Zenith (MR) 2.89* a 3.23 3.55 3.36* b 3.12* c 2.92* e 3 Tetep (R) 2.92* a 3.45 3.89 3.86 3.56 3.39 4 Swarna (S) 2.21 2.46 2.64 2.44 2.29 2.19 5 MTU 1010 (MS) 2.32 2.59 2.76 2.65 2.48* d 2.31* f 6 KMP 220 (MR) 2.66 2.89 3.28 3.20* b 2.99* c 2.87* e 7 BR 2655 (MS) 2.47 2.69 2.92 2.84 2.60* d 2.38* f CD at 1% 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.17 0.15 0.08 SE(m) ± 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 CV% 0.96 2.34 2.60 3.05 1.86 1.65 *Insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant differenc e An alteration in phenolic compounds changes disease susceptibility. Inoculation of pathogen resulted stimuli to plants and eliciting the PAL activity. Increased PAL activity results alteration in the phenolic compound where, an increase in phenolic compound occurs to fight against attacking pathogen. Resistant genotypes have more PAL activity indicated, higher phenolic compounds and higher the defense against the pathogen. A continuous battle occurring between host and pathogen. Least activity in susceptible genotypes (Jyoti and Swarna) indicated lesser accumulation of phenolic compound, resulted higher susceptibility in comparison to other genotypes. Interaction studies of Rhizoctonia solani with resistant and susceptible rice varieties under scanning electron microscope Infection consists of mycelial growth on plant surface, formation of infectious structures, penetration, and invasion of pathogen within the tissue. Characteristics right angle branching and infection cushion of Rhizoctonia solani appeared under a scanning electron microscope (Fig. 8 ). A comparison study of Rhizoctonia solani at 48 hours post inoculation (hpi) on susceptible (Jyoti) and resistant (Tetep) rice varieties showed sparser fungal growth on Tetep in compare to Jyoti where vigorous hyphal growth was observed both on leaf and sheath surface. More vigorous growth with lobate appressoria formation were seen on sheath surface of Jyoti in comparison to Tetep which didn’t allow vigorous growth of pathogen at 48 hpi. On resistant host, hyphae tended to form bunches frequently whereas more intimate growth with the host was seen in susceptible host Jyoti and grew separately (Fig. 9 ). Profuse infection cushion of Rhizoctonia solani was found in Jyoti in comparison to Tetep. Lobate appressoria and infection cushions were seen both on sheath and leaf surface of Jyoti at 48 hpi but no appressoria appeared on either surface of Tetep. Also infection cushion appeared only at the sheath surface of resistant genotype. Infection cushion (IC) appeared in both varieties but frequency of appearance of infection cushion was higher in Jyoti. Under the scanning electron microscope hypha were seen to encircle host structures with profuse growth in susceptible host but no such encircling was found in Tetep, where linearly arranged papillae were avoided by hyphae which extended in zig-zag pattern. A dense hyphal growth of pathogen encircles the host epidermal structure and use it as a support system for their penetration into host tissue while sparse growth fails to encircle the such structures (Fig. 10 ). Host surface structures could be intercepted by pathogen and used for penetration or anchorage. Hyphal growth of pathogen was seen moving toward the stomata for entry. A plug like structure also appeared on stomata due to fungal growth showing the entry of pathogen into host through stomata in Jyoti. Earlier observation reported pathogen can enter directly through epidermis or by stomata. The hypha of Rhizoctonia solani can detect stomata and grow precisely toward it in Jyoti. However, in resistant host, stomata were found to be closed. (Fig. 11 ). DISCUSSION A delicate balance of several factors such as the host, invading pathogen and the environment decide the resistance or susceptibility reaction (Chowdhury et al., 2014 ; Ray et al., 2015 ). There are very fewer report has been found which describe the host pathogen interaction in rice –sheath blight and the behavior of pathogen toward susceptible and resistant varieties (Zvirin et al., 2010 ; Ray et al., 2015 ). In this study characterization of early infection and establishment of the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was done to see the interaction behaviour of a virulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani on seven rice varieties. Whole plant assay on artificial inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani showed that susceptible genotypes are affected more with larger lesion height and shorter latent period while genotypes with resistant reaction have longer latent period and smaller lesion length. It is well established that pathogen can detect susceptible host and has a clear preference for them, possibly because of exudate production by susceptible host or inhibitors from resistant or tolerant host. Different genotypes can have variable biochemical compositions for the same parameter analysis. (Khalid and Hameed, 2017 ). Plants defend themselves against invading pathogen by the response of complex antioxidant defence system and defence response pathways (Zhou et al., 2012 ). The activity of defense enzymes got elicitated significantly in all rice varieties but it was highest for the resistant Tetep and least for highly susceptible Jyoti. A higher induction of defense enzyme activities helps the host in combating against the invading pathogen more effectively. It has been established that PPO-generated highly reactive quinones that covalently modify and cross-link a variety of cellular constituents, including proteins, and modify dietary proteins by reacting with amino, sulphydryl, phenolic, and imidazole groups (Yoruk and Marshall, 2003 ). A number of studies have correlated the PPO activity and induction of resistance in plants (Anushree et al., 2016 , Liu et al., 2019 ). In the present study, highest PPO activity was found to be associated with resistant variety indicated its role in effective defense response. POD has been linked to many physiological processes, including ethylene biogenesis, cell development, cell integrity maintenance, injury response, and disease resistance (Abeles and Biles, 1991 ). Many studies reported a link between Peroxidase activity during host-pathogen interaction and their link to pathogen infection (Young et al., 1995 , Saikia et al., 2004 ). Earlier studies on POD activity indicated that the suppression of POD leads to weakening defense mechanisms in Rhizoctonia solani- inoculated rice plants. This helps in the further spread of the pathogen and eventually expression of severe sheath blight symptoms (Chattopadhyay and Bera, 1979 ; Mondal et al, 2012 ). Variable POD activity in different genotypes indicated that POD activity differing in different genotypes of the same crop and correlated with resistance against pathogens. After reaching to peak, suppression of POD activity indicated the weakening of plant defense mechanism, which helped the pathogen to spread further and eventually expressed sheath blight symptoms. The first line of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) is SOD. SOD iso-enzymes play critical roles in protecting cells from the toxic effects of superoxide radicals produced at various cellular loci (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000 ). Increased SOD production reduces the load of ROS within cells and mitigates the burden of oxidative stress while maintaining their growth and development under stressful conditions (Khalid and Hameed, 2017 ; Singh et al., 2020 ). Similar to earlier study in current study, higher SOD activity reflected by resistant genotypes indicated that SOD activity plays crucial role in rice plant defense against sheath blight. The enhanced activities of SOD helped in the scavenge the reactive oxygen derivatives. Initially low SOD activity appeared because of no infection in plants. Inoculation of pathogen induces ROS production in the plants, which increases in SOD activity as they act hand to hand to scavenge ROS. An increase in SOD activity indicates plant are becoming more susceptible to disease because of higher ROS production which attacks host integrity and results successful disease development. After a peak activity, decline in SOD activity was seen however, SOD activity at 7dpi and 9dpi was found significantly higher than initial activity at 0dpi because development of disease will damage host tissue which resulted in the production of ROS to combat which SOD activity will be there. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays a key role in the biosynthesis of various defense chemicals in phenylpropanoid metabolism. It is the first step in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. Accumulation of phenols that act as phytoalexins is considered the primary inducible response in plants against many biotic and abiotic stresses (Daayf et al., 1997 ). Earlier reports in conformity of the present study showed decline in the PAL activity on successful infection of Rhizoctonia solani in rice. A significant decrease in PAL activity level suggested the role of this enzyme in susceptible host– pathogenic interaction (Mondal et al., 2012 ). In this study a sharp decline appeared in PAL activity after reaching to a peak in seven genotypes indicating reduction in PAL activity resulting in the susceptibility of rice plant toward sheath blight pathogen. In this study plants under control conditions didn’t show elicitation of defense enzymes, because of healthy condition of plants, while in inoculated plants, the host perceives pathogen presence and elicits enzymatic response for defending plants against pathogen. Genotypes ranked high in biochemical parameters can be employed in the breeding programme. In case of Rhizoctonia solani , infection cushion and appressoria are important infectious structures and plays an important role in disease development. Earlier studies reported diverse ways of pathogen invasion, i.e. either hypha at the base of infection cushion or infection hypha developed from appressorium or through stomata (Zheng and Wang, 2011 ). An earlier study also reported sparse hyphal growth of Rhizoctonia solani with patches of bunchy growth frequently in tolerant rice genotype while vigorous and intimate growth was seen in the susceptible genotype (Matsurra k., 1986 ). Reason for a sparser and bunchy growth on resistant host is due to restriction posed by host on penetration and invasion of Rhizoctonia solani . To overcome the restricted entry of pathogen bunches formed by pathogen to exert more pressure on host surface for their penetration. Rhizoctonia solani forms a typical infection cushion at the pre-penetration stage and infection cushion formed by aggregation of branched hyphal tips (Kumar et al., 2003 ). In the current study, two types of infection structures i.e . lobate appressoria and infection cushion appeared in Jyoti while only infection cushion appeared in Tetep indicating aggressiveness for the susceptible host. Plant exudates could also one of the reasons for differential growth toward two genotypes. Pattern recognition receptors on plant surfaces perceive pathogen/ damage associated molecular patterns. Earlier studies reported that on attack of microbes, stomatal closure is a typical defense response by plants (Gahir et al., 2021 ). Stomatal closure process start by sensing the abiotic or biotic stress. In this study closure of stomata in Tetep indicated perceiving of pathogen presence and respond toward it but in Jyoti no such defense response has been seen due to failure of perception of pathogen. In a recent study it was found that the closure of stomata reduces CO 2 content in plant resulted in lower sugar levels. Pathogens require sugar for growth and infection and lower sugars impede the growth of pathogen (Huai et al., 2020 ). Differential behaviour of hypha toward stomata in susceptible and resistant rice varieties has been observed first time in rice – Rhizoctonia solani interaction. Host pathogen interaction studies showed that pathogen has a prominent preference for the susceptible host. Resistance host has several factors (enzymatic, stomatal closure and surface) impeding the growth of the pathogen. Infection of pathogen changes the activities of self-defence enzymes which are closely related to plant resistance. Enzyme activities increased sharply in resistant cultivars and in susceptible varieties slight increase were found. Defense enzymes play vital role in defense and the speed up the intensity with which these enzymes triggered is strongly connected with degree of resistance. No significant change in enzyme activities were found in control plants. Declarations Compliance with Ethical Standards Disclosure of potential conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals No human or animal participants were involved in this study. Sources of funding No external financial support was received. Consent for publication All authors have been approved for publication. Authors contribution Chethana B. S. and Prasanna Kumar M. conceived the research work; Mansi Mishra conducted the glass house study, detached leaf assay, enzymatic and scanning microscopic study, performed the statistical analysis and data validation with the help of Nidhi Akkin and Yatish Kumar M.; Mansi Mishra prepared the first draft manuscript; Chethana B. S. reviewed and edited the manuscript; all the authors read and approved the manuscript for submission. 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Plant Pathol 59:576–85. 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02225x Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4648579","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321500666,"identity":"531f0336-3a7d-49be-ba2e-1fd7b58ec92f","order_by":0,"name":"Mansi 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activity in seven rice varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/59c81c000c2cccdeadf8fea5.png"},{"id":61056438,"identity":"2146e036-0d7b-4c5e-a45c-a17c747be3de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 05:38:36","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":161131,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenyl alanine Ammonia Lyase activity in seven rice varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/3f4a3f36fe534f8ead00b236.png"},{"id":61055893,"identity":"0c3ce337-23b6-4a58-9a95-c70f80a9ffa8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 05:30:35","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":290846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfection cushion (a) and characteristic right angle branching (b) of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/07fafe5a7c954fd3cb61f660.png"},{"id":61057287,"identity":"7bc1d3bc-ce04-4e60-bd7f-c34a23a9cfc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 05:46:35","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":517092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScanning electron micrographs of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e on susceptible ( Jyoti a. Leaf and c. sheath surface) and resistant (Tetep b. leaf and d. sheath surface) varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/fc3613311ab6cfd66ce7ea72.png"},{"id":61056439,"identity":"c93f0f71-2d14-407c-a713-43a7de6e8f2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 05:38:36","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":697630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScanning electron micrographs of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehyphal growth along the host epidermal structures on Jyoti (a, c and d) and Tetep (b).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/f8a3b923519473bde38e12a5.png"},{"id":61055896,"identity":"005380c7-f269-42b4-b9a0-03b3ef999877","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 05:30:36","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":433513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScanning electron micrographs of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e hyphal growth entry through stomata (a, b) and stomatal closure on Tetep (c)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/3e7de43df5f7e9c7b896ff86.png"},{"id":62272461,"identity":"b5543591-ea35-49b1-b52c-2271d4398461","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-12 10:33:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5865576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4648579/v1/704c8c38-96f6-430b-a811-800916ef7537.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Differential interaction studies to decipher biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms in Rhizoctonia solani-rice interaction","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere are several fungal pathogens which harbor in rice ecosystem and deteriorating the rice production year after year. Blast pathogen ranked first in the list of fungal pathogens followed by \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e with second position, causing sheath blight in rice (Raghu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Sheath blight disease in rice was first reported in 1910 in Japan (Miyake, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1910\u003c/span\u003e). Since then this dreadful disease has never looked back and till date is a serious threat to rice crop. Sheath blight in rice can cause the losses from 20 per cent to 50 per cent of the production depending on the severity of the disease (Margani and Widadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Senapati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the quality of straw is also affected, limiting its use as fodder. In India, the depreciation in rice yield due to Sheath blight has been documented to reach up to 50 per cent (Richa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e Kuhn [teleomorph-\u003cem\u003eThanatephorus cucumeris\u003c/em\u003e Frank (Donk)], is a significant soil-borne necrotrophic pathogen of rice, belonging to the division basidiomycetes. Production of varying size of sclerotia with smooth surface act as resting structures which remain dormant for several years (Mukherjee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e). Characteristic right angle branching form a typical infection cushion during pre-penetration stage on the host surface (Lazniewska et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Programmed cell death occurs on the host surface which is triggered by the enzymes released by the pathogen (Mondal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Water soaked small pale green lesion on the sheath surface coalesces and turn into the necrotic lesions along with pathogen establishment where it utilizes the host nutrients for its growth. At later stage plant wilt and whole plant dies (Basu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheath blight in rice has become the serious threat in the recent past due to intensive cultivation, monoculturing of high yielding semi dwarf varieties, application of heavy doses of nitrogen etc, as it facilitates the favourable microclimate for the pathogen development (Senapati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Occurrence of wide host range and high variability act as the survival boon for the pathogen as other host act as alternate host during hostile environmental condition. A greater insight into the host\u0026ndash;pathogen interaction will lead to the development of appropriate control measures for sheath blight of rice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn depth study on sheath blight infection process on its host is still lacking. Currently there is less focus given on the comparison studies on different varieties of a host with a single isolate which could help in understanding the differential response of the pathogen as well as the host toward each other. Earlier work has showed the differential growth of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e on two rice varieties Swarnadhan (tolerant) and Swarna (susceptible) suggesting the preference of host by pathogen (Basu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to speculate the differential behavior of a virulent isolate of pathogen on different rice varieties and also to find the biochemical changes in the enzyme profile in different rice varieties after artificial inoculation of the pathogen. A detailed microscopic inspection of the pathogen growth after 48 hours of inoculation in susceptible and tolerant variety was done to speculate the morphological features helping in impeding the growth of the pathogen.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcurement of plant material and pathogen pure culture establishment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of seven rice varieties used for this study under glasshouse were T1- Jyoti, T2- Zenith, T3- Tetep, T4- Swarna, T5- MTU1010, T6- KMP220, T7- BR2655. Seeds of seven rice varieties were sown on 16th April, 2022 in the seven separate pots under the glass house condition. Fifteen days old seedling were transplanted into separate pots with the rate of three seedlings per pot. Standard cultivation practices recommended for rice cultivation under irrigated conditions were meticulously followed throughout the experimental period. Soil of the all pots were sterilized by autoclaving before the sowing of rice varieties. A characterized virulent isolate of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e, the causal organism of rice sheath blight disease (AG1-1A isolate with accession no. PP953616), obtained from molecular lab, Department of plant Pathology College of Agriculture, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India was used in this study. The pure culture of fungus was established on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWhole plant assay of rice varieties under glasshouse condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn 1st June, 2022 that is after 45 days of sowing, rice plants of all seven varieties were challenge inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani.\u003c/em\u003e Mycelial discs were taken with a sterile cork borer of 10mm diameter from peripheral young white mycelia of seven days old culture of the pathogen. These mycelial discs were placed below the sheath of tillers at 2\u0026ndash;5 cm above water level in each rice variety. Wrapping was done with aluminium foil for proper adherence and wet cotton plug placed for maintaining favourable condition. Light sprinkling of water done to increase humidity. All the plant in each pot were inoculated and examined for hyphal growth and symptom development. Relative lesion height (RLH) was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"320\" height=\"74\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn-vitro\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eevaluation of rice varieties by detached leaf assay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e studies on disease progression on leaves, was carried out following a method by Kumar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) with some modifications. The lower 2nd and 3rd leaves were taken from 45 days old plant of all seven rice varieties and tip removed from both end. The detached leaves were surface sterilized using one per cent sodium hypochlorite solution. Middle portion of leaves were placed with their adaxial side up on autoclaved glass slide. Slides were placed in moisture chamber prepared in the autoclaved Petri plate by placing two layers of blotting paper on both lids of Petri plate. Leaf surface was inoculated at the centre of each leaf blade with mycelial discs of 5mm diameter collected from 7-day-old cultures of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e. These plates were incubated with temperature 30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C. Hyphal behaviour, symptoms development, lesion area and formation of sclerotia on the leaves were studied each day up to 10 dpi.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBiochemical profiling of rice varieties against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice varieties with differential reaction to sheath blight were studied for enzyme activities accountable for elicitation of defense- related enzymes i.e., Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (PO), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and antioxidant enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD) upon challenge inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e. The experiment was conducted under glass house condition in department of plant pathology, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection and enzyme exatraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physiologically matured top 2nd and 3rd leaves were taken for all the enzyme assays. Sampling was carried out in rice on 0th, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day after challenge inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e. Sample collected in liquid nitrogen to avoid the change in enzymatic activities and stored at -20\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. One g of leaf sample was homogenized with liquid nitrogen. The resulting powder was grinded in 3 ml of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 in a pre-cooled pestle and mortar with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4\u0026deg;C and the supernatant obtained was used as an enzyme source for enzymes. All the steps in preparation of extract were carried out at 4\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssay of PPO activity was carried out by the procedure described by Hammerschmidt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). 1.5 ml of 0.05 M pyrogallol and 0.1 ml of enzyme extract were taken and added to cuvette. To initiate the reaction 0.5 ml of 1% H2O2 was added. The change in absorbance was recorded at 420 nm at 30 sec intervals for 3min from zero second of incubation at room temperature. The result was expressed as change in absorbance/min/g of fresh tissue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation: (Selvaraj and Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"441\" height=\"104\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of Peroxidase (POD)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssay of POD activity was carried out by the procedure described by Saroop et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e. The reaction mixture for the assay of peroxidase contained 3ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.05 ml of 20 mM guiacol and 100 \u0026micro;L enzyme extract. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 0.03 ml, 0.042 per cent (v/v) H2O2 and the increase in absorbance at 420 nm was monitored for 3 min at 30 sec intervals with Multiskan thermo scientific spectrophotometer for the measurement of POD activity and the activity was expressed as change in absorbance/min/g of fresh tissue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation: (Subhas Chander,1990)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"426\" height=\"112\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of Superoxidase dismutase (SOD)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOD was assayed based on its ability to inhibit the photochemical reduction of NBT following Beauchamp and Fridovich (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e). The reaction mixture contained sodium phosphate buffer (50mM; 1.5ml; pH 7.8), EDTA (100\u0026micro;M; 300\u0026micro;l), methionine (130mM; 300\u0026micro;l), NBT (0.75 mM; 300\u0026micro;l), riboflavin (20\u0026micro;M; 300\u0026micro;l) and enzyme extract (300\u0026micro;l). The reaction was started by illuminating the tubes under four 40 W fluorescent lamps for 8 min, at the end absorbance was recorded at 560 nm against a blank maintained in dark.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne unit of SOD activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to inhibit the photo reduction of NBT by 50% of that caused by the super oxides generated from the reaction between photo reduced riboflavin and oxygen under the assay conditions. SOD enzyme activity was expressed in units g -1 fresh weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation: (Du and Bramlage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight Blank-Dark blank\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;U; Light sample - Dark sample\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;S; U-S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;V; V/U x100\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% reduction of colour\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 unit of SOD; 50%= 1 unit; 1% = 1/50 unit\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/50 x Z unit\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"570\" height=\"72\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuper oxides generated by the interaction of riboflavin and methionine in presence of light oxidizes nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) compound into violet colour. Superoxide dismutase enzyme reduces the oxidation of NBT by removing the superoxide formed during the reaction, thereby reduces the colour development. Therefore, the extent of reduction in the colour development in presence of the enzyme is proportional to the enzyme activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was assayed by Campos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The assay mixture containing one ml aliquot of supernatant and 110 \u0026micro;l of 100 mM L phenylalanine were incubated at 40\u0026deg;C in water bath for 30 min. Then, 1 ml of 4% TCA was added in one of the test tubes at 0 min to serve as a blank. The assay mixture was incubated with TCA for 5 min at room temperature and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min and the absorbance of the supernatant was read at 290 nm. PAL activity was calculated based on change in absorbance/min/g of fresh tissue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of leaf and sheath surface of rice for scanning electron microscopy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA scanning electron microscope \u0026lsquo;Carl Zeiss EVO-18\u0026rsquo; from Central Instrumentation facility, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore used for detailed observation of the hyphal behaviour of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e on the sheath and leaves surfaces of resistant and susceptible rice varieties. The procedure carried out as described by Zheng and Wang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Based on glass house study and detached leaf assay, resistant and susceptible varieties were selected for electron microscopic study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePathogen inoculation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves and sheath of susceptible and tolerant varieties were surface sterilized using one per cent sodium hypochlorite. Surface sterilized leaf was wrapped around autoclaved glass slide and stem piece of 2.5 cm taken on autoclaved glass slide and placed in Petri plate having wet blotter paper. Inoculation was made using seven days old culture of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e. Disc of 5mm having actively grown mycelium was made from peripheral of colony and placed at the centre of the middle portion of leaves. In case of stem, disc with active mycelium growth was placed at the distant of 0.5 cm from stem on blotter paper. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at temperature 30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C. A wet cotton ball placed to maintain humidity for active pathogen growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 48 hours of incubation, leaves and sheath portion with white mycelial growth were cut with the help of sterilized scalpel of bit size 1x1 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Inoculated rice sample bits having mycelium growth was taken and put in the eppendorf tube containing fixing solution of 3% glutaraldehyde. Inoculated rice sample were fixed by soaking in 3% glutaraldehyde v/v in phosphate buffer (10mM; pH 7.4) for 6h at 4\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Subsequently tissues were washed three times each for 5 min with phosphate buffer to remove extra glutaraldehyde. A fixed specimen was dehydrated by incubation in series of ethanol solution with increasing solvent concentration of 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent for 10 min each to remove water gently without shrinkage of tissue. After dehydration tissue left in Petri plate was overnight for evaporation of ethanol from sample surface. In the morning sample run for critical point drying. After critical point drying sputter coating of sample was done with gold particles. A sticky carbon disc was placed on metal stub to increase conductivity. On this sticky carbon disc dried rice sample was placed in such way that mycelium growth side remain exposed. Inoculated rice sheath and leaves sample was observed at the various wavelength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis of data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant difference (at 1%) among varieties were tested by implying one factor analysis with replication in MS excel by using OPSTAT software. The data presented are the mean value of three independent experimental sets with three or five replicates each. Ten replicates were used in scoring disease severity for accuracy in calculation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe behaviour of the pathogen was studied in the vicinity of plant inoculation, detached leaf assay, scanning electron microscopy and enzyme analysis at different interval after challenge inoculation to understand its differential growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWhole plant assay of rice varieties under glasshouse condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferential response of pathogen toward seven rice varieties was observed under glass house condition. Differences among external symptoms on different varieties were noticed from 1dpi onwards. Water-soaked spot appeared only in Jyoti at 2dpi and clear brown necrotic patches appeared at 3dpi. No necrotic lesion appeared at 3dpi in Tetep while in the other five genotypes water-soaked areas were visible (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Characteristics necrotic symptoms of sheath blight disease were clearly visible in inoculated sheaths. Lesion length was highest in Jyoti at all points of the time than the other varieties. Necrosis of the entire leaf blade was observed in susceptible varieties Jyoti and Swarna. The whole plant assay showed the highest disease severity in Jyoti followed by Swarna and the least in Tetep followed by Zenith and KMP220 while, BR2655 and MTU1010 were found with moderate susceptibility (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease reaction of rice varieties on challenge inoculation with \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatent period (days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative lesion height (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.30 (55.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (highly susceptible)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenith\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.9*a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.81 (29.75)*d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (Moderately resistant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.41(24.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (Resistant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.68*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.89 (42.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (susceptible)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTU1010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.50*a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.70*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.56 (34.87)*e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (Moderately susceptible)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMP220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.10*b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.10*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.78 (31.08)*d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (Moderately resistant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR2655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.50*b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.40*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.84 (34.93)*e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (Moderately susceptible)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD at 1%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(m) \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigures in ( ) are arc sine transformation value, *insignificantly different, genotypes with same alphabets showing insignificant difference\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height varied in seven rice varieties however, insignificant differences appeared between Zenith and MTU1010 height in the glasshouse. KMP220 and BR2655 also showed insignificant difference in height of plant. Maximum lesion length was observed in Jyoti (39.50) followed by Swarna (28.68) and least lesion height appeared in Tetep (17.28) followed by Zenith (22.78). Variable lesion height appeared in rice varieties but insignificant differences appeared among Swarna, MTU1010, KMP220 and BR2655. A significant difference was noticed in relative lesion height from Jyoti to other genotypes. No significant difference was found in relative lesion height of MTU1010 and BR2655 and Zenith and KMP220 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn-vitro\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eevaluation of rice genotypes by detached leaf assay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous hyphal growth from mycelial disc of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e became evident at 1 dpi with clear difference in their density on leaves of seven varieties. Symptoms with varied lesion size appeared on 2 dpi in all varieties except Tetep. One small size lesion appeared on 3rd day after inoculation on Tetep leaves (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum lesion area was observed in Jyoti at 2dpi (0.70 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), 3dpi (1.62 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and 5dpi (3.53 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and at least in Tetep. At 5dpi minimum lesion area appeared in Tetep (0.59 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by Zenith (0.73 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). A significant difference was observed in the lesion area of different rice genotypes at different intervals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e developed sclerotia on the surface of all rice varieties however number of sclerotia and latent period for the development of sclerotia varied among these varieties. Sclerotia development initiated very early at 6dpi in only one variety \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e Jyoti. At 10 dpi number of sclerotia was found to be highest \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e 4.33 in Jyoti followed by Swarna (2.33) and BR 2655 (2). Hence, more number of sclerotia with shorter latent period were found in susceptible varieties compared to tolerant leaves (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable no. 2: Assessment of lesion area in rice genotypes against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area at 2dpi (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area at 3dpi (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion area\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eat 5dpi (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSclerotia no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenith\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67*b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33*b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTU1010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMP220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67*b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR2655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2*c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD at 1%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.06\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(m)\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*\u003cb\u003eInsignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabets insignificant difference\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferential behavior of pathogen was apparent from an early stage of infection towards resistant and susceptible host with more hyphal growth, greater number of sclerotia and infection cushion in a susceptible host A sharp increase in lesion area appeared in the case of Jyoti followed by Swarna and MTU1010. While least increase in lesion area appeared in Tetep, Zenith followed by KMP220 and BR2655 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBiochemical profiling of rice genotypes against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe administration of the seven rice varieties resulted in varied PPO, POD, SOD and PAL activity against the sheath blight pathogen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePolyphenol oxidase (PPO)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt 3dpi seven varieties showed the highest PPO activity and after a peak decline in PPO activity appeared (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). At 0dpi Swarna showed insignificant difference in PPO activity from MTU1010 and BR2655. KMP220 also showed insignificant difference from MTU1010 and BR2655 at 0dpi. However, elicitation in PPO activity occurred differently in seven varieties from 1dpi onwards. A sharp hike in PPO activity was observed in Tetep followed by moderately resistant varieties (Zenith and KMP220). No such drastic change in PPO activity was seen in susceptible host (Jyoti and Swarna) and a moderate drastic change in activity was found in moderately susceptible plants (MTU1010 and BR2655). No significant difference in PPO activity appeared between MTU1010 and BR2655 at different interval of time. Similarly, KMP220 and Zenith also showed an insignificant difference in PPO activity. Jyoti and Swarna showed insignificant differences in PPO activity at 3dpi. No significant difference was observed in PPO activity at different interval in seven genotypes under control condition (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea and b).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found from earlier reports that significantly higher PPO activity was associated with resistant cultivars and significant change occurred at 1dpi, 3dpi and 5dpi compared to susceptible one (Soffan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). A similar result has been found in this study. In this study plants under control conditions didn\u0026rsquo;t show elicitation of PPO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfiling of polyphenol oxidase in rice varieties on challenge inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.045*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenith\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063*\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.093*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ef\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ej\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ek\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.114\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.056*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTU 1010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038*\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.076*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ee\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ei\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003el\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMP 220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062*\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.090*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ef\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ej\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ek\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 2655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042*\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.075*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ee\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ei\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003el\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD at 1%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(m) \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.182\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.659\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.761\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.431\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.312\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.530\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e*insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant difference\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePeroxidase (POD)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, among the seven rice varieties, the highest elicitation of POD activity was recorded in Tetep at different intervals with maximum activity on 3dpi and significantly different from other six varieties (Zenith, Jyoti, Swarna, MTU1010, KMP220 and BR2655). MTU1010 and BR2655 showed no significant difference in POD activity. At 0dpi and 1 dpi, Jyoti and Swarna showed insignificant differences in POD activity whereas, from 3dpi onwards higher POD activity appeared in Swarna with significant difference. Zenith showed significantly higher POD activity than KMP220 however, from 5dpi insignificant difference was found. A sharp increase at 1dpi was observed in the resistant genotype Tetep, followed by moderately resistant genotypes (Zenith and KMP220). Comparatively hike in POD activity was found lesser in moderately susceptible genotypes than the resistant genotypes and least for susceptible genotypes. All varieties showed maximum enzyme activity at 3dpi except Jyoti which showed maximum activity at 1dpi (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). No significant change was observed in control plants of seven genotypes from day 1 to day 9. However, rice genotypes inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e, resulting a change in POD activity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea and b). The highest peak of POD appeared in Tetep followed by moderately genotypes (Zenith and KMP220). The least peak in Jyoti indicated higher POD activity in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. In this study POD activity reached to peak at 1dpi in Jyoti while at 3dpi in the other six genotypes (Zenith, Tetep, Swarna, MTU1010, KMP220 and BR2655).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfiling of peroxidase in rice genotypes on challenge inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoti (HS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.89\u003c/b\u003e*\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenith (MR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50*\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35*\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17*\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetep (R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.76\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarna (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90*\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTU 1010 (MS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.31\u003c/b\u003e*\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15*\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04*\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMP 220 (MR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46*\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31*\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19*\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 2655 (MS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.38\u003c/b\u003e*\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21*\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08*\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD at 1%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.06\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(m) \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e* insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant difference\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSuperoxidase dismutase (SOD)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, among the genotypes, the highest activity of SOD was recorded in the Tetep with peak at 5th dpi (19.41 Ug\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) and significantly different from other varieties after inoculation of pathogen. The least SOD activity was seen in Jyoti with maximum activity on 3rd dpi (15.62 Ug\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) which started to decline afterwards. Initially in the resistant variety (Tetep) SOD activity was lower and insignificantly different from moderately resistant varieties (KMP220 and Zenith) and moderately susceptible varieties (MTU1001). After \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e inoculation sharp increase in SOD activity was seen in Tetep after 1dpi. A similar spike in SOD activity was also found in moderately resistant varieties. A moderate increase in SOD activity was seen in moderately susceptible varieties (MTU1010 and BR2655) even though, initially high activity was there. No drastic increase in SOD activity were seen in susceptible genotypes (Jyoti and Swarna) also, initial activity in compare to other genotypes were found lower. No significant change in SOD activity were seen among genotypes at different interval in control (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea. and b). All varieties showed maximum SOD activity on 5th dpi except Jyoti with peak at 3dpi. SOD activity for all the varieties were found significantly different from each other at different interval (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Uninoculated plant resulted no elicitation in defense enzymes and performed their normal activity in balance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfiling of superoxide dismutase in rice genotypes against \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoti (HS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenith (MR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.86\u003c/b\u003e*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetep (R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.64*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarna (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTU 1010 (MS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.70*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMP 220 (MR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.94\u003c/b\u003e*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 2655 (MS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.55*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD at 1%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(m) \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.06\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.06\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.792\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.405\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.528\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.463\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.609\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.691\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e*Insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant difference\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, among the rice varieties, variable PAL activity was observed. At 0dpi insignificant difference was found between Tetep and Zenith. However, a sharp increase in PAL activity was observed in Tetep after inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e and showed the highest activity at 3dpi (3.89 min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eFW) with significant difference from other varieties. Jyoti showed peak activity of PAL at 1dpi however, the other six genotypes (Swarna, Zenith, Tetep, KMP220, BR2655 and MTU1010) showed peak activity at 3dpi (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Least PAL activity was shown by highly susceptible variety Jyoti (2.36 min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eFW) followed by susceptible host Swarna (2.64 min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eFW), Moderately susceptible MTU1010 (2.76 min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eFW). No drastic increase in PAL activity was seen in Susceptible host (Jyoti, Swarna) and Moderately susceptible MTU1010 and BR2655 compared to resistant host Tetep while, moderate hike in the PAL activity appeared in KMP220 and Zenith. At 9dpi, PAL activity was less than PAL activity in control plants at 9dpi in Jyoti, Swarna and MTU1010. No significant change in PAL activity were seen among genotypes at the different intervals in control condition. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea. and b).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfiling of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in rice genotypes against \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl .No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9dpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoti (HS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenith (MR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.36*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12*\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92*\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetep (R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92*\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwarna (S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTU 1010 (MS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.76\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31*\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMP 220 (MR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20*\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99*\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87*\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 2655 (MS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60*\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38*\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD at 1%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(m) \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.96\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.86\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e*Insignificant difference, genotypes with same alphabet showing insignificant differenc\u003c/b\u003ee\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn alteration in phenolic compounds changes disease susceptibility. Inoculation of pathogen resulted stimuli to plants and eliciting the PAL activity. Increased PAL activity results alteration in the phenolic compound where, an increase in phenolic compound occurs to fight against attacking pathogen. Resistant genotypes have more PAL activity indicated, higher phenolic compounds and higher the defense against the pathogen. A continuous battle occurring between host and pathogen. Least activity in susceptible genotypes (Jyoti and Swarna) indicated lesser accumulation of phenolic compound, resulted higher susceptibility in comparison to other genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInteraction studies of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ewith resistant and susceptible rice varieties under scanning electron microscope\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection consists of mycelial growth on plant surface, formation of infectious structures, penetration, and invasion of pathogen within the tissue. Characteristics right angle branching and infection cushion of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e appeared under a scanning electron microscope (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparison study of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e at 48 hours post inoculation (hpi) on susceptible (Jyoti) and resistant (Tetep) rice varieties showed sparser fungal growth on Tetep in compare to Jyoti where vigorous hyphal growth was observed both on leaf and sheath surface. More vigorous growth with lobate appressoria formation were seen on sheath surface of Jyoti in comparison to Tetep which didn\u0026rsquo;t allow vigorous growth of pathogen at 48 hpi. On resistant host, hyphae tended to form bunches frequently whereas more intimate growth with the host was seen in susceptible host Jyoti and grew separately (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Profuse infection cushion of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e was found in Jyoti in comparison to Tetep. Lobate appressoria and infection cushions were seen both on sheath and leaf surface of Jyoti at 48 hpi but no appressoria appeared on either surface of Tetep. Also infection cushion appeared only at the sheath surface of resistant genotype. Infection cushion (IC) appeared in both varieties but frequency of appearance of infection cushion was higher in Jyoti.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder the scanning electron microscope hypha were seen to encircle host structures with profuse growth in susceptible host but no such encircling was found in Tetep, where linearly arranged papillae were avoided by hyphae which extended in zig-zag pattern. A dense hyphal growth of pathogen encircles the host epidermal structure and use it as a support system for their penetration into host tissue while sparse growth fails to encircle the such structures (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Host surface structures could be intercepted by pathogen and used for penetration or anchorage. Hyphal growth of pathogen was seen moving toward the stomata for entry. A plug like structure also appeared on stomata due to fungal growth showing the entry of pathogen into host through stomata in Jyoti. Earlier observation reported pathogen can enter directly through epidermis or by stomata. The hypha of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e can detect stomata and grow precisely toward it in Jyoti. However, in resistant host, stomata were found to be closed. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA delicate balance of several factors such as the host, invading pathogen and the environment decide the resistance or susceptibility reaction (Chowdhury et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Ray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). There are very fewer report has been found which describe the host pathogen interaction in rice \u0026ndash;sheath blight and the behavior of pathogen toward susceptible and resistant varieties (Zvirin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In this study characterization of early infection and establishment of the pathogen \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e was done to see the interaction behaviour of a virulent isolate of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e on seven rice varieties. Whole plant assay on artificial inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e showed that susceptible genotypes are affected more with larger lesion height and shorter latent period while genotypes with resistant reaction have longer latent period and smaller lesion length. It is well established that pathogen can detect susceptible host and has a clear preference for them, possibly because of exudate production by susceptible host or inhibitors from resistant or tolerant host.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent genotypes can have variable biochemical compositions for the same parameter analysis. (Khalid and Hameed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Plants defend themselves against invading pathogen by the response of complex antioxidant defence system and defence response pathways (Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The activity of defense enzymes got elicitated significantly in all rice varieties but it was highest for the resistant Tetep and least for highly susceptible Jyoti. A higher induction of defense enzyme activities helps the host in combating against the invading pathogen more effectively. It has been established that PPO-generated highly reactive quinones that covalently modify and cross-link a variety of cellular constituents, including proteins, and modify dietary proteins by reacting with amino, sulphydryl, phenolic, and imidazole groups (Yoruk and Marshall, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). A number of studies have correlated the PPO activity and induction of resistance in plants (Anushree et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, highest PPO activity was found to be associated with resistant variety indicated its role in effective defense response. POD has been linked to many physiological processes, including ethylene biogenesis, cell development, cell integrity maintenance, injury response, and disease resistance (Abeles and Biles, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies reported a link between Peroxidase activity during host-pathogen interaction and their link to pathogen infection (Young et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e, Saikia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Earlier studies on POD activity indicated that the suppression of POD leads to weakening defense mechanisms in \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani-\u003c/em\u003einoculated rice plants. This helps in the further spread of the pathogen and eventually expression of severe sheath blight symptoms (Chattopadhyay and Bera, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Mondal et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Variable POD activity in different genotypes indicated that POD activity differing in different genotypes of the same crop and correlated with resistance against pathogens. After reaching to peak, suppression of POD activity indicated the weakening of plant defense mechanism, which helped the pathogen to spread further and eventually expressed sheath blight symptoms. The first line of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) is SOD. SOD iso-enzymes play critical roles in protecting cells from the toxic effects of superoxide radicals produced at various cellular loci (Halliwell and Gutteridge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Increased SOD production reduces the load of ROS within cells and mitigates the burden of oxidative stress while maintaining their growth and development under stressful conditions (Khalid and Hameed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Similar to earlier study in current study, higher SOD activity reflected by resistant genotypes indicated that SOD activity plays crucial role in rice plant defense against sheath blight. The enhanced activities of SOD helped in the scavenge the reactive oxygen derivatives. Initially low SOD activity appeared because of no infection in plants. Inoculation of pathogen induces ROS production in the plants, which increases in SOD activity as they act hand to hand to scavenge ROS. An increase in SOD activity indicates plant are becoming more susceptible to disease because of higher ROS production which attacks host integrity and results successful disease development. After a peak activity, decline in SOD activity was seen however, SOD activity at 7dpi and 9dpi was found significantly higher than initial activity at 0dpi because development of disease will damage host tissue which resulted in the production of ROS to combat which SOD activity will be there. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays a key role in the biosynthesis of various defense chemicals in phenylpropanoid metabolism. It is the first step in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. Accumulation of phenols that act as phytoalexins is considered the primary inducible response in plants against many biotic and abiotic stresses (Daayf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Earlier reports in conformity of the present study showed decline in the PAL activity on successful infection of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e in rice. A significant decrease in PAL activity level suggested the role of this enzyme in susceptible host\u0026ndash; pathogenic interaction (Mondal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this study a sharp decline appeared in PAL activity after reaching to a peak in seven genotypes indicating reduction in PAL activity resulting in the susceptibility of rice plant toward sheath blight pathogen. In this study plants under control conditions didn\u0026rsquo;t show elicitation of defense enzymes, because of healthy condition of plants, while in inoculated plants, the host perceives pathogen presence and elicits enzymatic response for defending plants against pathogen. Genotypes ranked high in biochemical parameters can be employed in the breeding programme.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn case of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e, infection cushion and appressoria are important infectious structures and plays an important role in disease development. Earlier studies reported diverse ways of pathogen invasion, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e either hypha at the base of infection cushion or infection hypha developed from appressorium or through stomata (Zheng and Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). An earlier study also reported sparse hyphal growth of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e with patches of bunchy growth frequently in tolerant rice genotype while vigorous and intimate growth was seen in the susceptible genotype (Matsurra k., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Reason for a sparser and bunchy growth on resistant host is due to restriction posed by host on penetration and invasion of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e. To overcome the restricted entry of pathogen bunches formed by pathogen to exert more pressure on host surface for their penetration. \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e forms a typical infection cushion at the pre-penetration stage and infection cushion formed by aggregation of branched hyphal tips (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). In the current study, two types of infection structures \u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e. lobate appressoria and infection cushion appeared in Jyoti while only infection cushion appeared in Tetep indicating aggressiveness for the susceptible host. Plant exudates could also one of the reasons for differential growth toward two genotypes. Pattern recognition receptors on plant surfaces perceive pathogen/ damage associated molecular patterns. Earlier studies reported that on attack of microbes, stomatal closure is a typical defense response by plants (Gahir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Stomatal closure process start by sensing the abiotic or biotic stress. In this study closure of stomata in Tetep indicated perceiving of pathogen presence and respond toward it but in Jyoti no such defense response has been seen due to failure of perception of pathogen. In a recent study it was found that the closure of stomata reduces CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content in plant resulted in lower sugar levels. Pathogens require sugar for growth and infection and lower sugars impede the growth of pathogen (Huai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Differential behaviour of hypha toward stomata in susceptible and resistant rice varieties has been observed first time in rice \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e interaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost pathogen interaction studies showed that pathogen has a prominent preference for the susceptible host. Resistance host has several factors (enzymatic, stomatal closure and surface) impeding the growth of the pathogen. Infection of pathogen changes the activities of self-defence enzymes which are closely related to plant resistance. Enzyme activities increased sharply in resistant cultivars and in susceptible varieties slight increase were found. Defense enzymes play vital role in defense and the speed up the intensity with which these enzymes triggered is strongly connected with degree of resistance. No significant change in enzyme activities were found in control plants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDisclosure of potential conflict of interest\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch involving Human Participants and/or Animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo human or animal participants were involved in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSources of funding\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo external financial support was received.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors have been approved for publication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChethana B. S. and Prasanna Kumar M. conceived the research work; Mansi Mishra conducted the glass house study, detached leaf assay, enzymatic and scanning microscopic study, performed the statistical analysis and data validation with the help of Nidhi Akkin and Yatish Kumar M.; Mansi Mishra prepared the first draft manuscript; Chethana B. S. reviewed and edited the manuscript; all the authors read and approved the manuscript for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors gratefully acknowledge The Head, Department of Plant Pathology, molecular lab Department of plant Pathology, Central Instrumentation Facility and Dean (PGS), UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, for all the support rendered for the smooth conduct of research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbeles FB, Biles C (1991) Characterization of peroxidases in lignifying peach fruit endocarp. 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(2010) Differential colonization and defence responses of resistant and susceptible melon lines infected by \u003cem\u003eFusarium oxysporum\u003c/em\u003e race 1.2. Plant Pathol 59:576\u0026ndash;85. 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02225x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rice, Tetep, sheath blight, inoculation, enzyme","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4648579/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4648579/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHost pathogen interaction in \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e-rice system remain a critical area of study, yet significant gaps in our understanding persist. In the current study, inoculation of a well characterized virulent isolate of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e on diverse rice varieties (Jyoti, Zenith, Tetep, Swarna, KMP220, MTU1010 and BR2655) showed differential disease reaction under glasshouse condition. Tetep recorded least lesion height (17.41%) followed by Zenith (27.81%) while the highest susceptibility was found in Jyoti (68.30%) followed by Swarna (45.89%). Similar results were observed in detached leaf assay with a significant difference in the lesion area and sclerotial development on the rice varieties with maximum in Jyoti (3.53 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and minimum in Tetep (0.59 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) at 5 days post inoculation (dpi). Further study under scanning electron micrography on resistant variety Tetep and susceptible variety Jyoti has showed more vigorous and intimate growth along with lobate appressoria formation on sheath surface of Jyoti in comparison to Tetep. An abundant cuticular wax deposition, linearly arranged papillae and stomatal closing was also noticed on the surface of Tetep, acting as barrier to pathogen\u0026rsquo;s establishment. Additionally, biochemical profiling revealed a higher induction of defense related enzymes \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase in resistant varieties in comparison of susceptible one. This study conclusively highlights that \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solani\u003c/em\u003e can effectively distinguish between susceptible and resistant host varieties, showing a marked preference for those more vulnerable to infection.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Differential interaction studies to decipher biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms in Rhizoctonia solani-rice interaction","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-25 05:30:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4648579/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1e033f5e-a946-4419-8f89-a480277648f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-12T10:25:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-25 05:30:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4648579","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4648579","identity":"rs-4648579","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}