Alzheimer’s Disease: Non-Invasive Method and an Immunocytochemical Panel of Molecular Markers for Screening and Life-Time Diagnosis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the most significant medical and social problems nowadays, which is due to its high prevalence, progressive course and a lack of effective treatment methods. The most important path for solving this issue is the search for reliable biomarkers which allow for the early and differential diagnosis of AD, especially in the context of similarity of its clinical manifestations to other forms of dementia, such as vascular dementia, for example. This study provides a comparative analysis of the expression of certain biomarkers involved in the neurodegeneration such as β-amyloid, CD34, claudin, DRP1, endothelin-1, NF-kB, PINK1, RAGE, S100, α-synuclein, and tau protein in buccal epithelium samples from patients with AD, vascular dementia, and from healthy persons. The obtained results made it possible to form a panel of molecular markers, including α-synuclein, RAGE, PINK1, and phosphorylated tau protein for the differential diagnosis of AD.