Modern Perspectives of the Microgravity Application in Archaeology: A Review

Microgravity investigations are widely applied today to address various environmental and geological problems. Unfortunately, this geophysical survey type is comparatively rarely used to search for the hidden ancient targets. It is primarily caused by the small geometric size of the desired archaeological objects and various types of noise that complicate the analysis of the proper signal. At the same time, the development of a modern generation of gravimetric field equipment enables the registration of digital microGal (10-8 m/s2) anomalies, presenting a new challenge in this direction. Correspondingly, the accuracy of gravity variometers (gradientometers) is also sharply increased. A review of microgravity searching and localization of archeological remains of different sizes and types is given. It is shown that the development of Physical-Archaeological Models (PAMs) increases the effectiveness of the geophysical process. A quantitative interpretation methodology for gravity anomalies in complex physical-geological conditions, based on non-conventional solutions transferred from magnetic prospecting, is briefly explained. Advanced 3D modeling of a gravity field elucidated the peculiarities of ancient target delineation under complex physical and environmental conditions. Calculating the second and third derivatives of the gravity potential helps reveal some peculiarities of the different PAMs. Many types of archaeological targets in the world have been categorized by their density and geometrical characteristics into several groups. The model computations and archaeological-geophysical reviews indicate that microgravity investigations may be successfully applied to at least 20% of the available archaeological sites worldwide. The numerous examples supplement the review presented. The further development of the microgravity studies is also discussed.