Participatory variety selection and promotion of improved faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties in the highland areas of North Shewa, Ethiopia

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The objective of this study was to select and promote varieties that most preferred by farmers and showed best agronomic performances. Participatory variety selection was conducted with seven improved and local faba bean genotypes using randomized complete block design with three replications. The agronomic data were collected from four central rows. The trial was conducted in Hagre Mariam woreda during 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. Highly Significant variation was observed among the tested varieties in days to flowering (50 to 56), 100-seed weight (39.16 to 91.62 grams), grain yield (1.88 to 3.03 t ha -1 ) and faba bean gall disease percent severity index (11.10 to 30.67%). Significant difference was also detected in days to maturity (135 to 141) and plant height (83.27 to 106.57cm). The highest grain yield was recorded by Hachalu (3.03 t ha -1 ) followed by Walki (2.92 t ha -1 ) and Numan (2.86 t ha -1 ). Among the tested varieties Walki got farmers’ high preference score indicating it fulfilled farmers’ varietal selection criteria including, long plant height, high grain and straw yield, high no. of pods/plant and no of seeds/pod, big seed size, early maturity and better adaptability in the area. Accordingly, Walki was pre scaled up and widely disseminated. During the scaling up Walki gave an average grain yield of 2.64 t ha -1 and showed about 107.9% grain yield advantage over the local cultivar. Improved faba bean varieties Participatory variety selection Varietal selection Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Faba bean ( Vicia faba L) is a widely produced food legume in the world; Ethiopia is the second-largest faba bean producer next to [ 12 , 13 ]. It is the most important pulse crop in Ethiopia, where it covers about 504,569.99 hectares annually, from which about 10,706,365.38 tons of grain yield was produced with the involvement of about 4,159,404.00 smallholder farmers [ 4 ]. Among the administrative zones in the Amhara region, the North Shewa zone ranks first in both area coverage and total production of faba beans and ranks third in the number of farmers involved in faba bean production [ 4 , 5 ]. Faba bean is mainly cultivated in mid- and high-altitude areas of the country, whose altitude ranges from 1800 to 3000 meters above sea level [ 10 , 2 ]. Faba bean has multiple uses. As a human diet, it is consumed as dry seeds, green vegetables, and processed food and is rich in high-quality protein. Its dry seeds, green haulm, and dry straw are used as animal feed. It is also one of the major exported legume crops, which provides the country with foreign currency [ 11 , 14 ]. Faba bean plays a significant role in enhancing soil fertility through nitrohen fixation so that it is used as a rotational crop [ 7 , 12 ]. Even though the faba bean has indispensable significance for the country. Amhara region in particular in terms of food and nutritional security, as a source of income for the farmers, as a source of foreign currency for the country, and its role in improving soil fertility, the productivity of the crop is far below its potential. Its national average grain yield is about 2.09 t ha-1, while in the Amhara region it is about 1.9 t ha-1 [ 4 ]. The productivity of faba bean has been constrained by a number of factors, among which wider use of local cultivars, which are low yielding and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic stresses coupled with traditional crop management practices, are the major ones [ 10 ]. Although about 38 improved faba bean varieties have been released through the research system [ 6 ], the farmers do not adopt most of them. Variety development by itself has nothing to bring a difference unless the growers adopt it. Witcombe [ 17 ] summarized the reasons for low adoption of improved varieties by farmers as follow; many farmers may not have access to or information about seeds of new varieties; variety-testing programs are often conducted on-station, which does not represent farmers’ fields; conventional breeding programs usually seek farmer input only at the very end of the process. furthermore, varietal release systems give more emphasis to grain yield whereas farmers consider other traits when selecting varieties. Wide agro-ecological variation due to differences in altitude, temperature, rainfall, and soil type also leads to the need for a wide range of varieties. As farmers are not consulted during the variety improvement process, many varieties are cultivated but never registered, while many registered varieties are never cultivated [ 3 ]. This needs to improve the communication between farmers and breeders so that farmers’ concerns and preferences are incorporated earlier in the research process, research is accelerated, and the adoption rate improves. In order to address many of these problems in many crops, one approach that has been practiced is participatory varietal selection (PVS) [ 17 ]. PVS is the selection by farmers on their own fields of finished or near-finished products from plant breeding programs and involves a range of actors, including farmers, breeders, scientists, and other stakeholders. In PVS, farmers are provided with a basket of genotypes for matching with their selection criteria. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate, select, and promote farmers’ best preferred and biologically best performing improved faba bean varieties in the high-land areas of the North Shewa zone. Materials and Methods Description of the study area The study was conducted at Debre Tsige kebele of Hagere Mariam woreda in the North Shewa zone. During the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons. The testing site was located between 9° 12′ 50.75 N latitude and 39° 24′ 59.93 E longitude at an altitude of 2754 meters above sea level. Debre Tsige receives about 1013.5 mm annual rainfall with the maximum and minimum mean temperature of 19.5°C and 9.4°C, respectively. The dominant soil type in the area is cambisol and has a waterlogging problem. Experimental materials and trial management Seven improved faba bean varieties and one local cultivar was included in the participatory variety selection (PVS) study in 2019. The passport data of the improved varieties is indicated in Table 1 . The PVS was conducted in a mother-baby trial approach following ARARI’s PVS guideline [ 1 ]. The mother trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications, executed at a farmers’ training center (FRC), while the baby trial was executed on a farmers’ farm, and laid out as a replication. The mother trial was used for biological data collection, while the baby trial was used for farmers’ varietal evaluation and selection data collection. Each variety was planted in a plot size of 4 m by 2.4 m in six rows, of which four central rows were used for data collection. The spacing between replications, plots, and rows was 1 m, 0.5 m, and 0.4 m, respectively. Seeds were drilled in a row, and the spacing between seeds was 0.1 m. NPSB fertilizer at a rate of 121 kg ha-1 was applied at planting. Weeding was done twice, two weeks after planting and before the flowering stage of the crop. Table 1 Passport data of improved faba bean varieties included in the PVS study in 2019 No Varieties Altitude (m.a.s.l) Rainfall (mm) Year of release Center of release Yield t ha- 1 Days to maturity Research center Farmers field 1 Numan 1800–3000 700–1100 2016 KARC 3.65 2.2–3.8 137–148 2 Ashebeka 1900–2800 700–1100 2015 KARC 3.0-5.4 2.8–4.7 128–156 3 Gora 1900–2800 700–1000 2013 KARC 2.2–5.7 2.0–4.0 151–158 4 Hachalu 1900–2800 700–1000 2010 HARC 3.2–4.5 2.4–3.5 122–156 5 Dosha 2050–2800 700–1000 2009 HARC 2.8–6.2 2.3–3.9 160–180 6 Walki 1900–2800 700–1000 2008 HARC 2.4–5.2 2.0-4.2 133–146 7 Dagim 2600–3000 900–1000 2002 DBARC 3.5 -- 152 8 Local -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Note : KARC = Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, HARC = Holleta Agricultural Research Center, DBARC= Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center . Agronomic data collection and analysis Agronomic data were collected from the middle four harvestable rows on both plant and plot basis. Data on plant height (cm) no. of pods/plant and no. of seeds/pod were collected on plant basis while data on days to 50% flowering, days to 90% maturity, grain yield (g) and hundred seed weight (g) were collected on plot basis. The disease severity data on chocolate spot, ascochayta blight and faba bean gall disease were also collected using 0 to 9 scoring scale and converted into the percentage severity index (PSI) according to Wheeler [ 16 ]. $$\:\text{P}\text{S}\text{I}=\:\frac{\text{S}\text{u}\text{m}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e}\text{r}\text{i}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g}}{\text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{l}\text{a}\text{t}\text{s}\:\text{s}\text{c}\text{o}\text{r}\text{e}\text{d}\text{*}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}\text{i}\text{m}\text{u}\text{m}\:\text{s}\text{c}\text{o}\text{r}\text{e}\:\text{o}\text{n}\:\text{a}\:\text{s}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\text{e}}\text{*}100$$ The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using R software, and mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% level of significance. Farmers’ participation in variety evaluation and selection The participants of the testing kebele's Farmers Research and Extension Group (FREG) received improved faba bean production package training prior to the trial's execution. This training comprised both theoretical and practical sessions. Farmers’ varietal evaluation and selection was done on both mother and baby trials, both at the vegetative and maturity stages. In consultation with kebele development agents, 20 (5 female) FREG members were invited to participate in variety evaluation and selection. Farmers were selected considering gender, experience in growing faba beans, and willingness to participate in the varietal evaluation and selection process. The participants were briefed on the purpose of the PVS and their involvement in the varietal evaluation and selection process before the evaluation and selection session in the field actually began. Then farmers were made to set their varietal preference criteria, and then they did varietal evaluation and selection based on their criteria (Fig. 1 ). Ranking of farmers’ varietal preferences To find out the most preferred varieties by farmers, Garrett’s ranking technique was employed [ 6 ]. As per this method, farmers were asked to rank each variety for each varietal selection criteria and the outcomes of such ranking were converted into score value with the help of the following formula: $$\:\text{P}\text{e}\text{r}\text{c}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{s}\text{i}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}=\:\frac{(\text{R}\text{i}\text{j}-0.5)}{\text{N}\text{i}\text{j}}\text{*}100$$ Where, R ij =Rank given for the i th variety by the j th respondent, N = Number of varieties ranked by j th respondents. With the help of Garrett’s ranking conversion table ( Appendix 1 ), the percent position is estimated and converted into scores (Table 2 ). Table 2 The conversion of ranks of merits into units of amounts of scores No 100(Rij-0/5)/Nj Calculated value (%) Score 1 100(1-0.5)/8 6.25 80 2 100(2-0.5)/8 18.75 67 3 100(3-0.5)/8 31.25 60 4 100(4-0.5)/8 43.75 53 5 100(5-0.5)/8 56.25 47 6 100(6-0.5)/8 68.75 40 7 100(7-0.5)/8 81.25 33 8 100(8-0.5)/8 93.75 20 After that, the variety scores of each individual were added, and the total value and mean values of the score were calculated. Hence, the product of the performance score and the weight gave the preference value of the varieties for each selection criterion. The overall preference value of each variety was obtained by adding the preference values of each variety for each selection criterion. Hence, the rank of acceptability of the varieties was done based on the total preference value of each variety. The lower the total preference value of a given variety, the higher the acceptability rank. A total of 36 farmers were interviewed for this preference analysis. Pre scaling up of the selected faba bean variety The pre-scaling of the selected variety was conducted in the study kebele in 2020. Host farmers were selected and supplied with seed of the variety. The success of a technology promotion program depends on appropriate prior orientation given to participants on technologies and the stepwise implementation of subsequent activities. Accordingly, prior to the commencement of the pre-scaling activity, training was given to the host farmers, kebele development agents, and woreda-level agricultural office experts on the recommended faba bean seed production and management package by a team of researchers. A multidisciplinary team of researchers and agricultural experts made regular field visits to observe the progress, fix problems, and give advice on proper field and crop management practices, starting from land selection to harvesting. Field day was organized at the physiological maturity stage of the crop to collect the reaction of host farmers and other field day participants on the performance of the improved faba bean variety being scaled up. Grain yield (kg ha − 1 ) data of the new variety was collected from the host farmers’ farm, and for comparison purposes, grain yield data of the local cultivars was collected from the adjacent farms. The grain yield data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Results and Discussion Agronomic performance of the tested faba bean varieties The result of the analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the tested faba bean varieties in days to flowering, no. of pods/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, and faba bean gall disease severity index, while significant differences were detected in days to maturity and plant height. On the other hand, there was no significant difference observed among the tested faba bean varieties in the number of seeds per pods, chocolate spot, and ascochyta blight disease severity index (Table 3 ). However, in the number of seeds/pods, chocolate spot and ascochyta blight disease severity was not observed as a significant difference at the p-value 0.05 significance level (Table 3 ). The days to flowering and maturity ranged from 50 to 56 and 135 to 141 days, respectively. Numan, Hachalu, and Walki were found early maturing varieties and took 135 days to mature, while Dagim was late maturing and took 141 days to mature. Mulualem [ 9 ] noted that early maturing genotypes have the advantage over late-maturing genotypes in environments where rainfall begins late and ends early. Plant height ranged from 83.27 cm to 106.57 cm, with a grand mean of 96.08 cm. The highest plant height (106.57 cm) was recorded for the Numan variety, while the lowest (83.27 cm) was measured for the Gora variety. Walki gave the highest number of pods/plants (9.68), followed by Dosha (11.53) and Hachalu (11.20), and while the lowest number of pods per plant (6.33) was recorded by Gora. In contrast to the result of this study, Getnet & Yehizbalem [ 8 ] and Tiringo [ 15 ] reported that Gora recorded the highest plant height and number of pods per plant who conducted a similar study, indicating varietal performance variation from environment to environment. Among the tested faba bean varieties, Numan gave the highest 100-seed weight (91.62 g), followed by Gora (77.06 g), and Ashebeka (75.22 g), while Dagim recorded the lowest 100-seed weight (39.16 g) (Table 3 ). The result of a similar study, which was conducted by Yirga and Zinabu [20], showed that Gora gave the highest 100-seed weight (85.50 g), followed by Dosha (77.17 g). The grain yield ranged from 1.88 t ha − 1 to 3.03 t ha − 1 , with a grand mean of 2.53 t ha − 1 . The highest grain yield (3.03 t ha-1) was recorded by Hachalu, followed by Walki (2.92 t ha − 1 ) and Numand (2.86 t ha − 1 ) while the least grain yield (1.88 t ha − 1 ) was obtained from Gora (Table 3 ). The grain yield performance of the tested varieties in this study is in agreement with the research findings reported by Aliyi [ 2 ]. Regarding faba bean disease percent severity index, significant variation was detected among the tested faba bean varieties in faba bean gall disease, while no significant variation was observed in both chocolate spot and ascochyta blight severity index among tested varieties. The faba bean gall disease percent severity index ranged from 11.10%, which was recorded by Dosha, Numan, and Hachalu, to 30.67%, which was recorded by the local cultivar (Table 3 ). The result of the percent disease severity index of the three reported diseases in this study was found to be in agreement with the findings reported by Tiringo [ 15 ]. Table 3 Mean performance of the tested faba bean varieties for the measured agronomic traits Variety Traits DF DM PH PPP SPP HSW GY FG CS AB Ashebeka 52 de 136 bc 98.67 ab 8.80 bcd 2.57 75.22 b 2.48 bc 22.63 b 16.30 12.67 Dagim 56 a 141 a 94.67 b 12.07 a 2.40 39.16 e 2.40 c 18.83 bc 14.13 13.07 Dosha 50 ef 136 bc 92.53 b 11.53 ab 2.50 64.19 c 2.37 c 11.10 d 10.73 11.20 Gora 54 bcd 137 bc 83.27 c 6.33 d 2.50 77.06 b 1.88 d 22.93 b 12.20 13.03 Hachalu 50 f 135 c 99.53 ab 11.20 ab 2.50 61.92 c 3.03 a 11.10 d 11.47 12.30 Local 54 abc 138 b 93.67 b 10.73 abc 2.40 49.23 d 2.29 cd 30.67 a 14.43 13.57 Numan 55 ab 135 bc 106.57 a 7.67 cd 2.60 91.62 a 2.86 ab 11.10 d 14.80 13.17 Walki 52 cd 135 bc 99.73 ab 13.60 a 2.30 62.84 c 2.92 a 14.97 cd 16.63 13.07 GM 53 136 96.08 10.24 2.47 65.16 2.53 17.92 13.84 12.76 LSD(5%) 1.85 2.79 7.92 3.18 0.35 3.57 0.43 6.868 6.948 2.96 CV(%) 2.0 1.2 4.7 17.7 8.0 3.1 9.7 21.9 28.7 13.2 P-level ** * * ** NS ** ** ** NS NS Note- Means followed by the same letters are not significant at 5% probability level, DF = days to flowering, DM = days to maturity, PH = plant height (cm), PPP = pod per plant(no), SPP = seed per pod(no), HSW = 100-seed weight (gram), GY = Grain yield (t ha − 1 ), FG = faba bean gull severity (%), CS = chocolate spot severity (%), AB = Ascohayta blight severity (%), GM = grand mean, LSD = Least significant differences at 5%, CV = coefficients of variation, P = probability, ** = highly significance, * = significance, NS = non significance. Farmers’ varietal preferences The results of farmers’ varietal preference analysis based on their varietal selection criteria are indicated in Table 4 . Farmers set seven varietal selection criteria, including plant height, number of branches, adaptability, resistance to disease, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed size (Table 4 ). The results of farmers’ varietal preference analysis showed that Dosha was found to be the tallest variety among the tested varieties. In terms of seed size, both Numan and Ashebeka were found to be large seeded varieties. However, farmers preferred Walki first, followed by Dosha and Ashebeka (Fig. 2 ). Farmers preferred Walki as first for its branching ability, adaptability to their environment, high number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod. Table 4 Farmers’ varietal preference value (%) of each variety and final acceptability rank (N = 36) Varieties PH NB DR AD NPP NSPP SS Mean Rank Numan 50 12.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 50 100 57.1 4 Ashebeka 87.5 25 75 75 75 37.5 87.5 66.1 3 Gora 37.5 37.5 37.5 25 37.5 62.5 50 41.1 7 Hachalu 75 75 50 37.5 25 12.5 62.5 48.2 5 Dosha 100 62.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 75 83.9 2 Walki 62.5 100 100 100 100 100 37.5 85.7 1 Dagim 12.5 87.5 12.5 50 50 75 12.5 42.9 6 Local 25 50 25 12.5 12.5 25 25 25 8 Note: PH = plant height, NB = number of branches, DR = Disease resistance, AD = adaptability, NPP = no. of pods per plant, NSPP = No. of seeds per pod, SSL = Seed size Pre scaling up of farmers’ preferred improved faba bean variety One of the key elements of participatory varietal selection (PVS) is to scale up the varieties that are most preferred by farmers and have shown the best biological performance to reap their benefits. Based on the results of the biological data and farmers' varietal preference analysis from the PVS trial, Walki was selected and recommended for pre-scaling up. Consequently, it was pre-scaled up in Debre Tsige kebele during the main cropping season of 2020. Seed of Walki was distributed to 13 host farmers, and a total of 5.4 hectares of land were covered. Field day Field day was organized to create awareness among farmers and other stakeholders (Fig. 3 ). The event was held at the physiological maturity stage of the crop, and 34 participants attended. During the event, farmers and stakeholders shared their experiences and knowledge. Finally, a group discussion was conducted to gather feedback on the strengths and weaknesses of the variety. All of the participants acknowledged the host farmers who produced the seed following the right protocol. They also appreciated the variety's best performance, including its longer plant height, high grain yield, straw yield, and high number of pods and seeds. The variety was also noted for its overall adaptability in the area. Every participant recommended the variety for further scaling up, particularly male and female farmers who were inspired by its performance and suitability for their needs. The farmers agreed with the host farmers to obtain seeds of the variety for further scaling up in their kebele. The performance of pre scaled up improved faba bean variety for different parameters On farm performance, Walki for grain yield and other yield parameters in comparison with the local cultivar (Table 5 ). Statistically significant difference was observed between Walki and the local cultivar for all measured parameters. The performance of Walki for all parameters was much better than the local cultivar did. For instance, Walki gave an average grain yield of 2639.4 kg ha-1 and showed 107.9% grain yield advantage over the local cultivar. Table 5 On farm performance of Walki vs the local cultivar Walki Local variety Parameters Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation t-test Plant height (cm) 111.2 12.39206 80.1 14.86952 7.197 *** No. of branches 1.9 0.5228 1.4 0.59824 2.486 ** No. of pods per plant 21.1 4.71296 11.2 3.57292 7.511 *** No. of seeds per pod 2.7 0.31286 2.2 0.69585 2.784 *** Biomass yield (t ha − 1 ) 4.73 254.2467 3.49 668.9379 7.774 *** Grain yield (t ha − 1 ) 2.64 299.3943 1.27 311.8974 14.17 *** *** and **. The mean difference is significant at p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively Conclusion and Recommendation Significant variation was detected among the tested faba bean varieties in most of the measured agronomic traits, including grain yield. Hachalu, followed by Walki (2.92 t ha-1), recorded the highest mean grain yield (3.03 t ha-1). Among the tested varieties, Walki was preferred by farmers for its merits, including long plant height, high grain and straw yield, high number of pods/plant, high number of seeds/pod, big seed size, early maturity, and better adaptability in the testing area. The preference for Walki by farmers signifies that farmers could adopt necessarily not all improved varieties. Hence, evaluating the existing improved crop varieties with farmers’ participation in each agro-ecology is a prerequisite for adoption and scaling up and out of the crop. The result of the pre-scaling up indicated that Walki gave about 107.9% grain yield advantage over the local cultivar. Once they recognized the significant benefits of Walki, farmers and other stakeholders expressed a strong desire to obtain this variety. Accordingly, it was extending very rapidly through farmer-to-farmer seed exchange approach. Since farmers are the ones who ultimately decide whether to adopt a particular variety, it is imperative to include farmers’ knowledge in the selection of promising varieties. It is advice that plant breeders anticipate that it may be challenging to determine which traits, or combinations of traits, are most important for a certain target group of farmers based on the lessons acquired from this study. Therefore, future breeding programs should include the participation of farmers’ and their selection preferences early during the varietal development program. Participatory variety selection is found to be cost-effective and fast track delivery of new and existing technologies. Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate This study involved human participants, and the Amhara Agricultural Research Institute review board approved the experimental protocols. Survey respondents were informed that they have the right to privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and withdrawal to ensure ethical standards. Before participating in this study, all persons provided written informed consent, and all personal identifying information for participants was omitted from the data presented in this manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding Amhara Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI) provided funding for this study. Author Contribution Simegnew Aniley and Yehuala Kassa conceived and designed the experiment, including the selection of experimental treatments, plot lay-out, and conducting the fieldwork, overseeing the implementation of the experiment, and monitoring the data collection process, analysis, and interpretation of the data and played a major role in writing the manuscript. Nigussie Kefelegn collaborated in the conception and design of the experiment, providing valuable insights and expertise in actively participated in the data collection process, including analyzing and interpreting the data. Worku Zikarge was involved in during plot layout and conducting the fieldwork, data collection phase, and writing up and reviewing the manuscript. All authors review and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors are very much grateful for Amhara Agricultural Research Institute for providing financial support for this study. We are also grateful for farmers and agricultural experts of Debre Tsige kebele of Hagre Mariam Woreda for their active participation and support in the course of the study. Data Availability Data will be available upon request from the corresponding author. References Alemayehu Assefa A, Tarik A, Mohammed D, Tilahun E, Abate. Sewagegne Tariku, Yazie Chanie and Zeynu Tahir, The guideline for participatory varietal selection. 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Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files floatimage5.jpeg Appendix 1 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 14 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Oct, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Oct, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 30 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 20 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Aniley","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZijNz94AJA0sSNAi2XMApEWCBNsMbiSAKCK0yLdzJz78usMmcebM51c3/CiQYOBv707Ab/hh3s3GsmfSEvulc8pu9gAdJnHm7Ab8Wph5t0lLth3OnTk7J+0GD1CLgUQufi3yzbzbf0u2/c/dcPNM2s0/xGhhOMy7jfFj24HcDTfYj90myhaQX6QZ25LrZ/bksN2WMZDgIegX+f6zGz/+bLMz5mc//uzmmz82cvztvQQcBgTMPGCKxwBMElQOAow/wBT7A6JUj4JRMApGwcgDAC0XSeFEsUhEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simegnew","middleName":"","lastName":"Aniley","suffix":""},{"id":368445749,"identity":"3f9b2795-42f4-4f4c-a7c0-cafdbbb6cfbe","order_by":1,"name":"Yehuala Kassa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yehuala","middleName":"","lastName":"Kassa","suffix":""},{"id":368445750,"identity":"9a533dd4-99f6-42bc-8d56-90987ae60cc8","order_by":2,"name":"Nigussie Kefelegn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nigussie","middleName":"","lastName":"Kefelegn","suffix":""},{"id":368445751,"identity":"414e05ce-3897-4193-b633-e6856cad8a06","order_by":3,"name":"Worku Zekargie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Worku","middleName":"","lastName":"Zekargie","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-20 07:25:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5121520/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5121520/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01076-1","type":"published","date":"2025-06-17T15:57:37+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70459361,"identity":"4fd7a276-3e37-4e3a-8f6a-1107c797175b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-03 11:17:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1300740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFarmers at variety evaluation and selection session\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage185.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5121520/v1/3920f1224d62007d85f8c312.png"},{"id":70459362,"identity":"23c00ddd-c683-4614-a360-80e2c6af07b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-03 11:17:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOver all farmers’ varietal preferences (%)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5121520/v1/d6250ffa7e80739443a69d05.png"},{"id":70459364,"identity":"c69b18bc-5bc7-4f47-b523-0d5b74bbff12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-03 11:17:37","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":520238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eField day event on Walki variety\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5121520/v1/621c264e28f323e23955d59c.png"},{"id":85231370,"identity":"a6e73169-ecd9-4160-8bad-21f36d36bbef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 16:06:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2888726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5121520/v1/714527c3-7126-4f4d-a04c-3d46fce52693.pdf"},{"id":70460520,"identity":"94e033a0-19cc-41de-ba9d-e6f86c399a13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-03 11:25:37","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1190592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppendix 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5121520/v1/2e253e371247c24f9d14eb26.jpeg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Participatory variety selection and promotion of improved faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties in the highland areas of North Shewa, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFaba bean (\u003cem\u003eVicia faba\u003c/em\u003e L) is a widely produced food legume in the world; Ethiopia is the second-largest faba bean producer next to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. It is the most important pulse crop in Ethiopia, where it covers about 504,569.99 hectares annually, from which about 10,706,365.38 tons of grain yield was produced with the involvement of about 4,159,404.00 smallholder farmers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the administrative zones in the Amhara region, the North Shewa zone ranks first in both area coverage and total production of faba beans and ranks third in the number of farmers involved in faba bean production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFaba bean is mainly cultivated in mid- and high-altitude areas of the country, whose altitude ranges from 1800 to 3000 meters above sea level [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Faba bean has multiple uses. As a human diet, it is consumed as dry seeds, green vegetables, and processed food and is rich in high-quality protein. Its dry seeds, green haulm, and dry straw are used as animal feed. It is also one of the major exported legume crops, which provides the country with foreign currency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Faba bean plays a significant role in enhancing soil fertility through nitrohen fixation so that it is used as a rotational crop [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though the faba bean has indispensable significance for the country. Amhara region in particular in terms of food and nutritional security, as a source of income for the farmers, as a source of foreign currency for the country, and its role in improving soil fertility, the productivity of the crop is far below its potential. Its national average grain yield is about 2.09 t ha-1, while in the Amhara region it is about 1.9 t ha-1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The productivity of faba bean has been constrained by a number of factors, among which wider use of local cultivars, which are low yielding and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic stresses coupled with traditional crop management practices, are the major ones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough about 38 improved faba bean varieties have been released through the research system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], the farmers do not adopt most of them. Variety development by itself has nothing to bring a difference unless the growers adopt it. Witcombe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] summarized the reasons for low adoption of improved varieties by farmers as follow; many farmers may not have access to or information about seeds of new varieties; variety-testing programs are often conducted on-station, which does not represent farmers\u0026rsquo; fields; conventional breeding programs usually seek farmer input only at the very end of the process. furthermore, varietal release systems give more emphasis to grain yield whereas farmers consider other traits when selecting varieties. Wide agro-ecological variation due to differences in altitude, temperature, rainfall, and soil type also leads to the need for a wide range of varieties. As farmers are not consulted during the variety improvement process, many varieties are cultivated but never registered, while many registered varieties are never cultivated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This needs to improve the communication between farmers and breeders so that farmers\u0026rsquo; concerns and preferences are incorporated earlier in the research process, research is accelerated, and the adoption rate improves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to address many of these problems in many crops, one approach that has been practiced is participatory varietal selection (PVS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. PVS is the selection by farmers on their own fields of finished or near-finished products from plant breeding programs and involves a range of actors, including farmers, breeders, scientists, and other stakeholders. In PVS, farmers are provided with a basket of genotypes for matching with their selection criteria. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate, select, and promote farmers\u0026rsquo; best preferred and biologically best performing improved faba bean varieties in the high-land areas of the North Shewa zone.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at Debre Tsige kebele of Hagere Mariam woreda in the North Shewa zone. During the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons. The testing site was located between 9\u0026deg; 12\u0026prime; 50.75 N latitude and 39\u0026deg; 24\u0026prime; 59.93 E longitude at an altitude of 2754 meters above sea level. Debre Tsige receives about 1013.5 mm annual rainfall with the maximum and minimum mean temperature of 19.5\u0026deg;C and 9.4\u0026deg;C, respectively. The dominant soil type in the area is cambisol and has a waterlogging problem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental materials and trial management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeven improved faba bean varieties and one local cultivar was included in the participatory variety selection (PVS) study in 2019. The passport data of the improved varieties is indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The PVS was conducted in a mother-baby trial approach following ARARI\u0026rsquo;s PVS guideline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The mother trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications, executed at a farmers\u0026rsquo; training center (FRC), while the baby trial was executed on a farmers\u0026rsquo; farm, and laid out as a replication. The mother trial was used for biological data collection, while the baby trial was used for farmers\u0026rsquo; varietal evaluation and selection data collection. Each variety was planted in a plot size of 4 m by 2.4 m in six rows, of which four central rows were used for data collection. The spacing between replications, plots, and rows was 1 m, 0.5 m, and 0.4 m, respectively. Seeds were drilled in a row, and the spacing between seeds was 0.1 m. NPSB fertilizer at a rate of 121 kg ha-1 was applied at planting. Weeding was done twice, two weeks after planting and before the flowering stage of the crop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassport data of improved faba bean varieties included in the PVS study in 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (m.a.s.l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear of release\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenter of release\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield t ha-\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to maturity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers field\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1800\u0026ndash;3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;1100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026ndash;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u0026ndash;148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAshebeka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1900\u0026ndash;2800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;1100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0-5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026ndash;4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026ndash;156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1900\u0026ndash;2800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026ndash;5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u0026ndash;158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHachalu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1900\u0026ndash;2800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026ndash;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u0026ndash;156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2050\u0026ndash;2800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026ndash;6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026ndash;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1900\u0026ndash;2800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026ndash;5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0-4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u0026ndash;146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDagim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2600\u0026ndash;3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDBARC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cem\u003eKARC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, HARC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Holleta Agricultural Research Center, DBARC=\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDebre Birhan Agricultural Research Center\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAgronomic data collection and analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgronomic data were collected from the middle four harvestable rows on both plant and plot basis. Data on plant height (cm) no. of pods/plant and no. of seeds/pod were collected on plant basis while data on days to 50% flowering, days to 90% maturity, grain yield (g) and hundred seed weight (g) were collected on plot basis. The disease severity data on chocolate spot, ascochayta blight and faba bean gall disease were also collected using 0 to 9 scoring scale and converted into the percentage severity index (PSI) according to Wheeler [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{P}\\text{S}\\text{I}=\\:\\frac{\\text{S}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g}}{\\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{s}\\:\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\text{*}\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{x}\\text{i}\\text{m}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\:\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\:\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{a}\\:\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{e}}\\text{*}100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using R software, and mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% level of significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFarmers’ participation in variety evaluation and selection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants of the testing kebele's Farmers Research and Extension Group (FREG) received improved faba bean production package training prior to the trial's execution. This training comprised both theoretical and practical sessions. Farmers\u0026rsquo; varietal evaluation and selection was done on both mother and baby trials, both at the vegetative and maturity stages. In consultation with kebele development agents, 20 (5 female) FREG members were invited to participate in variety evaluation and selection. Farmers were selected considering gender, experience in growing faba beans, and willingness to participate in the varietal evaluation and selection process. The participants were briefed on the purpose of the PVS and their involvement in the varietal evaluation and selection process before the evaluation and selection session in the field actually began. Then farmers were made to set their varietal preference criteria, and then they did varietal evaluation and selection based on their criteria (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRanking of farmers’ varietal preferences\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo find out the most preferred varieties by farmers, Garrett\u0026rsquo;s ranking technique was employed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. As per this method, farmers were asked to rank each variety for each varietal selection criteria and the outcomes of such ranking were converted into score value with the help of the following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{P}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}=\\:\\frac{(\\text{R}\\text{i}\\text{j}-0.5)}{\\text{N}\\text{i}\\text{j}}\\text{*}100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, R\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e=Rank given for the i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e variety by the j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e respondent, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of varieties ranked by j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e respondents. With the help of Garrett\u0026rsquo;s ranking conversion table (\u003cspan refid=\"Sec17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix 1\u003c/span\u003e), the percent position is estimated and converted into scores (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conversion of ranks of merits into units of amounts of scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(Rij-0/5)/Nj\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculated value (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(1-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(2-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(3-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(4-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(5-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(6-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(7-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(8-0.5)/8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter that, the variety scores of each individual were added, and the total value and mean values of the score were calculated. Hence, the product of the performance score and the weight gave the preference value of the varieties for each selection criterion. The overall preference value of each variety was obtained by adding the preference values of each variety for each selection criterion. Hence, the rank of acceptability of the varieties was done based on the total preference value of each variety. The lower the total preference value of a given variety, the higher the acceptability rank. A total of 36 farmers were interviewed for this preference analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePre scaling up of the selected faba bean variety\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pre-scaling of the selected variety was conducted in the study kebele in 2020. Host farmers were selected and supplied with seed of the variety. The success of a technology promotion program depends on appropriate prior orientation given to participants on technologies and the stepwise implementation of subsequent activities. Accordingly, prior to the commencement of the pre-scaling activity, training was given to the host farmers, kebele development agents, and woreda-level agricultural office experts on the recommended faba bean seed production and management package by a team of researchers. A multidisciplinary team of researchers and agricultural experts made regular field visits to observe the progress, fix problems, and give advice on proper field and crop management practices, starting from land selection to harvesting. Field day was organized at the physiological maturity stage of the crop to collect the reaction of host farmers and other field day participants on the performance of the improved faba bean variety being scaled up. Grain yield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) data of the new variety was collected from the host farmers\u0026rsquo; farm, and for comparison purposes, grain yield data of the local cultivars was collected from the adjacent farms. The grain yield data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAgronomic performance of the tested faba bean varieties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the tested faba bean varieties in days to flowering, no. of pods/plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, and faba bean gall disease severity index, while significant differences were detected in days to maturity and plant height. On the other hand, there was no significant difference observed among the tested faba bean varieties in the number of seeds per pods, chocolate spot, and ascochyta blight disease severity index (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, in the number of seeds/pods, chocolate spot and ascochyta blight disease severity was not observed as a significant difference at the p-value 0.05 significance level (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The days to flowering and maturity ranged from 50 to 56 and 135 to 141 days, respectively. Numan, Hachalu, and Walki were found early maturing varieties and took 135 days to mature, while Dagim was late maturing and took 141 days to mature. Mulualem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] noted that early maturing genotypes have the advantage over late-maturing genotypes in environments where rainfall begins late and ends early.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height ranged from 83.27 cm to 106.57 cm, with a grand mean of 96.08 cm. The highest plant height (106.57 cm) was recorded for the Numan variety, while the lowest (83.27 cm) was measured for the Gora variety. Walki gave the highest number of pods/plants (9.68), followed by Dosha (11.53) and Hachalu (11.20), and while the lowest number of pods per plant (6.33) was recorded by Gora. In contrast to the result of this study, Getnet \u0026amp; Yehizbalem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and Tiringo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] reported that Gora recorded the highest plant height and number of pods per plant who conducted a similar study, indicating varietal performance variation from environment to environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the tested faba bean varieties, Numan gave the highest 100-seed weight (91.62 g), followed by Gora (77.06 g), and Ashebeka (75.22 g), while Dagim recorded the lowest 100-seed weight (39.16 g) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The result of a similar study, which was conducted by Yirga and Zinabu [20], showed that Gora gave the highest 100-seed weight (85.50 g), followed by Dosha (77.17 g). The grain yield ranged from 1.88 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 3.03 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, with a grand mean of 2.53 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The highest grain yield (3.03 t ha-1) was recorded by Hachalu, followed by Walki (2.92 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and Numand (2.86 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) while the least grain yield (1.88 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from Gora (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The grain yield performance of the tested varieties in this study is in agreement with the research findings reported by Aliyi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding faba bean disease percent severity index, significant variation was detected among the tested faba bean varieties in faba bean gall disease, while no significant variation was observed in both chocolate spot and ascochyta blight severity index among tested varieties. The faba bean gall disease percent severity index ranged from 11.10%, which was recorded by Dosha, Numan, and Hachalu, to 30.67%, which was recorded by the local cultivar (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The result of the percent disease severity index of the three reported diseases in this study was found to be in agreement with the findings reported by Tiringo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean performance of the tested faba bean varieties for the measured agronomic traits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHSW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAshebeka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.67\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.80\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDagim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.53\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.92\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.73\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.23\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.57\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.73\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.97\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD(5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote-\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eMeans followed by the same letters are not significant at 5% probability level, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;days to flowering, DM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;days to maturity, PH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;plant height (cm), PPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;pod per plant(no), SPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;seed per pod(no), HSW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100-seed weight (gram), GY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Grain yield (t ha\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e), FG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;faba bean gull severity (%), CS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chocolate spot severity (%), AB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ascohayta blight severity (%), GM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grand mean, LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least significant differences at 5%, CV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;coefficients of variation, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;probability, ** = highly significance, * = significance, NS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;non significance.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFarmers\u0026rsquo; varietal preferences\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of farmers\u0026rsquo; varietal preference analysis based on their varietal selection criteria are indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Farmers set seven varietal selection criteria, including plant height, number of branches, adaptability, resistance to disease, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed size (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The results of farmers\u0026rsquo; varietal preference analysis showed that Dosha was found to be the tallest variety among the tested varieties. In terms of seed size, both Numan and Ashebeka were found to be large seeded varieties. However, farmers preferred Walki first, followed by Dosha and Ashebeka (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Farmers preferred Walki as first for its branching ability, adaptability to their environment, high number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u0026rsquo; varietal preference value (%) of each variety and final acceptability rank (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAshebeka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHachalu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDagim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: PH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;plant height, NB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of branches, DR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Disease resistance, AD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;adaptability, NPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no. of pods per plant, NSPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No. of seeds per pod, SSL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Seed size\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePre scaling up of farmers\u0026rsquo; preferred improved faba bean variety\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e One of the key elements of participatory varietal selection (PVS) is to scale up the varieties that are most preferred by farmers and have shown the best biological performance to reap their benefits. Based on the results of the biological data and farmers' varietal preference analysis from the PVS trial, Walki was selected and recommended for pre-scaling up. Consequently, it was pre-scaled up in Debre Tsige kebele during the main cropping season of 2020. Seed of Walki was distributed to 13 host farmers, and a total of 5.4 hectares of land were covered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eField day\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eField day was organized to create awareness among farmers and other stakeholders (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The event was held at the physiological maturity stage of the crop, and 34 participants attended. During the event, farmers and stakeholders shared their experiences and knowledge. Finally, a group discussion was conducted to gather feedback on the strengths and weaknesses of the variety. All of the participants acknowledged the host farmers who produced the seed following the right protocol. They also appreciated the variety's best performance, including its longer plant height, high grain yield, straw yield, and high number of pods and seeds. The variety was also noted for its overall adaptability in the area. Every participant recommended the variety for further scaling up, particularly male and female farmers who were inspired by its performance and suitability for their needs. The farmers agreed with the host farmers to obtain seeds of the variety for further scaling up in their kebele.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe performance of pre scaled up improved faba bean variety for different parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn farm performance, Walki for grain yield and other yield parameters in comparison with the local cultivar (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Statistically significant difference was observed between Walki and the local cultivar for all measured parameters. The performance of Walki for all parameters was much better than the local cultivar did. For instance, Walki gave an average grain yield of 2639.4 kg ha-1 and showed 107.9% grain yield advantage over the local cultivar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn farm performance of Walki vs the local cultivar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal variety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.39206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.86952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.197\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of branches\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.486\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of pods per plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.71296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.511\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of seeds per pod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.784\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254.2467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e668.9379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.774\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299.3943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.8974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e*** and **. The mean difference is significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, respectively\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConclusion and Recommendation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant variation was detected among the tested faba bean varieties in most of the measured agronomic traits, including grain yield. Hachalu, followed by Walki (2.92 t ha-1), recorded the highest mean grain yield (3.03 t ha-1). Among the tested varieties, Walki was preferred by farmers for its merits, including long plant height, high grain and straw yield, high number of pods/plant, high number of seeds/pod, big seed size, early maturity, and better adaptability in the testing area. The preference for Walki by farmers signifies that farmers could adopt necessarily not all improved varieties. Hence, evaluating the existing improved crop varieties with farmers\u0026rsquo; participation in each agro-ecology is a prerequisite for adoption and scaling up and out of the crop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The result of the pre-scaling up indicated that Walki gave about 107.9% grain yield advantage over the local cultivar. Once they recognized the significant benefits of Walki, farmers and other stakeholders expressed a strong desire to obtain this variety. Accordingly, it was extending very rapidly through farmer-to-farmer seed exchange approach. Since farmers are the ones who ultimately decide whether to adopt a particular variety, it is imperative to include farmers\u0026rsquo; knowledge in the selection of promising varieties. It is advice that plant breeders anticipate that it may be challenging to determine which traits, or combinations of traits, are most important for a certain target group of farmers based on the lessons acquired from this study. Therefore, future breeding programs should include the participation of farmers\u0026rsquo; and their selection preferences early during the varietal development program. Participatory variety selection is found to be cost-effective and fast track delivery of new and existing technologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involved human participants, and the Amhara Agricultural Research Institute review board approved the experimental protocols. Survey respondents were informed that they have the right to privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and withdrawal to ensure ethical standards. Before participating in this study, all persons provided written informed consent, and all personal identifying information for participants was omitted from the data presented in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmhara Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI) provided funding for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimegnew Aniley and Yehuala Kassa conceived and designed the experiment, including the selection of experimental treatments, plot lay-out, and conducting the fieldwork, overseeing the implementation of the experiment, and monitoring the data collection process, analysis, and interpretation of the data and played a major role in writing the manuscript. Nigussie Kefelegn collaborated in the conception and design of the experiment, providing valuable insights and expertise in actively participated in the data collection process, including analyzing and interpreting the data. Worku Zikarge was involved in during plot layout and conducting the fieldwork, data collection phase, and writing up and reviewing the manuscript. All authors review and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are very much grateful for Amhara Agricultural Research Institute for providing financial support for this study. We are also grateful for farmers and agricultural experts of Debre Tsige kebele of Hagre Mariam Woreda for their active participation and support in the course of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be available upon request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlemayehu Assefa A, Tarik A, Mohammed D, Tilahun E, Abate. Sewagegne Tariku, Yazie Chanie and Zeynu Tahir, The guideline for participatory varietal selection. Amhara Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI) Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAliyi Robsa K, Yimam, Hailu M. Participatory Variety Selection and Evaluation of Released Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties at Amigna Woreda. South East Ethiopia. 2021;9(8):2\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCeccarelli S. Decentralized-participatory plant breeding: an example of demand driven research. Euphytica. 2007;155:349\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCentral Statistical Authority (CSA). Agriculturral sample survey. Report on area and production of major crops in meher season. Vol.1, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2021. no. 590.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEthiopian Agriculture Authority (EAA), Plant variety release, protection and seed quality control directorate. Crop variety register. (2022) Issue no.25. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarrett H. Edward, and Robert Sessions Woodworth. Statistics in psychology and education. (1969).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGetachew, Agegnehu, Fessehaie R. Response of faba bean to phosphate fertilizer and weed control on nitisols of Ethiopian highlands. Italian J Agron. 2006;1(2):281\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYitayih G, Azmeraw Y. Adaptation of faba bean varieties for yield, for yield components and against faba bean gall (Olpidium viciae Kusano) disease in South Gondar. Ethiopia Crop J. 2017;5(6):560\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMulualem Tafere T, Dessalegn, Dessalegn Y. Participatory varietal selection of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for yield and yield components in Dabat district. Ethiopia Wudpecker J Agric Res. 2012;7:270\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMussa Jarso G, Dereje, Gemechu K. Procedures faba bean Improv through Hybrid Tech Man. 2008;21:48.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRashid Shahidur C, Yirga B, Behute, Lemma S. Pulses value chain in Ethiopia: Constraints and opportunities for enhancing exports. Volume 1. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2010. p. 10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRonner E, Giller K. Agronomy, farming systems background information on and ongoing projects on grain legumes in Ethiopia. (2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTeklay, Abebe. Tsehaye Birhane Tsehaye Birhane, Yemane Nega Yemane Nega, and Assefa Workineh Assefa Workineh. The prevalence and importance of faba bean diseases with special consideration to the newly emerging faba bean gall in Tigray. Ethiopia (2014): 33\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThijs R, Auke B, Daphne W, Dawit K, Wannes D. Business Opportunity Report: Oilseeds and Pulses. Prinses Margrietplantsoen; 2015. 37 2595 AM Den Haag: The Netherlands.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTiringo Yilak K, Amare D, Belay, Abebe H. Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Variety Evaluation for Disease Resistance, Yield, and Agronomic Traits in South Gondar. Ethiopia Int J Agron. no. 2024;1:5490629.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWheeler BE. An introduction to plant diseases,1(969).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWitcombe J, Petre R, Jones S, Joshi A. Farmer participatory crop improvement. IV. The spread and impact of a rice variety identified by participatory varietal selection. Exp Agric. 1999;35:471\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYirga Kindie and Zinabu, Nigusie. Participatory evaluation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties for yield and yield components in wag-lasta, eastern amhara, Ethiopia. East Afr J Sci. 2019;13(1):7\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Improved faba bean varieties, Participatory variety selection, Varietal selection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5121520/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5121520/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFaba bean is the most important pulse crop in Ethiopia; however, its productivity has low and susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to select and promote varieties that most preferred by farmers and showed best agronomic performances. Participatory variety selection was conducted with seven improved and local faba bean genotypes using randomized complete block design with three replications. The agronomic data were collected from four central rows. The trial was conducted in Hagre Mariam woreda during 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. Highly Significant variation was observed among the tested varieties in days to flowering (50 to 56), 100-seed weight (39.16 to 91.62 grams), grain yield (1.88 to 3.03 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and faba bean gall disease percent severity index (11.10 to 30.67%). Significant difference was also detected in days to maturity (135 to 141) and plant height (83.27 to 106.57cm). The highest grain yield was recorded by Hachalu (3.03 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by Walki (2.92 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and Numan (2.86 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Among the tested varieties Walki got farmers\u0026rsquo; high preference score indicating it fulfilled farmers\u0026rsquo; varietal selection criteria including, long plant height, high grain and straw yield, high no. of pods/plant and no of seeds/pod, big seed size, early maturity and better adaptability in the area. Accordingly, Walki was pre scaled up and widely disseminated. During the scaling up Walki gave an average grain yield of 2.64 t ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and showed about 107.9% grain yield advantage over the local cultivar.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Participatory variety selection and promotion of improved faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties in the highland areas of North Shewa, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-03 11:17:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5121520/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-21T09:13:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"55810718448710176739567064968930890239","date":"2024-10-19T13:55:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-17T18:58:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"24009304321409928917112479133927717977","date":"2024-10-17T06:36:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-16T08:01:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-14T11:56:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"122200957794740830009879619503659690653","date":"2024-10-13T21:49:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"11437149265682355418170831679065158515","date":"2024-10-12T14:30:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"254019269058723069500310715217700419626","date":"2024-10-10T16:46:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-10-10T13:04:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-30T12:38:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-27T08:09:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2024-09-20T07:24:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6e1de689-b1c0-4e95-8010-614c8e99729c","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-23T16:01:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5121520","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01076-1","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-17 15:57:37","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 17th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-03 11:17:32","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-01076-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01076-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5121520","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5121520","identity":"rs-5121520","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}