Factors affecting Farmers' Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Biodegradable Mulch Films in China

Factors affecting Farmers' Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Biodegradable Mulch Films in China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Factors affecting Farmers' Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Biodegradable Mulch Films in China Wei Yang, Jianling Qi, Yao Lu, Waranan Tantiwat, Jin Guo, Muhammad Arif This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1432510/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Biodegradable mulch films (BDMs) technology is an environmentally-friendly substitute to traditional plastic mulch films in agricultural production. Given the high price and it is new to the market, it is not easy for farmers to accept and adopt it. This paper aims to explore the key factors affecting farmers’ adoption of and willingness to pay for BDMs to understand the complex process of farmers’ decision-making. This paper employs a double hurdle model to explore the multi-stage decision-making process in the adoption of BDMs using the sample of 1247 observations from Yunnan province China, where two mechanisms of decision-making (i.e., direct rejection of technology and lack of resources) were used to capture zero willingness to pay (WTP) for BDMs. The results indicate the two-stage decision-making process, where the role of technology-specific characteristics is more important than adopter-specific characteristics in the adoption of BDMs in China – training for understanding and using the technology has a positive effect on both the adoption and willingness to pay. The paper is the first attempt that empirically analyses the determinants of farmers’ WTP for BDMs. It contributes to the literature on adoption analysis by 1) considering farmers’ adoption choices as a two-step process by using a hurdle model and 2) addressing the importance of technology-specific characteristics on farmers’ WTP for BDMs. Understanding the role of factors on different stages of farmers’ decision-making could assist policymakers in designing programs, specifically tackling difficulties confronting farmers at different stages of decision-making. double hurdle model biodegradable mulch film farmer China WTP Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Full Text Tables Table.1 descriptions and descriptive statistics of the variables Variables Description Mean S.D. Outcome variable Adoption Farmers' choices of adopting degradable mulch films, =1 to adopt, = 0 not to adopt. 0.83 0.38 WTP Farmers' willingness to pay for degradable mulch films in China yuan. 13.7 8.3 Independent variable a Age Age of the farmer (owner/ manager) in years b . 47.6 10.03 Male Dummy variable representing gender =1 Male, = 0 Female. 0.75 0.43 Ethnicity Dummy variable =1 Han, = 0 Others. 0.77 0.42 Education The education level defined as schooling years. 6.84 3.54 Labour The number of labor employed by the farm. 2.61 1.05 Farm type Dummy variable, =1 Small farm, =0 Others. 0.95 0.22 Farm size Total planting area measured in Mu. 18.29 32.27 Household income Total household income from all source measures in Chinese yuan (CNY). 63252.7 245753 % Agricultural Income Percentage of household income from agriculture. 79 39 Main crop Categorical variables representing the main crops planted. Food crop =1 if mainly planting food crops, such as rice and wheat, =0 otherwise (set as the base). 0.21 0.42 Tobacco =1 if mainly planting tobacco, =0 otherwise. 0.38 0.41 Fruit & vegetable =1 if mainly planting fruits and vegetables, =0 otherwise. 0.37 0.28 Other crops =1 if mainly planting other crops, such as flowers and trees, =0 otherwise. 0.04 0.11 Mulch usage Categorical variables representing changes in PE film usage in the past five years, Mulch usage – decreased =1, if the usage of PE films has decreased in the past five years, =0 otherwise (set as the base). 0.11 0.32 Mulch usage – same =1, if the usage of PE films has had no change in the past five years, =0 otherwise. 0.61 0.60 Mulch usage – increased =1, if the usage of PE films has increased in the past five years, =0 otherwise. 0.28 0.42 Recycle subsidy The farmer receives subsidies for recycling plastic mulch films, =1 Yes, = 0 No. 0.34 0.47 Training Farmer received training for film mulching technology, =1 Yes, = 0 No. 0.39 0.49 BDMs attributes Categorical variables representing the most important attribute that affect farmers’ choice of different plastic mulch films. BDMs – Price =1 price is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise (set as the base). 0.23 0.42 BDMs – Efficiency =1 efficiency is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise. 0.58 0.49 BDMs – Brand =1 brand is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise. 0.12 0.40 BDMs – others =1 other attributes, such as quality, is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise. 0.07 0.24 BDMs Promotion The farmer is aware of promotions for adopting BDMs from the government and/ or industry, 1=Yes, 0=No. 0.21 0.41 Damage to environment Perceived negative impact of PE mulch films to the environment, =1 Yes and = 0 No. 0.79 0.41 Usefulness to agriculture Categorical variables representing farmers' perception of the usefulness of plastic mulch film to agricultural production. Usefulness – not important =1, plastic mulch film is regarded to be not important to agricultural production, =0 otherwise (set as the base) 0.04 0.23 Usefulness – important =1, plastic mulch film is regarded to be important to agricultural production, =0 otherwise. 0.32 0.46 Usefulness – very important =1, plastic mulch film is regarded to be very important to agricultural production, =0 otherwise. 0.64 0.56 Note: a. county effects are controlled and included as categorical variables (10 countries in total); b. the variables of farmer characteristics are about the owner (for small scale farms) or manager (for commercial farms) who make the primary decision-making of agricultural production of the farm. Table 2: Double-hurdle and Tobit model estimation results of factors influencing WTP for BMDs Factors b Double-hundle model a Tobit model WTA (Probit estimator n=1247) WTP (Truncated Normal estimator n=1052) WTP (n=1247) Intercept 3.07***(0.73) 0.94***(0.10) 2.61*** (0.47) Age 0.0002(0.005) 0.0001(0.001) 0.001(0.004) Gender 0.04(0.11) -0.01(0.03) -0.07(0.08) Ethnicity -0.14(0.11) -0.06(0.07) -0.12(0.11) Education 0.03**(0.014) 0.01***(0.003) 0.03*** (0.01) Labour 0.04(0.04) 0.01(0.01) 0.03(0.03) Farm type -0.158(0.25) -0.10(0.06) -0.14(0.18) Farm size 0.003(0.002) 0.001(0.0004) 0.01(0.001) Log (Household income) 0.13***(0.05) 0.0001(0.0005) 0.04(0.04) % Agricultural Income 0.23*(0.09) 0.01(0.03) 0.12(0.08) Main crop - Tobacco -0.47***(0.12) -0.04(0.03) -0.41***(0.09) Main crop - Fruit & vegetable 0.21**(0.08) 0.02(0.13) 0.25**(0.09) Main crop - others -0.26*(0.11) 0.01(0.24) -0.34*(0.15) Mulch usage – same 0.25(0.16) 0.03(0.04) -0.16(0.12) Mulch usage – increase 0.49**(0.18) 0.09**(0.04) -0.25*(0.13) Recycle subsidy -0.05(0.12) -0.04(0.03) 0.03(0.09) Training 0.55***(0.11) 0.05***(0.01) 0.37***(0.08) Damage to environment 0.27*(0.12) -0.02(0.03) 0.15(0.09) Usefulness – important 1.25***(0.47) 0.16***(0.06) 0.32*(0.19) Usefulness – very important 1.34***(0.47) 0.13**(0.06) 0.37*(0.19) BDMs Promotion -0.02(0.11) -0.02(0.03) -0.08(0.08) BMDs attributes - Efficiency - -0.08***(0.02) -0.05***(0.01) BMDs attributes - Brand - -0.001(0.02) -0.02(0.08) BMDs attributes - others - -0.13***(0.03) -0.03(0.09) 0.84***(0.03) - Loglike -734.43 -1860.9 AIC -754.91 7644.48 BIC -395.91 7767.56 Note: a this is the double-hurdle model assuming the errors of two equations are correlated, i.e., ; b. Standard error in parathethese and *p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01; c. the variables of BDMs attributes are only included in the second hurdle of the double hurdle model. Table 3. Predicted WTA and WTP by types of main crops WTA (probability) WTP (per kg BDMs) Food crop 0.87 11.83 Tobacco 0.78 10.26 Fruit & vegetable 0.89 14.42 Other crops 0.76 11.33 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1432510","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":91264450,"identity":"96180873-8b6d-4b0c-80ab-37a80f14f440","order_by":0,"name":"Wei Yang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYwxc8OZliQoEWyGcyQIMEyg8NgiggtBsebG5h5au7YbT7M3PbgR4VEHgP74QfMBX/waDlzEKjl2LPkbYcZ2w17zkgUM/CkGTDP4MGtxexGIlAL2+Fks8OMbdKMbRKJDQw5DMw8eBxodv8hUMu/w8nGzTAt/G+AWgzw2cLYwMzbdtjOgBmmRQJkSwJuLfZnEhsOzu07nCABdJgk0C+JbRLPDA7zHMCtRbL9+MMHb74dtudvb38m8aPCJrGfP/nhYx48IQYCh4DBA/Q1FLABMR47IIDxB9CBhBSNglEwCkbBCAYA+nFMkRz2uUAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Agribusiness and Commerce, Lincoln University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":91264451,"identity":"c41e2afa-6450-4736-8386-7b969eec8cf0","order_by":1,"name":"Jianling Qi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianling","middleName":"","lastName":"Qi","suffix":""},{"id":91264455,"identity":"a3aa7474-9a5f-4cfe-a391-51b252dec574","order_by":2,"name":"Yao Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yao","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":91264458,"identity":"fa038fd4-0081-4582-806b-0fc8bf9ea923","order_by":3,"name":"Waranan Tantiwat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Agribusiness and Commerce, Lincoln University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Waranan","middleName":"","lastName":"Tantiwat","suffix":""},{"id":91264461,"identity":"cece2ff5-e68e-47f7-a370-33b3655ebda0","order_by":4,"name":"Jin Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Environmental Protection and Monitoring Center of Yunnan Province","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jin","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":91264462,"identity":"09bc06f3-37cf-48a6-b44e-147ab06abff9","order_by":5,"name":"Muhammad Arif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Business Administration, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Arif","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-03-08 21:14:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1432510/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1432510/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":19347858,"identity":"ebe26ce5-bc00-4292-b810-424d25fe9767","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-17 19:46:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe conceptual analysis framework of farmers’ WTP for BDMs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1432510/v1/789f9eb50e93b88936073744.jpeg"},{"id":19347859,"identity":"4615a466-3b54-4daf-a83d-1de37c82b3d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-17 19:46:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe distribution of farmers’ WTP for BDMs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1432510/v1/d32c897db324a3a9e9bf715e.jpeg"},{"id":19347860,"identity":"f369f326-6e20-4d7d-812a-2b0d19bc34ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-17 19:47:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":617545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"doublehurdleEM.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1432510/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Factors affecting Farmers' Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Biodegradable Mulch Films in China","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1432510/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable.1 descriptions and descriptive statistics of the variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdoption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u0026apos; choices of adopting degradable mulch films, =1 to adopt, = 0 not to adopt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u0026apos; willingness to pay for degradable mulch films in China yuan.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the farmer (owner/ manager) in years\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDummy variable representing gender =1 Male, = 0 Female.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDummy variable =1 Han, = 0 Others.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe education level defined as schooling years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe number of labor employed by the farm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDummy variable, =1 Small farm, =0 Others.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal planting area measured in Mu.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal household income from all source measures in Chinese yuan (CNY).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63252.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Agricultural Income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of household income from agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain crop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorical variables representing the main crops planted.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood crop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 if mainly planting food crops, such as rice and wheat, =0 otherwise (set as the base).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobacco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 if mainly planting tobacco, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit \u0026amp; vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 if mainly planting fruits and vegetables, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther crops\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 if mainly planting other crops, such as flowers and trees, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulch usage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorical variables representing changes in PE film usage in the past five years,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulch usage \u0026ndash; decreased\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1, if the usage of PE films has decreased in the past five years, =0 otherwise (set as the base).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulch usage \u0026ndash; same\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1, if the usage of PE films has had no change in the past five years, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulch usage \u0026ndash; increased\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1, if the usage of PE films has increased in the past five years, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycle subsidy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe farmer receives subsidies for recycling plastic mulch films, =1 Yes, = 0 No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer received training for film mulching technology, =1 Yes, = 0 No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs attributes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorical variables representing the most important attribute that affect farmers\u0026rsquo; choice of different plastic mulch films.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs \u0026ndash; Price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 price is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise (set as the base).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs \u0026ndash; Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 efficiency is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs \u0026ndash; Brand\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 brand is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs \u0026ndash; others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1 other attributes, such as quality, is regarded as the most important attribute for purchasing plastic mulch films, = 0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs Promotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe farmer is aware of promotions for adopting BDMs from the government and/ or industry, 1=Yes, 0=No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamage to environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived negative impact of PE mulch films to the environment, =1 Yes and = 0 No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsefulness to agriculture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorical variables representing farmers\u0026apos; perception of the usefulness of plastic mulch film to agricultural production.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsefulness \u0026ndash; not important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1, plastic mulch film is regarded to be not important to agricultural production, =0 otherwise (set as the base)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsefulness \u0026ndash; important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1, plastic mulch film is regarded to be important to agricultural production, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.958402662229616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsefulness \u0026ndash; very important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24459234608985%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=1, plastic mulch film is regarded to be very important to agricultural production, =0 otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.316139767054908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.480865224625624%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: \u003csup\u003ea.\u003c/sup\u003e county effects are controlled and included as categorical variables (10 countries in total); \u003csup\u003eb.\u003c/sup\u003e the variables of farmer characteristics are about the owner (for small scale farms) or manager (for commercial farms) who make the primary decision-making of agricultural production of the farm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDouble-hurdle and Tobit model estimation results of factors influencing WTP for BMDs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"59.71563981042654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDouble-hundle model\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobit model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.74273858921162%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Probit estimator n=1247)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46.6804979253112%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Truncated Normal estimator n=1052)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.57676348547718%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=1247)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07***(0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94***(0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61*** (0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002(0.005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001(0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001(0.004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04(0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07(0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14(0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06(0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12(0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03**(0.014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01***(0.003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*** (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04(0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01(0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.158(0.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10(0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14(0.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003(0.002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001(0.0004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01(0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLog (Household income)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13***(0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001(0.0005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04(0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Agricultural Income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23*(0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12(0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain crop - Tobacco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.47***(0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.41***(0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain crop - Fruit \u0026amp; vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21**(0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02(0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25**(0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain crop - others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26*(0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01(0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.34*(0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulch usage \u0026ndash; same\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25(0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03(0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16(0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulch usage \u0026ndash; increase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49**(0.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09**(0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25*(0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycle subsidy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05(0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03(0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55***(0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05***(0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37***(0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamage to environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27*(0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15(0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsefulness \u0026ndash; important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25***(0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16***(0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32*(0.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsefulness \u0026ndash; very important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34***(0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13**(0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37*(0.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDMs Promotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02(0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08(0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMDs attributes - Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08***(0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05***(0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMDs attributes - Brand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001(0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02(0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMDs attributes - others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"24.170616113744074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.54502369668246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13***(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03(0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"59.71563981042654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84***(0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoglike\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"59.71563981042654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-734.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1860.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"59.71563981042654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-754.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7644.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.85466034755134%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"59.71563981042654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-395.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.429699842022117%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7767.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e this is the double-hurdle model assuming the errors of two equations are correlated, i.e., \u003cimg width=\"10\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAARCAIAAABvtHqPAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAIpJREFUKFNj/P//PwM2wIRVFChIX4k7E9OtGcHAOn070Hagc4Hg9gQrBqu0bbehTIa0bRCJbWkMVhNAolAOUALs3O0bZlmFeaugegldPUg3UMN/oFFQ88FWbQPaBRIGhhNUPA0oAAJQF4AkUCyG2g+kmO7cusKgo4ZmMSgQt646ZqWlihnGjLjiAwDZc3K7x/HkuwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e; \u003csup\u003eb.\u003c/sup\u003eStandard error in parathethese and *p\u0026lt;0.1; **p\u0026lt;0.05; ***p\u0026lt;0.01; \u003csup\u003ec.\u003c/sup\u003e the variables of BDMs attributes are only included in the second hurdle of the double hurdle model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Predicted WTA and WTP by types of main crops\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.390243902439025%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"31.43631436314363%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWTA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(probability)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"44.173441734417345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWTP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(per kg BDMs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 84.6474%;\" width=\"34.959349593495936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood crop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10.4715%;\" width=\"31.70731707317073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 84.6474%;\" width=\"34.959349593495936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobacco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10.4715%;\" width=\"31.70731707317073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 84.6474%;\" width=\"34.959349593495936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit \u0026amp; vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10.4715%;\" width=\"31.70731707317073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 84.6474%;\" width=\"34.959349593495936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther crops\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 10.4715%;\" width=\"31.70731707317073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"double hurdle model, biodegradable mulch film, farmer, China, WTP","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1432510/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1432510/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBiodegradable mulch films (BDMs) technology is an environmentally-friendly substitute to traditional plastic mulch films in agricultural production. Given the high price and it is new to the market, it is not easy for farmers to accept and adopt it. This paper aims to explore the key factors affecting farmers\u0026rsquo; adoption of and willingness to pay for BDMs to understand the complex process of farmers\u0026rsquo; decision-making. This paper employs a double hurdle model to explore the multi-stage decision-making process in the adoption of BDMs using the sample of 1247 observations from Yunnan province China, where two mechanisms of decision-making (i.e., direct rejection of technology and lack of resources) were used to capture zero willingness to pay (WTP) for BDMs. The results indicate the two-stage decision-making process, where the role of technology-specific characteristics is more important than adopter-specific characteristics in the adoption of BDMs in China \u0026ndash; training for understanding and using the technology has a positive effect on both the adoption and willingness to pay. The paper is the first attempt that empirically analyses the determinants of farmers\u0026rsquo; WTP for BDMs. It contributes to the literature on adoption analysis by 1) considering farmers\u0026rsquo; adoption choices as a two-step process by using a hurdle model and 2) addressing the importance of technology-specific characteristics on farmers\u0026rsquo; WTP for BDMs. Understanding the role of factors on different stages of farmers\u0026rsquo; decision-making could assist policymakers in designing programs, specifically tackling difficulties confronting farmers at different stages of decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors affecting Farmers' Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Biodegradable Mulch Films in China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-03-17 19:46:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1432510/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"26802dcf-1f7a-41fd-810d-e043f1790de6","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 17th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-03-19T23:29:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-03-17 19:46:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1432510","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1432510","identity":"rs-1432510","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}