miRNAs: Potential as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to messenger RNAs. miRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, and their dysregulation is implicated in many human and dog diseases. Most cancers tested, to date, have been shown to express altered miRNA levels, which indicates their potential importance in the oncogenic process. Based on this evidence, numerous miRNAs have been suggested as potential cancer biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis. miRNA-based therapies have also been tested in different cancers and have provided measurable clinical benefits to patients. In addition, understanding miRNA biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms in cancer can provide important knowledge about resistance to chemotherapies, leading to more personalized cancer treatment. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the importance of miRNA in human and dog cancer research. We have discussed the current state of development and potential for miRNA as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target.