Postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in healthy adults when lentils replace high glycemic index food ingredients in muffins, chilies and soups

Postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in healthy adults when lentils replace high glycemic index food ingredients in muffins, chilies and soups | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in healthy adults when lentils replace high glycemic index food ingredients in muffins, chilies and soups D.Dan Ramdath, Dita Chamoun, AM Duncan, Patricia Lukus, Michael Loreto, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895187/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives: To assess postprandial blood glucose response (PBGR), relative glycemic response (RGR) and insulin response when 25 g available carbohydrates (AC) is replaced with cooked lentils in the formulation of muffins, chilies and soups. Methods: In randomized, crossover studies, healthy adults consumed foods containing 25 g AC from green lentils, red lentils or a control (wheat muffin, n=24; rice chili, n=24; potato soup, n=20). Blood collected at fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min was analyzed to derive incremental area under the response curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin, RGR and maximum concentration (CMAX). Treatment effects were assessed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Replacement of 25 g AC with green lentils significantly decreased glucose iAUC compared to chili and soup (P<0.0001) but not muffin (P=0.07) controls, while also eliciting a significantly lower insulin iAUC for all 3 foods (muffin P=0.03; chili P=0.0002; soup P<0.0001). Red lentil foods significantly decreased glucose iAUC (muffin P=0.02; chili P<0.0001; soup P<0.0001) compared to controls, with a significantly lower insulin iAUC for chili and soup (P<0.0001) but not muffin (P=0.09). The RGR for muffin, chili and soup was 88, 58 and 61%, respectively, for green lentils, and 84, 48 and 49%, respectively, for red lentils. Conclusions: PBGR, insulin and RGR are decreased when lentils are incorporated into food products providing credible evidence to promote carbohydrate replacement with lentil-based foods. Health sciences/Health care/Disease prevention/Lifestyle modification Scientific community and society/Scientific community Type 2 diabetes lentils glycemic response insulin healthy adults Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO conflict of interest to disclose. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3895187","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":269410180,"identity":"7bbeae2f-5778-4abb-93c1-4934728384ed","order_by":0,"name":"D.Dan Ramdath","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAxCKsYGBh/EBiVrYeJgNSNbCJkGUDr7jZw8wV9Rsk+2f33us4sevewzy7gcYP/zAo0XyTF4C45ljt41nHONLu9nbV8xgeCaBWbIHjxaDAzkGQEfdTmw4xmN2g7cngcFwBgMbAw8+LeffALX8u504H6il8C9UC+MffFpuAG1pbLuduAGohZnnRwKDvAQDGzM+WyRvvDE42Nh323jjsRxjadmGBB4DnsRmaRk8WvjO5xg+bPh2W3be4TOGH9/8SZCTbz988OMbPFpA4ACcxdjGwGNwAJgSSABAb8uTpGEUjIJRMApGAgAAH35SlWtAQ70AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7368-3127","institution":"Guelph Research and Development Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"D.Dan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ramdath","suffix":""},{"id":269410181,"identity":"b035fe73-c3f4-4612-9527-ee79ca3a4484","order_by":1,"name":"Dita Chamoun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guelph","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dita","middleName":"","lastName":"Chamoun","suffix":""},{"id":269410182,"identity":"e3944d4f-76ed-40c1-8915-90d1fe584626","order_by":2,"name":"AM Duncan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guelph","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"AM","middleName":"","lastName":"Duncan","suffix":""},{"id":269410183,"identity":"c4678331-1b3b-43b6-8512-ca7dc60055c8","order_by":3,"name":"Patricia Lukus","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guelph","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patricia","middleName":"","lastName":"Lukus","suffix":""},{"id":269410184,"identity":"a260027a-4dee-4895-a995-efedaf7eed0c","order_by":4,"name":"Michael Loreto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guelph","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Loreto","suffix":""},{"id":269410185,"identity":"e0941b5a-a570-4a59-96e9-85692685f612","order_by":5,"name":"Frances Pals-Horne","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guelph","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Frances","middleName":"","lastName":"Pals-Horne","suffix":""},{"id":269410186,"identity":"9073b64c-9d04-4c07-be2c-f74d73656c3c","order_by":6,"name":"Aileen Hawke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guelph Research \u0026 Development Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aileen","middleName":"","lastName":"Hawke","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-24 20:55:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895187/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895187/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51352932,"identity":"a6bf6ce6-99f9-4662-a03f-2feb1bcf4085","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-20 05:49:55","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eParticipant flow diagram. A total of 42 participants were randomized: 4 completed all three studies; 18 completed two studies and 20 completed one study. BMI=body mass index.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895187/v1/f089748f478211113bec86f5.png"},{"id":51352933,"identity":"b80abc3c-3bdb-4817-96f5-4a08f6a76388","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-20 05:49:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePostprandial blood glucose (top panel A,B,C) and plasma insulin (bottom panel D,E,F) response curves of healthy adult participants after muffin (n=24), chili (n=24) or soup treatments (n=20).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood glucose values are means ± SE, insulin values are medians and 95% confidence intervals.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Both lentils significantly different from control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e# only green lentils significantly different from control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e† only red lentils significantly different from control\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ChamounDLoL2EJCNJan162024Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895187/v1/9ce84933558f97c87aad42d5.jpg"},{"id":58566751,"identity":"e44a1068-0df0-4def-b767-a3d7af93417b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 10:08:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":391288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ChamounDLoL2EJCNJan222024manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895187/v1_covered_727841ee-b661-4e85-9a1f-781697104a92.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e conflict of interest to disclose.","formattedTitle":"Postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in healthy adults when lentils replace high glycemic index food ingredients in muffins, chilies and soups","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Type 2 diabetes, lentils, glycemic response, insulin, healthy adults","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895187/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895187/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eObjectives: To assess postprandial blood glucose response (PBGR), relative glycemic response (RGR) and insulin response when 25 g available carbohydrates (AC) is replaced with cooked lentils in the formulation of muffins, chilies and soups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods: In randomized, crossover studies, healthy adults consumed foods containing 25 g AC from green lentils, red lentils or a control (wheat muffin, n=24; rice chili, n=24; potato soup, n=20). Blood collected at fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min was analyzed to derive incremental area under the response curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin, RGR and maximum concentration (CMAX). Treatment effects were assessed with repeated measures ANOVA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: Replacement of 25 g AC with green lentils significantly decreased glucose iAUC compared to chili and soup (P\u0026lt;0.0001) but not muffin (P=0.07) controls, while also eliciting a significantly lower insulin iAUC for all 3 foods (muffin P=0.03; chili P=0.0002; soup P\u0026lt;0.0001). Red lentil foods significantly decreased glucose iAUC (muffin P=0.02; chili P\u0026lt;0.0001; soup P\u0026lt;0.0001) compared to controls, with a significantly lower insulin iAUC for chili and soup (P\u0026lt;0.0001) but not muffin (P=0.09). The RGR for muffin, chili and soup was 88, 58 and 61%, respectively, for green lentils, and 84, 48 and 49%, respectively, for red lentils.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusions: PBGR, insulin and RGR are decreased when lentils are incorporated into food products providing credible evidence to promote carbohydrate replacement with lentil-based foods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in healthy adults when lentils replace high glycemic index food ingredients in muffins, chilies and soups","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-20 05:49:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895187/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"79847b12-44e5-4fcc-a1f7-ac4bf4f09d3b","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 20th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":28389086,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Disease prevention/Lifestyle modification"},{"id":28389087,"name":"Scientific community and society/Scientific community"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-18T10:00:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-20 05:49:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3895187","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3895187","identity":"rs-3895187","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}