Kinetically Stabilized Perovskites via Selective Iodoplumbate Cold Casting for High-Efficiency Bilayer 3D:2D Photovoltaic Module

Kinetically Stabilized Perovskites via Selective Iodoplumbate Cold Casting for High-Efficiency Bilayer 3D:2D Photovoltaic Module | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Kinetically Stabilized Perovskites via Selective Iodoplumbate Cold Casting for High-Efficiency Bilayer 3D:2D Photovoltaic Module Aditya Mohite, Yeoun-Woo Jang, Mansoo Choi, Jacky Even, Mercouri Kanatzidis, and 12 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7190259/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 May, 2026 Read the published version in Nature Synthesis → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Traditional perovskite research has largely focused on thermodynamically stable structures, which has limited the exploration of new architectures. In 3D perovskites, compositional changes typically lead to minor structural alterations or impurities. Thermodynamically stabilized 2D perovskites have faced significant charge transport problems due to poor energy alignment and horizontal orientation. This study introduces a groundbreaking Selective Iodoplumbate Cold Casting (SICC) process, enabling the formation of kinetic products that correspond to local minima in the reaction energy landscape. Previously, there wasn't a controlled method for synthesizing kinetically stabilized perovskites. SICC, by combining simplified precursors with room-temperature crystallization, can replicate reactant compositional changes, allowing for the creation of diverse structures that were unattainable with conventional methods. The research presents a novel corrugated 2D structure using a cation known for forming 3D perovskite structures. Additionally, kinetically stabilized n=1 2D perovskite films show grain sizes equivalent to their correlation length and a mixed orientation with over 21% out-of-plane alignment. These features enhance vertical charge transport and provide a beneficial band alignment for 3D:2D heterostructures. To prove SICC's scalability, a 50 cm² 3D:2D perovskite mini-module was fabricated. This SICC-based mini-module achieved an impressive efficiency of 22.15% and a geometric fill factor of 94.36%. It also demonstrated outstanding stability, maintaining T90 for 1200 hours under MPPT conditions at 50 °C. Physical sciences/Engineering/Chemical engineering Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy/Solar energy/Photovoltaics/Solar cells Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for devices/Electronic devices Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SISICCNatureSynthesis202507.pdf SI_Kinetically Stabilized Perovskites via Selective Iodoplumbate Cold Casting for High-Efficiency Bilayer 3D:2D Photovoltaic Module Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 May, 2026 Read the published version in Nature Synthesis → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7190259","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":497715216,"identity":"844a73dd-fe85-4daa-b981-7bf3f5cb546a","order_by":0,"name":"Aditya 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