Pattern Synthesis for Uniform Linear and Concentric Elliptical Antenna-Arrays Using Kepler Optimization Algorithm

Pattern Synthesis for Uniform Linear and Concentric Elliptical Antenna-Arrays Using Kepler Optimization Algorithm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Pattern Synthesis for Uniform Linear and Concentric Elliptical Antenna-Arrays Using Kepler Optimization Algorithm Yi Tang, Yixin Sun, Xiao Wang, Jiaxin Wan, Guoqing Ma, Chuan Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7024438/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, a pattern synthesis method of uniform linear and concentric elliptical antenna-arrays using Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA) is proposed. The KOA, which utilizes the Kepler's laws to predict the position and velocity of planets at the arbitrary times, is firstly applied to deal with the optimization problems of the linear and elliptical antenna-arrays. The radiation patterns with high gain and low sidelobes level (SLL) are synthesized by optimizing the critical parameters (amplitude, phase, rotation) of the linear arrays. Moreover, a concentric elliptical array is designed to demonstrate the powerful search capability and optimization performances of the KOA in complex problems. In order to consider the mutual coupling between the elements accurately, the full-wave method of moments (MoM) is used to calculate the radiation characteristics of the arrays in the optimization method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by the multiple typical examples. The results show that compared with the butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA), harris hawks optimization (HHO) and crayfish optimization algorithm (COA), the proposed method possesses the high gain and greater SLL suppression, which is suitable for various array types. Uniform linear and concentric elliptical antenna-arrays Pattern synthesis Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA) Sidelobe suppression Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7024438","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484902885,"identity":"bdaf0176-fcfb-4552-bea9-90b0b43f9856","order_by":0,"name":"Yi Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yantai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yi","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":484902886,"identity":"b22f7ddf-0977-49bd-a7b7-811298b50d41","order_by":1,"name":"Yixin Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yantai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yixin","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":484902887,"identity":"4fefd5f9-0118-422f-b098-07576f39c244","order_by":2,"name":"Xiao Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yantai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":484902888,"identity":"3f5fed58-6c9e-4b60-b00f-27df2ca6a1f1","order_by":3,"name":"Jiaxin Wan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yantai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiaxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Wan","suffix":""},{"id":484902889,"identity":"78d47505-2bb8-445e-aade-d738ed665c5c","order_by":4,"name":"Guoqing Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yantai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guoqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":484902890,"identity":"2e87da7f-e312-4671-ae40-ad215053702f","order_by":5,"name":"Chuan Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYGBmYQg5+BB0QxE9bCBtMi2UC0FpgygwNEa2HnMfxc2GaXZ3y795gEQ4V1YgP72QMEHMZjLD2zLbnY7M65NAmGM+mJDTx5CYS0mDHztjEnbruRYybB2HY4sUGCx4AYLfWJm2eAtPwjXsvhxA0SIC0NRGlhK5bmOXc8ccaNvGSLhGPpxm08Ofi18PMf3viZp6w6sX9G7sEbH2qsZfvZz+DXggoSGCAxNQpGwSgYBaOAQgAAOQg3r9T45XMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ningbo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-02 02:38:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7024438/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7024438/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88034696,"identity":"a1600247-14e9-45a1-80f3-09bf03c6b390","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-31 16:09:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":760109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PatternSynthesisUsingKeplerOptimizationAlgorithm.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7024438/v1_covered_754ccce7-21d4-4014-9957-ad4edc51cce8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pattern Synthesis for Uniform Linear and Concentric Elliptical Antenna-Arrays Using Kepler Optimization Algorithm","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Uniform linear and concentric elliptical antenna-arrays, Pattern synthesis, Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA), Sidelobe suppression","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7024438/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7024438/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, a pattern synthesis method of uniform linear and concentric elliptical antenna-arrays using Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA) is proposed. The KOA, which utilizes the Kepler's laws to predict the position and velocity of planets at the arbitrary times, is firstly applied to deal with the optimization problems of the linear and elliptical antenna-arrays. The radiation patterns with high gain and low sidelobes level (SLL) are synthesized by optimizing the critical parameters (amplitude, phase, rotation) of the linear arrays. Moreover, a concentric elliptical array is designed to demonstrate the powerful search capability and optimization performances of the KOA in complex problems. In order to consider the mutual coupling between the elements accurately, the full-wave method of moments (MoM) is used to calculate the radiation characteristics of the arrays in the optimization method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by the multiple typical examples. The results show that compared with the butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA), harris hawks optimization (HHO) and crayfish optimization algorithm (COA), the proposed method possesses the high gain and greater SLL suppression, which is suitable for various array types.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pattern Synthesis for Uniform Linear and Concentric Elliptical Antenna-Arrays Using Kepler Optimization Algorithm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-15 12:46:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7024438/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"58015e55-8a3f-40ac-987c-309de7acf26e","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-31T16:08:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-15 12:46:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7024438","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7024438","identity":"rs-7024438","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}