An Anatomical Study on the Endemic Species Ornithogalum sandrasicum Yıld. (Asparagaceae)

An Anatomical Study on the Endemic Species Ornithogalum sandrasicum Yıld. (Asparagaceae) | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 12 June 2025 V1 Latest version Share on An Anatomical Study on the Endemic Species Ornithogalum sandrasicum Yıld. (Asparagaceae) Author : kadriye şengüler 0000-0001-5213-1182 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174973335.50044812/v1 350 views 81 downloads Contents Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Ornithogalum sandrasicum Yıld. is a species endemic to Turkey. Anatomical characteristics of the species have been the subject of study. Cross-sections of the root, stem, and leaf parts of the plant have been examined. The objective of this study was to identify distinctive anatomical characteristics that could serve as a taxonomic aid in distinguishing the O. sandrasicum species. The uniformity of crystal type and distribution can be regarded as a taxonomic character in the classification of species. Raphid crystals were observed in stem and leaf sections. The number of vascular bundles in the stem, the number of cortex and sclerenchyma layers, and the distinction of mesophyll type in the leaf can be used as diagnostic characters for Ornithogalum species. Introduction The genus Ornithogalum L., which encompasses approximately 200 species distributed across Asia, Europe, and Africa (Manning et al. 2004, 2009), and is represented by 62 taxa in Turkey, 31 of which are endemic (Yıldırım 2016, Uysal 2012). The total number of Ornithogalum taxa in Europe has been documented as 34 (Zahariadi 1980), 24 in Russia (Krasheninnikov 1968), 17 in Iran (Rechinger 1990), 9 in Palestine (Feinbrun 1941), and 26 in the Balkans and Greece (Polunin 1980). A comparison of the number of taxa in Turkey and the number of taxa in our country indicates that the diversity in our country is quite high. Ornithogalum has a long history in traditional medicine and is also used commercially in the ornamental and cut flower industry (Yılmaz 2014). Ornithogalum poses a significant challenge to taxonomists due to the insufficient correlation between its morphology and the diversity in chromosome number and karyotype. A taxonomic classification system encompassing a substantial number of subgenera, sections, and series has been developed for this species. Consequently, distinguishing among species based on morphology appears to be both difficult and inadequate (Karagüzel et al. 2020). This study was conducted to identify distinctive anatomical features that can serve as a taxonomic aid in distinguishing O. sandrasicum. Material Method The collection of study materials was conducted at an altitude of 1275 to 1300 meters within the Muğla Köyceğiz Sandras Mountain (Fig.1). The plant samples were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol for the purpose of anatomical studies. Sections of the plants were stained with safranin and fast green, as previously described by Bozdağ et al. (2016). The specimen was imaged using a Leica DM 3000 microscope. A meticulous examination was conducted to ascertain the dimensions of root, scape, and leaf cells. After this, the min-max and standard deviations were meticulously calculated. Results Root : The epidermis is comprised of a single layer, and it is covered by a thick cuticle. The cortex, characterized by its round and ellipsoid-shaped parenchymatic cells, exhibits a layered structure with seven to ten layers. The presence of intercellular spaces between cells has been observed. Four-sided wall thickening was observed in the single-layered endodermis. The pericycle is characterized by thin-walled cells, with cell sizes that are smaller than those observed in the endodermis. The specimen exhibits four to five protoxylem arms. A single metaxylem of considerable size was identified in the core of the root system (Fig. 2). Scape : The outermost surface of the round and elliptical scape is covered by a thick cuticle layer. The cells of the epidermis are typically of a single row, and their morphology is characterized by a round-elliptic and rectangular form. The outer periclinal walls of the epidermal cells are thick, while the inner periclinal and anticlinal walls are thin. The epidermis layer is comprised of a parenchymatic cortex layer that contains four to five cell rows. These cells are characterized by thin-walled, round, and ellipsoid shapes. The presence of intercellular spaces has been observed. Raphid crystals were observed in the cortex layer. Sclerenchymatic tissue is comprised of 3-5 layers. The vascular bundles are arranged in three rows of rings. The quantity of vascular bundles was determined to be between 28 and 32. Collateral-type vascular bundles originate from sclerenchymatic tissue. The vascular bundles in the outermost ring exhibit a smaller size compared to the inner bundles. A parenchymatic core region is present at the center of the scape (Fig. 2,3). Leaf : A notably substantial cuticle layer envelops the epidermis cells located on the leaf’s external surface. The cells of the epidermis are typically single-layered, and their shape is often rectangular or oval. The leaf is characterized by its amphistomatic nature, exhibiting stomata of the amaryllis type and a mesophytic type. Substomatal spaces of considerable breadth were observed. The palisade parenchyma, located beneath the epidermis on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf, consists of a single row of elongated, rectangular cells. These cells are characterized by an abundance of chlorophyll and are arranged in a dense pattern. The spongy parenchyma, characterized by its 2-5 cell rows, possesses a hollow structure, with cells that are round and fragmented in the middle section of the leaf. A substantial quantity of bundle-shaped raphid crystals was observed within the lacunae of the spongy parenchyma. Bundle sheath cells are present around the large vascular bundles. The presence of trichomes was observed at the extremities of the leaves (Table, Fig. 3,4). Discussion In the present study, the endemic O. sandrasicum species, which was discovered in 2009, was examined in detail anatomically. A comparison was made between the species under consideration and closely related taxa, including O. comosum, O. armenicum , and O. alpigenum , which are distributed in the Muğla region. An attempt was made to identify the similarities and differences between them. While 5-9 cell layers were observed in the root cortex of O. alpigenum (Yetişen et al. 2015), a 7-10-layered root cortex was identified in O. sandrasicum . The analysis revealed the presence of four to five protoxylem arms in both species. Upon examination of the scape cross-section of O. sandrasicum , the number of cortex cell rows was recorded as 4-5. The presence of 5-6, 6-7 cortex layers has been documented in O. armenicum and O. comosum species, respectively (Öztürk et al. 2014). The sclerenchymatic tissue is observed as 3-5 layers in the species that was studied, while it is 3-4 in O. armenicum , 4-5 in O. comosum (Öztürk et al. 2014), and 5-6 in O. alpigenum (Yetişen et al. 2015). The vascular bundles in the scape are arranged in three rings in all species. The number of vascular bundles was observed as 28-32 in O. sandrasicum , 18-22 and 16-20 in O. armenicum and O. comosum species (Öztürk et al. 2014), and 27-30 in O. alpigenum species (Yetişen et al. 2015). The presence of both scattered and bundled raphid crystals has been observed in the scape of O. sandrasicum . Upon examination of leaf cross-sections, the presence of palisade sponge separation was observed in the mesophyll layer of all species. In O. comosum , palisade parenchyma is present only on the adaxial part (Öztürk et al. 2014), while in other species, palisade parenchyma is present on both surfaces. Our study of the mesophyll of the species revealed the presence of numerous large lacunae, with the majority exhibiting a dense accumulation of raphid crystals. Large lacunae were also reported in O. comosum (Öztürk et al., 2014). The family under consideration contains raphid, styloid, and drus crystals (Lynch et al., 2006). In the case of O. sandrasicum , raphid crystals have been observed in the scape and leaf mesophyll. The morphology and distribution of crystals within a species are of significant importance because they are genetically controlled (Franceschi et al. 2005). Consequently, the constancy of the crystal type and distribution can be regarded as a taxonomic character for the classification of species. The number of vascular bundles in the scape, the number of cortex and sclerenchyma layers, and the distinction of the mesophyll type in the leaf can be used as diagnostic characters for the Ornithogalum species. References Feinbrun, N. 1941. The genus Ornithogalum in Palestina and neig­bouring countries. – Palestine J. Bot. 2: 132–150. Franceschi, V.R. and P.A. Nakata. 2005. Calcium oxalate in plants: Formation and function. – Annual Review of Plant Biology, 5: 641-671. Karaguzel, Ö., Mutlu N., Gokturk R., Tuna M. and Boyacı F. 2020. Genome Sıze Genetıc Dıversıty Of Some Ornıthogalum Specıes. –Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29: 107-113. Krasheninnikov, M. I. 1968. Ornithogalum L. – In: Komarov, V. L. (ed.), Liliiflorae and Microspermae. Flora of the USSR, Vol. 4. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 292–302. Lynch, A.H., Rudall, P.J., and Cutler, D.F. 2006. Leaf anatomy and systematics of Hyacinthaceae. – Kew Bull., 61: 145-159. Manning, J. C. 2004. A revised generic synopsis of Hyacintha- ceae in Sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudopros- pereae. – Edinb. J. Bot. 60: 533–568. Manning, J. C. 2009. A molecular phylogeny and a revised oideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an is of four plastid DNA regions.–Taxon 58: 77–107. Öztürk, D., Koyuncu, O., Yaylacı, Ö.K., Özgişi, K., Sezer, O. and Tokur, S., 2014. Comparative anatomical studies on twelve Ornithogalum (Asparagaceae) species (eleven nonendemic, one endemic) belonging to subgen. Ornithogalum and subgen. Beryllis, growing naturally in Eskişehir (Central Anatolia-Turkey). –Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews. Vol. 3(3), 40. Polunin, O. 1980. Flowers of Greece and the Balkans, a field guide. – Oxford Univ. Press. Rechinger, K. H. 1990. Ornithogalum L. – In: Rechinger, K. H. (ed.), Flora Iranica, Vol. 165. Akademische Druck–u Verlagsan­stall, Graz, pp. 119–132. Uysal, T. 2012. Ornithogalum L. – In: Güner, A. et al. (eds), Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul, pp. 100–105. Yetişen, K. And Özdemir, C. 2015. A Morphologıcal, Anatomıcal and Caryologıcal Study on Endemıc Ornıthogalum alpıgenum Stapf (Hyacınthaceae). –Pak. J. Bot. 47(6): 2289-2294. Yılmaz, G. 2014. Seed micromorphology of Ornithogalum refractum and Ornithogalum fimbriatum Hyacinthaceae from Turkey. – Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma. 7(2), 110-114. Yıldırım, H. 2016. Türkiye’nin tehtid altındaki bitkileri, Somsal ( Ornithogalum sandrasicum ). – Bağ Bahçe 63. Zahariadi, C. 1980. Ornithogalum L. – In: Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds), Flora European, Vol. 5. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 35–40. Table: Anatomical measurement values of O. sandrasicum species Min.- Max Mean ± S.D. Min.- Max. Mean ± S.D. Root Epidermis 12-17 14±2.1 8-12 10±1.4 Cortex 7-25 17±4.3 Endodermis 6-11 9±2.3 5-8 7±1.7 Metaxylem 10-13 12±1.9 Stem Cuticle 3-7 5±1.0 Epidermis 5-15 12±5.4 5-10 7±1.1 Cortex 5-16 11±4.7 Pith 5-18 14±7.2 Leaf Adaxial Epidermis 5-10 7±3.0 3-6 5±1.2 Palisade 4-7 5±1.1 13-20 17±4.3 Spongy 4-10 7±1.9 Lacun 10-23 17±3.7 Abaxial Epidermis 4-8 6±1.2 3-6 5±1.3 Min: Minimum, Max: Maximum, SD: Standard Deviation Figure 1. General appearance of O. sandrasicum in its natural habitat Figure 2: A, B: Root, C, D, E, F; Scape cross section of O. sandrasicum , c: cortex, cu: cuticle, e: epidermis, en: endodermis, m:metaxylem, pi: pith, s: stoma, sc: sclerenchyma, v: vascular bundle. Figure 3: A, B: Scape, C, D, E, F; Leaf cross section of O. sandrasicum , ab: abaxial epidermis, ad: adaxial epidermis, c: cortex, cu: cuticle, e: epidermis, la: lacun, p: palisade, pi: pith, s: stoma, r: raphide crystal, sc: sclerenchyma, v: vascular bundle. Figure 4: A, B, C, D, E, F; Leaf cross section of O. sandrasicum , cu: cuticle, la: lacun, p: palisade, s: stoma, r: raphide crystal, sc: sclerenchyma, v: vascular bundle. Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 12 June 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords anatomy asparagaceae ornithogalum Authors Affiliations kadriye şengüler 0000-0001-5213-1182 [email protected] celal bayar ünv. View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 350 views 81 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation kadriye şengüler. An Anatomical Study on the Endemic Species Ornithogalum sandrasicum Yıld. (Asparagaceae). Authorea . 12 June 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174973335.50044812/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. 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