Integrating Renewable Energy, Wastewater Treatment, and Agroforestry: A Sustainable Green Village Model for Climate Adaptation in Oman

Addressing socio-economic and environmental challenges in Dar Al Sawda, Oman, this study proposes a sustainable integrated resource management model that combines renewable energy, agroforestry, and advanced wastewater treatment. Using semi-structured interviews with community members and local experts, along with PVSyst simulations, the study identifies critical needs and introduces innovative solutions, including ReedBox technology for wastewater treatment and agri-photovoltaic systems integrating solar energy production with olive cultivation. The proposed system consists of two 15 m³ ReedBox units, treating approximately 26 m³ of wastewater per day, ensuring efficient water recycling for irrigation. Simultaneously, 300 olive trees are cultivated beneath elevated solar panels, enhancing crop yield and water conservation through shade provision. Simulation results confirm the system’s feasibility, generating 147,708 kWh of solar energy annually, with a specific yield of 1969 kWh/kWp/year and a performance ratio (PR) of 85.24%. This energy output is sufficient to power the wastewater treatment system and meet essential household electricity needs. This integrated approach enhances water efficiency, food security, and energy independence, offering a scalable and replicable model for sustainable development in arid and resource-limited regions.