A Modification to the Alkire-Foster Method When Data Are Cardinal

A Modification to the Alkire-Foster Method When Data Are Cardinal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Modification to the Alkire-Foster Method When Data Are Cardinal Kan Sun This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191155/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper introduces a modification to the standard Alkire-Foster (AF) Method (Alkire and Foster, 2011a,b) for multidimensional poverty measurement. This modification incorporates cardinal information during the identification step when feasible. Following the typical identification-aggregation structure, the adjusted method considers both the number of deprivations and aggregate (or average) achievement for identification and employs the adjusted FGT class of measures for aggregation. The proposed method upholds key axioms, including subgroup decomposability, replication invariance, symmetry, and poverty focus. Empirical results, utilizing data from Indonesia and South Africa, reveal that the modified method is less sensitive to changes in the poverty cutoff and exhibits an enhanced focus on individuals experiencing deeper deprivations. Multidimensional poverty measurement Identification FGT measures Alkire-Foster Method Cardinal variables Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4191155","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":288912822,"identity":"4e026acc-c252-4d99-99ac-d9834f6a689d","order_by":0,"name":"Kan Sun","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAoUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCRDxAcI2IF4L4wyStTDzkKRFsv+M2WObX4cTG9ibt0kQpUVaIsfcOLcPqIXnWBlxWuQkeMykc3tuJzZI5JgRqYX/jJm0JUiL/BsitUgz5JhJM/wA2cJDpBbJGWllkr0N/43beNKKLYjSInH+8DaJH3/SZPvZD2+8QZQWMGBsY2BgI145GPwhUf0oGAWjYBSMLAAAd9oqVnMTj+UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"The George Washington University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kan","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-30 07:48:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191155/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191155/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63777455,"identity":"c8c64029-e00d-4469-b6b9-ecd8cc9bbe63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-02 09:07:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":565477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SpringerNatureAFModification.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4191155/v1_covered_7f11d1d2-df25-4e82-9bd4-82e8995cece7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Modification to the Alkire-Foster Method When Data Are Cardinal","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multidimensional poverty measurement, Identification, FGT measures, Alkire-Foster Method, Cardinal variables","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191155/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191155/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper introduces a modification to the standard Alkire-Foster (AF) Method (Alkire and Foster, 2011a,b) for multidimensional poverty measurement. This modification incorporates cardinal information during the identification step when feasible. Following the typical identification-aggregation structure, the adjusted method considers both the number of deprivations and aggregate (or average) achievement for identification and employs the adjusted FGT class of measures for aggregation. The proposed method upholds key axioms, including subgroup decomposability, replication invariance, symmetry, and poverty focus. Empirical results, utilizing data from Indonesia and South Africa, reveal that the modified method is less sensitive to changes in the poverty cutoff and exhibits an enhanced focus on individuals experiencing deeper deprivations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Modification to the Alkire-Foster Method When Data Are Cardinal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-09 03:41:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191155/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"df43d457-4c14-46e3-868d-ef0046793eae","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-02T08:59:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-09 03:41:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4191155","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4191155","identity":"rs-4191155","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}