Clinical Characteristics, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana: A Retrospective Study

Clinical Characteristics, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana: A Retrospective Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Clinical Characteristics, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana: A Retrospective Study Perditer Okyere, Isaac Okyere, Solomon Adjei Owusu, Moses Tetteh Larnyoh, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7876293/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) remains a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries despite global advances in obstetric and renal care. In Ghana, contemporary data are scarce, limiting the understanding of its clinical spectrum and outcomes. This study evaluated the demographic, clinical, biochemical, and obstetric predictors of maternal outcomes among women with PRAKI managed at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi. Methods A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 108 women diagnosed with PRAKI between 2020 and 2024. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric, biochemical, and pharmacological parameters were extracted from medical records. Continuous variables are presented as medians (IQRs), and categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analyses were performed via chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests, followed by multinomial logistic regression to identify independent predictors of death and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). A p value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results The mean age of the participants was 32.1 ± 6.6 years, with the majority being aged 31–40 years (48.1%) and married (83.2%). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (35.9%) and sepsis (39.3%) were the predominant causes of PRAKI. At diagnosis, 47.7% were pregnant, and 52.3% were postpartum. Most patients (90.7%) were managed conservatively, whereas 10.3% required hemodialysis. The overall renal recovery rate was 51.4%, while 11.2% of the patients progressed to CKD/ESKD, and 37.4% died. Compared with antepartum diagnosis, postpartum presentation was associated with greater recovery ( p = 0.017). Trimester status, preexisting CKD, malignant hypertension, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were significantly associated with maternal outcomes ( p < 0.05). Multinomial regression confirmed pregnancy status and ICU admission as independent predictors of mortality, and preexisting CKD was the strongest predictor of poor renal recovery. Conclusion PRAKI in KATH predominantly affects women in their reproductive prime and is largely driven by preventable hypertensive and septic complications. Despite advances in obstetric care, mortality and incomplete renal recovery remain high. Early identification of high-risk pregnancies, prompt management of hypertensive and infectious complications, and improved access to renal replacement therapy are crucial to reducing the burden of PRAKI and its long-term sequelae in Ghana and similar resource-limited settings. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury Maternal outcomes Predictors Chronic kidney disease Hypertensive disorders Sepsis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) represents a critical obstetric complication that significantly increases the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality [ 1 , 2 ]. Once regarded as a reversible condition, PRAKI is now recognized as a potential precursor to chronic kidney disease (CKD), with up to one-third of affected women experiencing persistent renal impairment and approximately 2.4% progressing to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requiring dialysis [ 3 , 4 ]. The global burden of PRAKI is disproportionately greater in low-resource settings, where limited access to healthcare and delayed diagnosis contribute to elevated maternal mortality and poor renal recovery [ 5 ]. In high-income countries, advances in antenatal surveillance, safer obstetric practices, and early nephrologic intervention have led to a marked decline in the incidence of PRAKI. Current cases in these settings primarily occur among women with preexisting comorbidities such as CKD, hypertension, or diabetes rather than from traditional obstetric causes [ 6 ]. In contrast, PRAKI remains a major contributor to maternal morbidity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where preventable causes such as preeclampsia/eclampsia, sepsis, and obstetric hemorrhage predominate [ 7 ]. A systematic review in Africa reported maternal mortality rates as high as 34%, with frequent late presentation and incomplete renal recovery among survivors [ 8 ]. The etiologic profile of PRAKI has evolved. Septic abortion and hemorrhage were previously the leading causes; however, recent studies increasingly implicate hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, especially preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome, as dominant contributors [ 9 ]. These disorders cause endothelial dysfunction, intravascular coagulation, and ischemic injury to the renal microvasculature, predisposing individuals to cortical necrosis and progression to CKD or ESKD [ 10 ]. These outcomes are further aggravated by delayed diagnosis, limited access to critical care resources, and financial barriers that postpone the initiation of dialysis. In addition to its incidence and etiology, PRAKI imposes a considerable clinical burden, threatening both maternal and fetal survival. Maternal mortality has been reported to be between 2.5% and 34%, whereas perinatal and fetal mortality rates may reach 67.3% and 29.8%, respectively [ 11 ]. These alarming statistics highlight the persistent inequities in maternal healthcare delivery and underscore the urgency of improving early risk identification and management of renal complications during pregnancy. Despite global progress, data on the PRAKI in Ghana remain scarce and largely outdated. The last major report from Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, over three decades ago, identified septic abortion and postpartum hemorrhage as the main causes [ 12 ]. However, evolving demographics, better antenatal care, and modern obstetric practices may have altered disease patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, management strategies, and outcomes of women with PRAKI managed at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH). Identifying factors associated with recovery, progression to CKD/ESKD, and mortality can provide evidence to guide early detection, optimize care, and inform national strategies to reduce kidney-related maternal deaths in Ghana and other LMICs. Methods Study design and site This hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the renal clinic of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) from 2020–2024. KATH is the second largest hospital in Ghana, with a bed capacity of approximately 1,200, and serves as the main referral center for the middle and northern zones of the country. The hospital has a busy obstetrics and gynecology department that manages a high volume of complicated pregnancies, including cases referred with preeclampsia, sepsis, and obstetric hemorrhage. Its renal unit is well established, providing dialysis and specialist renal care, and it is often involved in the management of women presenting with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury. Eligibility criteria Records of all female patients aged 14 years and above who were admitted to KATH during the study period with PRAKI were included. Patients were excluded if they already had end-stage kidney disease on chronic dialysis before pregnancy, if their kidney injury was clearly unrelated to pregnancy, or if their records lacked enough information to confirm the diagnosis or outcome. When a patient had more than one admission during the study period, only her first admission for PRAKI was included. Participants/Data collection The secondary data of 108 women with PRAKI were extracted from hospital medical records, admission/discharge registers, nephrology and obstetrics unit logs, laboratory databases, pharmacy records, and the dialysis register via a structured, pretested data extraction form. Sociodemographic information collected included age, marital status, ethnicity, educational level, and occupation. The metric variables included pregnancy status, trimester at presentation, gravidity, parity, gestational age, and mode of delivery. Clinical data included referral diagnosis, blood pressure grading, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, duration of admission, etiology, comorbidities, complications and whether hemodialysis was performed. The biochemical and laboratory data recorded at admission and discharge included serum creatinine and full blood count data. The pharmacological data included in-hospital medications such as antihypertensives, analgesics, antibiotics, and hematinics. Maternal outcomes were classified at discharge as recovery, progression to chronic kidney disease/end-stage kidney disease (CKD/ESKD), or in-hospital death. Fetal outcomes were also captured. Data abstraction was performed by trained research staff and medical doctors. The extracted dataset was reviewed for completeness; records that lacked the core variables required to ascertain diagnosis or outcome were excluded per the eligibility criteria. Definition of outcomes Acute kidney injury (AKI) : was defined in accordance with the 2012 KDIGO criteria as any of the following: an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours; a rise in SCr exceeding 50% relative to baseline within 7 days; or a reduction in urine output to less than 0.5 mL/kg/h sustained for at least 6 hours [ 13 ]. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PR-AKI) All etiologies of acute kidney dysfunction occur between early gestation and the third month following delivery [ 14 ]. Renal recovery By day 7, serum creatinine either normalized to baseline levels, decreased to less than 1.5 times the baseline value, or fell within 50% above the original baseline concentration [ 15 ]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) CKD is defined as structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney accompanied by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² persisting for more than three months, whereas ESKD is defined as a GFR of less than 15 mL/min. [ 16 ]. Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the KATH Institutional Review Board (ethical clearance ID: KATH IRB/AP/053/25). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and participants’ data anonymised. Data collection adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with applicable local regulatory standards. Statistical analysis The data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2021 and analyzed via IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0. Continuous variables were tested for normality via the Shapiro–Wilk test and are presented as the means ± standard deviations (SDs) or medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs). Categorical variables are summarized as frequencies and percentages. Maternal and childbirth outcomes are illustrated with bar charts. Between-group comparisons were performed via the independent samples t test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate. Maternal outcomes were categorized as recovery, CKD/ESKD, or death. To identify independent predictors of these outcomes, multinomial logistic regression was performed, and the results are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results Sociodemographic characteristics A total of 108 women diagnosed with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 32.1 ± 6.6 years, with most women aged 31–40 years. Most participants were married (83.2%), and the predominant ethnic group was Akan (85.9%). With respect to educational attainment, the majority had completed secondary education (68.9%), 17 (18.9%) had tertiary-level education, and 5 (5.6%) had no formal education. Occupationally, most participants were engaged in informal employment (65.6%), with 15 (16.1%) in formal employment and 14 (15.1%) unemployed. At the time of PRAKI diagnosis, 47.7% were pregnant, and 52.3% were in the postpartum or ectopic period. Pregnancy status was significantly associated with maternal outcomes (p = 0.017), with postpartum presentations associated with higher recovery rates. The trimester of presentation was also significantly associated with maternal outcomes (p = 0.012). The majority of the women presenting in the first or second trimester developed CKD/ESKD or died, while most of them presenting in the third trimester recovered. The mode of delivery was Cesarean section in 65 (60.7%), vaginal delivery in 34 (31.8%), and salpingectomy in 2 (1.9%); 6 (5.6%) of the participants did not deliver. The treatment modality was primarily conservative management (90.7%), whereas 11 (10.3%) patients required hemodialysis. Blood pressure grading at admission revealed that 42.2% of the patients had normal values, 26.7% had mild-to-moderate hypertension, and 31.1% had severe hypertension. ICU admission was associated with outcomes (p < 0.001), with 71.1% of ICU patients dying during admission ( Table 1 ). Table 1 Sociodemography and clinical characteristics of participants stratified by maternal outcomes Maternal Outcome Variables Total Recovery CKD/ESKD Death P value Age (years) 32.1 ± 6.6 33.1 ± 6.0 30.6 ± 7.5 30.9 ± 6.8 0.179 Age group (years) 0.412 ≤ 20 4 (3.7) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (75.0) 21–30 43 (39.8) 18 (41.9) 7 (16.3) 18 (41.9) 31–40 52 (48.1) 26 (50.0) 6 (11.5) 20 (38.5) > 40 9 (8.3) 6 (66.7) 2 (22.2) 1 (11.1) Marital Status 0.869 Married 84 (83.2) 42 (50.0) 10 (11.9) 32 (38.1) Domestic Partner 2 (2.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) Single 15 (14.9) 6 (40.0) 3 (20.0) 6 (40.0) Ethnicity 0.424 Akan 79 (85.9) 39 (49.4) 12 (15.2) 28 (35.4) Ewe 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (100.0) Mole-Dagbani 11 (12.0) 5 (45.5) 1 (9.1) 5 (45.5) Education 0.590 No formal education 5 (5.6) 2 (40.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (60.0) Primary 6 (6.7) 2 (33.3) 2 (33.3) 2 (33.3) Secondary 62 (68.9) 27 (43.5) 7 (11.3) 28 (45.2) Tertiary 17 (18.9) 9 (52.9) 3 (17.6) 5 (29.4) Occupation 0.878 Formal 15 (16.1) 6 (40.0) 2 (13.3) 7 (46.7) Informal 61 (65.6) 28 (45.9) 7 (11.5) 26 (42.6) Student 3 (3.2) 1 (33.3) 1 (33.3) 1 (33.3) Unemployed 14 (15.1) 8 (57.1) 2 (14.3) 4 (28.6) Pregnancy status 0.017 Pregnant 51 (47.7) 19 (37.3) 12 (23.5) 20 (39.2) Postpartum/Ectopic 56 (52.3) 32 (57.1) 2 (3.6) 22 (39.3) Trimester 0.012 1st 1 (1.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 2nd 19 (25.3) 9 (47.4) 8 (42.1) 2 (10.5) 3rd 55 (73.3) 29 (52.7) 6 (10.9) 20 (36.4) Birth Type 0.127 Vaginal 34 (31.8) 11 (32.4) 9 (26.5) 14 (41.2) C/S 65 (60.7) 35 (53.8) 5 (7.7) 25 (38.5) Salpingectomy 2 (1.9) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) No delivery 6 (5.6) 4 (66.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (33.3) Treatment 0.909 Hemodialysis 11 (10.3) 5 (45.5) 2 (18.2) 4 (36.4) Conservative 97 (90.7) 46 (47.4) 13 (13.4) 38 (39.2) BP grade 0.666 Hypertension 24 (26.7) 11 (45.8) 5 (20.8) 8 (33.3) Severe hypertension 28 (31.1) 13 (46.4) 2 (7.1) 13 (46.4) No hypertension 38 (42.2) 17 (44.7) 5 (13.2) 16 (42.1) ICU admission 38 (41.3) 11 (28.9) 0 (0.0) 27 (71.1) < 0.001 C/S: Cesarean section; BP: Blood pressure; ICU: Intensive care unit Laboratory and obstetric findings The median admission creatinine level was lowest among women who recovered (272.0 µmol/L, IQR 208.0–371.0), intermediate among those who died (481.0 µmol/L, IQR 310.0–812.0), and highest among those in the CKD/ESKD group (633.5 µmol/L, IQR 421.0–725.0, p = 0.036). Discharge creatinine followed a similar pattern, remaining lowest in the recovery group (105.0 µmol/L, IQR 82.0–120.0) but markedly higher in the CKD/ESKD (320.0 µmol/L, IQR 259.0–457.5) and death (247.0 µmol/L, IQR 156.0–390.0) groups (p = 0.007). WBC counts differed across groups. At admission, CKD/ESKD patients had lower counts (8.0 ×10⁹/L, IQR 6.0–10.0) than did patients who recovered (13.7 ×10⁹/L, IQR 10.3–17.8) or died (13.7 ×10⁹/L, IQR 10.2–18.4) (p = 0.026). At discharge, WBC counts were significantly greater in women who died (16.2 ×10⁹/L, IQR 11.5–21.3) than in those who recovered (9.4 ×10⁹/L, IQR 7.2–12.6, p = 0.006). The admission platelet count was greater in the CKD/ESKD group (235 ×10⁹/L, IQR 214–274) than in the recovery (173 ×10⁹/L, IQR 136–214) and death (150 ×10⁹/L, IQR 113–195, p < 0.006) groups. The gestational age at presentation was lower in the CKD/ESKD group (25.5 weeks, IQR 24.0–27.0) than in the recovery (34.0 weeks, IQR 30.0–36.0) and death (33.0 weeks, IQR 30.0–35.0, p = 0.031) groups. ( Table 2 ) Table 2 Median laboratory, clinical, and obstetric characteristics stratified by maternal outcomes Maternal Outcome Recovery CKD/ESKD Death P value Variables Median (IQR) Median (IQR) Median (IQR) Admission Creatinine (µmol/l) 272.0 (151.0-570.4) 633.5 (218.5–988.0) 481.0 (327.0-763.0) 0.036 Discharge Creatinine (µmol/l) 169.0 (80.7-502.7) 447.0 (171.0-999.0) 475.0 (309.5-872.5) 0.007 Admission Hb (g/dl) 7.4 (6.4–9.4) 7.7 (6.7–10.5) 7.8 (5.4–7.8) 0.740 Discharge Hb (g/dl) 8.6 (7.6–9.8) 7.6 (5.6–8.5) 7.0 (6.4–9.6) 0.058 Admission WBC (x10 9 /L) 13.7 (9.8–20.0) 8.0 (7.2–10.1) 13.7 (10.9–26.0) 0.026 Discharge WBC (x10 9 /L) 11.7 (7.7–13.1) 9.2 (8.7–11.7) 18.2 (12.2–30.1) 0.006 Admission Platelet (x10 9 /L) 115.0 (64.0-190.0) 235.0 (173.0-291.0) 93.0 (49.5-189.5) 0.006 Discharge Platelet (x10 9 /L) 171.0 (130.5-219.3) 205.0 (143.0-267.0) 137.0 (53.0-176.0) 0.102 Duration of Admission (days) 11.0 (5.7–18.0) 8.0 (3.5–10.5) 7.0 (3.0–26.0) 0.354 SBP (mmHg) 150.0 (129.0-169.0) 147.0 (121.7-163.5) 139.0 (121.5–171.0) 0.718 DBP (mmHg) 90.0 (79.0-108.5) 94.0 (71.7-121.5) 84.0 (59.0-105.0) 0.148 Gravida 3.0 (2.0-4.5) 3.0 (2.0–5.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 0.957 Parity 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (0.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 0.616 Gestational age (weeks) 34.0 (27.5–37.5) 25.5 (17.5–34.0) 33.0 (29.0–36.0) 0.031 SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure Referral diagnosis and causes of PRAKI The most common referral diagnosis was AKI (75.8%), followed by preeclampsia (15.4%), eclampsia (12.1%), and CKD (12.1%). CKD and malignant hypertension referrals were strongly associated with maternal outcomes (p < 0.001). All five women referred with malignant hypertension developed CKD/ESKD, while 18.2% of CKD referrals died and 9.1% recovered. With respect to the causes of AKI, sepsis (39.3%) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (35.9%) were the predominant contributors. Intracranial necrosis, malignant hypertension, preexisting CKD and AKI were associated with maternal outcomes (p < 0.05). The majority of patients with intracranial necrosis died, and the majority with malignant hypertension progressed to CKD/ESKD. Preeclampsia/eclampsia as a cause was significantly related to maternal outcome, with most affected women achieving recovery (p = 0.005). (Table 3 ) Table 3 Referral diagnosis and causes of AKI stratified by maternal outcomes Maternal Outcome Variable Total Recovery CKD/ESKD Death P value Referral Diagnosis AKI 69 (75.8) 34 (49.3) 6 (8.7) 29 (42.0) 0.064 CKD 11 (12.1) 1 (9.1) 8 (72.7) 2 (18.2) < 0.001 ESKD 3 (3.3) 1 (33.3) 1 (33.3) 1 (33.3) 0.576 Malignant HPT 5 (5.5) 0 (0.0) 5 (100.0) 0 (0.0) < 0.001 Sepsis 9 (9.9) 4 (44.4) 1 (11.1) 4 (44.4) 0.975 Preeclampsia 14 (15.4) 9 (64.3) 1 (7.1) 4 (28.6) 0.286 Eclampsia 11 (12.1) 4 (36.4) 1 (9.1) 6 (54.5) 0.651 Anemia 4 (4.4) 3 (75.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (25.0) 0.435 HELLP 14 (15.4) 8 (57.1) 0 (0.0) 6 (42.9) 0.256 DIC 4 (4.4) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (75.0) 0.362 Cerebral edema 1 (1.1) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.540 Pneumonia 1 (1.1) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.540 OHSS 1 (1.1) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.540 Hemorrhage 4 (4.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (100.0) 0.054 Pulmonary embolism 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.494 CVA 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.494 Liver disease 2 (2.2) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 0.855 APH 1 (1.1) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.540 PPH 6 (6.6) 2 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 4 (66.7) 0.368 CGN 1 (1.1) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.540 AKI Causes Malignant HPT 3 (3.4) 0 (0.0) 2 (66.7) 1 (33.3) 0.012 Hypotension 4 (4.5) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (75.0) 0.359 Sepsis 35 (39.3) 15 (42.9) 3 (8.6) 17 (48.6) 0.477 Intracranial necrosis 8 (9.0) 1 (12.5) 0 (0.0) 7 (87.5) 0.012 Preeclampsia/Eclampsia 32 (35.9) 22 (68.8) 3 (9.4) 7 (21.9) 0.005 CKD 6 (6.7) 0 (0.0) 5 (83.3) 1 (16.7) < 0.001 AKI 5 (5.6) 1 (20.0) 3 (60.0) 1 (20.0) 0.004 HELLP 13 (14.6) 6 (46.2) 0 (0.0) 7 (53.8) 0.296 DIC 3 (3.4) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (66.7) 0.618 Hemorrhage 13 (14.6) 6 (46.2) 0 (0.0) 7 (53.8) 0.296 HRS 2 (2.2) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 0.863 Coagulopathy 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.491 OHSS 1 (1.1) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.553 Malaria 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.491 Anemia 7 (7.9) 5 (71.4) 1 (14.3) 1 (14.3) 0.295 SCD 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.491 Pneumonia 2 (2.2) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 0.202 AKI: acute kidney injury; HPT: hypertension; HELLP: hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; OHSS: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; CVA: cardiovascular accident; APH: antepartum hemorrhage; PPH: postpartum hemorrhage; CGN: chronic glomerulonephritis; SCD: sickle cell disease Comorbidities and complications Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (50.5%) and was significantly associated with outcomes, with 56.0% of women recovering, 26.0% deaths, and 18.0% progressing to CKD/ESKD (p = 0.036). Both heart disease (3.0%) and kidney disease (9.1%) were uncommon but strongly associated with maternal outcome; most affected women progressed to CKD/ESKD (p = 0.023 and p < 0.001, respectively). Among PRAKI complications, pulmonary edema was the most common (30.8%), followed by anemia (17.6%), seizures (15.7%), and electrolyte disturbances (14.3%). Respiratory disease, cardiac complications, CKD as a complication, and metabolic acidosis were significantly associated with outcomes (p < 0.05), and the majority of affected women died. The participant with pitting edema developed CKD/ESKD ( Table 4 ). Table 4 Participant comorbidities and PRAKI complications in relation to maternal outcomes Maternal Outcome Variable Total Recovery CKD/ESKD Death P value Comorbidities Hypertension 50 (50.5) 28 (56.0) 9 (18.0) 13 (26.0) 0.036 Anemia 35 (35.4) 18 (51.4) 6 (17.1) 11 (31.5) 0.547 Sepsis 10 (10.1) 3 (30.0) 0 (0.0) 7 (70.0) 0.075 Respiratory disease 6 (6.1) 1 (16.7) 1 (16.7) 4 (66.6) 0.288 Heart disease 3 (3.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (66.7) 1 (33.3) 0.023 Kidney disease 9 (9.1) 1 (11.1) 7 (77.8) 1 (11.1) < 0.001 MOF 1 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100) 0.444 Hyperkalemia 3 (3.0) 2 (66.7) 0(0.0) 1 (33.3) 0.705 Metabolic Acidosis 2 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (100) 0.194 PPH 3 (3.0) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (66.7) 0.545 HIV 1 (1.0) 1 (100) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.572 Brain injury 2 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (100) 0.194 Complications Pulmonary Edema 28 (30.8) 15 (53.6) 3 (10.7) 10 (35.7) 0.551 Anemia 16 (17.6) 10 (62.5) 2 (12.5) 4 (25.0) 0.269 Sepsis 3 (3.3) 2 (66.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (33.3) 0.676 Liver disease 7 (7.7) 4 (57.1) 0 (0.0) 3 (42.9) 0.536 Respiratory disease 7 (7.7) 1 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 6 (85.7) 0.047 Electrolytes 13 (14.3) 6 (46.2) 0 (0.0) 7 (53.8) 0.282 Anuria/Oliguria 7 (7.7) 1 (14.3) 1 (14.3) 5 (71.4) 0.202 CKD 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (100) 0 (0.0) 0.036 Seizure 17 (15.7) 10 (58.8) 3 (17.6) 4 (23.5) 0.486 DIC 5 (5.5) 2 (40.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (60.0) 0.563 Multi-Organ Failure 7 (7.7) 3 (42.9) 0 (0.0) 4 (57.1) 0.487 Thrombocytopaenia 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (100) 0.240 HELLP 6 (6.6) 5 (83.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (16.7) 0.142 Fluid overload 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100) 0.494 Cardiac 11 (12.1) 1 (9.1) 1 (9.1) 9 (81.8) 0.014 Uremic gastritis 5 (5.5) 3 (60.0) 1 (20.0) 1 (20.0) 0.592 Neurological 10 (11.0) 3 (30.0) 3 (30.0) 4 (40.0) 0.225 Pitting edema 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (100) 0 (0.0) 0.036 Metabolic Acidosis 5 (5.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 5 (100) 0.025 Hypertension 3 (3.3) 3 (100) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.151 HIV: Human immune virus; MOF: Multiorgan failure; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HELLP: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count Medication history Nifedipine was the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive agent, with 75.4% of the administered patients recovering (57.4%, p = 0.015). Most of those administered morphine and ceftriaxone (65.2%) died. The majority (70.6%) of those administered amoxiclav also recovered. Nifedipine, morphine, amoxiclav and ceftriaxone use were significantly associated with outcomes (p < 0.05). Rarely used agents, such as fosfomycin and vancomycin, although prescribed to only one patient each, were also significantly associated with maternal outcome (both p = 0.044). ( Table 5 ) Table 5 Medication history of the study participants in relation to maternal outcomes Maternal Outcome Drugs Total Recovery CKD/ESKD Death P value Antihypertensives Nifedipine 54 (77.1) 31 (57.4) 10 (18.5) 13 (24.1) 0.015 Hydralazine 28 (40.0) 13 (46.4) 5 (17.9) 10 (35.7) 0.787 Lebatolol 19 (27.1) 11 (57.9) 2 (10.5) 6 (31.6) 0.715 Amlodipine 5 (7.1) 1 (20.0) 1 (20.0) 3 (60.0) 0.316 Methyldopa 30 (42.8) 18 (60.0) 5 (16.7) 7 (23.3) 0.328 Carvediol 2 (2.8) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 0.330 Furosemide 3 (4.3) 2 (66.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (33.3) 0.728 Spirinolactone 1 (1.4) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.619 Analgesics Paracetamol 45 (70.3) 22 (48.9) 8 (17.8) 15 (33.3) 0.064 Morphine 34 (53.1) 15 (44.1) 0 (0.0) 19 (55.9) 0.001 Tramadol 12 (18.7) 7 (58.3) 3 (25.0) 2 (16.7) 0.114 Diclofenac 7 (10.9) 3 (42.9) 0 (0.0) 4 (57.1) 0.464 Ketamine 1 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.476 Profolol 1 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.476 Midazolam 3 (4.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (100.0) 0.100 Antibiotics Amoxiclav 17 (21.5) 12 (70.6) 2 (11.8) 3 (17.6) 0.039 Metronidazole 56 (70.9) 27 (48.2) 7 (12.5) 22 (39.3) 0.541 Ceftriaxone 23 (29.1) 8 (34.8) 0 (0.0) 15 (65.2) 0.009 Clindamycin 22 (27.8) 8 (36.4) 1 (4.5) 13 (59.1) 0.103 Cefuroxime 14 (17.7) 8 (57.1) 0 (0.0) 6 (42.9) 0.222 Azithromycin 11 (13.9) 5 (45.5) 1 (9.1) 5 (45.5) 0.878 Amoxicillin 3 (3.8) 1 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (66.7) 0.612 Amikacin 2 (2.5) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 0.846 Ciprofloxacin 11 (13.9) 6 (54.5) 0 (0.0) 5 (45.5) 0.346 Cefotaxime 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.494 Levofloxacin 12 (15.2) 3 (25.0) 3 (25.0) 6 (50.0) 0.264 Fosfomycin 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0.044 Cefepime 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0.494 Vancomycin 1 (1.2) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0.044 Meropenem 4 (50.6) 1 (25.0) 1 (25.0) 2 (50.0) 0.672 Hematinics Folic acid 41 (78.9) 24 (58.5) 8 (19.5) 9 (22.0) 0.848 Tot’hema 23 (44.2) 14 (60.9) 4 (17.4) 5 (21.7) 0.837 Fersolate 20 (38.5) 12 (60.0) 5 (25.0) 3 (15.0) 0.657 Iron sucrose 1 (1.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0.150 Amino Pep 7 (13.5) 5 (71.4) 1 (14.3) 1 (14.3) 0.732 Erythropoietin 2 (3.8) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) 0.242 Vitamin B 1 (1.9) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.688 Multivitamin 2 (3.8) 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0.466 Maternal and childbirth outcomes Approximately 47% of the participants recovered, with 12% and 1.9% progressing to CKD and ESKD, respectively. Approximately 39% of the participants died. ( Fig. 1 ) Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of childbirth outcomes among women with PRAKI. Preterm delivery was most common (39.1%), followed by term delivery (19.6%). Stillbirths accounted for 26.0% of the cases, whereas miscarriages (3.3%) and neonatal deaths (4.3%) were less common. The rare outcomes included ectopic pregnancy, intrauterine fetal death, and abortion, each reported in 1.1% of the participants ( Fig. 2 ) . Multinomial regression analysis In the multivariable analysis, pregnancy status at diagnosis, trimester of presentation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and certain clinical and laboratory variables were identified as independent predictors of maternal renal outcomes. Postpartum presentation was protective against CKD/ESKD (OR 0.099, 95% CI 0.020–0.491, p = 0.005), whereas second-trimester diagnosis increased the odds of CKD/ESKD compared with third-trimester presentation (OR 4.296, 95% CI 1.176–15.702, p = 0.027). A lower gestational age at diagnosis independently predicted poor renal recovery (OR 0.896, 95% CI 0.823–0.974; p = 0.010). ICU admission was a strong predictor of mortality (OR 6.694, 95% CI 2.502–17.913, p < 0.001), as was intracranial necrosis (OR 9.333, 95% CI 1.089–79.973, p = 0.042). Preeclampsia/eclampsia as a cause of PRAKI reduced the odds of death (OR 0.202, 95% CI 0.072–0.562; p = 0.002). With respect to medications, nifedipine (OR 0.210, 95% CI 0.060–0.735, p = 0.015) and amoxiclav (OR 0.192, 95% CI 0.048–0.759, p = 0.019) were protective against death. Biochemical predictors included higher admission creatinine for CKD/ESKD (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000–1.003, p = 0.048), higher discharge creatinine (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000–1.004, p < 0.011) and elevated discharge white blood cell count for mortality (OR 1.188, 95% CI 1.051–1.343, p = 0.006). Preexisting kidney disease was the strongest predictor of CKD/ESKD (OR 46.000, 95% CI 4.892–432.569, p < 0.001), whereas hypertension was protective against death (OR 0.353, 95% CI 0.145–0.858; p = 0.021). Additionally, cardiac complications independently predicted death (OR 12.414, 95% CI 1.489–103.479; p = 0.020) ( Table 6 ) . Table 6 Multinomial regression of factors associated with adverse maternal outcomes CKD/ESKD Death Variable OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value Pregnancy status Pregnant Ref Ref Postpartum/Ectopic 0.099 (0.020–0.491) 0.005 0.653 (0.285–1.498) 0.314 Trimester 1st 1.781 (1.781–1.781) - - - 2nd 4.296 (1.176–15.702) 0.027 0.322 (0.063–1.652) 0.174 3rd Ref Ref ICU admission Yes - - 6.694 (2.502–17.913) < 0.001 No Ref Ref AKI causes Intracranial necrosis - - 9.333 (1.089–79.973) 0.042 Preeclampsia/Eclampsia 0.324 (0.075–1.397) 0.131 0.202 (0.072–0.562) 0.002 AKI 15.000 (1.378-163.226) 0.026 1.111 (0.067–18.421) 0.941 Drugs Nifedipine 1.613 (0.168–15.492) 0.679 0.210 (0.060–0.735) 0.015 Morphine - - 2.714 (0.882–8.351) 0.082 Amoxiclav 0.426 (0.079–2.294) 0.320 0.192 (0.048–0.759) 0.019 Ceftriaxone - - 2.813 (0.989–7.997) 0.052 Lab findings Admission Creatinine (unit increase) 1.002 (1.000-1.003) 0.048 1.001 (1.000-1.003) 0.087 Discharge Creatine (unit increase) 1.002 (1.000-1.004) 0.075 1.002 (1.000-1.004) 0.011 Admission WBC (unit increase) 0.930 (0.833–1.039) 0.202 1.018 (0.977–1.059) 0.398 Discharge WBC (unit increase) 0.964 (0.742–1.252) 0.785 1.188 (1.051–1.343) 0.006 Admission Platelet (unit increase) 1.008 (1.002–1.015) 0.015 0.999 (0.994–1.005) 0.844 Gestational age (unit increase) 0.896 (0.823–0.974) 0.010 1.000 (0.924–1.083) 0.993 Comorbidities HTN 1.221 (0.354–4.216) 0.752 0.353 (0.145–0.858) 0.021 Kidney disease 46.000 (4.892-432.569) < 0.001 1.243 (0.075–20.555) 0.879 Complications Respiratory - - 7.500 (0.859–65.519) 0.068 Cardiac 3.636 (0.210-62.927) 0.375 12.414 (1.489-103.479) 0.020 Discussion This study assessed the clinical profile, management, and outcomes of PRAKI in women treated at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Among the 108 participants, the mean age was 32.1 years, which is consistent with global data showing that PRAKI predominantly affects women in their peak reproductive years [ 17 ]. The clustering of cases in this age range reflects both biological and sociocultural factors predisposing patients to high-risk pregnancies. Similar to reports from India and Nigeria, most affected women in this study were married, had secondary-level education, and were engaged in informal employment, underscoring the intersection between socioeconomic vulnerability and delayed healthcare access [ 8 , 18 , 19 ]. These demographic patterns suggest that inadequate antenatal surveillance and limited financial autonomy may contribute to late presentation, emphasizing the need for maternal health literacy programs and financial protection for women in informal sectors. Postpartum patients had a better recovery rate than antepartum patients did, indicating that the timing of diagnosis affects outcomes. Antepartum cases often mean delayed referral or worsening complications, whereas postpartum cases allow earlier treatment [ 20 ]. A study from Ethiopia revealed that timing was less important than factors such as preexisting kidney disease, vasopressor use, and high creatinine, which are more closely linked to poor outcomes [ 21 ]. PRAKI outcomes depend on severity, underlying health, cause, and access to care; timing helps, but it is not the only factor. Second-trimester PRAKI was strongly linked to CKD/ESKD or death, likely due to longer exposure to severe conditions such as preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and thrombotic microangiopathies [ 22 ]. These factors cause further damage, while late pregnancy complications are often shorter, and delivery can help with recovery. In contrast, South Asian studies reported higher death rates in third-trimester PRAKI, often due to hemorrhage and sepsis. A study in Pakistan revealed that these factors are common in late pregnancy and postpartum, with high rates of maternal and fetal death [ 23 ]. These differences reflect healthcare access and risk factors, highlighting the need for region-specific strategies. The high ICU death rate in our cohort reflects severe PRAKI seen at referral centers. ICU admission is a known sign of severity and poor outcome, often linked to late presentation with multiorgan failure [ 24 – 26 ] Biochemical markers revealed important links to PRAKI outcomes. Patients who developed CKD/ESKD had lower admission WBC counts (8.0×10⁹/L) and higher discharge WBC counts (9.2×10⁹/L), suggesting persistent inflammation in those with chronic damage. An elevated WBC count is a known sign of poor recovery and is tied to systemic inflammation and endothelial injury [ 27 , 28 ]. The platelet count also varied (p = 0.006), being highest in the CKD/ESKD group. Although low platelet counts are often linked to poor outcomes in preeclampsia-related AKI, high platelet counts here may suggest rebound or inflammation-driven changes, as observed in post-preeclamptic AKI [ 22 , 29 ]. Discharge creatinine was much higher in CKD/ESKD (447 µmol/L) and fatal patients (475 µmol/L) than in recovered patients (169 µmol/L), with strong significance (p = 0.007), echoing global evidence that high discharge creatinine is linked to long-term kidney damage [ 30 , 31 ]. These findings indicate incomplete recovery in some patients and highlight the need for post-discharge follow-up, which is often lacking in African settings. Hypertension (50.5%) and anemia (35.4%) were the most common comorbidities, with matching patterns in Nigeria and Kenya [ 32 – 34 ]. Hypertension was associated with poor outcomes (p = 0.036), demonstrating its role in kidney injury. Heart disease (3.0%) and kidney disease (9.1%) were less common but strongly linked to CKD/ESKD and death (p = 0.023 and p < 0.001), indicating how comorbidities affect renal outcomes. Several complications, including respiratory disease, cardiac dysfunction, CKD, pitting edema, and metabolic acidosis, are significantly linked to mortality, reflecting the multiorgan failure typical of severe PRAKI and commonly reported in African cohorts [ 35 ]. Respiratory issues may result from pulmonary edema due to volume overload or heart failure, both of which are difficult to manage in low-resource ICUs. Metabolic acidosis indicates advanced renal failure and is often associated with late presentation and delayed dialysis. Treatment patterns highlight the complexity of PRAKI care. Nifedipine (77.1%) was linked to better outcomes (p = 0.015), supporting its safer profile in pregnancy-related hypertension [ 36 , 37 ]. Morphine use (53.1%) was linked to mortality (p < 0.001), likely indicating severe illness rather than drug toxicity. Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as amoxiclav (p = 0.039) and ceftriaxone (p = 0.009) were linked to outcomes, likely due to their use in serious infections. Similar antibiotic use is common in African obstetric care, where broad coverage is often needed without laboratory confirmation [ 38 ]. The regression model (Table 6 ) revealed that pregnancy status at diagnosis and ICU admission were key predictors of poor outcomes in PRAKI patients. Women diagnosed during pregnancy had higher risks of CKD/ESKD or death than those diagnosed postpartum. Malignant hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia are strongly linked to kidney damage, supporting evidence that these conditions cause lasting injury through endothelial dysfunction and clotting issues [ 39 ]. Preexisting CKD also increases the risk of nonrecovery, confirming that prior kidney damage worsens outcomes [ 40 , 41 ]. Collectively, PRAKI outcomes are multifactorial and reflect an intersection of obstetric, renal, and systemic determinants. Early antenatal detection of hypertensive disorders, aggressive hemodynamic stabilization, and timely nephrology involvement, particularly before ICU transfer, could substantially reduce irreversible renal injury and maternal mortality. Limitations of the study This study is limited by its retrospective design, which inherently limits causal inference, as data were extracted from clinical records that may be incomplete or inconsistently documented. Additionally, the single-center nature of the study limits generalizability, as the findings reflect the patient population and health system practices of a tertiary referral facility and may not be representative of community or primary-level settings. Furthermore, the relatively small sample size, particularly in subgroups such as those requiring dialysis or those with rare complications, reduced the statistical power. Conclusions This study highlights the significant burden of PRAKI in a tertiary hospital setting in Ghana, with adverse maternal renal outcomes strongly associated with second-trimester presentation, postpartum status, ICU admission, preexisting kidney disease, hypertensive disorders, and selected complications. The high rates of progression to CKD or ESKD underscore PRAKI as not only an acute obstetric complication but also a contributor to the long-term burden of kidney disease in low-resource settings. These findings suggest an urgent need for strengthened antenatal surveillance, particularly for women with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, and early recognition of kidney injury at peripheral facilities to prevent delays in referral. Expanding access to diagnostic tools, renal replacement therapy, and critical care in resource-limited settings is essential to reduce preventable maternal morbidity and mortality. Abbreviations PRAKI Pregnancy–related acute kidney injury KATH Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital IQR Interquartile range CKD Chronic kidney disease ESKD End–stage kidney disease LMICs Low–and middle–income countries ICU Intensive Care Unit AKI Acute kidney injury GFR Glomerular filtration rate BP Blood pressure SBP Systolic blood pressure DBP Diastolic blood pressure C/S Cesarean section HPT Hypertension HELLP hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation OHSS Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome CVA Cardiovascular accident APH Antepartum hemorrhage PPH Postpartum hemorrhage CGN Chronic glomerulonephritis SCD Sickle cell disease HIV Human immune virus MOF Multiorgan failure Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the KATH Institutional Review Board (ethical clearance ID: KATH IRB/AP/053/25). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and participants’ data anonymised. Data collection adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with applicable local regulatory standards. Consent for publication Consent for publication was sought from the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Competing interests The authors declare that there are no competing interests. Funding The study was self-financed by the authors Author Contribution PO: Conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; IO: Conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; SAO: Data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; MTL: Data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; PK: Data collection and analysis; PA: Data analysis, drafting of the manuscript; AOB: Data collection and drafting of the manuscript; KAS: Data collection and drafting of the manuscript; RKDE: Conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript. All the authors reviewed and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgement We acknowledge the staff of KATH who assisted during data collection and the participants whose data were used. Data Availability The datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Kucirka LM, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Pregnancy-Related End-Stage Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2346314. Liu Y, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):235. Girling BJ, et al. Acute kidney injury and adverse outcomes of critical illness: correlation or causation? Clin Kidney J. 2019;13(2):133–41. Meena P, et al. Pregnancy-associated acute kidney injury as an important driver of chronic kidney disease in females in developing countries: A systematic review. Maternal Health Neonatology Perinatol. 2025;11(1):24. Davidson B, et al. Pregnancy-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Low-Resource Settings: Progress Over the Last Decade. Semin Nephrol. 2022;42(5):151317. Nelson-Piercy C, et al. Pregnancy-associated acute kidney injury — consensus report of the 32nd Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2025;21(9):633–46. Batte A, et al. Infections and Acute Kidney Injury: A Global Perspective. Semin Nephrol. 2023;43(5):151466. Shalaby AS, Shemies RS. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in the African continent: where do we stand? A systematic review. J Nephrol. 2022;35(9):2175–89. Kontomanolis EN et al. Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury: Causes and Its Impact on Perinatal Outcomes-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med, 2025. 14(17). Griffin A, et al. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury leads to hypertension, reduced kidney function and cognitive impairment in postpartum rats. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1468793. Tran PNT, et al. Incidence of pregnancy-associated acute kidney injury in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2025;103(8):493. Affram R, Mate-Kole M. Pregnancy related acute renal failure in Ghana. 1989. John A, et al. Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1–138. Van Hook JW. Acute kidney injury during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;57(4):851–61. Bellomo R et al. Acute renal failure–definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Critical care, 2004. 8(4): p. R204. Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014;85(1):49–61. Arrayhani M, Youbi RE, Sqalli T. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury: experience of the nephrology unit at the university hospital of fez, morocco. ISRN Nephrol, 2013. 2013: p. 109034. Muhammad AS, et al. Pregnancy Related Acute Kidney Injury, Clinical profile and Outcome of management: an experience from 3 years retrospective review in a specialist hospital in Gusau, North-Western Nigeria. Trop J Nephrol. 2017;12(2):17–21. Orhewere EP, Okoye OC, Adejumo OA. Incidence of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Low Resource Setting: A Prospective Study. Niger Med J. 2023;64(5):627–36. Shahid R, et al. Outcome of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury and Resulting Maternal Renal Morbidity in a South Asian Population: A Single-Center Study. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e90977. Berhe E, et al. Characteristics and outcome of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in a teaching hospital in a low-resource setting: a five-year retrospective review. BMC Nephrol. 2024;25(1):182. Taber-Hight E, Shah S. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(6):455–60. Muhammad N, Liaqat N. Causes and outcome of pregnancy related acute kidney injury. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(1Part–I):64–7. Ng'ethe W, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury: A retrospective study in the obstetric critical care unit at Kenyatta National Hospital 2020 to 2023. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2025;5(4):e0004396. Mahesh E, et al. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury: An analysis of 165 cases. Indian J Nephrol. 2017;27(2):113–7. Banda J, et al. Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Intensive Care Unit at a Teaching Tertiary Hospital_ID. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(2):116–21. Gao LN et al. Association of Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers (NLR, MLR, PLR, SII, SIRI) with Preeclampsia-Related Kidney Injury: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Inflamm Res, 2025. 18: pp. 12725–12738. Wang L, et al. Evaluation of Risk and Prognosis Factors of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With HELLP Syndrome During Pregnancy. Frontiers in Physiology; 2021. pp. 12–2021. Szczepanski J et al. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancies Complicated With Preeclampsia or HELLP Syndrome. Front Med, 2020. Volume 7–2020. Mehta RL, et al. International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative for acute kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): a human rights case for nephrology. Lancet. 2015;385(9987):2616–43. Liu Y-F, et al. The chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury involvement in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1):e0244779. Adeloye D, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Nigeria in 1995 and 2020: A systematic analysis of current evidence. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(5):963–77. Azinge IE, et al. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among adults in a select population in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria. J Public Health Afr. 2023;14(4):2224. Mohamed SF, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and their determinants: results from a national survey in Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(Suppl 3):1219. Waziri B, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in a high-risk cohort of women in Nigeria. J Nephrol. 2024;37(3):587–96. Braunthal S, Brateanu A. Hypertension in pregnancy: Pathophysiology and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119843700. Awaludin A et al. Antihypertensive Medications for Severe Hypertension in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthc (Basel), 2022. 10(2). Griffin KM, Oxford-Horrey C, Bourjeily G. Obstetric Disorders and Critical Illness. Clin Chest Med. 2022;43(3):471–88. Sutton ALM, Harper LM, Tita ATN. Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(2):333–47. Moronge D, Sullivan JC, Faulkner JL. Physiology of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury. Compr Physiol. 2023;13(3):4869–78. Al Khalaf S, et al. Chronic kidney disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(5):656–e67032. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 21 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7876293","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549486738,"identity":"2b5ace64-460c-4e78-949c-25501db550bc","order_by":0,"name":"Perditer Okyere","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Perditer","middleName":"","lastName":"Okyere","suffix":""},{"id":549486739,"identity":"23adbd0c-1308-4487-8239-5d17b8f3e641","order_by":1,"name":"Isaac Okyere","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isaac","middleName":"","lastName":"Okyere","suffix":""},{"id":549486740,"identity":"817ae2d0-e19e-4392-ad6c-09d395921c58","order_by":2,"name":"Solomon Adjei Owusu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solomon","middleName":"Adjei","lastName":"Owusu","suffix":""},{"id":549486741,"identity":"8a3f1d5c-9708-4bac-9856-040ddf5f894b","order_by":3,"name":"Moses Tetteh Larnyoh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cape Coast","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moses","middleName":"Tetteh","lastName":"Larnyoh","suffix":""},{"id":549486742,"identity":"52bf03dc-3334-404d-8635-e4da25bde75d","order_by":4,"name":"Patricia Kuffour","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patricia","middleName":"","lastName":"Kuffour","suffix":""},{"id":549486743,"identity":"f48517f6-d03a-42b5-86af-d32bd13fb822","order_by":5,"name":"Prince Adoba","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBDYQyQPEjA9ADD5StDAbgBhsxGoBATYJMElIA3978rEHP3fckzFnP3ys8muOnQwbA/PDRzfwaJE48yzdsPdMMY9lT1rabdltyUCHsRkb5+Cz5kaOmQRvWwKPwQ0es9uS25iBWnjYpPFpkQdqkfwL1sL/rVhyWz1hLQZALdJQW9gYP247TFiLIdAvxrJngFrOpBlLM247zsPGTMAvcseTjz18uyPB3uD44Ycff26rtudnb374GK/3QYCxAUIz84BJQsqRtTD+IEb1KBgFo2AUjDgAAAeHRIqw2RVbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prince","middleName":"","lastName":"Adoba","suffix":""},{"id":549486744,"identity":"8c38cbb0-d4c0-40e4-94ae-641ce220df13","order_by":6,"name":"Atta Owusu-Bempah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atta","middleName":"","lastName":"Owusu-Bempah","suffix":""},{"id":549486745,"identity":"e55daa9e-3454-4f7d-888b-b18b0ffd4ec6","order_by":7,"name":"Kofi Acheampong Saarah-Akyerekoh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kofi","middleName":"Acheampong","lastName":"Saarah-Akyerekoh","suffix":""},{"id":549486746,"identity":"58f10cf8-9810-431b-aeef-d8073a6e4b04","order_by":8,"name":"Richard K.D. Ephraim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cape Coast","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"K.D.","lastName":"Ephraim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-16 10:23:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7876293/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7876293/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96788187,"identity":"91828350-dc7f-4f95-8e4a-92041aa8baea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 06:33:01","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":152436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ClinicalCharacteristicsPredictorsOutcomesofPRAKIinGhana.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/a17777de8989ba8a0d2848eb.docx"},{"id":96915400,"identity":"8ba5510e-6610-46ba-9426-15643962b607","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:07:12","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"25a96e713fb942c98838e3b439311deb.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/e52aef09e14579eea5a7bb39.json"},{"id":96916870,"identity":"8b076f81-802c-4598-a2fb-d8f08857c9f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:00","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":201548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"25a96e713fb942c98838e3b439311deb1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/d017adc59d28da0e30f90ba8.xml"},{"id":96916107,"identity":"95e64b5a-d7ca-4c3b-b134-2f98d3fb23e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:01","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/e419695b29ff838aca64c063.png"},{"id":96788190,"identity":"b7caabe7-aa28-4057-b8be-b1a281044a92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 06:33:01","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/b43d0e3d83be5f28b939d0a9.png"},{"id":96788192,"identity":"b9e5c358-23c6-4437-88e4-bbfb51a00e88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 06:33:01","extension":"xml","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":199322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"25a96e713fb942c98838e3b439311deb1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/592b4d533fa9945b3ea4641d.xml"},{"id":96916205,"identity":"eb8b0ea5-d63e-4a87-b238-6014be8959c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:12","extension":"html","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":210178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/5561e3d4f130455582602660.html"},{"id":96788185,"identity":"ff668baf-5945-48e1-a047-99372f8e67bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 06:33:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11453,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal outcomes among study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/56d99fca87e7a46d378348e5.png"},{"id":96917085,"identity":"12bd2f48-73a9-49c0-bc75-5bf09c3a8e25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:09:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildbirth outcomes among study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/6e18e0d94d2c690724fd6dc6.png"},{"id":97136059,"identity":"2fbc8994-3b38-41d9-ae20-07670bc0a673","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 09:55:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2654436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7876293/v1/dd7c1041-3db6-417f-8fce-bef0d65ad907.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Clinical Characteristics, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana: A Retrospective Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) represents a critical obstetric complication that significantly increases the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Once regarded as a reversible condition, PRAKI is now recognized as a potential precursor to chronic kidney disease (CKD), with up to one-third of affected women experiencing persistent renal impairment and approximately 2.4% progressing to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requiring dialysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The global burden of PRAKI is disproportionately greater in low-resource settings, where limited access to healthcare and delayed diagnosis contribute to elevated maternal mortality and poor renal recovery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn high-income countries, advances in antenatal surveillance, safer obstetric practices, and early nephrologic intervention have led to a marked decline in the incidence of PRAKI. Current cases in these settings primarily occur among women with preexisting comorbidities such as CKD, hypertension, or diabetes rather than from traditional obstetric causes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, PRAKI remains a major contributor to maternal morbidity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where preventable causes such as preeclampsia/eclampsia, sepsis, and obstetric hemorrhage predominate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A systematic review in Africa reported maternal mortality rates as high as 34%, with frequent late presentation and incomplete renal recovery among survivors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe etiologic profile of PRAKI has evolved. Septic abortion and hemorrhage were previously the leading causes; however, recent studies increasingly implicate hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, especially preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome, as dominant contributors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These disorders cause endothelial dysfunction, intravascular coagulation, and ischemic injury to the renal microvasculature, predisposing individuals to cortical necrosis and progression to CKD or ESKD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. These outcomes are further aggravated by delayed diagnosis, limited access to critical care resources, and financial barriers that postpone the initiation of dialysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition to its incidence and etiology, PRAKI imposes a considerable clinical burden, threatening both maternal and fetal survival. Maternal mortality has been reported to be between 2.5% and 34%, whereas perinatal and fetal mortality rates may reach 67.3% and 29.8%, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. These alarming statistics highlight the persistent inequities in maternal healthcare delivery and underscore the urgency of improving early risk identification and management of renal complications during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite global progress, data on the PRAKI in Ghana remain scarce and largely outdated. The last major report from Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, over three decades ago, identified septic abortion and postpartum hemorrhage as the main causes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. However, evolving demographics, better antenatal care, and modern obstetric practices may have altered disease patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, management strategies, and outcomes of women with PRAKI managed at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH). Identifying factors associated with recovery, progression to CKD/ESKD, and mortality can provide evidence to guide early detection, optimize care, and inform national strategies to reduce kidney-related maternal deaths in Ghana and other LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy design and site\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the renal clinic of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) from 2020\u0026ndash;2024. KATH is the second largest hospital in Ghana, with a bed capacity of approximately 1,200, and serves as the main referral center for the middle and northern zones of the country. The hospital has a busy obstetrics and gynecology department that manages a high volume of complicated pregnancies, including cases referred with preeclampsia, sepsis, and obstetric hemorrhage. Its renal unit is well established, providing dialysis and specialist renal care, and it is often involved in the management of women presenting with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecords of all female patients aged 14 years and above who were admitted to KATH during the study period with PRAKI were included. Patients were excluded if they already had end-stage kidney disease on chronic dialysis before pregnancy, if their kidney injury was clearly unrelated to pregnancy, or if their records lacked enough information to confirm the diagnosis or outcome. When a patient had more than one admission during the study period, only her first admission for PRAKI was included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants/Data collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe secondary data of 108 women with PRAKI were extracted from hospital medical records, admission/discharge registers, nephrology and obstetrics unit logs, laboratory databases, pharmacy records, and the dialysis register via a structured, pretested data extraction form. Sociodemographic information collected included age, marital status, ethnicity, educational level, and occupation. The metric variables included pregnancy status, trimester at presentation, gravidity, parity, gestational age, and mode of delivery. Clinical data included referral diagnosis, blood pressure grading, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, duration of admission, etiology, comorbidities, complications and whether hemodialysis was performed. The biochemical and laboratory data recorded at admission and discharge included serum creatinine and full blood count data. The pharmacological data included in-hospital medications such as antihypertensives, analgesics, antibiotics, and hematinics. Maternal outcomes were classified at discharge as recovery, progression to chronic kidney disease/end-stage kidney disease (CKD/ESKD), or in-hospital death. Fetal outcomes were also captured. Data abstraction was performed by trained research staff and medical doctors. The extracted dataset was reviewed for completeness; records that lacked the core variables required to ascertain diagnosis or outcome were excluded per the eligibility criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDefinition of outcomes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcute kidney injury (AKI)\u003c/em\u003e: was defined in accordance with the 2012 KDIGO criteria as any of the following: an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours; a rise in SCr exceeding 50% relative to baseline within 7 days; or a reduction in urine output to less than 0.5 mL/kg/h sustained for at least 6 hours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PR-AKI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll etiologies of acute kidney dysfunction occur between early gestation and the third month following delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRenal recovery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy day 7, serum creatinine either normalized to baseline levels, decreased to less than 1.5 times the baseline value, or fell within 50% above the original baseline concentration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD is defined as structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney accompanied by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;60 mL/min/1.73 m\u0026sup2; persisting for more than three months, whereas ESKD is defined as a GFR of less than 15 mL/min. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003ewas obtained from the KATH Institutional Review Board (ethical clearance ID: KATH IRB/AP/053/25). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and participants\u0026rsquo; data anonymised. Data collection adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with applicable local regulatory standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2021 and analyzed via IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0. Continuous variables were tested for normality via the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test and are presented as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations (SDs) or medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs). Categorical variables are summarized as frequencies and percentages. Maternal and childbirth outcomes are illustrated with bar charts. Between-group comparisons were performed via the independent samples t test or Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate. Maternal outcomes were categorized as recovery, CKD/ESKD, or death. To identify independent predictors of these outcomes, multinomial logistic regression was performed, and the results are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was defined as p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 108 women diagnosed with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 32.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6 years, with most women aged 31\u0026ndash;40 years. Most participants were married (83.2%), and the predominant ethnic group was Akan (85.9%). With respect to educational attainment, the majority had completed secondary education (68.9%), 17 (18.9%) had tertiary-level education, and 5 (5.6%) had no formal education. Occupationally, most participants were engaged in informal employment (65.6%), with 15 (16.1%) in formal employment and 14 (15.1%) unemployed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the time of PRAKI diagnosis, 47.7% were pregnant, and 52.3% were in the postpartum or ectopic period. Pregnancy status was significantly associated with maternal outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017), with postpartum presentations associated with higher recovery rates. The trimester of presentation was also significantly associated with maternal outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012). The majority of the women presenting in the first or second trimester developed CKD/ESKD or died, while most of them presenting in the third trimester recovered. The mode of delivery was Cesarean section in 65 (60.7%), vaginal delivery in 34 (31.8%), and salpingectomy in 2 (1.9%); 6 (5.6%) of the participants did not deliver. The treatment modality was primarily conservative management (90.7%), whereas 11 (10.3%) patients required hemodialysis. Blood pressure grading at admission revealed that 42.2% of the patients had normal values, 26.7% had mild-to-moderate hypertension, and 31.1% had severe hypertension. ICU admission was associated with outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with 71.1% of ICU patients dying during admission \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemography and clinical characteristics of participants stratified by maternal outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaternal Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD/ESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (83.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (38.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomestic Partner\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAkan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (85.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEwe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMole-Dagbani\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (68.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (18.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (65.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePregnancy status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePregnant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (37.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (39.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostpartum/Ectopic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (52.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrimester\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBirth Type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (31.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalpingectomy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo delivery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTreatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemodialysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97 (90.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (39.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBP grade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (45.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSevere hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eICU admission\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (71.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eC/S: Cesarean section; BP: Blood pressure; ICU: Intensive care unit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLaboratory and obstetric findings\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe median admission creatinine level was lowest among women who recovered (272.0 \u0026micro;mol/L, IQR 208.0\u0026ndash;371.0), intermediate among those who died (481.0 \u0026micro;mol/L, IQR 310.0\u0026ndash;812.0), and highest among those in the CKD/ESKD group (633.5 \u0026micro;mol/L, IQR 421.0\u0026ndash;725.0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036). Discharge creatinine followed a similar pattern, remaining lowest in the recovery group (105.0 \u0026micro;mol/L, IQR 82.0\u0026ndash;120.0) but markedly higher in the CKD/ESKD (320.0 \u0026micro;mol/L, IQR 259.0\u0026ndash;457.5) and death (247.0 \u0026micro;mol/L, IQR 156.0\u0026ndash;390.0) groups (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWBC counts differed across groups. At admission, CKD/ESKD patients had lower counts (8.0 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 6.0\u0026ndash;10.0) than did patients who recovered (13.7 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 10.3\u0026ndash;17.8) or died (13.7 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 10.2\u0026ndash;18.4) (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026). At discharge, WBC counts were significantly greater in women who died (16.2 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 11.5\u0026ndash;21.3) than in those who recovered (9.4 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 7.2\u0026ndash;12.6, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). The admission platelet count was greater in the CKD/ESKD group (235 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 214\u0026ndash;274) than in the recovery (173 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 136\u0026ndash;214) and death (150 \u0026times;10⁹/L, IQR 113\u0026ndash;195, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.006) groups. The gestational age at presentation was lower in the CKD/ESKD group (25.5 weeks, IQR 24.0\u0026ndash;27.0) than in the recovery (34.0 weeks, IQR 30.0\u0026ndash;36.0) and death (33.0 weeks, IQR 30.0\u0026ndash;35.0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031) groups. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian laboratory, clinical, and obstetric characteristics stratified by maternal outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaternal Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD/ESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission Creatinine (\u0026micro;mol/l)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e272.0 (151.0-570.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e633.5 (218.5\u0026ndash;988.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e481.0 (327.0-763.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDischarge Creatinine (\u0026micro;mol/l)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169.0 (80.7-502.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e447.0 (171.0-999.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e475.0 (309.5-872.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission Hb (g/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4 (6.4\u0026ndash;9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.7 (6.7\u0026ndash;10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8 (5.4\u0026ndash;7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDischarge Hb (g/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6 (7.6\u0026ndash;9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6 (5.6\u0026ndash;8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0 (6.4\u0026ndash;9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission WBC (x10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.7 (9.8\u0026ndash;20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0 (7.2\u0026ndash;10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.7 (10.9\u0026ndash;26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.026\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDischarge WBC (x10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7 (7.7\u0026ndash;13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2 (8.7\u0026ndash;11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2 (12.2\u0026ndash;30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission Platelet (x10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115.0 (64.0-190.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235.0 (173.0-291.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.0 (49.5-189.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDischarge Platelet (x10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171.0 (130.5-219.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e205.0 (143.0-267.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137.0 (53.0-176.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of Admission (days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0 (5.7\u0026ndash;18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0 (3.5\u0026ndash;10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0 (3.0\u0026ndash;26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150.0 (129.0-169.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147.0 (121.7-163.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.0 (121.5\u0026ndash;171.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0 (79.0-108.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.0 (71.7-121.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0 (59.0-105.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGravida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0 (2.0-4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0 (2.0\u0026ndash;5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0 (2.0\u0026ndash;4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0 (1.0\u0026ndash;3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.0\u0026ndash;4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0 (1.0\u0026ndash;3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGestational age (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.0 (27.5\u0026ndash;37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5 (17.5\u0026ndash;34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.0 (29.0\u0026ndash;36.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.031\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eReferral diagnosis and causes of PRAKI\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most common referral diagnosis was AKI (75.8%), followed by preeclampsia (15.4%), eclampsia (12.1%), and CKD (12.1%). CKD and malignant hypertension referrals were strongly associated with maternal outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). All five women referred with malignant hypertension developed CKD/ESKD, while 18.2% of CKD referrals died and 9.1% recovered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the causes of AKI, sepsis (39.3%) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (35.9%) were the predominant contributors. Intracranial necrosis, malignant hypertension, preexisting CKD and AKI were associated with maternal outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The majority of patients with intracranial necrosis died, and the majority with malignant hypertension progressed to CKD/ESKD. Preeclampsia/eclampsia as a cause was significantly related to maternal outcome, with most affected women achieving recovery (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferral diagnosis and causes of AKI stratified by maternal outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaternal Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD/ESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferral Diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAKI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (75.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (49.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (42.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalignant HPT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.435\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHELLP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCerebral edema\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOHSS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePulmonary embolism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCVA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAPH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePPH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCGN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAKI Causes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalignant HPT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypotension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntracranial necrosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia/Eclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAKI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHELLP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoagulopathy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOHSS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSCD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAKI: acute kidney injury; HPT: hypertension; HELLP: hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; OHSS: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; CVA: cardiovascular accident; APH: antepartum hemorrhage; PPH: postpartum hemorrhage; CGN: chronic glomerulonephritis; SCD: sickle cell disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComorbidities and complications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension was the most common comorbidity (50.5%) and was significantly associated with outcomes, with 56.0% of women recovering, 26.0% deaths, and 18.0% progressing to CKD/ESKD (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036). Both heart disease (3.0%) and kidney disease (9.1%) were uncommon but strongly associated with maternal outcome; most affected women progressed to CKD/ESKD (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong PRAKI complications, pulmonary edema was the most common (30.8%), followed by anemia (17.6%), seizures (15.7%), and electrolyte disturbances (14.3%). Respiratory disease, cardiac complications, CKD as a complication, and metabolic acidosis were significantly associated with outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the majority of affected women died. The participant with pitting edema developed CKD/ESKD \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipant comorbidities and PRAKI complications in relation to maternal outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaternal Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD/ESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespiratory disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (66.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKidney disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperkalemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetabolic Acidosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePPH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrain injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComplications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePulmonary Edema\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.551\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (62.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespiratory disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.047\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectrolytes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnuria/Oliguria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeizure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (58.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMulti-Organ Failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrombocytopaenia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHELLP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFluid overload\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCardiac\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (81.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUremic gastritis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeurological\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePitting edema\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetabolic Acidosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIV: Human immune virus; MOF: Multiorgan failure; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HELLP: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMedication history\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNifedipine was the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive agent, with 75.4% of the administered patients recovering (57.4%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015). Most of those administered morphine and ceftriaxone (65.2%) died. The majority (70.6%) of those administered amoxiclav also recovered. Nifedipine, morphine, amoxiclav and ceftriaxone use were significantly associated with outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Rarely used agents, such as fosfomycin and vancomycin, although prescribed to only one patient each, were also significantly associated with maternal outcome (both p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedication history of the study participants in relation to maternal outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaternal Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrugs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecovery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD/ESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntihypertensives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNifedipine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (77.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydralazine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLebatolol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmlodipine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethyldopa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (42.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarvediol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurosemide\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpirinolactone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalgesics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParacetamol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (70.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (53.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (55.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTramadol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiclofenac\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKetamine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfolol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidazolam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmoxiclav\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (70.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.039\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetronidazole\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (70.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (48.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (29.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (65.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClindamycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (59.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCefuroxime\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAzithromycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.612\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCefotaxime\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFosfomycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.044\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCefepime\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.044\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHematinics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (78.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (58.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTot\u0026rsquo;hema\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (60.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFersolate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIron sucrose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmino Pep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eErythropoietin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivitamin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaternal and childbirth outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eApproximately 47% of the participants recovered, with 12% and 1.9% progressing to CKD and ESKD, respectively. Approximately 39% of the participants died. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the distribution of childbirth outcomes among women with PRAKI. Preterm delivery was most common (39.1%), followed by term delivery (19.6%). Stillbirths accounted for 26.0% of the cases, whereas miscarriages (3.3%) and neonatal deaths (4.3%) were less common. The rare outcomes included ectopic pregnancy, intrauterine fetal death, and abortion, each reported in 1.1% of the participants \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMultinomial regression analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable analysis, pregnancy status at diagnosis, trimester of presentation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and certain clinical and laboratory variables were identified as independent predictors of maternal renal outcomes. Postpartum presentation was protective against CKD/ESKD (OR 0.099, 95% CI 0.020\u0026ndash;0.491, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), whereas second-trimester diagnosis increased the odds of CKD/ESKD compared with third-trimester presentation (OR 4.296, 95% CI 1.176\u0026ndash;15.702, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027). A lower gestational age at diagnosis independently predicted poor renal recovery (OR 0.896, 95% CI 0.823\u0026ndash;0.974; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010). ICU admission was a strong predictor of mortality (OR 6.694, 95% CI 2.502\u0026ndash;17.913, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), as was intracranial necrosis (OR 9.333, 95% CI 1.089\u0026ndash;79.973, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042). Preeclampsia/eclampsia as a cause of PRAKI reduced the odds of death (OR 0.202, 95% CI 0.072\u0026ndash;0.562; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith respect to medications, nifedipine (OR 0.210, 95% CI 0.060\u0026ndash;0.735, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) and amoxiclav (OR 0.192, 95% CI 0.048\u0026ndash;0.759, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) were protective against death. Biochemical predictors included higher admission creatinine for CKD/ESKD (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000\u0026ndash;1.003, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048), higher discharge creatinine (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000\u0026ndash;1.004, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.011) and elevated discharge white blood cell count for mortality (OR 1.188, 95% CI 1.051\u0026ndash;1.343, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). Preexisting kidney disease was the strongest predictor of CKD/ESKD (OR 46.000, 95% CI 4.892\u0026ndash;432.569, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), whereas hypertension was protective against death (OR 0.353, 95% CI 0.145\u0026ndash;0.858; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021). Additionally, cardiac complications independently predicted death (OR 12.414, 95% CI 1.489\u0026ndash;103.479; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultinomial regression of factors associated with adverse maternal outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD/ESKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePregnancy status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePregnant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostpartum/Ectopic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099 (0.020\u0026ndash;0.491)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.653 (0.285\u0026ndash;1.498)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrimester\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.781 (1.781\u0026ndash;1.781)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.296 (1.176\u0026ndash;15.702)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.027\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.322 (0.063\u0026ndash;1.652)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eICU admission\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.694 (2.502\u0026ndash;17.913)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAKI causes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntracranial necrosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.333 (1.089\u0026ndash;79.973)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.042\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia/Eclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.324 (0.075\u0026ndash;1.397)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202 (0.072\u0026ndash;0.562)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAKI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.000 (1.378-163.226)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.026\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.111 (0.067\u0026ndash;18.421)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrugs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNifedipine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.613 (0.168\u0026ndash;15.492)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.210 (0.060\u0026ndash;0.735)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.714 (0.882\u0026ndash;8.351)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmoxiclav\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.426 (0.079\u0026ndash;2.294)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.320\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.192 (0.048\u0026ndash;0.759)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.813 (0.989\u0026ndash;7.997)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLab findings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission Creatinine (unit increase)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.002 (1.000-1.003)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.048\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.001 (1.000-1.003)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDischarge Creatine (unit increase)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.002 (1.000-1.004)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.002 (1.000-1.004)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission WBC (unit increase)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.930 (0.833\u0026ndash;1.039)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.018 (0.977\u0026ndash;1.059)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDischarge WBC (unit increase)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.964 (0.742\u0026ndash;1.252)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.188 (1.051\u0026ndash;1.343)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmission Platelet (unit increase)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.008 (1.002\u0026ndash;1.015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999 (0.994\u0026ndash;1.005)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGestational age (unit increase)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.896 (0.823\u0026ndash;0.974)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000 (0.924\u0026ndash;1.083)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComorbidities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.221 (0.354\u0026ndash;4.216)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.353 (0.145\u0026ndash;0.858)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKidney disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.000 (4.892-432.569)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.243 (0.075\u0026ndash;20.555)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComplications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespiratory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.500 (0.859\u0026ndash;65.519)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCardiac\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.636 (0.210-62.927)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.375\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.414 (1.489-103.479)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.020\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study assessed the clinical profile, management, and outcomes of PRAKI in women treated at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Among the 108 participants, the mean age was 32.1 years, which is consistent with global data showing that PRAKI predominantly affects women in their peak reproductive years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The clustering of cases in this age range reflects both biological and sociocultural factors predisposing patients to high-risk pregnancies. Similar to reports from India and Nigeria, most affected women in this study were married, had secondary-level education, and were engaged in informal employment, underscoring the intersection between socioeconomic vulnerability and delayed healthcare access [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. These demographic patterns suggest that inadequate antenatal surveillance and limited financial autonomy may contribute to late presentation, emphasizing the need for maternal health literacy programs and financial protection for women in informal sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostpartum patients had a better recovery rate than antepartum patients did, indicating that the timing of diagnosis affects outcomes. Antepartum cases often mean delayed referral or worsening complications, whereas postpartum cases allow earlier treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. A study from Ethiopia revealed that timing was less important than factors such as preexisting kidney disease, vasopressor use, and high creatinine, which are more closely linked to poor outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. PRAKI outcomes depend on severity, underlying health, cause, and access to care; timing helps, but it is not the only factor. Second-trimester PRAKI was strongly linked to CKD/ESKD or death, likely due to longer exposure to severe conditions such as preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and thrombotic microangiopathies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. These factors cause further damage, while late pregnancy complications are often shorter, and delivery can help with recovery. In contrast, South Asian studies reported higher death rates in third-trimester PRAKI, often due to hemorrhage and sepsis. A study in Pakistan revealed that these factors are common in late pregnancy and postpartum, with high rates of maternal and fetal death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. These differences reflect healthcare access and risk factors, highlighting the need for region-specific strategies. The high ICU death rate in our cohort reflects severe PRAKI seen at referral centers. ICU admission is a known sign of severity and poor outcome, often linked to late presentation with multiorgan failure [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiochemical markers revealed important links to PRAKI outcomes. Patients who developed CKD/ESKD had lower admission WBC counts (8.0\u0026times;10⁹/L) and higher discharge WBC counts (9.2\u0026times;10⁹/L), suggesting persistent inflammation in those with chronic damage. An elevated WBC count is a known sign of poor recovery and is tied to systemic inflammation and endothelial injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The platelet count also varied (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), being highest in the CKD/ESKD group. Although low platelet counts are often linked to poor outcomes in preeclampsia-related AKI, high platelet counts here may suggest rebound or inflammation-driven changes, as observed in post-preeclamptic AKI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Discharge creatinine was much higher in CKD/ESKD (447 \u0026micro;mol/L) and fatal patients (475 \u0026micro;mol/L) than in recovered patients (169 \u0026micro;mol/L), with strong significance (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), echoing global evidence that high discharge creatinine is linked to long-term kidney damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings indicate incomplete recovery in some patients and highlight the need for post-discharge follow-up, which is often lacking in African settings. Hypertension (50.5%) and anemia (35.4%) were the most common comorbidities, with matching patterns in Nigeria and Kenya [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Hypertension was associated with poor outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036), demonstrating its role in kidney injury. Heart disease (3.0%) and kidney disease (9.1%) were less common but strongly linked to CKD/ESKD and death (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), indicating how comorbidities affect renal outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral complications, including respiratory disease, cardiac dysfunction, CKD, pitting edema, and metabolic acidosis, are significantly linked to mortality, reflecting the multiorgan failure typical of severe PRAKI and commonly reported in African cohorts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Respiratory issues may result from pulmonary edema due to volume overload or heart failure, both of which are difficult to manage in low-resource ICUs. Metabolic acidosis indicates advanced renal failure and is often associated with late presentation and delayed dialysis. Treatment patterns highlight the complexity of PRAKI care. Nifedipine (77.1%) was linked to better outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015), supporting its safer profile in pregnancy-related hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Morphine use (53.1%) was linked to mortality (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), likely indicating severe illness rather than drug toxicity. Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as amoxiclav (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.039) and ceftriaxone (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009) were linked to outcomes, likely due to their use in serious infections. Similar antibiotic use is common in African obstetric care, where broad coverage is often needed without laboratory confirmation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe regression model (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that pregnancy status at diagnosis and ICU admission were key predictors of poor outcomes in PRAKI patients. Women diagnosed during pregnancy had higher risks of CKD/ESKD or death than those diagnosed postpartum. Malignant hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia are strongly linked to kidney damage, supporting evidence that these conditions cause lasting injury through endothelial dysfunction and clotting issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Preexisting CKD also increases the risk of nonrecovery, confirming that prior kidney damage worsens outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Collectively, PRAKI outcomes are multifactorial and reflect an intersection of obstetric, renal, and systemic determinants. Early antenatal detection of hypertensive disorders, aggressive hemodynamic stabilization, and timely nephrology involvement, particularly before ICU transfer, could substantially reduce irreversible renal injury and maternal mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is limited by its retrospective design, which inherently limits causal inference, as data were extracted from clinical records that may be incomplete or inconsistently documented. Additionally, the single-center nature of the study limits generalizability, as the findings reflect the patient population and health system practices of a tertiary referral facility and may not be representative of community or primary-level settings. Furthermore, the relatively small sample size, particularly in subgroups such as those requiring dialysis or those with rare complications, reduced the statistical power.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the significant burden of PRAKI in a tertiary hospital setting in Ghana, with adverse maternal renal outcomes strongly associated with second-trimester presentation, postpartum status, ICU admission, preexisting kidney disease, hypertensive disorders, and selected complications. The high rates of progression to CKD or ESKD underscore PRAKI as not only an acute obstetric complication but also a contributor to the long-term burden of kidney disease in low-resource settings. These findings suggest an urgent need for strengthened antenatal surveillance, particularly for women with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, and early recognition of kidney injury at peripheral facilities to prevent delays in referral. Expanding access to diagnostic tools, renal replacement therapy, and critical care in resource-limited settings is essential to reduce preventable maternal morbidity and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePRAKI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePregnancy\u0026ndash;related acute kidney injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eKATH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKomfo Anokye Teaching Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIQR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterquartile range\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCKD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eESKD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnd\u0026ndash;stage kidney disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLMICs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u0026ndash;and middle\u0026ndash;income countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eICU\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntensive Care Unit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAKI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcute kidney injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGFR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlomerular filtration rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSBP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystolic blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDBP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiastolic blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eC/S\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCesarean section\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHPT\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHELLP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDIC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisseminated intravascular coagulation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOHSS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvarian hyperstimulation syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCVA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCardiovascular accident\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAPH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntepartum hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePPH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostpartum hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCGN\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic glomerulonephritis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSCD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSickle cell disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHIV\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuman immune virus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMOF\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiorgan failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e Ethical approval was obtained from the KATH Institutional Review Board (ethical clearance ID: KATH IRB/AP/053/25). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and participants\u0026rsquo; data anonymised. Data collection adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with applicable local regulatory standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication was sought from the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was self-financed by the authors\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePO: Conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; IO: Conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; SAO: Data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; MTL: Data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript; PK: Data collection and analysis; PA: Data analysis, drafting of the manuscript; AOB: Data collection and drafting of the manuscript; KAS: Data collection and drafting of the manuscript; RKDE: Conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, drafting of the manuscript. All the authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe acknowledge the staff of KATH who assisted during data collection and the participants whose data were used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKucirka LM, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Pregnancy-Related End-Stage Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2346314.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Y, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):235.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirling BJ, et al. Acute kidney injury and adverse outcomes of critical illness: correlation or causation? Clin Kidney J. 2019;13(2):133\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeena P, et al. Pregnancy-associated acute kidney injury as an important driver of chronic kidney disease in females in developing countries: A systematic review. Maternal Health Neonatology Perinatol. 2025;11(1):24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDavidson B, et al. Pregnancy-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Low-Resource Settings: Progress Over the Last Decade. Semin Nephrol. 2022;42(5):151317.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNelson-Piercy C, et al. Pregnancy-associated acute kidney injury \u0026mdash; consensus report of the 32nd Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2025;21(9):633\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBatte A, et al. Infections and Acute Kidney Injury: A Global Perspective. Semin Nephrol. 2023;43(5):151466.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShalaby AS, Shemies RS. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in the African continent: where do we stand? A systematic review. J Nephrol. 2022;35(9):2175\u0026ndash;89.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKontomanolis EN et al. Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury: Causes and Its Impact on Perinatal Outcomes-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med, 2025. 14(17).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGriffin A, et al. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury leads to hypertension, reduced kidney function and cognitive impairment in postpartum rats. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1468793.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTran PNT, et al. Incidence of pregnancy-associated acute kidney injury in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2025;103(8):493.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAffram R, Mate-Kole M. \u003cem\u003ePregnancy related acute renal failure in Ghana.\u003c/em\u003e 1989.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohn A, et al. Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1\u0026ndash;138.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Hook JW. Acute kidney injury during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;57(4):851\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBellomo R et al. \u003cem\u003eAcute renal failure\u0026ndash;definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group.\u003c/em\u003e Critical care, 2004. 8(4): p. R204.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLevin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int. 2014;85(1):49\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArrayhani M, Youbi RE, Sqalli T. \u003cem\u003ePregnancy-related acute kidney injury: experience of the nephrology unit at the university hospital of fez, morocco.\u003c/em\u003e ISRN Nephrol, 2013. 2013: p. 109034.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuhammad AS, et al. Pregnancy Related Acute Kidney Injury, Clinical profile and Outcome of management: an experience from 3 years retrospective review in a specialist hospital in Gusau, North-Western Nigeria. Trop J Nephrol. 2017;12(2):17\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrhewere EP, Okoye OC, Adejumo OA. Incidence of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Low Resource Setting: A Prospective Study. Niger Med J. 2023;64(5):627\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShahid R, et al. Outcome of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury and Resulting Maternal Renal Morbidity in a South Asian Population: A Single-Center Study. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e90977.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerhe E, et al. Characteristics and outcome of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in a teaching hospital in a low-resource setting: a five-year retrospective review. BMC Nephrol. 2024;25(1):182.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaber-Hight E, Shah S. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(6):455\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuhammad N, Liaqat N. Causes and outcome of pregnancy related acute kidney injury. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(1Part\u0026ndash;I):64\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNg'ethe W, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury: A retrospective study in the obstetric critical care unit at Kenyatta National Hospital 2020 to 2023. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2025;5(4):e0004396.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahesh E, et al. Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury: An analysis of 165 cases. Indian J Nephrol. 2017;27(2):113\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBanda J, et al. Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Intensive Care Unit at a Teaching Tertiary Hospital_ID. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(2):116\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGao LN et al. \u003cem\u003eAssociation of Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers (NLR, MLR, PLR, SII, SIRI) with Preeclampsia-Related Kidney Injury: A Retrospective Observational Study.\u003c/em\u003e J Inflamm Res, 2025. 18: pp. 12725\u0026ndash;12738.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang L, et al. Evaluation of Risk and Prognosis Factors of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With HELLP Syndrome During Pregnancy. Frontiers in Physiology; 2021. pp. 12\u0026ndash;2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSzczepanski J et al. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancies Complicated With Preeclampsia or HELLP Syndrome. Front Med, 2020. Volume 7\u0026ndash;2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMehta RL, et al. International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative for acute kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): a human rights case for nephrology. Lancet. 2015;385(9987):2616\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Y-F, et al. The chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury involvement in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1):e0244779.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdeloye D, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Nigeria in 1995 and 2020: A systematic analysis of current evidence. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(5):963\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzinge IE, et al. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among adults in a select population in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria. J Public Health Afr. 2023;14(4):2224.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohamed SF, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and their determinants: results from a national survey in Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(Suppl 3):1219.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWaziri B, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with pregnancy-related acute kidney injury in a high-risk cohort of women in Nigeria. J Nephrol. 2024;37(3):587\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBraunthal S, Brateanu A. Hypertension in pregnancy: Pathophysiology and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119843700.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAwaludin A et al. Antihypertensive Medications for Severe Hypertension in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthc (Basel), 2022. 10(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGriffin KM, Oxford-Horrey C, Bourjeily G. Obstetric Disorders and Critical Illness. Clin Chest Med. 2022;43(3):471\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSutton ALM, Harper LM, Tita ATN. Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(2):333\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoronge D, Sullivan JC, Faulkner JL. Physiology of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury. Compr Physiol. 2023;13(3):4869\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Khalaf S, et al. Chronic kidney disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(5):656\u0026ndash;e67032.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury, Maternal outcomes, Predictors, Chronic kidney disease, Hypertensive disorders, Sepsis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7876293/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7876293/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PRAKI) remains a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries despite global advances in obstetric and renal care. In Ghana, contemporary data are scarce, limiting the understanding of its clinical spectrum and outcomes. This study evaluated the demographic, clinical, biochemical, and obstetric predictors of maternal outcomes among women with PRAKI managed at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 108 women diagnosed with PRAKI between 2020 and 2024. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric, biochemical, and pharmacological parameters were extracted from medical records. Continuous variables are presented as medians (IQRs), and categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analyses were performed via chi-square and Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis tests, followed by multinomial logistic regression to identify independent predictors of death and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). A p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the participants was 32.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6 years, with the majority being aged 31\u0026ndash;40 years (48.1%) and married (83.2%). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (35.9%) and sepsis (39.3%) were the predominant causes of PRAKI. At diagnosis, 47.7% were pregnant, and 52.3% were postpartum. Most patients (90.7%) were managed conservatively, whereas 10.3% required hemodialysis. The overall renal recovery rate was 51.4%, while 11.2% of the patients progressed to CKD/ESKD, and 37.4% died. Compared with antepartum diagnosis, postpartum presentation was associated with greater recovery (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017). Trimester status, preexisting CKD, malignant hypertension, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were significantly associated with maternal outcomes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Multinomial regression confirmed pregnancy status and ICU admission as independent predictors of mortality, and preexisting CKD was the strongest predictor of poor renal recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePRAKI in KATH predominantly affects women in their reproductive prime and is largely driven by preventable hypertensive and septic complications. Despite advances in obstetric care, mortality and incomplete renal recovery remain high. Early identification of high-risk pregnancies, prompt management of hypertensive and infectious complications, and improved access to renal replacement therapy are crucial to reducing the burden of PRAKI and its long-term sequelae in Ghana and similar resource-limited settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Clinical Characteristics, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana: A Retrospective Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 06:32:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7876293/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-01T15:38:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T15:04:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-23T20:10:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"284577296721596174873528892776532930080","date":"2025-11-15T06:38:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"234503810474099639164781185988991115739","date":"2025-11-13T13:07:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-13T11:22:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T07:06:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T08:22:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T13:20:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","date":"2025-10-17T13:17:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"299598b6-a6cb-46ff-acc1-d40d99d3c716","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-01T15:38:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T15:23:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 06:32:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7876293","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7876293","identity":"rs-7876293","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}