Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform

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To overcome the current limitation in molecular resources, we launched the Squalomix Consortium in 2020 to promote a genome-wide array of molecular approaches, specifically targeting shark and ray species. Among the various bottlenecks in working with elasmobranchs are their elusiveness and low fecundity as well as the large and highly repetitive genomes. Their peculiar body fluid composition has also hindered the establishment of methods to perform routine cell culturing required for their karyotyping. In the Squalomix consortium, these obstacles are expected to be solved through a combination of in-house cytological techniques including karyotyping of cultured cells, chromatin preparation for Hi-C data acquisition, and high fidelity long-read sequencing. The resources and products obtained in this consortium, including genome and transcriptome sequences, a genome browser powered by JBrowse2 to visualize sequence alignments, and comprehensive matrices of gene expression profiles for selected species are accessible through https://github.com/Squalomix/info." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077", "name": "Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing..." } } ] } Home Browse Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Nishimura O, Rozewicki J, Yamaguchi K et al. Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Data Note Revised Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] Osamu Nishimura https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-2580 1 * , John Rozewicki 1 * , Kazuaki Yamaguchi 1 , [...] Kaori Tatsumi 1 , Yuta Ohishi 1 , Tazro Ohta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-5945 2 , Masaru Yagura 3 , Taiki Niwa 3,4 , Chiharu Tanegashima 1 , Akinori Teramura 5 , Shotaro Hirase 5 , Akane Kawaguchi 3 , Milton Tan 6 , Salvatore D'Aniello 7 , Filipe Castro 8,9 , André Machado 9 , Mitsumasa Koyanagi 10 , Akihisa Terakita 10 , Ryo Misawa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-5670 11 , Masayuki Horie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-7698 12 , Junna Kawasaki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6609-5300 13 , Takashi Asahida 14 , Atsuko Yamaguchi 15 , Kiyomi Murakumo 16 , Rui Matsumoto 16 , Iker Irisarri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3628-1137 17 , Norio Miyamoto 18 , Atsushi Toyoda 19 , Sho Tanaka 20 , Tatsuya Sakamoto 21 , Yasuko Semba 22 , Shinya Yamauchi 23 , Kazuyuki Yamada 24 , Kiyonori Nishida 25 , Itsuki Kiyatake 25 , Keiichi Sato 16 , Susumu Hyodo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-2386 26 , Mitsutaka Kadota 1 , Yoshinobu Uno 27 , Shigehiro Kuraku https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-8388 1,3,4 Osamu Nishimura https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-2580 1 * , John Rozewicki 1 * , [...] Kazuaki Yamaguchi 1 , Kaori Tatsumi 1 , Yuta Ohishi 1 , Tazro Ohta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-5945 2 , Masaru Yagura 3 , Taiki Niwa 3,4 , Chiharu Tanegashima 1 , Akinori Teramura 5 , Shotaro Hirase 5 , Akane Kawaguchi 3 , Milton Tan 6 , Salvatore D'Aniello 7 , Filipe Castro 8,9 , André Machado 9 , Mitsumasa Koyanagi 10 , Akihisa Terakita 10 , Ryo Misawa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-5670 11 , Masayuki Horie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-7698 12 , Junna Kawasaki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6609-5300 13 , Takashi Asahida 14 , Atsuko Yamaguchi 15 , Kiyomi Murakumo 16 , Rui Matsumoto 16 , Iker Irisarri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3628-1137 17 , Norio Miyamoto 18 , Atsushi Toyoda 19 , Sho Tanaka 20 , Tatsuya Sakamoto 21 , Yasuko Semba 22 , Shinya Yamauchi 23 , Kazuyuki Yamada 24 , Kiyonori Nishida 25 , Itsuki Kiyatake 25 , Keiichi Sato 16 , Susumu Hyodo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-2386 26 , Mitsutaka Kadota 1 , Yoshinobu Uno 27 , Shigehiro Kuraku https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-8388 1,3,4 * Equal contributors PUBLISHED 08 May 2025 Author details Author details 1 Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-0024, Japan 2 Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Database Center for Life Science, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan 3 Molecular Life History Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan 4 Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan 5 Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-0214, Japan 6 Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA 7 Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy 8 Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 9 Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 10 Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka, Japan 11 Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hachinohe, Aomori, Japan 12 Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan 13 Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 14 School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan 15 Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan 16 Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan 17 Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature-Zoology, Hamburg, 20146, Germany 18 X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan 19 Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan 20 School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 21 Ushimado Marine Institute, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Setouchi, Japan., Okayama, Japan 22 Highly Migratory Resources Division, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 23 Aquamarine Fukushima, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan 24 Marine Science Museum, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 25 Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, Osaka, Osaka, Japan 26 Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo,, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan 27 Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Osamu Nishimura Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Resources John Rozewicki Roles: Formal Analysis, Resources, Software Kazuaki Yamaguchi Roles: Formal Analysis Kaori Tatsumi Roles: Methodology, Resources Yuta Ohishi Roles: Formal Analysis Tazro Ohta Roles: Formal Analysis Masaru Yagura Roles: Formal Analysis Taiki Niwa Roles: Formal Analysis Chiharu Tanegashima Roles: Methodology, Resources Akinori Teramura Roles: Formal Analysis Shotaro Hirase Roles: Formal Analysis Akane Kawaguchi Roles: Formal Analysis Milton Tan Roles: Formal Analysis Salvatore D'Aniello Roles: Formal Analysis Filipe Castro Roles: Formal Analysis André Machado Roles: Formal Analysis Mitsumasa Koyanagi Roles: Formal Analysis Akihisa Terakita Roles: Formal Analysis Ryo Misawa Roles: Resources Masayuki Horie Roles: Resources Junna Kawasaki Roles: Resources Takashi Asahida Roles: Supervision Atsuko Yamaguchi Roles: Supervision Kiyomi Murakumo Roles: Resources Rui Matsumoto Roles: Resources Iker Irisarri Roles: Supervision Norio Miyamoto Roles: Resources Atsushi Toyoda Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis Sho Tanaka Roles: Supervision Tatsuya Sakamoto Roles: Resources Yasuko Semba Roles: Resources Shinya Yamauchi Roles: Resources Kazuyuki Yamada Roles: Resources Kiyonori Nishida Roles: Resources, Supervision Itsuki Kiyatake Roles: Resources Keiichi Sato Roles: Resources, Supervision Susumu Hyodo Roles: Supervision Mitsutaka Kadota Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Resources Yoshinobu Uno Roles: Formal Analysis Shigehiro Kuraku Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Japan Institutional Gateway gateway. This article is included in the Genomics and Genetics gateway. Abstract The taxon Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) contains one of the most long-established evolutionary lineages of vertebrates with a tantalizing collection of species occupying critical aquatic habitats. To overcome the current limitation in molecular resources, we launched the Squalomix Consortium in 2020 to promote a genome-wide array of molecular approaches, specifically targeting shark and ray species. Among the various bottlenecks in working with elasmobranchs are their elusiveness and low fecundity as well as the large and highly repetitive genomes. Their peculiar body fluid composition has also hindered the establishment of methods to perform routine cell culturing required for their karyotyping. In the Squalomix consortium, these obstacles are expected to be solved through a combination of in-house cytological techniques including karyotyping of cultured cells, chromatin preparation for Hi-C data acquisition, and high fidelity long-read sequencing. The resources and products obtained in this consortium, including genome and transcriptome sequences, a genome browser powered by JBrowse2 to visualize sequence alignments, and comprehensive matrices of gene expression profiles for selected species are accessible through https://github.com/Squalomix/info . READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Shark, ray, chimaera, biodiversity genomics, whole genome sequencing, karyotype Corresponding Author(s) Shigehiro Kuraku ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Shigehiro Kuraku Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The consortium is funded by intramural budgets granted by RIKEN and the National Institute of Genetics, Japan, as well as JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 20H03269 and 16H06279 (PAGS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Nishimura O et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Nishimura O, Rozewicki J, Yamaguchi K et al. Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.2 ) First published: 21 Sep 2022, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.1 ) Latest published: 08 May 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 Some expressions in Introduction and Figure 1 have been modified, and the obsolete web links have been replaced with new URLs. Some expressions in Introduction and Figure 1 have been modified, and the obsolete web links have been replaced with new URLs. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction Although usually recognized as a kind of ‘fish’ like actinopterygian fishes, cartilaginous fishes (chondrichthyans) form a distinct class of vertebrates with more than 1,200 species, known mostly as sharks and rays ( Figure 1 ; Nelson et al. , 2016 ). Their evolutionary history is amongst the longest among vertebrates, of about 400 million years, in terms of the divergence of extant members ( Naylor et al. , 2012 ). Whereas its diversity might not be widely recognized, species in this taxon are characterized by several unique traits including electromagnetic sensing (all cartilaginous fishes), electricity generation (electric rays), diverse morphology sometimes with a flattened body (angelsharks and most rays) and/or a toothed rostrum (sawsharks and sawfishes). The highlight of their biological enigmas is in their reproductive modes with high plasticity between oviparity and viviparity, and occasionally parthenogenesis and intersexuality ( Penfold and Wyffels, 2019 ). Mainly because of overfishing, many cartilaginous fish populations are declining ( Pacoureau et al. , 2021 ), and evidence-based resource management would greatly benefit from the establishment of genomic platforms. Figure 1. Chondrichthyan phylogeny and taxon sampling in the Squalomix Consortium. This figure includes some chondrichthyan species selected to represent the individual taxonomic orders that reflect the local fauna of Japan and are/will be analyzed by the consortium by genome or transcriptome sequencing (as of April 10, 2022). The full list of species and current status can be found in https://squalomix.github.io/ . Despite the outstanding evolutionary and biological importance of chondrichthyans, modern genomic approaches have only recently been applied to cartilaginous fishes (reviewed in Kuraku, 2021 ). The only exception is the effort commenced before 2010 on the elephant fish Callorhinchus milii ( Venkatesh et al. , 2014 ), a member of the Holocephali (chimaeras and ratfishes), the more species-poor chondrichthyan lineage, with a relatively small genome size of about 1.9 gigabasepairs (Gbp). In contrast, most elasmobranchs have genomes of more than 3 Gbp plagued with abundant repetitive elements. Squalomix: consortium scope and organization The Squalomix Consortium ( Figure 2A ) was launched in 2020 aiming to provide the genome sequence and other genome-wide data for chondrichthyan species including transcriptomes and epigenomes. Sample processing and data production is conducted by the Molecular Life History Laboratory at the National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, and the Laboratory for Phyloinformatics in RIKEN Kobe, Japan, which harbors a DNA Analysis Facility. The consortium is funded by academic agencies as of May 2022 and is seeking additional funding sources, especially from industrial groups oriented toward the conservation of biodiversity and marine environments. In November 2020, the Squalomix Consortium became affiliated with Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), the global initiative to promote biodiversity genomics ( Lewin et al. , 2022 ). The collaborative network at the Squalomix Consortium includes an extensive range of expertise and worldwide distribution. Figure 2. Squalomix Consortium. A, Consortium logo. B, One of the main study species, the red stingray Hemitrygon akajei. Photo credit: Itsuki Kiyatake. Versatile sample collection featuring the local fauna In Squalomix, sample collection is performed cautiously to minimize the sacrifice of wildlife—especially those with an endangered status. The collection focuses mainly on the rich marine fauna in Japan’s neighboring temperate waters, with occasional sources from death stranding for elusive species. The project collaborates closely with local aquariums oriented toward academic science. Their contributions play indispensable roles in relaying offshore sampling and enable sustainable sampling of embryos and blood from live individuals, although the latter approach is limited to species that can be bred in captivity and are amenable to husbandry. Another strength of the Squalomix Consortium is its expertise in laboratory solutions that are not confined to DNA sequencing, but additionally explore post-genome approaches to decipher the molecular basis of chondrichthyan phenotypic evolution. Access to fresh tissues from local aquaria facilitates embryological analysis, genome size quantification with flow cytometry, and karyotyping from cell cultures ( Figure 3 ). Remarkably, cell culture in cartilaginous fishes, which was long thought difficult because of their high body fluid osmolarity, was enabled by modifying the culture medium with balancing osmolytes ( Uno et al. , 2020 ). Our cytological expertise also allowed various epigenomic analyses that benefit from whole genome sequencing, on transcription factor binding with ChIP-seq ( Hara et al. , 2018 ) and chromatin openness with ATAC-seq, in addition to long-range DNA interactions with Hi-C ( Kadota et al. , 2020 ; Onimaru et al. , 2021 ). These techniques contributed to biological analyses based on the draft genome sequences of three shark species ( Hara et al. , 2018 ), which launched the Squalomix Consortium. Figure 3. Typical work flow in the Squalomix Consortium. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is mainly performed with the Sequel II/IIe platform (Pacific Biosciences, Inc.) to obtain high-fidelity (HiFi) long reads, which is supplemented by short-read sequencing. Extraction of high molecular weight (HMW) genomic DNA is mainly performed using the NucleoBond columns (Macherey-Nagel, Inc.) and the extracted DNA is controlled with Agilent TapeStation systems (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) as well as conventional pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometry for genome size estimation employs the Ploidy Analyser platform (Sysmex Inc.). Hi-C sample preparation employs the iconHi-C protocol ( Kadota et al. , 2020 ) that was optimized in-house based on several existing protocols. Sequencing strategy and recent progress The sequencing strategy in the Squalomix Consortium is designed to accommodate genomic characteristics of cartilaginous fishes, mostly with large, repetitive genomes. In the standard protocol formulated in January 2021 ( Figure 3 ), we start by estimating genome size using flow cytometry and karyotyping as well as by ‘survey’ sequencing of transcriptomes, which serves for species identity verification with an assembled mitochondrial DNA sequence. These initial steps ensure sample authenticity and quality. We then proceed to genome sequencing, which employs both short-read and long-read high-fidelity (‘HiFi’) sequencing platforms, together with Hi-C data production for chromosome-scale scaffolding based on three-dimensional DNA interactions. The long-read data are obtained using the Sequel II or IIe platforms (Pacific Biosciences, Inc.) with a minimum sequencing depth of 20x. The assembly outputs are evaluated with reference to their coverage of protein-coding gene space, as well as transcriptome data, genome size, and karyotypic organization obtained separately. These validations allow us to scrutinize the inclusion of those genomic regions that are difficult to sequence and assemble, such as the Hox C genes that were previously thought to be missing in elasmobranchs but were retrieved by elaborate annotation ( Hara et al. , 2018 ; reviewed in Kuraku, 2021 ). Complete genome assemblies are critical to validate gene loss and variations in gene repertoires via synteny/phylogeny comparisons, previously suggested for visual opsins and conventional olfactory receptors ( Hara et al. , 2018 ). The standard procedure outlined above ( Figure 3 ) has been applied to several study species, including the red stingray Hemitrygon akajei ( Figure 2B ) for which a draft genome assembly has been made available for BLAST searches at the Squalomix sequence archive ( Figure 4A ; https://treethinkers.nig.ac.jp/squalomix/ ). Figure 4. Overview of the Squalomix data sharing platform. A, Sequence similarity search (BLAST) in elasmobranch genome and transcriptome sequences. B, Molecular phylogeny inference facilitated by the existing combination of aLeaves (that hosts products of Squalomix) and MAFFT webservers ( Kuraku et al. , 2013 ). C, Interactive genome browser employing JBrowse2 version 1.6.9 ( Buels et al. , 2016 ) for the zebra shark Stegostoma tigrinum (or S. fasciatum ) based on its first genome assembly sSteFas1.1 (NCBI Genome ID, GCA_022316705.1). The websites providing these functions are found through the main consortium gateway ( https://squalomix.github.io/ ). Cooperation toward the global goals The Squalomix Consortium aims not only to sequence and analyze the genomes but also to tightly interact with other research groups whose target species list contains cartilaginous fishes including other EBP-affiliated projects (see below). To maximize mutual benefit among those projects, some animal samples from our collection could be provided for genome sequencing at other sites. The Squalomix Consortium offers laboratory experiments for genome size quantification or karyotype analysis for species listed by other consortia, provided that fresh cells are available. The sample transfer will be processed in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol and other relevant regulations. Inclusive cooperation respecting complementary expertise is expected to overcome the long-standing difficulty in studying elasmobranchs sustainably and contribute to disentangling the marine ecosystems for effective conservation. Data sharing platforms Once produced, genome assemblies pass rigid quality controls and are deposited in the NCBI Genome under the NCBI BioProject ID PRJNA707598 and made available as database for BLAST searches at our Squalomix sequence archive ( https://treethinkers.nig.ac.jp/squalomix/blast/ ). This archive also has a link to the up-to-date listing of the species for which genome sequences are available, filed by the GenomeSync database ( http://genomesync.org/ ). The archive website also hosts a gateway to genome browsers powered by JBrowse2 that allow users to visualize specific genomic regions and load additional tracks including base composition, gene models, repetitive elements, and aligned RNA-seq reads ( Figure 4C ). We also provide comprehensive matrices of expression profiles for predicted genes of the brownbanded bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum and the cloudy catshark Scyliorhinus torazame that were already quantified and normalized based on RNA-seq data of various tissues for our past publication ( Hara et al. , 2018 ). Other pioneering efforts tackling elasmobranch genomes Some elasmobranch genomes have already been sequenced by other pioneering working groups ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/data-hub/genome/?taxon=7777&reference_only=true ). This includes the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), whose data production format employs a suite of modern promising solutions including optical mapping and Hi-C scaffolding as well as long-read and short-read sequencing, to cover all vertebrate species ( Rhie et al. , 2021 ). The initial VGP progress report released the genome sequences of the thorny skate Amblyraja radiata (NCBI Genome ID, GCA_010909765.2). The Darwin Tree of Life (DToL) Project partly links with VGP and aims to sequence all eukaryotic species in Britain and Ireland. DToL’s first chondrichthyan genome is that of the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, the egg-laying species most widely studied in developmental biology and endocrinology (NCBI Genome ID, GCA_902713615.1). The recently launched European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) also plans to produce reference chromosome anchored genomes of multiple species from this geography including cartilaginous fish aiming to empower conservation efforts ( Formenti et al. , 2022 ). Researchers in China launched the Fish10K project that partially targets cartilaginous fishes ( Fan, et al. , 2020 ). In addition, the DNA Zoo project puts special emphasis on Hi-C scaffolding ( Rao et al. , 2014 ), often using available genome assemblies already released by other groups as input and performing chromosome-scale genome scaffolding using Hi-C data even in the presence of intra-specific genomic variations. So far, the DNA Zoo effort produced the chromosome-scale genome assemblies of the brownbanded bamboo shark C. punctatum and the whale shark Rhincodon typus , each of which was produced using samples from multiple individuals ( Hoencamp et al. , 2021 ). All the above efforts are expected to be coordinated under the overarching EBP initiative, in order to play complementary roles towards the global aim of generating high-quality genomic resources. Data availability Products from this consortium are deposited in NCBI under the BioProject ID PRJNA707598 and are available at our Squalomix sequence archive ( https://treethinkers.nig.ac.jp/squalomix/ ). 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 21 Sep 2022 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-0024, Japan 2 Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Database Center for Life Science, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan 3 Molecular Life History Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan 4 Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan 5 Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-0214, Japan 6 Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA 7 Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy 8 Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 9 Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal 10 Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka, Japan 11 Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hachinohe, Aomori, Japan 12 Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan 13 Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 14 School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan 15 Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan 16 Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan 17 Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature-Zoology, Hamburg, 20146, Germany 18 X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan 19 Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan 20 School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 21 Ushimado Marine Institute, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Setouchi, Japan., Okayama, Japan 22 Highly Migratory Resources Division, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 23 Aquamarine Fukushima, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan 24 Marine Science Museum, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 25 Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, Osaka, Osaka, Japan 26 Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo,, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan 27 Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Osamu Nishimura Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Resources John Rozewicki Roles: Formal Analysis, Resources, Software Kazuaki Yamaguchi Roles: Formal Analysis Kaori Tatsumi Roles: Methodology, Resources Yuta Ohishi Roles: Formal Analysis Tazro Ohta Roles: Formal Analysis Masaru Yagura Roles: Formal Analysis Taiki Niwa Roles: Formal Analysis Chiharu Tanegashima Roles: Methodology, Resources Akinori Teramura Roles: Formal Analysis Shotaro Hirase Roles: Formal Analysis Akane Kawaguchi Roles: Formal Analysis Milton Tan Roles: Formal Analysis Salvatore D'Aniello Roles: Formal Analysis Filipe Castro Roles: Formal Analysis André Machado Roles: Formal Analysis Mitsumasa Koyanagi Roles: Formal Analysis Akihisa Terakita Roles: Formal Analysis Ryo Misawa Roles: Resources Masayuki Horie Roles: Resources Junna Kawasaki Roles: Resources Takashi Asahida Roles: Supervision Atsuko Yamaguchi Roles: Supervision Kiyomi Murakumo Roles: Resources Rui Matsumoto Roles: Resources Iker Irisarri Roles: Supervision Norio Miyamoto Roles: Resources Atsushi Toyoda Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis Sho Tanaka Roles: Supervision Tatsuya Sakamoto Roles: Resources Yasuko Semba Roles: Resources Shinya Yamauchi Roles: Resources Kazuyuki Yamada Roles: Resources Kiyonori Nishida Roles: Resources, Supervision Itsuki Kiyatake Roles: Resources Keiichi Sato Roles: Resources, Supervision Susumu Hyodo Roles: Supervision Mitsutaka Kadota Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Resources Yoshinobu Uno Roles: Formal Analysis Shigehiro Kuraku Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The consortium is funded by intramural budgets granted by RIKEN and the National Institute of Genetics, Japan, as well as JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 20H03269 and 16H06279 (PAGS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 08 May 2025, 11:1077 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.2 version 1 Published: 21 Sep 2022, 11:1077 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.1 Copyright © 2025 Nishimura O et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Nishimura O, Rozewicki J, Yamaguchi K et al. Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123591.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 21 Sep 2022 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Larhammar D and Lagman D. Reviewer Report For: Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151219 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077/v1#referee-response-151219 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 13 Oct 2022 Dan Larhammar , Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden David Lagman , Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151219 I greet this initiative with great enthusiasm. The description is well written, clear and easy to follow. I have just a few comments that I hope the authors will consider. In the introduction, the authors describe Chondrichthyes ... Continue reading READ ALL I greet this initiative with great enthusiasm. The description is well written, clear and easy to follow. I have just a few comments that I hope the authors will consider. In the introduction, the authors describe Chondrichthyes as the oldest vertebrate class ("longest evolutionary history"). However, this is due to the imprecise use of the term "class" in vertebrate taxonomy where both Chondrichthyes and Mammalia are designated as classes. Thus, classes are not of equal temporal rank. Furthermore, the authors' statement is not quite true, because even Agnatha has the taxonomic rank as a vertebrate class and would thereby be even earlier than Chondrichthyes. I would recommend the authors to describe Chondrichthyes instead as one of the two lineages resulting from the first bifurcation or divergence in (the infraphylum of) Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates). This, by the way, means that Osteichthyes is as old as Chondrichthyes! Please correct the grammar of the expression "Despite these outstanding evolutionary and biological importance…". It probably needs to be rephrased, perhaps like this: "Despite the outstanding evolutionary and biological importance of chondrichthyans…" (or elasmobranchs if you prefer to focus on these). Shouldn't "giga basepairs" be one word as one would surely write megabasepairs and kilobasepairs. Figure 1: The expression "Other osteichthyans" is imprecies. I assume the authors want to avoid the term "Sarcopterygians" for this group because pterygi means fins/wings, and most tetrapods don't have them. Maybe it's better to just delete "Other osteichthyans" and let this branch be called "Tetrapods, lungfishes and coelacanths) (without capital initial letters). Is the rationale for creating the dataset(s) clearly described? Yes Are the protocols appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and materials provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Gene family evolution, pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors, mechanism of long-term memory We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Larhammar D and Lagman D. Reviewer Report For: Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151219 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077/v1#referee-response-151219 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Debiais-Thibaud M. Reviewer Report For: Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151220 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077/v1#referee-response-151220 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Sep 2022 Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud , Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151220 In this Data note, the authors describe and wrap-up all available material generated through their consortium named Squalomix, in which a set of biological material and sequence data obtained in elasmobranch organisms are made available to the research community. The ... Continue reading READ ALL In this Data note, the authors describe and wrap-up all available material generated through their consortium named Squalomix, in which a set of biological material and sequence data obtained in elasmobranch organisms are made available to the research community. The rationale, protocol, material and data availability are clearly described in this Note. Is the rationale for creating the dataset(s) clearly described? Yes Are the protocols appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and materials provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Developmental genetics, EvoDevo I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Debiais-Thibaud M. Reviewer Report For: Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151220 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077/v1#referee-response-151220 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 30 Apr 2025 Shigehiro Kuraku , Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 657-0024, Japan 30 Apr 2025 Author Response It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide ... Continue reading It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide the final version. It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide the final version. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 30 Apr 2025 Shigehiro Kuraku , Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 657-0024, Japan 30 Apr 2025 Author Response It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide ... Continue reading It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide the final version. It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide the final version. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 21 Sep 2022 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 2 (revision) 08 May 25 Version 1 21 Sep 22 read read Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud , Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France Dan Larhammar , Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden David Lagman , Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2022 Larhammar D et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Oct 2022 | for Version 1 Dan Larhammar , Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden David Lagman , Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 0 Views copyright © 2022 Larhammar D et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I greet this initiative with great enthusiasm. The description is well written, clear and easy to follow. I have just a few comments that I hope the authors will consider. In the introduction, the authors describe Chondrichthyes as the oldest vertebrate class ("longest evolutionary history"). However, this is due to the imprecise use of the term "class" in vertebrate taxonomy where both Chondrichthyes and Mammalia are designated as classes. Thus, classes are not of equal temporal rank. Furthermore, the authors' statement is not quite true, because even Agnatha has the taxonomic rank as a vertebrate class and would thereby be even earlier than Chondrichthyes. I would recommend the authors to describe Chondrichthyes instead as one of the two lineages resulting from the first bifurcation or divergence in (the infraphylum of) Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates). This, by the way, means that Osteichthyes is as old as Chondrichthyes! Please correct the grammar of the expression "Despite these outstanding evolutionary and biological importance…". It probably needs to be rephrased, perhaps like this: "Despite the outstanding evolutionary and biological importance of chondrichthyans…" (or elasmobranchs if you prefer to focus on these). Shouldn't "giga basepairs" be one word as one would surely write megabasepairs and kilobasepairs. Figure 1: The expression "Other osteichthyans" is imprecies. I assume the authors want to avoid the term "Sarcopterygians" for this group because pterygi means fins/wings, and most tetrapods don't have them. Maybe it's better to just delete "Other osteichthyans" and let this branch be called "Tetrapods, lungfishes and coelacanths) (without capital initial letters). Is the rationale for creating the dataset(s) clearly described? Yes Are the protocols appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and materials provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Gene family evolution, pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors, mechanism of long-term memory We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Larhammar D and Lagman D. Peer Review Report For: Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151219) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077/v1#referee-response-151219 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2022 Debiais-Thibaud M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Sep 2022 | for Version 1 Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud , Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France 0 Views copyright © 2022 Debiais-Thibaud M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions In this Data note, the authors describe and wrap-up all available material generated through their consortium named Squalomix, in which a set of biological material and sequence data obtained in elasmobranch organisms are made available to the research community. The rationale, protocol, material and data availability are clearly described in this Note. Is the rationale for creating the dataset(s) clearly described? Yes Are the protocols appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and materials provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Developmental genetics, EvoDevo I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 30 Apr 2025 Shigehiro Kuraku, Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 657-0024, Japan It took a lot of time to come back here, but we appreciate your review. We have modified the manuscript to incorporate your suggestions from the other reviewer and provide the final version. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Debiais-Thibaud M. Peer Review Report For: Squalomix: shark and ray genome analysis consortium and its data sharing platform [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 11 :1077 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.135712.r151220) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1077/v1#referee-response-151220 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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