Field Surveys on the Diversity and Damage Severity of Insect Pests in Jackfruit Orchards of Rangpur Division, Bangladesh

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Wakiluzzaman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6295009/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) is a vital fruit crop in Bangladesh, playing a crucial role in food security, rural livelihoods, and the national economy. However, jackfruit orchards face significant threats from various insect pests and diseases, leading to substantial yield losses. This study aims to assess the diversity of insect pests affecting jackfruit and evaluate the severity of damage across different districts in the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. A structured field survey was conducted across eight districts, where data on pest prevalence, damage severity, and management practices were collected through direct observation and farmer interviews. Statistical analysis revealed significant variation in insect pest diversity and infestation rates across districts. Fruit borers ( Dacus dorsalis ), bark-eating caterpillars ( Indarbela tetraonis ), and mealybugs ( Planococcus lilacinus ) were identified as the most prevalent insect pests causing substantial damage. The study highlights the urgent need for effective pest management strategies, including integrated pest management (IPM) and farmer education programs, to minimize losses and ensure sustainable jackfruit production in Bangladesh. Findings from this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers to develop targeted interventions for pest control and orchard management. Jackfruit pests Insect diversity Damage severity Field survey Rangpur Division Integrated pest management (IPM) Fruit borers (Dacus dorsalis) Bark-eating caterpillars (Indarbela tetraonis) Mealybugs (Planococcus lilacinus) Pest infestation Orchard management Agricultural entomology Crop protection Bangladesh agriculture Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 I. INTRODUCTION Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ), the national fruit of Bangladesh, is extensively cultivated due to its economic and nutritional significance (Ngangom and Bandyopadhyay, 2018). It ranks fourth in production volume after banana, mango, and pineapple in the country (Khan and Khan, 2020) . The fruit is rich in carbohydrates, minerals, dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a vital component of the rural diet . Additionally, jackfruit has industrial applications, with its timber being used in furniture production and its seeds utilized in food processing. Despite its importance, jackfruit production faces several challenges, notably from insect pest infestations. Over 250 species of insect pests have been reported to attack jackfruit trees worldwide (Ema, 2021). In Bangladesh, 35 species of insect pests and diseases have been identified as affecting jackfruit plants. Among these, the jackfruit borer ( Diaphania caesalis ) is considered a major pest, causing significant damage to fruits, shoots, and flower buds (Kallekkattil and Mani, 2022). Other notable pests include the jackfruit trunk borer ( Batocera rufomaculata ), which has been observed to infest up to 35.33% of trees in certain areas, with peak infestation occurring in July (Ahmed et al.,2013). The impact of these pests is exacerbated by climatic factors. Seasonal variations influence pest population dynamics, with higher infestations often recorded during the monsoon season due to increased humidity. This underscores the need for effective pest management strategies tailored to local environmental conditions (Choudhury et al., 2021). Current pest management practices in Bangladesh primarily involve traditional methods. However, there is a growing emphasis on integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, combining cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control measures. For instance, the application of Bordeaux paste has been recommended for managing jackfruit borer infestations and associated fungal diseases (Khan et al., 2021). Despite these efforts, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the diversity and damage severity of insect pests in jackfruit orchards, particularly in the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. Understanding the extent of pest infestations and their impact on yield is crucial for developing targeted interventions. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by conducting field surveys to assess insect pest diversity and evaluate damage severity across different districts in the Rangpur Division. The findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers to enhance jackfruit production through effective pest management strategies. Understanding jackfruit diversity and damage severity is essential for ensuring sustainable production and enhancing market value. Identifying pest and disease prevalence can help in developing effective management strategies and reducing post-harvest losses. The findings of this study will benefit farmers, agricultural policymakers, and researchers by providing insights into improving jackfruit cultivation practices and conservation efforts. Furthermore, the study will contribute to the broader discourse on fruit biodiversity and food security in Bangladesh. This study aims to answer the following research questions: 1. What are the major jackfruit varieties found in Rangpur Division? 2. What are the primary pests and diseases affecting jackfruit production in the region? 3. How severe is the damage caused by biotic and abiotic factors? 4. What management practices are currently in use, and how can they be improved? The main objectives of this study are: · To document the diversity of jackfruit varieties in Rangpur Division. · To assess the extent of damage caused by pests, diseases, and environmental factors. · To determine the most vulnerable stages of jackfruit development. · To recommend management strategies for jackfruit production improvement. Jackfruit is an economically and nutritionally significant fruit in Bangladesh, yet its production is threatened by multiple factors. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the diversity of jackfruit in Rangpur Division and the severity of damage affecting it. By conducting extensive field surveys, this research will provide valuable insights into improving jackfruit cultivation and conservation strategies. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted over a period of six months, from January to June 2024, covering the pre-harvest and peak harvesting seasons of jackfruit in the Rangpur Division. A structured field survey was performed across eight districts to assess insect pest diversity and damage severity. Research Design This study adopted a descriptive survey research design to assess the diversity and damage severity of jackfruit in Rangpur Division. The approach combined qualitative and quantitative methods, including field observations, interviews, and laboratory analysis. Study Area The study was conducted in Rangpur Division, which includes the districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, and Thakurgaon. These areas were selected based on jackfruit production intensity. Sampling Strategies A multi-stage random sampling method was used to select 100 jackfruit orchards across the division. Farms were chosen to ensure representation of different environmental conditions and management practices. Individual trees were sampled based on random selection within each orchard. Data Collection Methods Data was collected using the following methods: · Field Observations : Researchers recorded morphological characteristics such as fruit size, shape, rind texture, color, and taste. · Structured Interviews : Farmers and orchard managers were interviewed about their practices, pest and disease experiences, and management strategies. · Damage Severity Evaluation : The incidence and severity of pests, diseases, and environmental damage were measured using a five-point severity scale (0 = No damage, 5 = Severe damage). · Laboratory Analysis : Infected fruit and plant parts were collected and analyzed to identify causative agents. Analytical Approach · Statistical Analysis : Data was analyzed using SPSS software, applying descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and correlation tests to determine relationships between different factors. · GIS Mapping : The spatial distribution of jackfruit diversity and damage severity was mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to visualize patterns. · Qualitative Analysis : Farmer responses were analyzed thematically to identify trends in management practices and challenges. Ethical Considerations This study adhered to ethical research guidelines: · Informed Consent : All participating farmers and stakeholders provided informed consent before data collection. · Confidentiality : Personal and farm-specific data were anonymized to protect participants' privacy. · Environmental Responsibility : The research ensured that no harm was done to the natural environment during sample collection and field surveys. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data Presentation and Key Findings The field survey revealed a wide diversity of jackfruit varieties across the Rangpur Division, with firm-fleshed (Katha) jackfruit being the most prevalent at 50%, followed by soft-fleshed (Khaja) at 35% and mixed-textured varieties at 15% (Table 1). Farmers reported varying levels of pest infestations and disease incidence, which affected fruit yield and quality. The most common insect pests included fruit borers ( Dacus dorsalis ), bark-eating caterpillars ( Indarbela tetraonis ), and mealybugs ( Planococcus lilacinus ). Among diseases, stem rot and anthracnose were the most frequently reported fungal infections. Table 2 highlights the damage severity caused by different insect pests. The highest damage severity was observed in orchards where fruit borers were dominant, particularly in Thakurgaon and Lalmonirhat. The damage severity index varied significantly among districts, with a mean damage percentage ranging from 12% to 38%. The presence of multiple pest species in a single orchard was associated with increased severity levels, emphasizing the need for integrated pest management approaches. Table 1: Distribution of Jackfruit Varieties in Rangpur Division Variety Percentage (%) Most Affected District Firm-fleshed (Katha) 50% Dinajpur Soft-fleshed (Khaja) 35% Rangpur Mixed-textured 15% Nilphamari Table 2: District-wise Diversity of Insect Pests and Damage Severity District Major Insect Pests (Diversity) Damage Severity (%) Nilphamari Fruit borer, Mealybug 40 Rangpur Bark-eating caterpillar, Mealybug 35 Dinajpur Fruit borer, Stem borer 25 Lalmonirhat Bark-eating caterpillar 20 Kurigram Mealybug, Scale insect 15 Gaibandha Fruit borer, Aphid 10 Thakurgaon Bark-eating caterpillar, Mealybug 30 Panchagarh Scale insect, Fruit borer 18 Statistical Analysis and Interpretation The damage severity of jackfruit was assessed using a five-point severity scale. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed a significant difference in damage severity among districts (p < 0.05). The highest pest infestation rates were recorded in Nilphamari and Rangpur, where 40% and 35% of orchards reported severe damage. Correlation analysis showed that poor orchard management and increased rainfall during the fruiting season were strongly associated with higher pest infestations. GIS mapping also indicated that the most severely affected regions were clustered around central Rangpur and Nilphamari. Synthesis of Findings and Implications The study confirmed that pest and disease infestations significantly affect jackfruit yield and quality in Rangpur Division. Farmers in the region primarily rely on traditional pest control methods, which are often inadequate for managing large-scale infestations. The findings suggest that integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including biological control methods and resistant variety development, are necessary to mitigate these challenges. The study also highlights the need for farmer training programs to improve disease identification and control measures. Limitations of Results While this study provides valuable insights into jackfruit diversity and pest damage severity, some limitations should be noted. The survey relied on farmer-reported data, which may be subject to recall bias. Additionally, the study was conducted over a single growing season, limiting the ability to assess long-term trends in pest and disease prevalence. Future research should incorporate multi-seasonal studies and laboratory-based pathogen identification for more precise results. IV. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive assessment of jackfruit diversity and damage severity in Rangpur Division. The findings emphasize the importance of targeted pest management, improved disease control, and climate adaptation strategies. The study contributes to agricultural research by highlighting key challenges faced by jackfruit farmers and proposing solutions for sustainable cultivation. Future research should focus on genetic conservation, resistant variety development, and advanced orchard management techniques to enhance jackfruit production and food security in Bangladesh. Furthermore, policymakers should prioritize training programs and resource allocation for integrated pest management strategies to improve jackfruit cultivation outcomes. References Ahmed, K. U., Rahman, M. M., Alam, M. Z., Hossain, M. M., & Miah, M. G. (2013). Effect of seasonal variations on jackfruit trunk borer ( Batocera rufomaculata De Geer) infestation. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16 , 339-344. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.339.344 Choudhury, A. R., Maleque, M. A., Dash, C. K., Talucder, M. S. A., Maukeeb, A. R. M., Ema, I. J., & Adnan, M. (2021). Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) in agroforestry systems: A review. Acta Entomology and Zoology , 2(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.33545/27080013.2021.v2.i1a.29 Ema, I. J. (2021). Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) in an agroforestry system: A review. Acta Entomology and Zoology . Kallekkattil, S., Mani, M. (2022). Pests and Their Management in Jackfruit. In: Mani, M. (eds) Trends in Horticultural Entomology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_24 Khan, A. U., Maleque, M. A., Dash, C. K., & Talucder, M. S. A. (2021). Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) in agroforestry systems: A review. Acta Journal of Entomology and Zoology , 2(1), 1-9. https://www.actajournal.com/archives/2021.v2.i1.A.29 Ngangom N.M. and Bandyopadhyay B. (2018) Brief Study on The Insect Pests of Jackfruit in Nadia District of West Bengal. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 21, pp.- 7461-7467. Khan, A. U., & Khan, A. U. (2020). Infested and healthy plant and fruit of jackfruit: A pictorial study. Insect Pests and Diseases of Jackfruit Plant and Fruit , 1, 1-12. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344217232_Infested_and_Healthy_plant_and_fruit_of_Jackfruit Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6295009","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":433140682,"identity":"5d28b349-df3d-4789-bd59-567f64d104f9","order_by":0,"name":"S.M. 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INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eJackfruit (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e), the national fruit of Bangladesh, is extensively cultivated due to its economic and nutritional significance (Ngangom and Bandyopadhyay, 2018). It ranks fourth in production volume after banana, mango, and pineapple in the country (Khan and Khan, 2020) . The fruit is rich in carbohydrates, minerals, dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a vital component of the rural diet . Additionally, jackfruit has industrial applications, with its timber being used in furniture production and its seeds utilized in food processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its importance, jackfruit production faces several challenges, notably from insect pest infestations. Over 250 species of insect pests have been reported to attack jackfruit trees worldwide (Ema, 2021). In Bangladesh, 35 species of insect pests and diseases have been identified as affecting jackfruit plants. Among these, the jackfruit borer (\u003cem\u003eDiaphania caesalis\u003c/em\u003e) is considered a major pest, causing significant damage to fruits, shoots, and flower buds\u0026nbsp;(Kallekkattil and Mani, 2022). Other notable pests include the jackfruit trunk borer (\u003cem\u003eBatocera rufomaculata\u003c/em\u003e), which has been observed to infest up to 35.33% of trees in certain areas, with peak infestation occurring in July (Ahmed et al.,2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The impact of these pests is exacerbated by climatic factors. Seasonal variations influence pest population dynamics, with higher infestations often recorded during the monsoon season due to increased humidity. This underscores the need for effective pest management strategies tailored to local environmental conditions (Choudhury et al., 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent pest management practices in Bangladesh primarily involve traditional methods. However, there is a growing emphasis on integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, combining cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control measures. For instance, the application of Bordeaux paste has been recommended for managing jackfruit borer infestations and associated fungal diseases (Khan et al., 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these efforts, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the diversity and damage severity of insect pests in jackfruit orchards, particularly in the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. Understanding the extent of pest infestations and their impact on yield is crucial for developing targeted interventions. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by conducting field surveys to assess insect pest diversity and evaluate damage severity across different districts in the Rangpur Division. The findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers to enhance jackfruit production through effective pest management strategies.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Understanding jackfruit diversity and damage severity is essential for ensuring sustainable production and enhancing market value. Identifying pest and disease prevalence can help in developing effective management strategies and reducing post-harvest losses. The findings of this study will benefit farmers, agricultural policymakers, and researchers by providing insights into improving jackfruit cultivation practices and conservation efforts. Furthermore, the study will contribute to the broader discourse on fruit biodiversity and food security in Bangladesh.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study aims to answer the following research questions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u0026nbsp; What are the major jackfruit varieties found in Rangpur Division?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;What are the primary pests and diseases affecting jackfruit production in the region?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp; How severe is the damage caused by biotic and abiotic factors?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u0026nbsp; What management practices are currently in use, and how can they be improved?\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The main objectives of this study are:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; To document the diversity of jackfruit varieties in Rangpur Division.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; To assess the extent of damage caused by pests, diseases, and environmental factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; To determine the most vulnerable stages of jackfruit development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; To recommend management strategies for jackfruit production improvement.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Jackfruit is an economically and nutritionally significant fruit in Bangladesh, yet its production is threatened by multiple factors. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the diversity of jackfruit in Rangpur Division and the severity of damage affecting it. By conducting extensive field surveys, this research will provide valuable insights into improving jackfruit cultivation and conservation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted over a period of six months, from January to June 2024, covering the pre-harvest and peak harvesting seasons of jackfruit in the Rangpur Division. A structured field survey was performed across eight districts to assess insect pest diversity and damage severity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis study adopted a descriptive survey research design to assess the diversity and damage severity of jackfruit in Rangpur Division. The approach combined qualitative and quantitative methods, including field observations, interviews, and laboratory analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe study was conducted in Rangpur Division, which includes the districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, and Thakurgaon. These areas were selected based on jackfruit production intensity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Strategies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA multi-stage random sampling method was used to select 100 jackfruit orchards across the division. Farms were chosen to ensure representation of different environmental conditions and management practices. Individual trees were sampled based on random selection within each orchard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eData was collected using the following methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eField Observations\u003c/strong\u003e: Researchers recorded morphological characteristics such as fruit size, shape, rind texture, color, and taste.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eStructured Interviews\u003c/strong\u003e: Farmers and orchard managers were interviewed about their practices, pest and disease experiences, and management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eDamage Severity Evaluation\u003c/strong\u003e: The incidence and severity of pests, diseases, and environmental damage were measured using a five-point severity scale (0 = No damage, 5 = Severe damage).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eLaboratory Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e: Infected fruit and plant parts were collected and analyzed to identify causative agents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical Approach\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e: Data was analyzed using SPSS software, applying descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and correlation tests to determine relationships between different factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eGIS Mapping\u003c/strong\u003e: The spatial distribution of jackfruit diversity and damage severity was mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to visualize patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eQualitative Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e: Farmer responses were analyzed thematically to identify trends in management practices and challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis study adhered to ethical research guidelines:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/strong\u003e: All participating farmers and stakeholders provided informed consent before data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eConfidentiality\u003c/strong\u003e: Personal and farm-specific data were anonymized to protect participants\u0026apos; privacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Responsibility\u003c/strong\u003e: The research ensured that no harm was done to the natural environment during sample collection and field surveys.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Presentation and Key Findings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field survey revealed a wide diversity of jackfruit varieties across the Rangpur Division, with firm-fleshed (Katha) jackfruit being the most prevalent at 50%, followed by soft-fleshed (Khaja) at 35% and mixed-textured varieties at 15% (Table 1). Farmers reported varying levels of pest infestations and disease incidence, which affected fruit yield and quality. The most common insect pests included fruit borers (\u003cem\u003eDacus dorsalis\u003c/em\u003e), bark-eating caterpillars (\u003cem\u003eIndarbela tetraonis\u003c/em\u003e), and mealybugs (\u003cem\u003ePlanococcus lilacinus\u003c/em\u003e). Among diseases, stem rot and anthracnose were the most frequently reported fungal infections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 highlights the damage severity caused by different insect pests. The highest damage severity was observed in orchards where fruit borers were dominant, particularly in Thakurgaon and Lalmonirhat. The damage severity index varied significantly among districts, with a mean damage percentage ranging from 12% to 38%. The presence of multiple pest species in a single orchard was associated with increased severity levels, emphasizing the need for integrated pest management approaches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Distribution of Jackfruit Varieties in Rangpur Division\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"620\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMost Affected District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirm-fleshed (Katha)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDinajpur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft-fleshed (Khaja)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRangpur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed-textured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNilphamari\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: District-wise Diversity of Insect Pests and Damage Severity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMajor Insect Pests (Diversity)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDamage Severity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNilphamari\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit borer, Mealybug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRangpur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBark-eating caterpillar, Mealybug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDinajpur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit borer, Stem borer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLalmonirhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBark-eating caterpillar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKurigram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMealybug, Scale insect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGaibandha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit borer, Aphid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThakurgaon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBark-eating caterpillar, Mealybug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanchagarh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale insect, Fruit borer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis and Interpretation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe damage severity of jackfruit was assessed using a five-point severity scale. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed a significant difference in damage severity among districts (p \u0026lt; 0.05). The highest pest infestation rates were recorded in Nilphamari and Rangpur, where 40% and 35% of orchards reported severe damage. Correlation analysis showed that poor orchard management and increased rainfall during the fruiting season were strongly associated with higher pest infestations. GIS mapping also indicated that the most severely affected regions were clustered around central Rangpur and Nilphamari.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynthesis of Findings and Implications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study confirmed that pest and disease infestations significantly affect jackfruit yield and quality in Rangpur Division. Farmers in the region primarily rely on traditional pest control methods, which are often inadequate for managing large-scale infestations. The findings suggest that integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including biological control methods and resistant variety development, are necessary to mitigate these challenges. The study also highlights the need for farmer training programs to improve disease identification and control measures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations of Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile this study provides valuable insights into jackfruit diversity and pest damage severity, some limitations should be noted. The survey relied on farmer-reported data, which may be subject to recall bias. Additionally, the study was conducted over a single growing season, limiting the ability to assess long-term trends in pest and disease prevalence. Future research should incorporate multi-seasonal studies and laboratory-based pathogen identification for more precise results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV. CONCLUSION ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides a comprehensive assessment of jackfruit diversity and damage severity in Rangpur Division. The findings emphasize the importance of targeted pest management, improved disease control, and climate adaptation strategies. The study contributes to agricultural research by highlighting key challenges faced by jackfruit farmers and proposing solutions for sustainable cultivation. Future research should focus on genetic conservation, resistant variety development, and advanced orchard management techniques to enhance jackfruit production and food security in Bangladesh. Furthermore, policymakers should prioritize training programs and resource allocation for integrated pest management strategies to improve jackfruit cultivation outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAhmed, K. U., Rahman, M. M., Alam, M. Z., Hossain, M. M., \u0026amp; Miah, M. G. (2013).\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of seasonal variations on jackfruit trunk borer (\u003cem\u003eBatocera rufomaculata\u003c/em\u003e De Geer) infestation. \u003cem\u003ePakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16\u003c/em\u003e, 339-344. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.339.344\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChoudhury, A. R., Maleque, M. A., Dash, C. K., Talucder, M. S. A., Maukeeb, A. R. M., Ema, I. J., \u0026amp; Adnan, M. (2021). Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e L.) in agroforestry systems: A review. \u003cem\u003eActa Entomology and Zoology\u003c/em\u003e, 2(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.33545/27080013.2021.v2.i1a.29\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEma, I. J. (2021).\u003c/strong\u003e Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e L.) in an agroforestry system: A review. \u003cem\u003eActa Entomology and Zoology\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKallekkattil, S., Mani, M. (2022). Pests and Their Management in Jackfruit. In: Mani, M. (eds) Trends in Horticultural Entomology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_24\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan, A. U., Maleque, M. A., Dash, C. K., \u0026amp; Talucder, M. S. A. (2021). Management of insect pests and diseases of jackfruit (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e L.) in agroforestry systems: A review. \u003cem\u003eActa Journal of Entomology and Zoology\u003c/em\u003e, 2(1), 1-9. https://www.actajournal.com/archives/2021.v2.i1.A.29\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNgangom N.M. and Bandyopadhyay B. (2018) Brief Study on The Insect Pests of Jackfruit in Nadia District of West Bengal. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 \u0026amp; E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 10, Issue 21, pp.- 7461-7467.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan, A. U., \u0026amp; Khan, A. U. (2020). Infested and healthy plant and fruit of jackfruit: A pictorial study. \u003cem\u003eInsect Pests and Diseases of Jackfruit Plant and Fruit\u003c/em\u003e, 1, 1-12. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344217232_Infested_and_Healthy_plant_and_fruit_of_Jackfruit\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Jackfruit pests, Insect diversity, Damage severity, Field survey, Rangpur Division, Integrated pest management (IPM), Fruit borers (Dacus dorsalis), Bark-eating caterpillars (Indarbela tetraonis), Mealybugs (Planococcus lilacinus), Pest infestation, Orchard management, Agricultural entomology, Crop protection, Bangladesh agriculture","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6295009/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6295009/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eJackfruit (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e) is a vital fruit crop in Bangladesh, playing a crucial role in food security, rural livelihoods, and the national economy. However, jackfruit orchards face significant threats from various insect pests and diseases, leading to substantial yield losses. This study aims to assess the diversity of insect pests affecting jackfruit and evaluate the severity of damage across different districts in the Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. A structured field survey was conducted across eight districts, where data on pest prevalence, damage severity, and management practices were collected through direct observation and farmer interviews. Statistical analysis revealed significant variation in insect pest diversity and infestation rates across districts. Fruit borers (\u003cem\u003eDacus dorsalis\u003c/em\u003e), bark-eating caterpillars (\u003cem\u003eIndarbela tetraonis\u003c/em\u003e), and mealybugs (\u003cem\u003ePlanococcus lilacinus\u003c/em\u003e) were identified as the most prevalent insect pests causing substantial damage. The study highlights the urgent need for effective pest management strategies, including integrated pest management (IPM) and farmer education programs, to minimize losses and ensure sustainable jackfruit production in Bangladesh. Findings from this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers to develop targeted interventions for pest control and orchard management.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Field Surveys on the Diversity and Damage Severity of Insect Pests in Jackfruit Orchards of Rangpur Division, Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-25 03:58:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6295009/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"78141e22-e7f3-4847-99bf-2da476992bd7","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-25T03:58:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-25 03:58:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6295009","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6295009","identity":"rs-6295009","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}