Design of a Strut-Free Retaining Wall System for Deep Excavation in Soft Clay Using an Elastic Structural System

Design of a Strut-Free Retaining Wall System for Deep Excavation in Soft Clay Using an Elastic Structural System | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design of a Strut-Free Retaining Wall System for Deep Excavation in Soft Clay Using an Elastic Structural System Abdelrahman Abuserriya, Bashir H. Osman, Anwar Mohammed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594883/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Excavation systems are widely used around the world due to land scarcity and high property costs. The study aims to understand the impact of excavation system geometry on overall performance and, focuses on designing a strut-free excavation system for a depth of 30 meters. Key parameters include the optimal number and specifications of buttress walls, rib walls, cross walls, and diaphragm wall geometry. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted using the finite element software PLAXIS, involving over 1,950 simulation trials to evaluate maximum wall deflection and ground settlement. Furthermore, predictive equations for maximum wall deflection and ground settlement were developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) techniques. The research also investigates diaphragm wall configurations to identify effective methods for reducing deformation following buttress wall displacement. The findings indicate that incorporating inclined diaphragm walls offers the most effective reduction in wall deflection and ground settlement, although this approach requires additional construction space. Strut-free PLAXIS excavation system buttress wall MARS MLR elastic behavior Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7594883","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":520432363,"identity":"a5627e4b-cfc6-443b-aacb-de2ebf688013","order_by":0,"name":"Abdelrahman Abuserriya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sinnar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelrahman","middleName":"","lastName":"Abuserriya","suffix":""},{"id":520432364,"identity":"2ac1fa63-9651-497c-afc9-9b65bcafeeed","order_by":1,"name":"Bashir H. Osman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABLElEQVRIie3RsUrDQBgH8C8ELstp1gRDniElkFAQfZULQrIcLoIGHAwImfIA9UVKB4eTQrpUXStd0iUuGeoiERz8zqqDCXF1uP90fMcvuf8dgIrKP4wHQICBRcHCRZSBsw9Uq3DHkTsD5ND9JpQA1XHq0UECEPufRNsRYg2R0FjU1eZ2HmUH17iYHVFi3JfpS/5OTSNn0KbT32Rc8NBjNRKnDL1oeUIJPY2fbnKP2kUptGK57hxMcGIxgcRigRXlOh6MB+s9JN4qyXQt75LH5/qLJK9Irigxm+BskKzw40zI+lz+ZY7deaDvSCz6yHjSSCIvmV9glwWSxrcnD77swu56uoRmUtutkE+ZTDdvs0vXNPlouz13XbyxUdWmHfKTY9E37R2qqKioqPyZD1iVbNNcVJ5IAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Sinnar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bashir","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Osman","suffix":""},{"id":520432365,"identity":"49a66157-dd4a-46ff-9ba4-f383d85b1465","order_by":2,"name":"Anwar Mohammed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gezira University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anwar","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-11 21:08:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594883/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594883/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92559054,"identity":"f1826f27-f505-4a69-adb6-cbdb789b1aaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1163257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"elastic.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/fe94b0da6d6608e1fa224997.docx"},{"id":92559048,"identity":"d286e221-5424-4c1f-ad59-b5e5cfd75327","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"819a4d00302b4898a9d1afb7ce59bd6c.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/bd2a822a496775bee3eb477e.json"},{"id":92559051,"identity":"ca6509b2-b6a5-44ec-ac5e-bcae7c7d778b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":262418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"819a4d00302b4898a9d1afb7ce59bd6c1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/cd968e4bf7e968254e7c8705.xml"},{"id":92559055,"identity":"317df893-7f18-4af6-9465-ec00de88d970","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":258945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/5f01000107685fb4e706f962.png"},{"id":92559050,"identity":"e36fb9f7-ec7c-4999-ad19-2419fb4e0f02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/411db9de9b9daa53c0d6193d.jpeg"},{"id":92559049,"identity":"2c8ce014-f79d-4f35-8c01-59352875159a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/6c8f914e11ad8e822fdc9d90.jpeg"},{"id":92560216,"identity":"5ebe5f7b-8a54-4af1-877b-12b7752bb1c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":217852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/27b5c812e69b0e551135debc.jpeg"},{"id":92559052,"identity":"df7a981e-a48d-4956-af30-c3067beb1dcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/81d160b82d30c42895cac061.jpeg"},{"id":92559060,"identity":"1c63bb49-f4c0-47c9-a5d7-b023fe79fc8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/bf17d60470279f0490061f03.jpeg"},{"id":92560214,"identity":"43bd7c34-9dc6-4b94-9dce-12f372a9df63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":533999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/253c28490d68b624650173b2.jpeg"},{"id":92559067,"identity":"40598e59-5cb2-471f-84c7-7f55892658f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":339428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/7c139422709243a8e63dd50c.jpeg"},{"id":92559061,"identity":"d2588d3b-9bd3-4d3a-ac59-086718116a91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/7981aed5670ef8eab4ea9fd9.jpeg"},{"id":92560592,"identity":"b61e6110-6245-4c6e-bc65-0e350adcf3b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:19:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/4c6502140072a99279d9bc2d.jpeg"},{"id":92560219,"identity":"a134e826-ea92-4174-8096-acba29cd8e96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/5a8374eff6e97bcb79f7178b.jpeg"},{"id":92559057,"identity":"b5cd1907-739a-46e8-ad0b-f66039989b0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/11f360c56f460addafa21dd2.jpeg"},{"id":92559068,"identity":"4ca19352-95a3-4f2d-9ad2-35bb603a7eb1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/90f0f190dd4c41944635f53c.jpeg"},{"id":92559065,"identity":"a6b1fc2b-eea8-41bb-b7e7-a238f19e5654","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/b28abca03c996acf961f158d.jpeg"},{"id":92559073,"identity":"e267ef94-0afc-48d7-a0b4-882bab006912","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/a3d4c6920a21f0233252ef8f.jpeg"},{"id":92560213,"identity":"b4ca43fa-6770-4a84-b99f-04b4283430d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36474,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/89fa9aaae114284b7fd293d5.png"},{"id":92559072,"identity":"d4aa2f43-34cd-4b09-8f7f-16fcedfc7725","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/86d5649bb5036ca4998d3a0b.png"},{"id":92559064,"identity":"3e5d13e7-1883-4c56-a565-24e4e4970c47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/6c385dd1961ddb967229d3b3.png"},{"id":92559075,"identity":"2aee5a56-97ba-4118-be62-fc9c57231f58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/12311d1149399b0ab35a5dff.png"},{"id":92559070,"identity":"f211f396-7886-41dc-af53-4fbe3822fd72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/865e7601734a4fd2cc86698b.png"},{"id":92560593,"identity":"eb58de16-0f3b-4557-bbda-3a05f7048512","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:19:52","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/3aeb2c333a50b27bab921b9e.png"},{"id":92559071,"identity":"064b83fe-2693-454b-8cc9-4f3bca8ad279","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":93034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/4ade0f1b58ea8fa35011df4e.png"},{"id":92559074,"identity":"b74900e8-e2cc-4204-a7b3-89bdf05b143f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/ada0e511e4e77957d36c8d97.png"},{"id":92560217,"identity":"4ac529c1-a82a-4a54-91d8-fa646c1d2932","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/7a583a150a41f9b5bf074974.png"},{"id":92559080,"identity":"630c556b-93d6-445b-b717-a372a0df1e06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/557fb0690550137a77428124.png"},{"id":92559077,"identity":"42088e93-5497-473e-b8fd-f67bde179e96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":87884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/d7c9e81ed5ec70610d016438.png"},{"id":92559076,"identity":"f43442f2-d9a9-4c51-9647-d110ffea006b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20606,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/0b52fff6a479c448323dd837.png"},{"id":92560220,"identity":"15165823-d67f-40a9-ba92-7efe67805850","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/a9f0061fe15e0bd5601ae269.png"},{"id":92560221,"identity":"82392147-6e3a-46a3-92d9-714d62c5185e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44633,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/ba793bdf3b59b630fb2db558.png"},{"id":92559069,"identity":"d990769c-1bb0-4dc7-8e54-88941a1b8ef7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/b5df427935c9f647c8334ba0.png"},{"id":92559079,"identity":"16660c2e-8a3b-4f5f-9996-37e616e0bce6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:52","extension":"xml","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":256154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"819a4d00302b4898a9d1afb7ce59bd6c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/2702307108a356b2207b3a25.xml"},{"id":92559082,"identity":"6b9880da-6055-493d-8fe4-19fa5571b9cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 04:03:53","extension":"html","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":281481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1/3b9fc4a0274512968e621a95.html"},{"id":95524984,"identity":"24204bc4-6654-410e-b07a-5b9a8f2fcc50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:03:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":840540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"elastic.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7594883/v1_covered_e32d1619-1ee3-4b93-8c8a-b2da6686ba4c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design of a Strut-Free Retaining Wall System for Deep Excavation in Soft Clay Using an Elastic Structural System","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Strut-free, PLAXIS, excavation system, buttress wall, MARS, MLR, elastic behavior","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594883/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594883/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eExcavation systems are widely used around the world due to land scarcity and high property costs. The study aims to understand the impact of excavation system geometry on overall performance and, focuses on designing a strut-free excavation system for a depth of 30 meters. Key parameters include the optimal number and specifications of buttress walls, rib walls, cross walls, and diaphragm wall geometry. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted using the finite element software PLAXIS, involving over 1,950 simulation trials to evaluate maximum wall deflection and ground settlement. Furthermore, predictive equations for maximum wall deflection and ground settlement were developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) techniques. The research also investigates diaphragm wall configurations to identify effective methods for reducing deformation following buttress wall displacement. The findings indicate that incorporating inclined diaphragm walls offers the most effective reduction in wall deflection and ground settlement, although this approach requires additional construction space.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design of a Strut-Free Retaining Wall System for Deep Excavation in Soft Clay Using an Elastic Structural System","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-01 04:03:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7594883/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7da961f7-545a-4b00-8800-c2a005c26f86","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-07T02:38:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-01 04:03:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7594883","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7594883","identity":"rs-7594883","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}