Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports of biomedical science?

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They propose that it should be replaced by immediate publication followed by transparent peer review as the starting place for more open and efficient reporting of science. While supporting this general objective, we suggest that research is needed both to understand why biomedical scientists have been slow to take up preprint options, as well as to assess the relative merits of this and other alternatives to journal publishing." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/5-272", "name": "Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports..." } } ] } Home Browse Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Chalmers I and P Glasziou P. Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports of biomedical science? [version 1; peer review: not peer reviewed] . F1000Research 2016, 5 :272 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8229.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Editorial Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports of biomedical science? [version 1; peer review: not peer reviewed] Iain Chalmers 1 , Paul P Glasziou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-073X 2 Iain Chalmers 1 , Paul P Glasziou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-073X 2 PUBLISHED 03 Mar 2016 Author details Author details 1 James Lind Initiative, Oxford, UK 2 REWARD Alliance, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia OPEN PEER REVIEW NOT PEER REVIEWED This article is included in the Research on Research, Policy & Culture gateway. Abstract Vitek Tracz and Rebecca Lawrence declare the current journal publishing system to be broken beyond repair. They propose that it should be replaced by immediate publication followed by transparent peer review as the starting place for more open and efficient reporting of science. While supporting this general objective, we suggest that research is needed both to understand why biomedical scientists have been slow to take up preprint options, as well as to assess the relative merits of this and other alternatives to journal publishing. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords preprint, publishing, peer review, journals, biomedicine Corresponding Author(s) Iain Chalmers ( [email protected] ) Paul P Glasziou ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Iain Chalmers, Paul P Glasziou Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: IC: The James Lind Initiative is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, England. PG: NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow, Grant 1080042. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2016 Chalmers I and P Glasziou P. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Chalmers I and P Glasziou P. Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports of biomedical science? [version 1; peer review: not peer reviewed] . F1000Research 2016, 5 :272 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8229.1 ) First published: 03 Mar 2016, 5 :272 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8229.1 ) Latest published: 03 Mar 2016, 5 :272 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8229.1 ) Editorial Vitek Tracz (Chairman of F1000, which includes F1000Research ) and Rebecca Lawrence (Managing Director of F1000) declare the current journal publishing system to be broken beyond repair ( Tracz & Lawrence, 2016 ). They propose much greater use of immediate publication of articles as the starting place for open, interactive dialogues between study authors and commentators on reports of research (whether or not commentators are designated formally as ‘peer reviewers’). Logically, over the course of one or more iterations, this interaction should promote the evolution of more ‘stable’, trustworthy and useful records of research. Furthermore, new technology provides a much more efficient system for dealing with submitted reports of research than that offered by most current journals using traditional forms of peer-review. As Tracz and Lawrence recognise, although the use of preprints for reporting research was introduced by particle physicists decades ago, it has not attracted much tangible support from life scientists. Why is this; and what might be the downsides of their proposed preprint-led revolution? Part of the explanation seems likely to reflect reasonable concern about the danger that preprints reporting flawed research may prompt unwarranted changes in clinical practice that harm patients. Tabor (2016) , commenting on a recent call for a prepublication culture in clinical research like that established in some areas of physics ( Lauer et al ., 2015 ), noted that “clinical studies of poor quality can harm patients who might start or stop therapy in response to faulty data, whereas little short-term harm would be expected from an unreviewed astronomy study”. Reasonable people can identify with this concern about the potential dangers of an increased use of preprints in biomedicine. However, other reasons for the poor uptake of preprint opportunities seem likely to reflect less worthy, often perverse interests, reflecting financial or academic conflicts, or just acquiescence in sloppy science. Despite their recognition of the increasingly acknowledged importance of collaboration, the model proposed by Tracz and Lawrence focuses on “individual researcher’s scientific output”, and they believe that the model they propose would work only if driven by authors “within a scientific framework that facilitates self-regulation”. This judgement ignores the abundant evidence that self-regulation by researchers cannot alone deal adequately with many of the systemic problems apart from journals which are leading to waste, bad science, bad ethics and harm to patients. Although Tracz and Lawrence introduce their proposals with an allusion to “the need to remove the waste in the current system”, they don’t address sources of research waste other than current publishing processes, such as waste resulting from avoidable design flaws, and incomplete or misleading reporting ( www.rewardalliance.net ; Paul Glasziou and Iain Chalmers: Is 85% of health research really “wasted” ?). The most clearcut example of these systemic problems is biased underreporting of research, with around half of all research going unpublished, implying $10s of billions wasted yearly. Although underreporting can cause avoidable suffering and death, appeals to the biomedical research community beginning in the mid-1980s to deal with the problem had no discernible impact until this century ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/resources/trends ). Change began when the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors required researchers to register controlled trials at inception (for example, at www.clinicaltrials.gov and www.isrctn.com ), followed by the substantial community awareness of the scandal which followed publication of Ben Goldacre’s popular science book Bad Pharma and the launch of the AllTrials campaign ( www.alltrials.net ). After these direct appeals to the public to call the research community to account, increasing numbers of research funders and regulators began to require researchers to behave more responsibly ( Moher et al. , 2015 ). But public recognition that self-regulation by researchers has failed has led to eroded trust in the biomedical research enterprise more generally. As far as reporting of clinical trials is concerned, there has been slow progress towards the ideal of ‘threaded documents’, beginning with publication of the protocol, later publication of summary results, and going through to deposition of the final dataset ( Chalmers & Altman, 1999 ). But post-publication corrections, updates, simple linkages to similar studies and systematic reviews are also important for those trying to use, apply, or replicate studies. We know remarkably little, formally, about why researchers do and don’t do the things that they do and don’t do. Some efforts to secure research funding to investigate why researchers don’t publish reports of their research have not been successful (Professor Mary Dixon-Woods, personal communication). If the attractive vision of a more efficient publishing model for the life sciences is to be promoted effectively, research is needed to find answers to the questions raised by Tracz and Lawrence themselves: why are researchers reluctant to post preprints, and will sufficient other researchers post useful and critical comments on them to make the effort worthwhile? The current journal-based publication system is one of the important weak links leading to current waste from non-reporting and poor reporting of research. There is no doubt that new models are needed, but these publishing experiments also warrant formal evaluation and comparison to assess which of them delivers most effectively the advances needed. As far as clinical trials are concerned, methods and summary results are increasingly being posted on trials registries. More broadly, the National Institute for Health Research in England now requires publication of detailed reports for all the health technology assessments it supports. Among journals, PLOS One’s decisions to publish a report are now based on whether the research has used valid methods, regardless of the results. Tracz and Lawrence and F1000 are well placed to foster the exploratory and evaluative research needed to inform future developments in science publishing, and we very much hope they will do so. Author contributions IC accepted an invitation from Vitek Tracz to send comments on his article co-authored with Rebecca Lawrence. IC prepared a first draft and invited PG to make improvements and join him in co-authorship. The submitted draft is the work of both co-authors. Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information IC: The James Lind Initiative is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, England. PG: NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow, Grant 1080042. We confirm that the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. F1000 recommended References Chalmers I, Altman DG: How can medical journals help prevent poor medical research? Some opportunities presented by electronic publishing. Lancet. 1999; 353 (9151): 490–493. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Lauer MS, Krumholz HM, Topol EJ: Time for a prepublication culture in clinical research? Lancet. 2015; 386 (10012): 2447–49. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Moher D, Glasziou P, Chalmers I, et al. : Increasing value and reducing waste in biomedical research: who’s listening? Lancet. 2015; pii: S0140-6736(15)00307-4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Tabor E: Prepublication culture in clinical research. Lancet. 2016; 387 (10020): 750. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Tracz V, Lawrence R: Towards an open science publishing platform [version 1; referees: 2 approved]. F1000Research. 2016; 5 : 130. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Mar 2016 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 James Lind Initiative, Oxford, UK 2 REWARD Alliance, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information IC: The James Lind Initiative is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, England. PG: NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow, Grant 1080042. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 03 Mar 2016, 5:272 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8229.1 Copyright © 2016 Chalmers I and P Glasziou P. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Chalmers I and P Glasziou P. Should there be greater use of preprint servers for publishing reports of biomedical science? [version 1; peer review: not peer reviewed] . F1000Research 2016, 5 :272 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8229.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. 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