Dynamic fragmentation and entrainment characteristics of a heavily Jointed Landslide: DEM simulation, field seismic signal and UAV image analysis

Dynamic fragmentation and entrainment characteristics of a heavily Jointed Landslide: DEM simulation, field seismic signal and UAV image analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dynamic fragmentation and entrainment characteristics of a heavily Jointed Landslide: DEM simulation, field seismic signal and UAV image analysis Kaiping Jin, Muhammad Bilal, Ge Gao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7446987/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Characteristics of the dynamic rock fragmentation and granular-flow entrainment occurred in a heavily jointed landslide have been analyzed through a multidimensional framework consisting of the discrete element method (DEM), the landslide-induced field seismic signal and the UAV image recognition. First, DEM results reveal that the acceleration of rock mass occurs in its initial stage and the first half of the entrainment process, consistent with the analysis result of the seismic signal. Second, it was founded that the characteristic diameter (dc) and shape parameter (β) of rock fragments decreased rapidly during this period. On the contrary, the particle roundness (R), fractal dimension (D), unbalanced force (Ubf) and bond breakage energy (Eb) continuously increased in this period. These findings from landslide monitoring indicate that the fragmentation of the jointed source rock mass mainly occurs during the initial and first half of the entrainment stage. Furthermore, the evolution of the scraping intensity parameter indicates that two violent entrainment accidents occurred during the landslide movement. Meanwhile, the extremely high particle spin and roundness was founded in the middle depth of the granular flow during the entrainment process. Based on the comprehensive analysis above, we suggest that the drag reduction effect of the landslide movement is caused by two key factors, the rock fragmentation, and the particle rotational grinding occurring near the contact surface between the sliding mass and the entrainment mass. Multi-source data landslide fragmentation entrainment high mobility Full Text Additional Declarations Figures are available in the Supplementary Files section. Tables are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files figure.docx table.docx particledata.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 16 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7446987","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522471109,"identity":"db480abf-638d-422a-bcaa-ba3c5aaf1153","order_by":0,"name":"Kaiping Jin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaiping","middleName":"","lastName":"Jin","suffix":""},{"id":522471110,"identity":"2b9aac79-46eb-4e66-b44f-665a3f114ebb","order_by":1,"name":"Muhammad Bilal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwbGBjCDn4EhAURDuQS1ABVLNjAkNhCpBQSAWgwOQFQT1mLOfrj55c8fNvnG5w88f8zDYCO74QDzswf4tFj2JLZZ8ySkWW67kZDYzMOQZrzhAJu5AV6HHUhsM2ZIOGxgdoMBpOVw4oYDPGwSeLWcf9hm+CPhv4Fx/wGQlv9EaLmR2PyAJ+GAgQED2GEHCGuxnPGwjZknLdlAAuiXmXMMko1nHmYzw6vFnD/98ccfNnYG/P1nEj68qbCT7Tve/AyvFiCAOYMnARJNzATUg5R8gNDsBwirHQWjYBSMghEJAByBTTQOEEpKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University - Minhang Campus: Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Bilal","suffix":""},{"id":522471111,"identity":"9ba6fbad-9fbd-48df-b512-53ce959fa436","order_by":2,"name":"Ge Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ge","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-24 15:06:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7446987/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7446987/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93272622,"identity":"aadd71dc-8f4f-4d8b-8ce1-34128d32c01a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9023,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"nhazNHAZD2502836.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/967d6ac3c8ec9d0083c1dca8.xml"},{"id":93272630,"identity":"dc9f985d-c992-468c-a693-9b7544a1fa08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NHAZD250283653013.go.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/b22e292ec695ab1e90a4f733.xml"},{"id":93272646,"identity":"0eaeee61-cdb8-4985-b699-4a6d762198e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NHAZD2502836Import.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/50ca0a23a77dcdcd6f1cf7ba.xml"},{"id":93272600,"identity":"e534355a-9017-428a-990e-c808a760fb95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"xml","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":198199,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NHAZD25028360enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/a2540e7c94de73e4a4bd402c.xml"},{"id":93272668,"identity":"2f7a2223-872d-4f4d-8835-d308f42bae74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"emf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49342768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/f8748e7867f25b9bbbfb1e61.emf"},{"id":93273292,"identity":"80972084-778c-45ac-9ed6-0ace2ee91f53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5994236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/006cc1b2d5207d336c7f538e.emf"},{"id":93273370,"identity":"5ee614bd-da0f-4bb6-93b9-4ade1c7a5eb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 01:07:09","extension":"emf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4308048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/a77b83536314034e4c5af852.emf"},{"id":93272593,"identity":"d8239532-f487-4ed2-8c58-188b9c76baf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:06","extension":"emf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1253592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/367b26ff6758ac561075b33b.emf"},{"id":93272633,"identity":"580ad1d4-ffcb-4662-9287-066530802f7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1558496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/741aa9ff52fc2edb5116497b.emf"},{"id":93272643,"identity":"559db82b-e084-4df2-aaec-06f9c0ab3086","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2038496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/b8aabc0542ab3343b09c5273.emf"},{"id":93272607,"identity":"7b4dd5f8-c847-4631-b2ce-10fc409a6c75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"emf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28103164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/a549ecb90a36724c0c5dc944.emf"},{"id":93273262,"identity":"7b78088e-6bce-4063-8c77-d696b8bc42c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:07","extension":"emf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44158852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/df09fc5f915e2a66b7efdf68.emf"},{"id":93272628,"identity":"51e5ac12-1679-4fde-897b-2593f61185a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"emf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3833280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/975dcd5e090e3cc739751ead.emf"},{"id":93272599,"identity":"d58b5478-c735-4345-aebd-c8ee9010fa86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"emf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2390044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/4cc8fbd69661d713a6c91dce.emf"},{"id":93272650,"identity":"41bf03fc-b94b-416e-bccf-74712565759e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1517140,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/edf5a95e2a7a0ceda6488aaa.emf"},{"id":93273285,"identity":"96e6bfa4-d28b-4c85-a18b-d1d5c10015a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"emf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5791972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/51005b071be596be6c902eb1.emf"},{"id":93272610,"identity":"6aca14cd-b36e-494a-8e35-881ef10ddd1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"emf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":406200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/b4b017bf70b9055b4655cf40.emf"},{"id":93272626,"identity":"ca844687-c508-4e1f-9e6b-38bd54626f87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"emf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20771012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage21.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/b8a6dcb3d91d41ab1fc413bf.emf"},{"id":93272621,"identity":"f37f8467-b9f0-4ac2-81c5-2557864453fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"emf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1375168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage22.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/3faf0d5d7527edb3fdfe5b40.emf"},{"id":93273369,"identity":"d06ce22e-2823-48e0-9cce-532ace4f92fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 01:07:08","extension":"emf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14525644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage23.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/b764fd73bc065897533b94fe.emf"},{"id":93272594,"identity":"ee15fdc1-9d79-451b-b42e-f19c15daad2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:06","extension":"emf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage24.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0704f7000b9aef2089c8138c.emf"},{"id":93272636,"identity":"71498624-4c75-42bc-9e65-aca26ca2016d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1429892,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage25.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/dd53a3818db1b897e7d98e5a.emf"},{"id":93272609,"identity":"edfb7132-3020-43f8-8534-47d7976af0a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"emf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1646344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage26.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/96574adcd7b5fb91feab0376.emf"},{"id":93273264,"identity":"68d26e23-1e50-4f1a-874b-2f09a64635e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:07","extension":"emf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21708616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage27.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/4376026c7f8ce2f156889ed4.emf"},{"id":93272645,"identity":"a953c392-1ad5-4204-9022-a43e7904cb11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3727784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage28.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/95463c24f147de0214a4f922.emf"},{"id":93273283,"identity":"968d6161-38ca-4001-822c-446e520691e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"emf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1459300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage29.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/41cdc99d4dfb816677f41d60.emf"},{"id":93273288,"identity":"71fb79d5-8dee-4c20-aaf1-66a522a0c52f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":959426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/151b21d914e0505ceecc641d.jpeg"},{"id":93272596,"identity":"ea784cdf-8256-4437-b72a-4d3af94d1875","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"emf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":760348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage30.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/753d0cdb5dc2e52f074c031a.emf"},{"id":93272664,"identity":"d0fd25bd-0cbe-4627-bf6a-77d13632a4c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"emf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3481700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage31.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/090171fecca5e5ec48c90ad5.emf"},{"id":93272655,"identity":"53a50354-b4f8-47a3-9a6f-73f086ed85a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"emf","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage32.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/e7433a6789b535c51f727033.emf"},{"id":93272678,"identity":"2185647c-029f-48e5-83e4-0ba6bf7d8568","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:11","extension":"emf","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1329308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage33.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/b28f16c45e6e312314497d34.emf"},{"id":93272598,"identity":"2504d799-4146-4b45-a383-997df8589924","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"emf","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":756784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage34.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/d79fd992c0207b104d8b9b7e.emf"},{"id":93273289,"identity":"16b05da3-a917-464e-86e1-7c3ea3ae7391","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"emf","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21075992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage35.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/2643aa04595dc63d2f3a4db3.emf"},{"id":93272657,"identity":"62e58083-e8d8-4a05-ac93-357e84668e23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"emf","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2653368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage36.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/d4d5604965d0aa48ff07f3f5.emf"},{"id":93273272,"identity":"aaec3e50-62f0-4ead-95ea-4df68eb1b80c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"emf","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17845900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage37.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/6f690fbef72b1881b764058d.emf"},{"id":93272635,"identity":"e82632b8-d8d5-4be5-97fe-03d91520022c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":946988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage38.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/76b954ccaed93eeea1b1eea3.emf"},{"id":93272637,"identity":"3fcf202b-92d1-44cb-9b63-e43b808cdc22","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10934500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage39.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/9b025efb0311802533c8a49e.emf"},{"id":93273265,"identity":"57e6ec00-57b9-43c6-ab41-b0b1dcd0906d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:07","extension":"emf","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1707248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0699558e65dfd9510afe987a.emf"},{"id":93272617,"identity":"a4ecb333-5a30-4519-8e88-47a571fe3481","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"emf","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5737952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage40.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/49612dc39f7720660f2cfc1a.emf"},{"id":93272656,"identity":"9e6bc906-183b-45c0-8c0a-f6b81bf22513","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"emf","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":175692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/c5e9f42e316d968da174f541.emf"},{"id":93272641,"identity":"c76a3cd8-f476-4ff2-8f8b-38841470e349","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"emf","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21021220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/bdd41bb14042fadc1c07d725.emf"},{"id":93272674,"identity":"a15a2629-2325-46d1-a62a-aa6a52ec7673","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"emf","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15550496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/ba574b6f03baedd9db5fe419.emf"},{"id":93273271,"identity":"50b789ed-8d34-41b0-b5e1-6a0519b5e312","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"emf","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/2b72eb45d07b249157ac9b51.emf"},{"id":93272677,"identity":"3c9d1ebf-d1f7-48e9-8a08-84c74c5715eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:11","extension":"emf","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2843652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/d76edbf15359aa51c8d8aacb.emf"},{"id":93272661,"identity":"d285d682-6818-49fd-926b-d6ef47b0b97b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":974119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/38e1cc71ea7856353347c3e1.png"},{"id":93272647,"identity":"09031ab8-bc14-4ba8-8999-eecda5044a28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/40565aff32e325a0093ad372.png"},{"id":93272625,"identity":"349f2d8c-ff03-4c86-9d54-7bb188f529a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":215344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/db99b78287b8c1e61fe90333.png"},{"id":93272602,"identity":"f4ce3e10-ec7e-4363-be90-e650df0be88b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/c51df9f88595507dabcbf986.png"},{"id":93272615,"identity":"546be93d-fa4a-4a9b-94ad-39548c4609ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0b55010a034d8c2e8bb15400.png"},{"id":93273273,"identity":"dba3b798-2369-49ad-a39d-5ebb7786efbc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":320536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/7151c342cd85ba3245567985.png"},{"id":93273280,"identity":"e9ebec7e-1b6c-4986-9f2e-ac967ce06e19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":759293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/cfc73a50ef0d77c42ba0648b.png"},{"id":93273266,"identity":"7b6ca0b1-d61e-4c0c-97ab-69b5f9bb3da6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3886804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/113a3d9a1d8671af99daba3c.png"},{"id":93273373,"identity":"b1e396ee-72c9-4ea2-b85c-2abe89c5da43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 01:07:10","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/be50e71a313d6a0e80ad3393.png"},{"id":93272611,"identity":"c2f870b5-0550-46ff-82c5-fe053604bf69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/9f723504a907ca08c8d7adff.png"},{"id":93272660,"identity":"6e792264-df3a-40c3-8d1b-a908bd81d5eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/756c983a0d8bfa4c2e6d18ec.png"},{"id":93273294,"identity":"e4240593-0ce6-4fcd-a052-a2957735970e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:11","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/dbb504800e6a1f9074aad7e5.png"},{"id":93273279,"identity":"0d053123-6ce5-4948-8fd8-b9c49bd3cf02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/66dabe8cd4b8314fd561bdbd.png"},{"id":93273269,"identity":"bc64452d-3c3e-4650-8cdb-b8fdf737999c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/a46b69fddb1bcd64a66ae1dc.png"},{"id":93273284,"identity":"2f6c0607-8e8e-4dfa-aa75-6a09e4862b18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/03575ad0c8b4f635aa221fa9.png"},{"id":93272631,"identity":"d05fb257-73c0-4158-b0e3-7afc89e63b54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":117540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/c22998dae2ecdbf4c5cee23c.png"},{"id":93272623,"identity":"878aef20-c4bd-4e16-9590-212130b0bd81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/23fa1339dd17e2d7b9b69a4d.png"},{"id":93273290,"identity":"d5f4d7a5-fbd5-47bb-98f9-39f1bbe08263","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"png","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/210f26fff50bfcea6cc2bef4.png"},{"id":93272654,"identity":"f8a32eff-5e1f-4a26-b412-5e5514d27a2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"png","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56737,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/db8738d0595e1a35bfd588fa.png"},{"id":93272666,"identity":"37dbfa54-1104-4b53-a28e-2e72d921e097","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0c0eb9f21a945a71497bc5fe.png"},{"id":93273372,"identity":"d7bf0232-58d9-41c3-9e69-b572d581092e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 01:07:09","extension":"png","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/983633a2a088a9609827fdde.png"},{"id":93273274,"identity":"5699f050-d3c1-48b0-8c78-e47d8606d21c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/3ae0ebf2f2a957a95eda7c52.png"},{"id":93272613,"identity":"cedb33fe-37c3-491f-8b8a-ee41a953cbe0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":307213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/bdd93703669ad3e29ba875d1.png"},{"id":93273293,"identity":"7b5c6c23-0993-4a36-9c7b-66487170e335","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:11","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/370e6b02e265f278fcbf5852.png"},{"id":93272604,"identity":"1f6d3ed1-6ec2-44da-b9bd-57a640572f08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":238570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/1cc52e17485c31cddb2859f4.png"},{"id":93273270,"identity":"c2326988-ec0a-438f-b679-f706cfc56dd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/3285c5949a670cf19028103d.png"},{"id":93272680,"identity":"cafbd872-4623-4b0f-9bb9-c0222871f006","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:11","extension":"png","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/caeb8a893d023587dce8b7af.png"},{"id":93272653,"identity":"25ded88a-7ef0-446b-96d4-a221231e84e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/c004287cdc08d7cc3f8d5b43.png"},{"id":93272667,"identity":"a835ad86-04ea-4027-b2e0-7e7e877a745e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/e982427486476d05e25935c9.png"},{"id":93273267,"identity":"1df657a1-1e41-439f-9738-6a01a83a0df3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94930,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/58a982da8de1cc5c948ff501.png"},{"id":93273275,"identity":"6bb6e021-8e92-4f00-97fc-1bf09285459c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":202691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage37.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/a35bce199b2244c758d4b2a7.png"},{"id":93273263,"identity":"c5019940-e573-4133-bf1f-1a7b1d4f79c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage38.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/1a2a603ee7b77dce0d92d0ea.png"},{"id":93272669,"identity":"6be13d78-2b10-4270-a636-b9082e44376c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage39.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/73add628073ea068cc88ac8c.png"},{"id":93273287,"identity":"0516afa6-5adb-46aa-8efd-70fba37f24d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0f67718bcc3a5348ea67a265.png"},{"id":93272662,"identity":"cb13bef4-df76-480b-a3ca-560a02393566","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":413354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage40.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0f5a8d343554b036ac54d9bc.png"},{"id":93272608,"identity":"7dc9365c-a852-49fc-b45b-d8db6be29451","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:08","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/31a58a682df9a68ac69a4fad.png"},{"id":93273276,"identity":"83617f32-4102-4e44-ad2b-714ac60b2c4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/a55a516a718eea6a94067a84.png"},{"id":93273281,"identity":"58ca1cb4-f493-46f9-8f8e-c71df563e6a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:09","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1191853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/71d4d26a7577433ee96d8266.png"},{"id":93272605,"identity":"37029634-c876-4eb5-a202-7e9605432b0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:07","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28262,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/3a99f97818331d62c0cf9d80.png"},{"id":93272676,"identity":"ab48c1ba-b240-413e-a4ac-4181dbe25b89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":340597,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/faddc0d8b5dfc610d648ad66.png"},{"id":93272649,"identity":"16e5fe88-ca3e-4c73-9e08-b5df180f2773","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:09","extension":"xml","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NHAZD25028360structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/12c124d6a164070959021494.xml"},{"id":93273291,"identity":"a6a7fbd7-031b-464e-8b2b-d8adb90acd68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:59:10","extension":"html","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":218600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/56281a85682797c18277683e.html"},{"id":93273784,"identity":"8556220c-66af-492c-9325-03a8c29978a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 01:15:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":680428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1_covered_ec6b1860-788f-4ec8-a766-b091de92556c.pdf"},{"id":93272673,"identity":"cdce7fc3-a67a-4ba0-b504-7c02b704e626","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:10","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":158203879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"figure.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/613e0157eee036dda9fac853.docx"},{"id":93272592,"identity":"b029581d-59fc-4e37-ba33-6fcba2540420","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:05","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":21947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"table.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/5948acb77e91038a4735f20e.docx"},{"id":93272595,"identity":"54ab4b0e-d03c-4119-878c-1e22d282c30c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-11 00:51:06","extension":"xlsx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":63452696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"particledata.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7446987/v1/0120e3628fe6f564594da7e3.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eFigures are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Dynamic fragmentation and entrainment characteristics of a heavily Jointed Landslide: DEM simulation, field seismic signal and UAV image analysis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"natural-hazards","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nhaz","sideBox":"Learn more about [Natural Hazards](https://www.springer.com/journal/11069)","snPcode":"11069","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11069/3","title":"Natural Hazards","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Multi-source data, landslide, fragmentation, entrainment, high mobility","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7446987/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7446987/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Characteristics of the dynamic rock fragmentation and granular-flow entrainment occurred in a heavily jointed landslide have been analyzed through a multidimensional framework consisting of the discrete element method (DEM), the landslide-induced field seismic signal and the UAV image recognition. First, DEM results reveal that the acceleration of rock mass occurs in its initial stage and the first half of the entrainment process, consistent with the analysis result of the seismic signal. Second, it was founded that the characteristic diameter (dc) and shape parameter (β) of rock fragments decreased rapidly during this period. On the contrary, the particle roundness (R), fractal dimension (D), unbalanced force (Ubf) and bond breakage energy (Eb) continuously increased in this period. These findings from landslide monitoring indicate that the fragmentation of the jointed source rock mass mainly occurs during the initial and first half of the entrainment stage. Furthermore, the evolution of the scraping intensity parameter indicates that two violent entrainment accidents occurred during the landslide movement. Meanwhile, the extremely high particle spin and roundness was founded in the middle depth of the granular flow during the entrainment process. Based on the comprehensive analysis above, we suggest that the drag reduction effect of the landslide movement is caused by two key factors, the rock fragmentation, and the particle rotational grinding occurring near the contact surface between the sliding mass and the entrainment mass.","manuscriptTitle":"Dynamic fragmentation and entrainment characteristics of a heavily Jointed Landslide: DEM simulation, field seismic signal and UAV image analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-11 00:51:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7446987/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2026-03-16T11:01:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T23:41:23+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T19:56:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-27T08:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Natural Hazards","date":"2025-08-26T12:50:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"natural-hazards","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nhaz","sideBox":"Learn more about [Natural Hazards](https://www.springer.com/journal/11069)","snPcode":"11069","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11069/3","title":"Natural Hazards","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"65b1f639-9272-4bf2-8eac-353cd9af2b08","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T15:03:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-11 00:51:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7446987","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7446987","identity":"rs-7446987","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}