Atypical seismic records of quarry blasts

Atypical seismic records of quarry blasts | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Atypical seismic records of quarry blasts ZDENEK KALAB, Blazej PANDULA, Julian KONDELA This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154950/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Acta Geophysica → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Blasting operations cause vibrations. Seismograms are used to assess the effect of these vibrations on the surroundings. The seismic record of blasting usually has a very typical character - a sharp onset of the first wave followed by other groups of waves with a prominent group of surface waves. Detailed analysis of seismograms contributes to the study of the local subsurface geological structure, the evaluation of the effect of blasting, the proposal of optimizing the effect of blasting, etc. This character can be changed for various reasons, which is often caused by the "specific" local geological structure - the disruption of the rock environment. The paper presents the wave pattern of individual types of seismic waves in the vicinity of the realized blast and several examples of these atypical seismic records. Experimental measurements were carried out in several quarries in Slovakia and Czech Republic. As an example, the measured wave pattern in an open-pit lignite mine has an atypical character characterized primarily by the duration of vibrations of up to 35 seconds. Technical seismicity blasting vibration manifestation seismic record Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Introduction Currently, there are many activities, in which blasting operations are used. These include mainly rock mining, tunnelling, realisation of engineering networks and transport structures, and other tasks. Blasting operation (detonation) is assessed by the total work of blasting, which can generally be composed of useful and useless types of work. Useful types of these works include compression and plastic massif deformation, rock breakage and displacement, rock loosening and relocation, the creation of free space, and others. As a rule, the most monitored component of useless works is vibrations spreading into the surrounding area (e.g. Dojčár et al., 1996). These vibrations are included in technical seismicity, unlike earthquakes represent natural seismicity. Vibrations are detected by seismometers, analogue or digital instrumentation is used for the record. Dewey and Byerly (1969) published a study in the BSSA journal that mapped the history of seismometers developed up to 1900 in great detail. The time record of vibration is called a seismogram. An analog seismogram is a record of a continuous trace. An example of a single-component record on a paper strip is shown in Fig. 1. A digital seismogram is the numerical value of time samples of an analog signal, usually stored on a computer disk. According to the frequency band of the captured seismic signals, we distinguish four basic ranges: short-period (SP), broadband (BB), long-period (LP) and very broadband (VBB). Scherbaum (1994) discussed digital data processing in detail in his book. The manifestations of explosive blasting are analysed in the time and frequency domains. Various numerical tools or empirical relationships are used for this. The values of the maximum amplitudes of vibrations (usually the vibration velocity or acceleration) and the frequency range of the dominant signal are commonly determined. The values of the maximum amplitudes are influenced by many factors. Despite this, simple formulas can be used to estimate these maximum values (e.g. Dojčár et al., 1996, Pandula and Kondela, 2010, Kaláb et al., 2013). Seismograms are used to assess the impact of the mentioned vibrations on the rock massif. Detailed analyses of seismograms contribute to the study of local near-surface geological structures, the assessment of the blasting effect, the design of blasting to optimize its effect, etc. Most vibrations have an “expected” character – a sharp onset of a longitudinal P wave, and then a wave group of a transverse S wave, a group of surface waves may follow (Fig 2). However, sometimes we encounter atypical manifestations of vibrations. The paper presents examples of anomalous seismograms generated by the blasting. Experimental measurements in an open-pit lignite mine Usually, the experimental measurements of the detonation of explosives produce typical records of seismic effects, i.e. short wave impulses with rapid attenuation. The measured duration of the whole event lasts no more than 5 seconds. Here, we will present the manifestations of surface blasting in an open-pit lignite mine. The approximately three-year period of experimental measurements in the Nástup Tušimice Mine (Mostecka Basin, North Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its surroundings is described in detail, for example, in the papers of Kaláb (2003, 2006). The aforementioned blasting was carried out to disturb the overburden above the lignite seam. The first measurement, which was carried out on the edge of the minefield, showed that the measured wave patterns have an atypical character, characterized primarily by the duration of vibrations of up to 35 s. An example of a record (from top to bottom, the components are vertical, horizontal N-S, horizontal E-W) is shown in Fig. 3, the distance between the blasting position and the measurement site was 3.5 km. The record begins with a normal seismic noise (approx. 1 s), followed by a group of P and S waves (approx. 2 s), and then followed by surface waves (approx. 4 s). In normal records, the induced vibrations are attenuated now, but here a clear increase in amplitudes is visible in all components, especially horizontal ones. A series of measurements were carried out to obtain the necessary information for evaluating the impact of quarry blasting on the slopes and the surroundings of the mine. The common record (Fig. 4) is from a site located on a concrete bridge on a hill (a distance of about 200 m from the mine slope, about 1.5 km from the blasting). The maximum measured component amplitudes of the velocity were almost 5 mm.s -1 with a predominant frequency of 2.3 Hz. The initial part of the anomalous record (see Fig. 3) has a duration of about 2 seconds, the signal frequency range is 5-20 Hz, and the predominant frequency is in higher values. This probably corresponds to the bulk seismic waves that arise during the blast of explosives and propagate through the rock massif. In the wave patterns, the onset of the P-wave and subsequently the onset of the S-wave can be clearly identified. These waves propagate through the claystone and coal layers, the P-wave velocity can be determined to be about 4.5 km.s -1 . The second part of the record corresponds to surface waves (about 5 - 10 seconds at a given location, however, it is possible to determine these surface waves in detail up to 20 s, the most pronounced is the frequency range 2 - 4 Hz). The generation of this second part of the record is not reliably explained. The above-mentioned character of the record was verified both during normal blasting operations (3500 - 6500 kg of explosives) and, also, during the experimental blasting of one borehole (approx. 120 kg). Measurements were taken directly at the blasting site in the mine, on the final slope of the mine, in the mined area, on the reclaimed overburden, on the surface of basin structures untouched by mining, on the outcrop of crystalline rocks outside the basin, ... (e.g. Kaláb, 2003, 2006). Several hypotheses were examined to explain the origin of the discussed intense wave in the records. The hypothesis of the origin and propagation of a surface seismic wave, which originates in surface and/or subsurface layers with low acoustic impedance (i.e. Love and Rayleigh waves), was accepted as the most probable. Experimental measurements in quarries Experimental measurements were carried out in several quarries in Slovakia. The case study is from the quarry Maglovec. The diorite porphyrite quarry in Maglovec is located in the northern part of Slanske vrchy Mts., approximately 35 km to the NW from Kosice. In the vicinity of the quarry (approx 800 m to the SW) Vysna Sebastova and Severna villages (SW) are situated (e.g., Pandula, Kondela, 2013). The semi-intruded body of diorite porphyrite in Maglovec quarry is of Neogene age (Middle Sarmatian, 12+- 0.3 Ma). The body intruded into the Neogene, Lower Miocene sediments. Intrusions of diorite porphyrite (laccoliths, sills) penetrated during Middle Sarmatian at the boundary of the Lower Miocene and Lower Sarmatian volcanic complex. Rocks are dark gray and light gray with distinctive dark minerals’ phenocrysts (Fig.5). The phenocrysts most often composed of plagioclase (An 34-36 ), hypersthene, augite and amphibole. The structure is porphyric with holocrystalline, microallotriomorphic to hypidiomorphic grainy ground substance. The final structure is then amphibolic – pyroxene to pyroxene – amphibolic diorite porphyrite (e.g. Kaliciak et al., 1991). Blasting operations at the Maglovec quarry have been monitored for more than 10 years. At the same time, several technical parameters of the blasting operations are being refined to reduce seismic effects on residential buildings in the village located near the quarry. By optimizing the blasting operations, the maximum particle velocity (PPV) on residential buildings in the village was reduced to below 3 mm/s. One residential building in the village still showed problems with seismic effects during blasting in the quarry. The seismic signal measured on the building was atypical. Using experimental measurements of seismic effects in both the quarry and the residential building, we wanted to determine the causes. We placed the measuring devices in the quarry at various distances from the blasting site, in the apartment building and front of the apartment building. The measuring standpoints No. 1, 2 and 3 are shown in Fig. 6. At standpoint 3, we placed measuring instruments on the foundations of the apartment building and 2 m in front of the apartment building to register seismic waves coming from the blast to the apartment building. At individual measuring stations, we recorded seismic waves generated by blasting in the Maglovec quarry. Fig. 7 is a record of the seismic signal in the vicinity of the blast. Fig. 8 is a record of the seismic signal of the blast in the Maglovec quarry in the direction of the monitored residential building. In Figeres 9 and 10, they are records of the seismic signal of the blast in front of the residential building and on the foundations of the residential building. Analysis of seismic signals at measuring standpoints in the quarry and on the apartment building showed that in the quarry the seismic signal recorded from the blast has a duration of approximately 0.8 seconds and on the apartment building and in front of the apartment building the seismic signal has a duration of 2 seconds. At time 0.5 seconds, the onset of waves with the amplitude that is characteristic for surface waves. The frequency of the maximum particle velocity is higher than the frequency of the maximum particle velocity in the quarry. The geological environment between the quarry and the apartment building consists of fluvial and profluvial sediments (see Fig. 5), which should have reduced the frequency of seismic waves. Seismic waves in the apartment building caused the break of the window and the picture to fall off the wall. The generation of this wave group is not reliably explained. A possible explanation is that the diorite porphyrite body reaches up to the apartment building. The thickness of mantle rock varies from 5 m to 40 m. Progressing exploitation in the quarry revealed the internal structure of the diorite porphyrite body. The structure is much more difficult than was expected during the investigation based on borehole research. The current mined part of the deposit in Vysna Sebastov identified a tectonic line with a general trend NNE – SSW, with its origin genetically connected to the consolidation of footwall clay sediments caused by a load of the solidified body. It is a failure zone, which destroys part of the deposit and divides the deposit into two parts. It is assumed that the fault zone between blastings in the quarry and the residential building in the village generates the seismic waves that we recorded at measuring standpoint 3. Progressing of exploitation in the Maglovec quarry revealed the internal structure of a diorite porphyry body. Tectonic lines were identified in the mined part of the deposit. It is assumed that there is a fault zone between the quarry blasting and the mentioned residential house in the village. This fault zone generates seismic waves, which we recorded at measuring standpoint 3. Another possibility of using atypical seismic waves generated during blasting operations in quarries To reduce the seismic effects of blast operations in quarries, millisecond blast timing is used. This method involves firing individual charges gradually one after another with a certain time delay (e.g. Pandula, Kondela, 2010, Kondela, Pandula, 2012, Baulovic et al., 2020). The seismic waves generated during the blast cancel each other out and the maximum amplitude (e.i. PPV) can be reduced by using appropriate time intervals of partial charges. Despite its theoretical simplicity, it is usually difficult to predict PPV with sufficient accuracy due to the error in the timing of the delay between partial charges and the inhomogeneity of the rock environment. The shape of the resulting seismic blast signal indicates whether the millisecond blast delay was optimal and the vibration effect of the seismic waves was damped, or whether the blast time delay needs to be corrected. Figures 11 and 12 show examples of seismic signals recorded during blasts with millisecond time delays. The analysis of the individual records showed that in the case of the blast of the seismic signal presented in Fig. 11, there was no satisfactory attenuation of the seismic effects of the blasting. It can be seen that the attenuation at blast of time 0.06, 0.08, 0.46, 0.48, 0.51, 0.53 and 0.54 seconds was not satisfactory. In the second case (Fig. 12), a precise millisecond time delay of partial charge was used using programmable detonators. The result is an atypical seismic signal, the shape of which shows that the seismic effects of the partial blasts were attenuated, but not all of them. At times 0.3 seconds and 0.45 seconds, the attenuation of the blasts was not satisfactory. Therefore, it was necessary to realise little bit of another time scheme. Conclusion The history of rock formation, their mineralogical composition, its change during secondary processes of serpentinization, dolomitization, crystallization, reduction or increase in porosity, moisture, and pressure - all these parameters are reflected in the propagation velocity and shape of seismic waves, which are in their way a standard of information about the rock environment. The propagation of seismic waves generated by blast operations is thus influenced by the properties of the environment through which the seismic waves pass. In rocks, where tectonic faults are, seismic waves propagate with great attenuation and the shape of seismic waves is also changed. Blast operations generate typical and anomalous seismic waves with different maximum particle velocities and a wide spectrum of frequencies. As mentioned, this process depends on the properties of the rocks, the properties of the charges and the blast technology. It is very important to study how to control vibrations caused by blasts to minimize the negative effects of blasts in quarries. Therefore, even with the current trend of introducing artificial intelligence into the process of optimizing blast operation, the interpretation of seismic waves by the operator is very important. Declarations Acknowledgements The main theses, methodology, and research results of this article were presented during the 39th Polish-Czech-Slovak Symposium on ‘Mining and Environmental Geophysics 2024,’ held in Ustroń, Poland, from December 3rd to 5th, 2024. The paper was prepared with the financial support of the Research program of the Czech Academy of Sciences, RVO: 68145535 and EPOS/CzechGeo. Statements and Declarations We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. References Baulovic J, Pandula B, Kondela J, Simo J, Budinsky V (2020) Reduction of vibrations caused by blasting works in mitigating negative effects on the environment. EGRSE Journal, Vol. 27, no. 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.26345/egrse-001-20-201 Dewey J, Byerly P (1969) The early history of seismometry (to 1900). BSSA, 59 (1): 183–227. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0590010183 Dojcar O, Horky J, Korinek R (1996) Blasting technology. Montanex, a.s. Ostrava, Czech Republic Kalab Z (2003) Seismic manifestation of blasts in the Chomutov Region. Science publication of the VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, ISSN 1213–7456, ISBN 80-248-0235-X Kalab Z (2006) Measurements of seismic vibrations induced by quarry blasts at the Mostecká Basin. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej, Ser. Górnictwo z.271, Nr. 1715, PL ISSN 0372–9508, Gliwice, Poland Kalab Z, Pandula B, Stolarik M, Kondela J (2013) Examples of law of seismic wave attenuation. Metalurgija 52:387–390. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295560107_Examples_of_law_of_seismic_wave_attenuation Kaliciak M, Baňacký V, Jacko S, Janočko J, Karoli S, Molnár J, Petro Ľ, Priechodská Z, Syčev V, Škvarka L, Vozár J, Zlinská A, Žec B (1991) Explanatory notes to the geological map of the northern part of Slanské and Kosice basin. Report, GÚDŠ, Bratislava, Slovakia Kondela J, Pandula B (2012) Timing of quarry blasts and its impact on seismic effects. Acta Geodynamica et Geomater, 9 (2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294544048_Timing_of_quarry_blasts_and_its_impact_on_seismic_effects Pandula B, Kondela J (2010) Methodology of seismic blasting. Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Pandula B, Kondela J, Friedmanová M (2013) Research of technical seismicity in the Maglovec quarry. EGRSE Journal. Vol. 22, no. 2 (2013). https://caag.cz/egrse/2013-2/02_friedmanova.pdf Scherbaum F (1994) Basic concept i digital signal processing for seismologists. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Springer- Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Acta Geophysica → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor revisions 07 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Mar, 2025 Editor invited by journal 17 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6154950","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":430460784,"identity":"ad7a6fcc-b7f5-458a-9729-c4da6f794256","order_by":0,"name":"ZDENEK 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Kosiciach","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Blazej","middleName":"","lastName":"PANDULA","suffix":""},{"id":430460786,"identity":"7aed7dbb-0bbc-4957-86bc-46cee06937aa","order_by":2,"name":"Julian KONDELA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Košice: Technicka univerzita v Kosiciach","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Julian","middleName":"","lastName":"KONDELA","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-04 13:30:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154950/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154950/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-025-01653-y","type":"published","date":"2025-07-24T15:57:26+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79297219,"identity":"2e202128-5d19-4bc5-aa0b-a06588d87b66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:32:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnalog seismic recording drum (\u003cu\u003ehttps://www.icgc.cat/en/Thematic-areas/Risks-and-emergencies/Earthquakes/Seismic-information-and-maps-collections/Analog-seismograms\u003c/u\u003e11/01/2025)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/15c5344b2f034eb0485c942d.jpeg"},{"id":79297227,"identity":"84ff8f06-f6a5-4c1b-8394-97a68453fda8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:32:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample seismic record depicting the arrival of P-waves, S-waves, R-waves and L-waves (Chen, 1982 in Pandula and Kondela, 2010)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/747ebd30c2426044866cd5ae.jpg"},{"id":79297873,"identity":"485bc54e-b148-4631-8778-785a570d03a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:48:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample of a record of blasting on the edge of a minefield, the maximum value of the amplitude of the velocity is given in m.s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (individual components are normalized to the specified maximum amplitude), the horizontal axis is time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/7fe9a3bc85e2c4e9ea9a6559.jpg"},{"id":79297742,"identity":"0ae8bc36-3314-4475-8fa9-05597eaf4c68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:40:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample of a record of blasting on a concrete bridge (distance 1.5 km), the maximum amplitude of the velocity is given in m.s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (individual components are normalized to the specified maximum amplitude), the horizontal axis is time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/0e8476992b7ca7ee460e7e8c.jpg"},{"id":79297746,"identity":"e570849e-1432-419a-9903-12a4d8f23158","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:40:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":446178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map of Maglovec quarry (Lom Maglovec) with the nearest villages (Kaliciak, et. al., 1991). Explanations: 1 fluvial sediment: loams, sands, clays, 2 proluvial sediments: sandy gravels with loess loams regolith, 3 deluvial sediments: loamy – rocky undivided sediments, 4 mirkovske formation: monotonous, grey calcareous claystones, 5 kladzianske formation: greenish – grey claystones with beds of fine – grained sandstones, 5 zuberecke formation: alternation of sandstones, siltstones with interformation conglomerates, Mn carbonate ore and varicolored claystones, 7 intrusions of amphibolic pyroxene diorite porphyrite, 8 Celovske formation: light grey siltstones to fine – grained sandstones, 9 Sebastovka formation: lava torrent of amphibolic pyroxene andesite, 10 Stavica formation: lava torrent of augite - hypesthenic andesite, hypesthenic – augite andesite, pyroxene andesite with different ratio of augite and hypesthene 11 Celovske formation: light grey greenish – grey micaous claystones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/e9b32e305e909e18a9ae2821.jpg"},{"id":79297744,"identity":"9563a258-86fb-4382-8fef-6ee46f950ad8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:40:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePosition of measuring standpoints No. 1, 2 and 3 and their position with bench blasting (red line)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/c8a6dc1b30ff766042bd06dd.jpg"},{"id":79297225,"identity":"bcf03b4e-c300-4d5e-9b10-3e98f674d6f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:32:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphic record of the seismic signal components during a blast in Maglovec quarry at measuring standpoint\u0026nbsp;1, distance 27.5 m from the blast, the maximum peak particle velocity is v\u003csub\u003ez \u003c/sub\u003e= 178 mm.s\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eat a frekvency 28\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eHz, from top to bottom radial, transversal and vertical components, the horizontal axis is time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/e0f23ae2cf7cc2346b00b98e.jpg"},{"id":79297872,"identity":"e2fcd2eb-8ae1-4096-a2fb-0e05df555a04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:48:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphic record of the seismic signal components during a blast in Maglovec quarry at measuring standpoint\u0026nbsp;2 (from top to bottom radial, transversal and vertical components), distance 250 m from the blast, the maximum peak particle velocity is v\u003csub\u003ey \u003c/sub\u003e= 11 mm.s\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eat a frekvency 29\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eHz, the horizontal axis is time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/6b7c7ac301759b776a60b09b.jpg"},{"id":79297749,"identity":"264bbf7e-9f4e-4e65-b04f-c3a7f601143d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:40:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical record of seismic signal components during a blast in Maglovec quarry at measuring standpoint 3 (from top to bottom pressure wave, radial, transversal and vertical components), distance 2 m from the apartment building, distance 994,7 m from blast, the maximum peak particle velocity is v\u003csub\u003ez \u003c/sub\u003e= 0,88 mm.s\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eat a frekvency 36\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eHz, the horizontal axis is time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/a7c5180e4519ac06bab47c7f.jpg"},{"id":79297235,"identity":"c004373c-d23e-4a08-9daa-d7d67483b76a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:32:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":114126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical record of seismic signal components during a blast in Maglovec quarry at measuring standpoint 3 (at the apartment of the building),\u0026nbsp; , from top to bottom radial, transversal and vertical components, distance 996,7 m from the blast, the\u0026nbsp; maximum peak particle velocity is v\u003csub\u003ez \u003c/sub\u003e= 1,24 mm.s\u003csup\u003e-1 \u003c/sup\u003eat a frekvency 38\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eHz, the horizontal axis is time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/5140d40ffc319c54beccc2e3.jpg"},{"id":79297747,"identity":"e120544b-8bff-40fd-a933-b6fc6f8b9374","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:40:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical recording of seismic signal components of bench blast in a quarry, distance 24 m away from initiation borehole of the bench blast\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/347945f62a92b79ad1823aa3.jpg"},{"id":79297232,"identity":"04a29e6a-cb85-440a-8cd5-327d60c6322f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 17:32:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical record of seismic signal components of bench blast in a quarry, distance \u0026nbsp;19 m away from initiation borehole of the bench blast\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/ae83d31233cef52231ce3cad.jpg"},{"id":87756712,"identity":"efeec99c-45ce-486b-8b81-fbf41a6002e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 16:08:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1343006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6154950/v1/4780e835-44ad-402a-98b1-f68611d69803.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Atypical seismic records of quarry blasts","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCurrently, there are many activities, in which blasting operations are used. These include mainly rock mining, tunnelling, realisation of engineering networks and transport structures, and other tasks. Blasting operation (detonation) is assessed by the total work of blasting, which can generally be composed of useful and useless types of work. Useful types of these works include compression and plastic massif deformation, rock breakage and displacement, rock loosening and relocation, the creation of free space, and others. As a rule, the most monitored component of useless works is vibrations spreading into the surrounding area (e.g. Dojč\u0026aacute;r et al., 1996). These vibrations are included in technical seismicity, unlike earthquakes represent natural seismicity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVibrations are detected by seismometers, analogue or digital instrumentation is used for the record. Dewey and Byerly (1969) published a study in the BSSA journal that mapped the history of seismometers developed up to 1900 in great detail. The time record of vibration is called a seismogram. An analog seismogram is a record of a continuous trace. An example of a single-component record on a paper strip is shown in Fig. 1. A digital seismogram is the numerical value of time samples of an analog signal, usually stored on a computer disk. According to the frequency band of the captured seismic signals, we distinguish four basic ranges: short-period (SP), broadband (BB), long-period (LP) and very broadband (VBB). Scherbaum (1994) discussed digital data processing in detail in his book. The manifestations of explosive blasting are analysed in the time and frequency domains. Various numerical tools or empirical relationships are used for this. The values of the maximum amplitudes of vibrations (usually the vibration velocity or acceleration) and the frequency range of the dominant signal are commonly determined. The values of the maximum amplitudes are influenced by many factors. Despite this, simple formulas can be used to estimate these maximum values (e.g. Dojč\u0026aacute;r et al., 1996, Pandula and Kondela, 2010, Kal\u0026aacute;b et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeismograms are used to assess the impact of the mentioned vibrations on the rock massif. Detailed analyses of seismograms contribute to the study of local near-surface geological structures, the assessment of the blasting effect, the design of blasting to optimize its effect, etc. Most vibrations have an \u0026ldquo;expected\u0026rdquo; character \u0026ndash; a sharp onset of a longitudinal P wave, and then a wave group of a transverse S wave, a group of surface waves may follow (Fig 2). However, sometimes we encounter atypical manifestations of vibrations. The paper presents examples of anomalous seismograms generated by the blasting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental measurements in an open-pit lignite mine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsually, the experimental measurements of the detonation of explosives produce typical records of seismic effects, i.e. short wave impulses with rapid attenuation. The measured duration of the whole event lasts no more than 5 seconds. Here, we will present the manifestations of surface blasting in an open-pit lignite mine. The approximately three-year period of experimental measurements in the N\u0026aacute;stup Tu\u0026scaron;imice Mine (Mostecka Basin, North Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its surroundings is described in detail, for example, in the papers of Kal\u0026aacute;b (2003, 2006). The aforementioned blasting was carried out to disturb the overburden above the lignite seam. The first measurement, which was carried out on the edge of the minefield, showed that the measured wave patterns have an atypical character, characterized primarily by the duration of vibrations of up to 35 s. An example of a record (from top to bottom, the components are vertical, horizontal N-S, horizontal E-W) is shown in Fig. 3, the distance between the blasting position and the measurement site was 3.5 km. The record begins with a normal seismic noise (approx. 1 s), followed by a group of P and S waves (approx. 2 s), and then followed by surface waves (approx. 4 s). In normal records, the induced vibrations are attenuated now, but here a clear increase in amplitudes is visible in all components, especially horizontal ones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA series of measurements were carried out to obtain the necessary information for evaluating the impact of quarry blasting on the slopes and the surroundings of the mine. The common record (Fig. 4) is from a site located on a concrete bridge on a hill (a distance of about 200 m from the mine slope, about 1.5 km from the blasting). The maximum measured component amplitudes of the velocity were almost 5 mm.s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e with a predominant frequency of 2.3 Hz.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial part of the anomalous record (see Fig. 3) has a duration of about 2 seconds, the signal frequency range is 5-20 Hz, and the predominant frequency is in higher values. This probably corresponds to the bulk seismic waves that arise during the blast of explosives and propagate through the rock massif. In the wave patterns, the onset of the P-wave and subsequently the onset of the S-wave can be clearly identified. These waves propagate through the claystone and coal layers, the P-wave velocity can be determined to be about 4.5 km.s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The second part of the record corresponds to surface waves (about 5 - 10 seconds at a given location, however, it is possible to determine these surface waves in detail up to 20 s, the most pronounced is the frequency range 2 - 4 Hz).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe generation of this second part of the record is not reliably explained. The above-mentioned character of the record was verified both during normal blasting operations (3500 - 6500 kg of explosives) and, also, during the experimental blasting of one borehole (approx. 120 kg). Measurements were taken directly at the blasting site in the mine, on the final slope of the mine, in the mined area, on the reclaimed overburden, on the surface of basin structures untouched by mining, on the outcrop of crystalline rocks outside the basin, ... (e.g. Kal\u0026aacute;b, 2003, 2006). Several hypotheses were examined to explain the origin of the discussed intense wave in the records. The hypothesis of the origin and propagation of a surface seismic wave, which originates in surface and/or subsurface layers with low acoustic impedance (i.e. Love and Rayleigh waves), was accepted as the most probable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental measurements in quarries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental measurements were carried out in several quarries in Slovakia. The case study is from the quarry Maglovec. The diorite porphyrite quarry in Maglovec is located in the northern part of Slanske vrchy Mts., approximately 35 km to the NW from Kosice. In the vicinity of the quarry (approx 800 m to the SW) Vysna Sebastova and Severna villages (SW) are situated (e.g., Pandula, Kondela, 2013).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe semi-intruded body of diorite porphyrite in Maglovec quarry is of Neogene age (Middle Sarmatian, 12+- 0.3 Ma). The body intruded into the Neogene, Lower Miocene sediments. Intrusions of diorite porphyrite (laccoliths, sills) penetrated during Middle Sarmatian at the boundary of the Lower Miocene and Lower Sarmatian volcanic complex. Rocks are dark gray and light gray with distinctive dark minerals\u0026rsquo; phenocrysts (Fig.5). The phenocrysts most often composed of plagioclase (An\u003csub\u003e34-36\u003c/sub\u003e), hypersthene, augite and amphibole. The structure is porphyric with holocrystalline, microallotriomorphic to hypidiomorphic grainy ground substance. The final structure is then amphibolic \u0026ndash; pyroxene to pyroxene \u0026ndash; amphibolic diorite porphyrite (e.g. Kaliciak et al., 1991).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlasting operations at the Maglovec quarry have been monitored for more than 10 years. At the same time, several technical parameters of the blasting operations are being refined to reduce seismic effects on residential buildings in the village located near the quarry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy optimizing the blasting operations, the maximum particle velocity (PPV) on residential buildings in the village was reduced to below 3 mm/s. One residential building in the village still showed problems with seismic effects during blasting in the quarry. The seismic signal measured on the building was atypical. Using experimental measurements of seismic effects in both the quarry and the residential building, we wanted to determine the causes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe placed the measuring devices in the quarry at various distances from the blasting site, in the apartment building and front of the apartment building. The measuring standpoints No. 1, 2 and 3 are shown in Fig. 6. At standpoint 3, we placed measuring instruments on the foundations of the apartment building and 2 m in front of the apartment building to register seismic waves coming from the blast to the apartment building. At individual measuring stations, we recorded seismic waves generated by blasting in the Maglovec quarry. Fig. 7 is a record of the seismic signal in the vicinity of the blast. Fig. 8 is a record of the seismic signal of the blast in the Maglovec quarry in the direction of the monitored residential building. In Figeres 9 and 10, they are records of the seismic signal of the blast in front of the residential building and on the foundations of the residential building.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of seismic signals at measuring standpoints in the quarry and on the apartment building showed that in the quarry the seismic signal recorded from the blast has a duration of approximately 0.8 seconds and on the apartment building and in front of the apartment building the seismic signal has a duration of 2 seconds. At time 0.5 seconds, the onset of waves with the amplitude that is characteristic for surface waves. The frequency of the maximum particle velocity is higher than the frequency of the maximum particle velocity in the quarry. The geological environment between the quarry and the apartment building consists of fluvial and profluvial sediments (see Fig. 5), which should have reduced the frequency of seismic waves. Seismic waves in the apartment building caused the break of the window and the picture to fall off the wall. The generation of this wave group is not reliably explained. A possible explanation is that the diorite porphyrite body reaches up to the apartment building.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe thickness of mantle rock varies from 5 m to 40 m. Progressing exploitation in the quarry revealed the internal structure of the diorite porphyrite body. The structure is much more difficult than was expected during the investigation based on borehole research. The current mined part of the deposit in Vysna Sebastov identified a tectonic line with a general trend NNE \u0026ndash; SSW, with its origin genetically connected to the consolidation of footwall clay sediments caused by a load of the solidified body. It is a failure zone, which destroys part of the deposit and divides the deposit into two parts. It is assumed that the fault zone between blastings in the quarry and the residential building in the village generates the seismic waves that we recorded at measuring standpoint 3. Progressing of exploitation in the Maglovec quarry revealed the internal structure of a diorite porphyry body. Tectonic lines were identified in the mined part of the deposit. It is assumed that there is a fault zone between the quarry blasting and the mentioned residential house in the village. This fault zone generates seismic waves, which we recorded at measuring standpoint 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother possibility of using atypical seismic waves generated during blasting operations in quarries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo reduce the seismic effects of blast operations in quarries, millisecond blast timing is used. This method involves firing individual charges gradually one after another with a certain time delay (e.g. Pandula, Kondela, 2010, Kondela, Pandula, 2012, Baulovic et al., 2020). The seismic waves generated during the blast cancel each other out and the maximum amplitude (e.i. PPV) can be reduced by using appropriate time intervals of partial charges. Despite its theoretical simplicity, it is usually difficult to predict PPV with sufficient accuracy due to the error in the timing of the delay between partial charges and the inhomogeneity of the rock environment. The shape of the resulting seismic blast signal indicates whether the millisecond blast delay was optimal and the vibration effect of the seismic waves was damped, or whether the blast time delay needs to be corrected. Figures 11 and 12 show examples of seismic signals recorded during blasts with millisecond time delays.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the individual records showed that in the case of the blast of the seismic signal presented in Fig. 11, there was no satisfactory attenuation of the seismic effects of the blasting. It can be seen that the attenuation at blast of time 0.06, 0.08, 0.46, 0.48, 0.51, 0.53 and \u0026nbsp;0.54 seconds was not satisfactory. In the second case (Fig. 12), a precise millisecond time delay of partial charge was used using programmable detonators. The result is an atypical seismic signal, the shape of which shows that the seismic effects of the partial blasts were attenuated, but not all of them. At times 0.3 seconds and 0.45 seconds, the attenuation of the blasts was not satisfactory. Therefore, it was necessary to realise little bit of another time scheme.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe history of rock formation, their mineralogical composition, its change during secondary processes of serpentinization, dolomitization, crystallization, reduction or increase in porosity, moisture, and pressure - all these parameters are reflected in the propagation velocity and shape of seismic waves, which are in their way a standard of information about the rock environment. The propagation of seismic waves generated by blast operations is thus influenced by the properties of the environment through which the seismic waves pass. In rocks, where tectonic faults are, seismic waves propagate with great attenuation and the shape of seismic waves is also changed. Blast operations generate typical and anomalous seismic waves with different maximum particle velocities and a wide spectrum of frequencies. As mentioned, this process depends on the properties of the rocks, the properties of the charges and the blast technology. It is very important to study how to control vibrations caused by blasts to minimize the negative effects of blasts in quarries. Therefore, even with the current trend of introducing artificial intelligence into the process of optimizing blast operation, the interpretation of seismic waves by the operator is very important.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003cbr\u003eThe main theses, methodology, and research results of this article were presented during the 39th Polish-Czech-Slovak Symposium on \u0026lsquo;Mining and Environmental Geophysics 2024,\u0026rsquo; held in Ustroń, Poland, from December 3rd to 5th, 2024.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paper was prepared with the financial support of the Research program of the Czech Academy of Sciences, RVO: 68145535 and EPOS/CzechGeo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatements and Declarations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaulovic J, Pandula B, Kondela J, Simo J, Budinsky V (2020) Reduction of vibrations caused by blasting works in mitigating negative effects on the environment. EGRSE Journal, Vol. 27, no. 2 (2020). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.26345/egrse-001-20-201\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.26345/egrse-001-20-201\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDewey J, Byerly P (1969) The early history of seismometry (to 1900). 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G\u0026oacute;rnictwo z.271, Nr. 1715, PL ISSN 0372\u0026ndash;9508, Gliwice, Poland\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalab Z, Pandula B, Stolarik M, Kondela J (2013) Examples of law of seismic wave attenuation. 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Acta Geodynamica et Geomater, 9 (2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/294544048_Timing_of_quarry_blasts_and_its_impact_on_seismic_effects\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294544048_Timing_of_quarry_blasts_and_its_impact_on_seismic_effects\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePandula B, Kondela J (2010) Methodology of seismic blasting. Bansk\u0026aacute; Bystrica, Slovakia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePandula B, Kondela J, Friedmanov\u0026aacute; M (2013) Research of technical seismicity in the Maglovec quarry. EGRSE Journal. Vol. 22, no. 2 (2013). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://caag.cz/egrse/2013-2/02_friedmanova.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://caag.cz/egrse/2013-2/02_friedmanova.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScherbaum F (1994) Basic concept i digital signal processing for seismologists. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Springer-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-geophysica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Geophysica](http://link.springer.com/journal/11600)","snPcode":"11600","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/agph/default2.aspx","title":"Acta Geophysica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Technical seismicity, blasting, vibration manifestation, seismic record","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154950/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154950/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBlasting operations cause vibrations. Seismograms are used to assess the effect of these vibrations on the surroundings. The seismic record of blasting usually has a very typical character - a sharp onset of the first wave followed by other groups of waves with a prominent group of surface waves. Detailed analysis of seismograms contributes to the study of the local subsurface geological structure, the evaluation of the effect of blasting, the proposal of optimizing the effect of blasting, etc. This character can be changed for various reasons, which is often caused by the \"specific\" local geological structure - the disruption of the rock environment. The paper presents the wave pattern of individual types of seismic waves in the vicinity of the realized blast and several examples of these atypical seismic records. Experimental measurements were carried out in several quarries in Slovakia and Czech Republic. As an example, the measured wave pattern in an open-pit lignite mine has an atypical character characterized primarily by the duration of vibrations of up to 35 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Atypical seismic records of quarry blasts","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-26 17:31:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6154950/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revisions","date":"2025-04-08T03:44:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T07:03:39+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-18T11:22:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Acta Geophysica","date":"2025-03-17T16:06:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-16T02:46:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Acta Geophysica","date":"2025-03-12T02:58:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-geophysica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Geophysica](http://link.springer.com/journal/11600)","snPcode":"11600","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/agph/default2.aspx","title":"Acta Geophysica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a3e5caa5-dec9-4cdb-a77f-1155ea44dd0d","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-28T16:00:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6154950","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-025-01653-y","journal":{"identity":"acta-geophysica","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Acta Geophysica"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-24 15:57:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-26 17:31:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11600-025-01653-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-025-01653-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6154950","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6154950","identity":"rs-6154950","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}