Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Hospital of Kathmandu District, Nepal

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Despite this burden, there remains a limited understanding of the various factors affecting the quality of life of hypertensive patients, particularly in low-and-middle income settings. This study aims to assess the quality of life among hypertensive patients along with their various associated factors in the Kathmandu District, Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in a selected hospital of Kathmandu District from February to March 2023, with a total sample size of 200 hypertensive patients. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule, and WHOQOL-BREF was used to measure the outcome variable. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic, social, psychological, and behavioural factors. Bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test, and variables with a p-value < 0.2 were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. In the final model, variables with p-values < 0.05 at a 95% Confidence Interval were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results A total of 200 hypertensive patients participated, of whom 88% had a good quality of life. Lower income (p = 0.027) and illiteracy (p = 0.049), lack of family support (p = 0.001), non-consumption of meat and fish (p = 0.005), higher salt intake (p = 0.045), physical inactivity (p < 0.001), and irregular medication use (p = 0.001) were associated with poor QOL. In multivariable analysis, family support (aOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10–0.87), meat and fish consumption (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07–0.75), and physical activity (aOR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.70) were significantly protective against poor QOL. Conclusion Poor quality of life among hypertensive patients was primarily associated with both modifiable behavioural and social factors, and socio-demographic characteristics. Interventions that strengthen social support, promote healthy dietary practices, and encourage regular physical activity may substantially improve the quality of life in individuals living with hypertension. hypertension quality of life blood pressure Nepal Introduction Hypertension represents a significant public health challenge worldwide, accounting for 51% of stroke-related deaths and 45% of fatalities due to heart disease on a global scale [ 1 ]. This condition, characterized by persistently elevated systemic vital signs, specifically blood pressure, substantially heightens the risk of cardiovascular diseases[ 2 ]. Globally, around 22% of people over the age of 18 are affected by hypertension, and it is believed to be the primary factor in approximately 9.4 million yearly fatalities[ 3 ]. A Global Health Survey from 2014 found that 22% of people had hypertension[ 4 ]. Globally, 31.1% of adults (1.39 billion) had hypertension, with higher prevalence in low-and middle-income countries (31.5%) than in high-income countries (28.5%). The global age-standardized prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 30–79 years was 32% in women and 34% (32–37) in men[ 5 ]. In low- and middle-income countries, approximately 75% of the population lives with hypertension[ 6 ]. According to the American Heart Association, there is a significant shift towards high blood pressure, and still, only 33.33% people in the low- and middle-income countries are aware of their hypertension status[ 7 ]. Also the STEPS surveys 2013 and 2019 of Nepal reported that the incidence of hypertension to be 26% and 24.5% according to Nepal's periodic surveys [ 8 , 9 ]. Similarly, according to 2015 estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), Nepal ranked third in South Asia in the prevalence of hypertension (29.4%)[ 10 ]. In one of the studies conducted in the rural areas of Kathmandu District, the prevalence of hypertension increased nearly threefold, from 9.9% to 41.8%, over the past 25 years [ 11 ]. Numerous studies have shown that hypertension negatively affects the quality of life of affected individuals, resulting in poorer Quality of Life (QOL) compared with normotensive individuals[ 12 – 14 ]. QOL is a measure of the degree of satisfaction in various aspects of people’s lives that are likely to be impacted by physical, emotional, psychological, and environmental factors[ 15 ]. The World Health Organization defines QOL as “an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns”[ 2 ]. Addressing hypertension and enhancing QOL will enable people to live longer and healthier lives[ 16 ] and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good health and well-being). In examining the healthcare system in Nepal, it becomes evident that there is a notable scarcity of research focused on the quality of life for individuals living with chronic conditions, such as hypertension. It is essential to undertake an extensive study to address the existing gap in the prevention and effective management of hypertension in Nepal. Although previous studies were focused on healthcare coverage, this study addresses the gap by assessing the QOL of individuals with hypertension, with the intention of decreasing the incidence of premature mortality associated with this condition. Thus, this study aims to assess the quality of life among hypertension patients attending a private tertiary hospital in Kathmandu District. Methods Study Design and Settings A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult hypertensive patients on treatment at Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal, from February to March 2023. This institution is a multispecialty hospital with a high volume of cardiovascular disease patients and is located in Nepal's capital, where the entire population has access to its services. Hypertension treatment is given on a monthly basis through checking their blood pressure and dispensing appropriate drugs. Sample size and sampling The sample size of 200 was determined via Cochran’s formula for the estimation of the proportion n= (Z2pq)/ (d2)), where z = standard normal variate, with a value of 1.96 at 95% CI, p = prevalence of hypertension among adults was 15% based on a previous study conducted in Kathmandu[ 17 ]. q = 1-p and d = allowable error (5%), adding 3% non-response rate. The participant of this study was recruited using a systematic random sampling method from their appointment. Looking at the data of Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, it was found that approximately 1300–1600 cases were treated in the outpatient department. As per the source, about 50% patients have hypertension, which accounts for about 650 cases. For systematic sampling, the researcher assumed 500 hypertensive cases to get enough samples during the study period, and the kth interval was calculated. Thus, the researcher took every 3rd case as a sample from the OPD name list. If a patient was rejected, the next patient was selected as the sample. For the first sample, simple random sampling was done by the lottery method. Hypertensive patients aged 30 years or older and taking antihypertensive medication for at least 1 month were eligible for this study. Hypertensive patients with critical illness, severe cardiac disease, and undergoing surgery, persons with disability (unable to communicate), pregnant women, and patients aged 30 years or above 80 years were excluded from this study. Data collection and variables Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview schedule, at the institution by the principal investigator, while strictly adhering to the ethical guidelines. The data collection tool contains sociodemographic, social, and psychological factors, as well as behavioral factors of hypertensive patients. The questionnaires were adapted from different literature of similar studies[ 18 – 20 ]. The Health related quality of life questionnaire was adopted from the World Health Organization Quality of life Brief Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF)[ 21 ], a 26-item validated checklist that consists of four domains. These are physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items). Two items not included in any of the domains were the overall perception of QOL and the general health perception. Each of these items was scored from 1 to 5 on a response scale, which was agreed as a five-point Likert scale. According to the WHOQOL-BREF user manual, raw scores for the domains were calculated by summing the item scores and transformed to a 0-100 scale, with 100 indicating the highest QOL and 0 the lowest. The mean score of each domain and the total score were calculated. The first two questions in WHOQOL-BREF were taken together for the analysis of perceived QOL. Individuals with a total mean score of 50% or higher were classified as having good QOL, and those with a score below 50% as having poor QOL. The validated Nepali version of the WHOQoL-BREF-26 items was obtained from the WHO website and used directly to assess the health-related quality of life of hypertensive patients. The questionnaires were developed in English, translated into Nepali, and then retranslated into English by Nepali and English-language experts, respectively. The Nepalese version of the questionnaire was pretested among 10% (n = 20) of the total sample at another institution that was not included in the study sample and shared similar characteristics. The reliability of the tools was also assessed using Cronbach’s α for internal consistency. Data Analysis Data were checked for completeness, then entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS v20 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data: categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, and the continuous variable (age) was described using mean and standard deviation. The normality of age was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and its distribution was visually examined using histograms and boxplots. Pearson chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were performed to assess the association between categorical independent variables (e.g., age category, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, income, marital status, education level, and family type) and the dependent variable (Quality of Life). Binary logistic regression was applied for multivariable analysis because the outcome variable was binary (Poor or Good). Variables with p-values < 0.2 were included in the multivariable logistic regression model to control for potential confounding. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with a 95% confidence level were computed, and variables with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Socio-demographic characteristics The age of the participants ranges between 30 and 80 years, with a mean ± SD of 51.4 ± 13.1 years. Gender was almost equally distributed in the sample, with 53.5% being male. Most participants were from the upper caste (46.5%), and 74% identified as Hindu. A considerable proportion (44.0%) of participants were employed in the private sector, and about two-fifth (37.0%) of participants’ income was less than 25,000 Nepali rupees. Among participants, 73.5% were married, 27.5% had no formal schooling, and over half (50.5%) belonged to a joint family. ( Table 1 ) Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of hypertensive patients Variables Categories Frequency Percent (%) Age 30–39 47 23.5 40–49 49 24.5 50–59 46 23.0 60–69 37 18.5 70–80 21 10.5 Mean ± SD 51.4 ± 13.1 Gender Female 93 46.5 Male 107 53.5 Ethnicity Dalit 35 17.5 Janajatis 49 24.5 Madhesi 3 1.5 Muslim 21 10.5 Upper caste 92 46.0 Religion Hindu 148 74.0 Buddhist 14 7.0 Christian 6 3.0 Islam 32 16.0 Occupation Government job 24 12.0 Private job 88 44.0 Labor 16 8.0 Agriculture 31 15.5 Housewife 41 20.5 Income Less than 25000Nrs 95 37.0 Nrs25000- Nrs49999 74 27.5 Nrs50000- Nrs75000 22 11.0 Above Nrs75000 9 4.5 Marital status Unmarried 32 16.0 Married 147 73.5 Widow 3 1.5 Divorced 18 9.0 Education No formal schooling 55 27.5 Primary level 28 14.0 Secondary level 22 11.0 High school level 43 21.5 Bachelor’s and above 52 26.0 Family type Nuclear family 99 49.5 Joint family 101 50.5 Social, psychological and behavioral factors of hypertensive patients In this study, the majority (89.0%) of the respondents had stress due to hypertension, and slightly more than three-fifths (61.5%) of the respondents got family support. From the total participants, about half of them consumed alcohol and were smokers, i.e., 51.0% and 50.5% respectively. Regarding consumption of fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish, less than half (44.0%) of participants consumed sufficient fruits, more than nine in ten (94.5%) consumed sufficient vegetables, and more than half (84%) consumed sufficient meat and fish. Only 35.5% restricted their salt consumption to less than 5 grams, while more than half (54.0%) did not do any sort of physical activity. Likewise, slightly than half of the respondents (51.5%) were not taking medicines regularly. ( Table 2 ) Table 2 Social, Psychosocial and Behavioral factors of the respondents Variables Categories Frequency Percent (%) Stress due to HTN No 22 11.0 Yes 178 89.0 Family support No 77 38.5 Yes 123 61.5 Alcohol consumption No 98 49.0 Yes 102 51.0 Smoking No 101 49.5 Yes 99 50.5 Fruit consumption Insufficient 112 56.0 Sufficient 88 44.0 Vegetable consumption Insufficient 11 5.5 Sufficient 189 94.5 Meat, Fish consumption Insufficient 32 16 Sufficient 168 84 Salt intake Less than 5gms 70 35.0 More than 5gms 130 65.0 Physical activity No physical activity 108 54.0 Vigorous activity 9 4.5 Moderate activity 16 8.0 Light intensity activity 67 33.5 Medications Irregular 103 51.5 Regular 97 48.5 Quality of Life Domain Scores The four domains internal reliability with Cronbach’s α were: Physical α = 0.87, Psychological α = 0.75, Social α = 0.87 and Environmental α = 0.84. The mean scores of physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains were 19.89 ± 4.846, 17.82 ± 3.909, 8.65 ± 2.286, and 22.55 ± 5.387, respectively. ( Table 3 ) Table 3 Quality of Life Domain scores of Hypertensive patients QOL Domains Min Max Mean (SD) Physical Domain 9 33 19.89 ± 4.846 Psychological Domain 10 27 17.82 ± 3.909 Social Domain 3 14 8.65 ± 2.286 Environmental Domain 9 36 22.55 ± 5.387 Quality of Life, Self-rating of QOL, and Health Status Satisfaction of Hypertensive Patients Using a 50% cutoff on the QOL instrument, among participants, the majority (88%) had a good quality of life, whereas 12% had a poor quality of life. Out of the total study participants, almost half of the respondents (47.5%) rated their quality of life as neither good nor poor. In contrast, one in ten (9.5%) of the respondents rated their quality of life as very poor, and only 2.5% rated their quality of life as very good. Regarding satisfaction with health, more than half (60%) rated their health as neither good nor poor, whereas 16% rated it as poor and only 2% rated it as very good. ( Table 4 ) Table 4 Quality of Life, Self-rating of QOL, and Health Status Satisfaction of Hypertensive patients Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients Frequency (n) Percent (%) Good 176 88 Poor 24 12 Self-rating of QOL Very Poor 19 9.5 Poor 46 23 Neither good nor poor 95 47.5 Good 35 17.5 Very good 5 2.5 Health status satisfaction Very poor 17 8.5 Poor 32 16 Neither good nor poor 120 60 Good 25 12.5 Very good 4 2 Association between Socio-demographic Variables and Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients. Income and education were the only socio-demographic factors significantly associated with quality of life. Participants with a monthly income below NPR 50,000 reported poorer QOL than those with higher incomes (p = 0.027), and illiterate individuals reported poorer QOL than literate individuals (p = 0.049). No significant associations were observed for age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, or family type. Although unmarried, widowed, or separated participants had a higher proportion of poor QOL, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.135). Overall, lower socioeconomic status, reflected by low income and limited education, was linked to poorer QOL among hypertensive patients. ( Table 5 ) Table 5 Association between Socio-demographic Variables and Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients Characteristics Quality of Life (QOL) χ² p-value Poor n (%) Good n (%) Age of participants < 50 12 (12.5) 84 (87.5) 0.044 1.000 ≥ 50 12 (11.5) 92 (88.5) Gender Female 8 (8.6) 85 (91.4) 1.347 0.195 Male 16 (15) 91 (85) Ethnicity Upper caste 10 (10.9) 82 (89.1) 0.206 0.650 Other castes 14 (13) 94 (87) Religion Hindu 18 (12.2) 130 (87.8) 0.014 0.905 Others 6 (12) 46(88) Occupation Unpaid 5 (12.2) 36 (87.8) 0.002 1.000 Paid 19 (11.9) 140 (88.1) Income of (In Nepali Rupees) < 50,000 146 86.3) 23 (13.7) 4.689 0.027* ≥ 50,000 30 (96.8) 1 (3.2) Marital Status Married 13 (8.8) 134 (91.2) 2.675 0.135† Unmarried/Widow/Separated 11 (20.8) 42 (79.2) Education 3.612 0.049* Illiterate 11 (20) 44 (80) Literate 13 (9) 132 (91) Family Type Nuclear Family 11 (11.1) 88 (88.9) 0.027 0.829 Joint family 13 (12.9) 88 (87.1) † p-value calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Indicating as *statistically significant at p < 0.05, Associations between psychological and Behavioral factors and Quality of Life Family support, meat and fish consumption, salt intake, physical activity, and medication use were significantly associated with quality of life. Poor QOL was more common among participants without family support than those with support (p = 0.001), among those who did not consume meat or fish (28.1%) compared to consumers (p = 0.005), and among those consuming ≥ 5 g of salt compared to < 5 g (p = 0.045). Similarly, poor QOL was also markedly higher among physically inactive participants compared to physically active individuals (p < 0.001), and among participants not taking antihypertensive medications regularly compared to those on regular medication (p = 0.001). ( Table 6 ) Stress due to hypertension, alcohol use, smoking, and fruit or vegetable intake did not show statistically significant associations with QOL, although higher proportions of poor QOL were observed among participants reporting stress (13.6%), alcohol users (13.7%), smokers (15.2%), and those with insufficient fruit (13.4%) or vegetable intake (18.2%). ( Table 6 ) Table 6 Associations between psychological and Behavioral factors and Quality of Life Characteristics Quality of Life (QOL) χ² p-value Poor n (%) Good n (%) Stress due to HTN No 0 (0.0) 23(100) 3.544 0.060† Yes 24(13.6) 153(86.4) Family support No 17(22.1) 60(77.9) 10.540 0.001** Yes 7(5.7) 116(94.3) Alcohol consumption No 10(10.2) 88(89.8) 0.301 0.517 Yes 14(13.7) 88(86.3) Smoking No 9(8.9) 92(91.1) 1.300 0.197 Yes 15(15.2) 84(84.8) Fruit consumption Insufficient 15(13.4) 97(86.6) 0.468 0.494 Sufficient 9(10.2) 79(89.8) Vegetable consumption Insufficient 2(18.2) 9(81.8) 0.421 0.625† Sufficient 22(11.6) 167(88.4) Meat and Fish consumption No 9(28.1) 23(71.9) 7.650 0.005** Yes 15(8.9) 153(91.1) Salt Intake < 5gms 4(5.7) 66(94.3) 4.029 0.045** ≥ 5gms 20(15.4) 110(84.6) Physical activity No 23(21.3) 85(78.7) 19.214 < 0.001** Yes 1(1.1) 91(98.9) Medications 11.065 0.001** Irregular 20(19.4) 83(80.6) Regular 4(4.1) 93(95.9) † p-value calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Indicating as **statistically significant at p < 0.001 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with QOL among hypertensive patients Multivariate analysis indicated that family support, meat and fish consumption, and physical activity remained independently associated with QOL. Participants with family support had significantly lower odds of experiencing poor QOL compared with those without support (aOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10–0.87, p = 0.027). Participants who consumed meat and fish also demonstrated lower odds of poor QOL than those who did not (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07–0.75, p = 0.015). Likewise, physically active individuals had substantially lower odds of reporting poor QOL compared with physically inactive participants (aOR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.70, p = 0.022). By contrast, gender, income, marital status, education, smoking, salt intake, and medication use were not statistically significantly associated with poor quality of life after adjustment. ( Table 7 ) Table 7 Logistic Regression of factors associated with QOL among hypertensive patients Characteristics Quality of Life (QOL) uOR (95% CI) p-value aOR (95% CI) p-value Gender Male 1 Female 0.54 (0.22–1.32) 0.173 2.68 (0.83–8.60) 0.098 Income < 50,000 1 ≥ 50,000 1.89 (0.71-5.00) 0.200 0.55 (0.16–1.95) 0.356 Marital Status Married 1 Unmarried/Widow/Separated 2.70 (1.12–6.47) 0.026* 2.03 (0.68–6.07) 0.203 Education Illiterate 1 Literate 0.39 (0.16–0.95) 0.036* 0.58 (0.18–1.85) 0.353 Family support No 1 Yes 0.21 (0.08–0.55) 0.001* 0.30 (0.10–0.87) 0.027* Smoking No 1 Yes 1.83 (0.76–4.39) 0.179 1.99 (0.61–6.49) 0.255 Meat and Fish consumption No 1 Yes 0.25 (0.98 − 0.64) 0.004* 0.22 (0.07–0.75) 0.015* Salt Intake < 5gms 1 ≥ 5gms 3.0 (0.99–9.16) 0.054 1.56 (0.42–5.73) 0.506 Physical activity No 1 Yes 0.059 (0.008–0.44) 0.006* 0.08 (0.01–0.70) 0.022* Medications Irregular 1 Regular 0.178 (0.06–0.55) 0.002* 0.40 (0.11–1.41) 0.154 Indicating as *statistically significant at p < 0.05 Discussion This study intends to explain the quality of life and its associated factors among hypertensive patients aged 30 years and above. These findings can be useful for multiple stakeholders involved in the health promotion of hypertensive patients in Nepal, to appraise public health policy, planning, and practice[ 22 ]. Our study found that average scores across the WHOQOL-BREF domains were generally low, with the social relationship domain showing the lowest values, whereas the environmental domain recorded the highest. This pattern aligns with a hospital-based study from Kathmandu[ 17 ] which reported lower social and psychological scores among hypertensive patients due to inadequate social support and chronic illness burden. Similar results were also reported in Poland, which identified the social domain as the poorest-rated aspect of quality of life among hypertensive patients[ 23 ]. Conversely, compared with the findings of our study, higher domain scores were observed in studies from Vietnam [ 20 ], Iran[ 24 ], Brazil[ 25 ] and Nigeria[ 12 ]Given significant socioeconomic variations across countries and high levels of satisfaction with infrastructure and health care services among hypertensive patients, this variance may have been lower than that observed in studies conducted in other countries. Income and education were significantly associated with QOL in the bivariate analysis, with lower-income participants and illiterate participants more likely to report poor QOL. As higher education results in a better understanding of the disease state and better adherence[ 26 ]. People with low income are more likely to be uninsured and thus have limited access to health care[ 27 , 28 ]. As incomes rise, willingness to pay for health improvements increases as well. Also, education and income are a way to achieve social status, social support and self-satisfaction, and identity[ 29 ]. People with better education and better jobs have larger social networks that provide financial, physical, and emotional support, which may contribute to better health[ 30 ]. This finding is consistent with studies from Nepal[ 17 ] and Ethiopia[ 19 ], which have shown that limited socioeconomic resources constrain access to healthcare, reduce health literacy, and increase financial stress, thereby adversely affecting health-related QOL. Likewise, a similar study conducted in lower-income communities of Wuhan indicated that people had unequal access to care and medicines and obtained less comprehensive quality of health systems, thus worsening QOL[ 31 ]. In addition, some previous studies conducted in South Korea and Pakistan reported that hypertensive patients from the low-income group were associated with poor quality of life, which has a similar resemblance to our study[ 31 , 32 ]. In this study, family support was a positive predictor of QOL. This finding was consistent with the study conducted in Chongqing, China, which found that relationships with family or friends could influence health-related quality of life among hypertensive patients[ 32 ]. It was also proven that lower family support was associated with poorer health-related quality of life among individuals with hypertension among Korean American patients[ 33 ]. Family support plays an important role in hypertension treatment adherence, and patients may derive QOL benefits from emotional support [ 34 ]. The study conducted in the Kollam district of Kerala reported a positive association between family support and quality of life, which aligns with our study, leading to controlled blood pressure, encouraging healthy behaviors, and overall well-being of the patient[ 35 ]. Similarly, a study conducted in western Nepal has shown that family support is a variable that is significantly associated with the use of health services and quality of life [ 28 ]. In a study conducted among Filipino adults, very low consumption of fruits was the main contributing factor for the poor quality of life, which is similar to the findings of this study[ 36 ]. This study showed that consumption of meat and fish was significantly associated with QOL. As meat and fish provide protein and polyunsaturated fat called omega-3, which promotes healthy blood pressure, and are associated with low systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure[ 37 ]. However, findings from other studies did not demonstrate a significant association between meat and fish consumption and QOL. In this study, salt intake was not the predictor of QOL. The majority of the respondents were found to consume more than 5gms of salt. Increased salt consumption may promote water retention, thereby increasing blood volume and arterial flow, leading to hypertension. This finding is similar to the study conducted in Ethiopia[ 19 ], rural Vietnam community[ 20 ], and even in Kathmandu[ 17 ]. Physical activity was significantly associated with QOL. Regular exercise tends to reduce the risk of hypertension-related complications and improve well-being. Those who did not perform physical exercise were more likely to have a poor QOL compared to those who did physical exercise[ 19 ]. This is in line with the study conducted in Vietnam[ 20 ], Ethiopia, and Chongqing, China[ 19 , 32 ]. Evidence from this study showed that medication use was significantly associated with QOL. This study was in contrast to the findings of studies from different countries[ 38 ] and the previous study from Nepal, which found no significant difference in medication use and QOL. The result may be due to variation in the number of antihypertensive medications the patient was taking. Also, they might feel burdened by the chronicity of illness and long-term use of medicine[ 17 ]. Medication use was also associated with a better quality of life in this study. This study was similar to the findings conducted in Kathmandu, where adherence to treatment helped control the blood pressure and led to better health outcomes[ 11 ]. Similarly, a study conducted in Eastern Congo showed that better adherence to treatment prevents the cardiovascular complications of hypertension, which leads to a better quality of life for patients[ 39 ]. In this study, age was not significantly associated with patients’ quality of life. But the findings from Ethiopia, rural Vietnam community, and even in Kathmandu showed that age was the predictor of Quality of Life[ 19 , 20 , 40 ]. In contrast to the findings of studies from different countries[ 41 , 42 ], this study and the previous study from Nepal[ 17 ] found no significant difference in QOL of hypertensive patients based on gender. The inconsistency may be explained by the fact that different societies may have other social positions and opportunities between males and females[ 11 ]. In this study, ethnicity, religion, and occupation showed no association with QOL. These findings were similar to the previous study conducted in Nepal[ 11 ] and also from Nigeria[ 43 ]. This study showed that Quality of Life is higher among married people than among unmarried/separated individuals. The bivariate analysis showed that marital status was statistically significant with QOL. This supports the previous finding of a qualitative study conducted in the northern part of Vietnam, which suggested that married life creates a sense of completeness and contentment [ 20 ]. This result was also in line with that of previous studies in Vietnam, Malawi [ 44 ], and Indonesia[ 45 ]. Although, most of the previous research indicated that smoking and alcohol consumption were responsible for influencing the quality of life of the hypertensive patient[ 46 ], this study did not find those two factors to be influencing factors for quality of life. This is similar to the study conducted in Ethiopia, which did not address the smoking and alcohol consumption affecting the QOL of hypertension patients[ 19 ]. This study has several strengths and limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings. Since the study was cross-sectional, the analysis only identifies the association, but causation could not be examined. This is one of the few studies examining the quality of life among hypertensive patients in urban Nepal. While our findings are focused on a tertiary hospital in an urban area, they offer insights relevant to similar urban settings but may not be generalizable to government or rural-based hospital contexts. Some of the information was based on self-reported data, which may introduce recall bias, particularly when participants reported on their self-health satisfaction and quality of life. Due to the time constraints, considering the lengths of the questionnaire and the respondents, we did not capture specific information on care plan-related activities. Future research could build on these findings by incorporating longitudinal designs to examine changes in the quality of life of hypertensive patients and by employing qualitative methods to capture participants' care plans and needs to improve quality of life. Despite these limitations, this study makes a significant contribution by highlighting key determinants of the quality of life of hypertensive patients. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the quality of life among hypertensive patients is influenced more by modifiable behavioral and social factors than by socio-demographic characteristics. While lower income and lack of formal education were associated with poorer QOL at the bivariate level, only family support, dietary practices, and physical activity remained significant predictors after adjustment. Participants who received family support, consumed meat and fish, and engaged in regular physical activity had substantially lower odds of experiencing poor QOL, highlighting the importance of supportive social environments and healthier lifestyle behaviors in managing the broader impact of hypertension. By considering various aspects of lives such as, physical, psychological, social and environmental dimensions, health care providers and policy makers can develop comprehensive care plans that address the specific needs and challenges faced by these patients. Abbreviations aOR Adjusted Odds Ratio CI Confidence Intervals IRC Institutional Review Committee SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethics declarations Ethical approval This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC), Nobel College, which is affiliated with Pokhara University (Ref. no. 079/080/198). Formal permission was obtained from the Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences. Verbal and written informed consent were obtained from the participants in the form of signatures or thumbprints before the initiation of the interview sessions. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained through by using code number instead of name of respondents. Participants were not forced to answer the questions. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding The study was carried out with without any financial support. Author Contribution Dikshya Ghimire: Conceptualization, data collection, analysis of data, writing of initial manuscript, editing and finalization of the manuscript. Sujan Poudel: Conceptualization, analysis of data, supervision of the research methodology, analysis of data, editing and finalization of manuscript. Anusha Parajuli: Data validation, supervision of the research methodology, editing and finalization of manuscript. Avishek Raman Parajuli: Editing and finalization of the manuscript. Shristi Karki: Data analysis, editing and finalization of the manuscript. Gajananda Prakash Bhandari: Conceptualization, supervision of the research methodology, Editing and finalization of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu for providing support to conduct the study. All authors are also grateful to all the participants who gave us permission and support during data collection. Data Availability The data generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(4):223–37. Organization WH. WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life. In. World Health Organization; 1997. Molla M. Systematic reviews of prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in Ethiopia: finding the evidence. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(4):514–9. 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Bastola S, Somrongthong R, Auamkul N, QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HYPERTENSIVE POPULATION AGED 45 YEARS AND ABOVE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY. A HOSPITAL BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM NEPAL. J Health Res—. vol 2017;31:2. Adamu K, Feleke A, Muche A, Yasin T, Mekonen AM, Chane MG, Eshete S, Mohammed A, Endawkie A, Fentaw Z. Health related quality of life among adult hypertensive patients on treatment in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9):e0268150. Ha NT, Duy HT, Le NH, Khanal V, Moorin R. Quality of life among people living with hypertension in a rural Vietnam community. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1–9. Group W. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551–8. Hennessy CH, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Scherr PA, Brackbill R. Measuring health-related quality of life for public health surveillance. Public Health Rep. 1994;109(5):665. Snarska K, Chorąży M, Szczepański M, Wojewódzka-Żelezniakowicz M, Ładny JR. Quality of life of patients with arterial hypertension. Medicina. 2020;56(9):459. Azar FEF, Solhi M, Chabaksvar F. Investigation of the quality of life of patients with hypertension in health centers. J Educ health promotion. 2020;9(1):185. Melchiors AC, Correr CJ, Pontarolo R, Santos, FdOdS. Souza RAdP: Qualidade de vida em pacientes hipertensos e validade concorrente do Minichal-Brasil. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia. 2010;94:357–64. Youssef R, Moubarak I, Kamel M. Factors affecting the quality of life of hypertensive patients. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(1/2):109. DeNavas-Walt C. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States (2005): Diane Publishing; 2010. Poudel S, Parajuli A, Duwadi N, Bhatta BK, Paudel S, Khatri D, Paneru DP, Sharma YP. Social health insurance, family support, and chronic diseases as determinants of health service utilization among senior citizens in rural Nepal. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):1512. Murphy KM, Topel RH. The value of health and longevity. J Polit Econ. 2006;114(5):871–904. Berkman LF. El papel de las relaciones sociales en Promoción de la Salud. Med Psicosomática. 1995;57(3):245–54. Zhang M, Zhang W, Liu Y, Wu M, Zhou J, Mao Z. Relationship between Family Function, Anxiety, and Quality of Life for Older Adults with Hypertension in Low-Income Communities. Int J Hypertens. 2021;2021(1):5547190. Xiao M, Zhang F, Xiao N, Bu X, Tang X, Long Q. Health-related quality of life of hypertension patients: a population-based cross-sectional study in Chongqing, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2348. Lee J-E, Kim MT, Han H-R. Correlates of health-related quality of life among Korean immigrant elders. J Appl Gerontol. 2015;34(7):844–57. Delcroix M, Howard L. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: the burden of disease and impact on quality of life. Eur Respiratory Rev. 2015;24(138):621–9. Nurchayati S, Utomo W, Karim D. Correlation between family support and quality of life among hypertensive patients. Enfermeria Clin. 2019;29:60–2. Angeles-Agdeppa I, Sun Y, Tanda KV. Dietary pattern and nutrient intakes in association with non-communicable disease risk factors among Filipino adults: A cross-sectional study. Nutr J. 2020;19(1):79. Sayer RD, Wright AJ, Chen N, Campbell WW. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet retains effectiveness to reduce blood pressure when lean pork is substituted for chicken and fish as the predominant source of protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(2):302–8. Erickson SR, Williams BC, Gruppen LD. Relationship between symptoms and health-related quality of life in patients treated for hypertension. Pharmacotherapy: J Hum Pharmacol Drug Therapy. 2004;24(3):344–50. Muyisa R, Watumwa E, Mataula D, Nzanzu A, Ngavo A, Kanduki R, SaaSita A, Wahangire J, Mwalitsa JP, Kalima A. Quality of life and medication adherence of hypertensive patients in eastern DR Congo: a cross-sectional study. Clin Epidemiol Global Health 2025:102083. Bhandari B, Narasimhan P, Vaidya A, Subedi M, Jayasuriya R. Barriers and facilitators for treatment and control of high blood pressure among hypertensive patients in Kathmandu, Nepal: a qualitative study informed by COM-B model of behavior change. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1–14. Al-Jabi SW, Zyoud SH, Sweileh WM, Wildali AH, Saleem HM, Aysa HA, Badwan MA, Awang R. Assessment of health-related quality of life among hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study from Palestine. J Public Health. 2014;22:277–86. Katsi V, Kallistratos MS, Kontoangelos K, Sakkas P, Souliotis K, Tsioufis C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Papadimitriou GN, Tousoulis D. Arterial hypertension and health-related quality of life. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:270. Rita O et al. Akonoghrere.,. An Assessment of Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients Visiting a Hospital in Warri, Nigeria. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020, 4:49–54. Colbourn T, Masache G, Skordis-Worrall J. Development, reliability and validity of the Chichewa WHOQOL-BREF in adults in Lilongwe, Malawi. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:1–11. Ng N, Hakimi M, Byass P, Wilopo S, Wall S. Health and quality of life among older rural people in Purworejo District, Indonesia. Global health action. 2010;3(1):2125. Kaufman JS, Tracy JA, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cooper RS, Investigators I. Lifestyle, education, and prevalence of hypertension in populations of African origin: results from the International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(1):22–7. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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represents a significant public health challenge worldwide, accounting for 51% of stroke-related deaths and 45% of fatalities due to heart disease on a global scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This condition, characterized by persistently elevated systemic vital signs, specifically blood pressure, substantially heightens the risk of cardiovascular diseases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, around 22% of people over the age of 18 are affected by hypertension, and it is believed to be the primary factor in approximately 9.4\u0026nbsp;million yearly fatalities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. A Global Health Survey from 2014 found that 22% of people had hypertension[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, 31.1% of adults (1.39\u0026nbsp;billion) had hypertension, with higher prevalence in low-and middle-income countries (31.5%) than in high-income countries (28.5%). The global age-standardized prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 30\u0026ndash;79 years was 32% in women and 34% (32\u0026ndash;37) in men[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn low- and middle-income countries, approximately 75% of the population lives with hypertension[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the American Heart Association, there is a significant shift towards high blood pressure, and still, only 33.33% people in the low- and middle-income countries are aware of their hypertension status[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Also the STEPS surveys 2013 and 2019 of Nepal reported that the incidence of hypertension to be 26% and 24.5% according to Nepal's periodic surveys [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, according to 2015 estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), Nepal ranked third in South Asia in the prevalence of hypertension (29.4%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In one of the studies conducted in the rural areas of Kathmandu District, the prevalence of hypertension increased nearly threefold, from 9.9% to 41.8%, over the past 25 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have shown that hypertension negatively affects the quality of life of affected individuals, resulting in poorer Quality of Life (QOL) compared with normotensive individuals[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. QOL is a measure of the degree of satisfaction in various aspects of people\u0026rsquo;s lives that are likely to be impacted by physical, emotional, psychological, and environmental factors[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The World Health Organization defines QOL as \u0026ldquo;an individual\u0026rsquo;s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns\u0026rdquo;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Addressing hypertension and enhancing QOL will enable people to live longer and healthier lives[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good health and well-being).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn examining the healthcare system in Nepal, it becomes evident that there is a notable scarcity of research focused on the quality of life for individuals living with chronic conditions, such as hypertension. It is essential to undertake an extensive study to address the existing gap in the prevention and effective management of hypertension in Nepal. Although previous studies were focused on healthcare coverage, this study addresses the gap by assessing the QOL of individuals with hypertension, with the intention of decreasing the incidence of premature mortality associated with this condition. Thus, this study aims to assess the quality of life among hypertension patients attending a private tertiary hospital in Kathmandu District.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Settings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted among adult hypertensive patients on treatment at Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal, from February to March 2023. This institution is a multispecialty hospital with a high volume of cardiovascular disease patients and is located in Nepal's capital, where the entire population has access to its services. Hypertension treatment is given on a monthly basis through checking their blood pressure and dispensing appropriate drugs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size and sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size of 200 was determined via Cochran\u0026rsquo;s formula for the estimation of the proportion n= (Z2pq)/ (d2)), where z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard normal variate, with a value of 1.96 at 95% CI, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prevalence of hypertension among adults was 15% based on a previous study conducted in Kathmandu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1-p and d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;allowable error (5%), adding 3% non-response rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participant of this study was recruited using a systematic random sampling method from their appointment. Looking at the data of Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, it was found that approximately 1300\u0026ndash;1600 cases were treated in the outpatient department. As per the source, about 50% patients have hypertension, which accounts for about 650 cases. For systematic sampling, the researcher assumed 500 hypertensive cases to get enough samples during the study period, and the kth interval was calculated. Thus, the researcher took every 3rd case as a sample from the OPD name list. If a patient was rejected, the next patient was selected as the sample. For the first sample, simple random sampling was done by the lottery method. Hypertensive patients aged 30 years or older and taking antihypertensive medication for at least 1 month were eligible for this study. Hypertensive patients with critical illness, severe cardiac disease, and undergoing surgery, persons with disability (unable to communicate), pregnant women, and patients aged 30 years or above 80 years were excluded from this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection and variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview schedule, at the institution by the principal investigator, while strictly adhering to the ethical guidelines. The data collection tool contains sociodemographic, social, and psychological factors, as well as behavioral factors of hypertensive patients. The questionnaires were adapted from different literature of similar studies[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The Health related quality of life questionnaire was adopted from the World Health Organization Quality of life Brief Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], a 26-item validated checklist that consists of four domains. These are physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items). Two items not included in any of the domains were the overall perception of QOL and the general health perception. Each of these items was scored from 1 to 5 on a response scale, which was agreed as a five-point Likert scale. According to the WHOQOL-BREF user manual, raw scores for the domains were calculated by summing the item scores and transformed to a 0-100 scale, with 100 indicating the highest QOL and 0 the lowest. The mean score of each domain and the total score were calculated. The first two questions in WHOQOL-BREF were taken together for the analysis of perceived QOL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals with a total mean score of 50% or higher were classified as having good QOL, and those with a score below 50% as having poor QOL. The validated Nepali version of the WHOQoL-BREF-26 items was obtained from the WHO website and used directly to assess the health-related quality of life of hypertensive patients. The questionnaires were developed in English, translated into Nepali, and then retranslated into English by Nepali and English-language experts, respectively. The Nepalese version of the questionnaire was pretested among 10% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20) of the total sample at another institution that was not included in the study sample and shared similar characteristics. The reliability of the tools was also assessed using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α for internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were checked for completeness, then entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS v20 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data: categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, and the continuous variable (age) was described using mean and standard deviation. The normality of age was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and its distribution was visually examined using histograms and boxplots. Pearson chi-square and Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact tests were performed to assess the association between categorical independent variables (e.g., age category, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, income, marital status, education level, and family type) and the dependent variable (Quality of Life). Binary logistic regression was applied for multivariable analysis because the outcome variable was binary (Poor or Good). Variables with p-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2 were included in the multivariable logistic regression model to control for potential confounding. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with a 95% confidence level were computed, and variables with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age of the participants ranges between 30 and 80 years, with a mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of 51.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.1 years. Gender was almost equally distributed in the sample, with 53.5% being male. Most participants were from the upper caste (46.5%), and 74% identified as Hindu. A considerable proportion (44.0%) of participants were employed in the private sector, and about two-fifth (37.0%) of participants\u0026rsquo; income was less than 25,000 Nepali rupees. Among participants, 73.5% were married, 27.5% had no formal schooling, and over half (50.5%) belonged to a joint family. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of hypertensive patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDalit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJanajatis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMadhesi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper caste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuddhist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 25000Nrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNrs25000- Nrs49999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNrs50000- Nrs75000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove Nrs75000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal schooling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSocial, psychological and behavioral factors of hypertensive patients\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the majority (89.0%) of the respondents had stress due to hypertension, and slightly more than three-fifths (61.5%) of the respondents got family support. From the total participants, about half of them consumed alcohol and were smokers, i.e., 51.0% and 50.5% respectively. Regarding consumption of fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish, less than half (44.0%) of participants consumed sufficient fruits, more than nine in ten (94.5%) consumed sufficient vegetables, and more than half (84%) consumed sufficient meat and fish. Only 35.5% restricted their salt consumption to less than 5 grams, while more than half (54.0%) did not do any sort of physical activity. Likewise, slightly than half of the respondents (51.5%) were not taking medicines regularly. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial, Psychosocial and Behavioral factors of the respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress due to HTN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetable consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeat, Fish consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 5gms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 5gms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo physical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight intensity activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuality of Life Domain Scores\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe four domains internal reliability with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α were: Physical α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87, Psychological α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75, Social α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87 and Environmental α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.84. The mean scores of physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains were 19.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.846, 17.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.909, 8.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.286, and 22.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.387, respectively. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life Domain scores of Hypertensive patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQOL Domains\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Domain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Domain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Domain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Domain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality of Life, Self-rating of QOL, and Health Status Satisfaction of Hypertensive Patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a 50% cutoff on the QOL instrument, among participants, the majority (88%) had a good quality of life, whereas 12% had a poor quality of life. Out of the total study participants, almost half of the respondents (47.5%) rated their quality of life as neither good nor poor. In contrast, one in ten (9.5%) of the respondents rated their quality of life as very poor, and only 2.5% rated their quality of life as very good. Regarding satisfaction with health, more than half (60%) rated their health as neither good nor poor, whereas 16% rated it as poor and only 2% rated it as very good. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life, Self-rating of QOL, and Health Status Satisfaction of Hypertensive patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life of Hypertensive Patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-rating of QOL\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeither good nor poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth status satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeither good nor poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAssociation between Socio-demographic Variables and Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome and education were the only socio-demographic factors significantly associated with quality of life. Participants with a monthly income below NPR 50,000 reported poorer QOL than those with higher incomes (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), and illiterate individuals reported poorer QOL than literate individuals (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.049). No significant associations were observed for age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, or family type. Although unmarried, widowed, or separated participants had a higher proportion of poor QOL, this difference was not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.135). Overall, lower socioeconomic status, reflected by low income and limited education, was linked to poorer QOL among hypertensive patients. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation between Socio-demographic Variables and Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life (QOL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge of participants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper caste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (89.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther castes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (87.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnpaid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (87.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140 (88.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome of (In Nepali Rupees)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 86.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.027*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (96.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (91.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried/Widow/Separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (79.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.049*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily Type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear Family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (88.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (87.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; p-value calculated using Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test. Indicating as *statistically significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociations between psychological and Behavioral factors and Quality of Life\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily support, meat and fish consumption, salt intake, physical activity, and medication use were significantly associated with quality of life. Poor QOL was more common among participants without family support than those with support (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), among those who did not consume meat or fish (28.1%) compared to consumers (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), and among those consuming\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 g of salt compared to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 g (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045). Similarly, poor QOL was also markedly higher among physically inactive participants compared to physically active individuals (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and among participants not taking antihypertensive medications regularly compared to those on regular medication (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress due to hypertension, alcohol use, smoking, and fruit or vegetable intake did not show statistically significant associations with QOL, although higher proportions of poor QOL were observed among participants reporting stress (13.6%), alcohol users (13.7%), smokers (15.2%), and those with insufficient fruit (13.4%) or vegetable intake (18.2%). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between psychological and Behavioral factors and Quality of Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life (QOL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStress due to HTN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153(86.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(22.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(77.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(94.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(89.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(86.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92(91.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(84.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFruit consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(13.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97(86.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(89.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetable consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(81.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(11.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167(88.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeat and Fish consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(28.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(71.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153(91.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalt Intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5gms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(94.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.045**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5gms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(15.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(84.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(21.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(78.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91(98.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(19.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(80.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(95.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; p-value calculated using Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test. Indicating as **statistically significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultivariate analysis of factors associated with QOL among hypertensive patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis indicated that family support, meat and fish consumption, and physical activity remained independently associated with QOL. Participants with family support had significantly lower odds of experiencing poor QOL compared with those without support (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30, 95% CI: 0.10\u0026ndash;0.87, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027). Participants who consumed meat and fish also demonstrated lower odds of poor QOL than those who did not (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.22, 95% CI: 0.07\u0026ndash;0.75, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015). Likewise, physically active individuals had substantially lower odds of reporting poor QOL compared with physically inactive participants (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, 95% CI: 0.01\u0026ndash;0.70, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022). By contrast, gender, income, marital status, education, smoking, salt intake, and medication use were not statistically significantly associated with poor quality of life after adjustment. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic Regression of factors associated with QOL among hypertensive patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life (QOL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003euOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.22\u0026ndash;1.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68 (0.83\u0026ndash;8.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89 (0.71-5.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.16\u0026ndash;1.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried/Widow/Separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70 (1.12\u0026ndash;6.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03 (0.68\u0026ndash;6.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.16\u0026ndash;0.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.18\u0026ndash;1.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21 (0.08\u0026ndash;0.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30 (0.10\u0026ndash;0.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83 (0.76\u0026ndash;4.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99 (0.61\u0026ndash;6.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeat and Fish consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25 (0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 (0.07\u0026ndash;0.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalt Intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5gms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5gms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0 (0.99\u0026ndash;9.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 (0.42\u0026ndash;5.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059 (0.008\u0026ndash;0.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178 (0.06\u0026ndash;0.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40 (0.11\u0026ndash;1.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eIndicating as *statistically significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study intends to explain the quality of life and its associated factors among hypertensive patients aged 30 years and above. These findings can be useful for multiple stakeholders involved in the health promotion of hypertensive patients in Nepal, to appraise public health policy, planning, and practice[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study found that average scores across the WHOQOL-BREF domains were generally low, with the social relationship domain showing the lowest values, whereas the environmental domain recorded the highest. This pattern aligns with a hospital-based study from Kathmandu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] which reported lower social and psychological scores among hypertensive patients due to inadequate social support and chronic illness burden. Similar results were also reported in Poland, which identified the social domain as the poorest-rated aspect of quality of life among hypertensive patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, compared with the findings of our study, higher domain scores were observed in studies from Vietnam [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], Iran[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], Brazil[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] and Nigeria[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]Given significant socioeconomic variations across countries and high levels of satisfaction with infrastructure and health care services among hypertensive patients, this variance may have been lower than that observed in studies conducted in other countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome and education were significantly associated with QOL in the bivariate analysis, with lower-income participants and illiterate participants more likely to report poor QOL. As higher education results in a better understanding of the disease state and better adherence[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. People with low income are more likely to be uninsured and thus have limited access to health care[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. As incomes rise, willingness to pay for health improvements increases as well. Also, education and income are a way to achieve social status, social support and self-satisfaction, and identity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. People with better education and better jobs have larger social networks that provide financial, physical, and emotional support, which may contribute to better health[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This finding is consistent with studies from Nepal[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], which have shown that limited socioeconomic resources constrain access to healthcare, reduce health literacy, and increase financial stress, thereby adversely affecting health-related QOL. Likewise, a similar study conducted in lower-income communities of Wuhan indicated that people had unequal access to care and medicines and obtained less comprehensive quality of health systems, thus worsening QOL[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, some previous studies conducted in South Korea and Pakistan reported that hypertensive patients from the low-income group were associated with poor quality of life, which has a similar resemblance to our study[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, family support was a positive predictor of QOL. This finding was consistent with the study conducted in Chongqing, China, which found that relationships with family or friends could influence health-related quality of life among hypertensive patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. It was also proven that lower family support was associated with poorer health-related quality of life among individuals with hypertension among Korean American patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Family support plays an important role in hypertension treatment adherence, and patients may derive QOL benefits from emotional support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The study conducted in the Kollam district of Kerala reported a positive association between family support and quality of life, which aligns with our study, leading to controlled blood pressure, encouraging healthy behaviors, and overall well-being of the patient[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a study conducted in western Nepal has shown that family support is a variable that is significantly associated with the use of health services and quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study conducted among Filipino adults, very low consumption of fruits was the main contributing factor for the poor quality of life, which is similar to the findings of this study[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. This study showed that consumption of meat and fish was significantly associated with QOL. As meat and fish provide protein and polyunsaturated fat called omega-3, which promotes healthy blood pressure, and are associated with low systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. However, findings from other studies did not demonstrate a significant association between meat and fish consumption and QOL. In this study, salt intake was not the predictor of QOL. The majority of the respondents were found to consume more than 5gms of salt. Increased salt consumption may promote water retention, thereby increasing blood volume and arterial flow, leading to hypertension. This finding is similar to the study conducted in Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], rural Vietnam community[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], and even in Kathmandu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Physical activity was significantly associated with QOL. Regular exercise tends to reduce the risk of hypertension-related complications and improve well-being. Those who did not perform physical exercise were more likely to have a poor QOL compared to those who did physical exercise[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This is in line with the study conducted in Vietnam[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia, and Chongqing, China[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Evidence from this study showed that medication use was significantly associated with QOL. This study was in contrast to the findings of studies from different countries[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] and the previous study from Nepal, which found no significant difference in medication use and QOL. The result may be due to variation in the number of antihypertensive medications the patient was taking. Also, they might feel burdened by the chronicity of illness and long-term use of medicine[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication use was also associated with a better quality of life in this study. This study was similar to the findings conducted in Kathmandu, where adherence to treatment helped control the blood pressure and led to better health outcomes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a study conducted in Eastern Congo showed that better adherence to treatment prevents the cardiovascular complications of hypertension, which leads to a better quality of life for patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, age was not significantly associated with patients\u0026rsquo; quality of life. But the findings from Ethiopia, rural Vietnam community, and even in Kathmandu showed that age was the predictor of Quality of Life[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast to the findings of studies from different countries[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e], this study and the previous study from Nepal[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] found no significant difference in QOL of hypertensive patients based on gender. The inconsistency may be explained by the fact that different societies may have other social positions and opportunities between males and females[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, ethnicity, religion, and occupation showed no association with QOL. These findings were similar to the previous study conducted in Nepal[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and also from Nigeria[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. This study showed that Quality of Life is higher among married people than among unmarried/separated individuals. The bivariate analysis showed that marital status was statistically significant with QOL. This supports the previous finding of a qualitative study conducted in the northern part of Vietnam, which suggested that married life creates a sense of completeness and contentment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This result was also in line with that of previous studies in Vietnam, Malawi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], and Indonesia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Although, most of the previous research indicated that smoking and alcohol consumption were responsible for influencing the quality of life of the hypertensive patient[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], this study did not find those two factors to be influencing factors for quality of life. This is similar to the study conducted in Ethiopia, which did not address the smoking and alcohol consumption affecting the QOL of hypertension patients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths and limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings. Since the study was cross-sectional, the analysis only identifies the association, but causation could not be examined. This is one of the few studies examining the quality of life among hypertensive patients in urban Nepal. While our findings are focused on a tertiary hospital in an urban area, they offer insights relevant to similar urban settings but may not be generalizable to government or rural-based hospital contexts. Some of the information was based on self-reported data, which may introduce recall bias, particularly when participants reported on their self-health satisfaction and quality of life. Due to the time constraints, considering the lengths of the questionnaire and the respondents, we did not capture specific information on care plan-related activities. Future research could build on these findings by incorporating longitudinal designs to examine changes in the quality of life of hypertensive patients and by employing qualitative methods to capture participants' care plans and needs to improve quality of life. Despite these limitations, this study makes a significant contribution by highlighting key determinants of the quality of life of hypertensive patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that the quality of life among hypertensive patients is influenced more by modifiable behavioral and social factors than by socio-demographic characteristics. While lower income and lack of formal education were associated with poorer QOL at the bivariate level, only family support, dietary practices, and physical activity remained significant predictors after adjustment. Participants who received family support, consumed meat and fish, and engaged in regular physical activity had substantially lower odds of experiencing poor QOL, highlighting the importance of supportive social environments and healthier lifestyle behaviors in managing the broader impact of hypertension. By considering various aspects of lives such as, physical, psychological, social and environmental dimensions, health care providers and policy makers can develop comprehensive care plans that address the specific needs and challenges faced by these patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cp\u003eaOR Adjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI Confidence Intervals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRC Institutional Review Committee\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSDGs Sustainable Development Goals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHO World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC), Nobel College, which is affiliated with Pokhara University (Ref. no. 079/080/198). Formal permission was obtained from the Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences. Verbal and written informed consent were obtained from the participants in the form of signatures or thumbprints before the initiation of the interview sessions. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained through by using code number instead of name of respondents. Participants were not forced to answer the questions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out with without any financial support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDikshya Ghimire: Conceptualization, data collection, analysis of data, writing of initial manuscript, editing and finalization of the manuscript. Sujan Poudel: Conceptualization, analysis of data, supervision of the research methodology, analysis of data, editing and finalization of manuscript. Anusha Parajuli: Data validation, supervision of the research methodology, editing and finalization of manuscript. Avishek Raman Parajuli: Editing and finalization of the manuscript. Shristi Karki: Data analysis, editing and finalization of the manuscript. Gajananda Prakash Bhandari: Conceptualization, supervision of the research methodology, Editing and finalization of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu for providing support to conduct the study. All authors are also grateful to all the participants who gave us permission and support during data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(4):223\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrganization WH. WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life. In. World Health Organization; 1997.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMolla M. Systematic reviews of prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in Ethiopia: finding the evidence. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(4):514\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHasan M, Sutradhar I, Akter T, Das Gupta R, Joshi H, Haider MR, Sarker M. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among adult population in Nepal: Data from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5):e0198028.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, Gregg EW, Bennett JE, Solomon B, Singleton RK. 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Report of non communicable disease risk factors: steps survey Nepal 2019. \u003cem\u003eKathmandu: Nepal Health Research Council\u003c/em\u003e 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAryal KK, Neupane S, Mehata S, Vaidya A, Singh S, Paulin F, Madanlal RG, Riley LM, Cowan M, Guthold R. Non communicable diseases risk factors: STEPS Survey Nepal 2013. 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDhungana RR, Pandey AR, Shrestha N. Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Nepal between 2000 and 2025: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Hypertens. 2021;2021(1):6610649.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhimire S, Pradhananga P, Baral BK, Shrestha N. Factors associated with health-related quality of life among hypertensive patients in Kathmandu, Nepal. 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BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Jabi SW, Zyoud SH, Sweileh WM, Wildali AH, Saleem HM, Aysa HA, Badwan MA, Awang R. Assessment of health-related quality of life among hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study from Palestine. J Public Health. 2014;22:277\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKatsi V, Kallistratos MS, Kontoangelos K, Sakkas P, Souliotis K, Tsioufis C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Papadimitriou GN, Tousoulis D. Arterial hypertension and health-related quality of life. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:270.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRita O et al. Akonoghrere.,. An Assessment of Quality of Life of Hypertensive Patients Visiting a Hospital in Warri, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eActa Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences\u003c/em\u003e 2020, 4:49\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColbourn T, Masache G, Skordis-Worrall J. Development, reliability and validity of the Chichewa WHOQOL-BREF in adults in Lilongwe, Malawi. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNg N, Hakimi M, Byass P, Wilopo S, Wall S. Health and quality of life among older rural people in Purworejo District, Indonesia. Global health action. 2010;3(1):2125.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaufman JS, Tracy JA, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cooper RS, Investigators I. Lifestyle, education, and prevalence of hypertension in populations of African origin: results from the International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(1):22\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"hypertension, quality of life, blood pressure, Nepal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8443895/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8443895/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension is one of the most common leading causes of global public health emergencies and a major contributor to cardiovascular complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction, all of which adversely affect the quality of life (QOL) of hypertensive patients. Despite this burden, there remains a limited understanding of the various factors affecting the quality of life of hypertensive patients, particularly in low-and-middle income settings. This study aims to assess the quality of life among hypertensive patients along with their various associated factors in the Kathmandu District, Nepal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was carried out in a selected hospital of Kathmandu District from February to March 2023, with a total sample size of 200 hypertensive patients. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule, and WHOQOL-BREF was used to measure the outcome variable. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic, social, psychological, and behavioural factors. Bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test, and variables with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2 were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. In the final model, variables with p-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 at a 95% Confidence Interval were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 200 hypertensive patients participated, of whom 88% had a good quality of life. Lower income (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027) and illiteracy (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.049), lack of family support (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), non-consumption of meat and fish (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), higher salt intake (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045), physical inactivity (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and irregular medication use (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) were associated with poor QOL. In multivariable analysis, family support (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30, 95% CI: 0.10\u0026ndash;0.87), meat and fish consumption (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.22, 95% CI: 0.07\u0026ndash;0.75), and physical activity (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, 95% CI: 0.01\u0026ndash;0.70) were significantly protective against poor QOL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor quality of life among hypertensive patients was primarily associated with both modifiable behavioural and social factors, and socio-demographic characteristics. Interventions that strengthen social support, promote healthy dietary practices, and encourage regular physical activity may substantially improve the quality of life in individuals living with hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Hospital of Kathmandu District, Nepal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-06 18:31:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8443895/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-10T18:17:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-04T20:42:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T09:31:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"106265235887946052351751510075321011096","date":"2026-02-02T16:58:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-01T04:44:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"313928067313155393076933125015821639060","date":"2026-01-26T06:15:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"101607905930210911747099084312528197119","date":"2026-01-26T05:19:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-25T20:48:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"111044410549768186527238347309455920312","date":"2026-01-21T13:39:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"219616881938194360205722392830068710851","date":"2026-01-21T12:15:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"10396185129609552686750310189703886991","date":"2026-01-21T06:37:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-21T04:43:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-29T10:50:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T12:24:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T12:23:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","date":"2025-12-24T15:17:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"46166e5c-d801-45d6-8ff8-182399045da1","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:21:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8443895","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-026-05767-z","journal":{"identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-25 16:09:17","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 25th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-06 18:31:25","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12872-026-05767-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-026-05767-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8443895","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8443895","identity":"rs-8443895","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}